专题09 定语从句（培优专练）（北京专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 以四步解题法和场景化训练构建定语从句专项体系，通过真题感知-强化演练-模拟预测三级进阶，融合语法逻辑与解题策略，提升语言应用与思维推导能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |真题·命题感知|2考向4例题|关系代词四步判定（识别-锁定先行词-划分成分-特殊规则）、关系副词四步验证（判定-匹配语义-还原验证-陷阱规避），配套口诀与易错对比|以“从句成分完整性”为核心，先代词（主宾定）后副词（状），串联特殊规则（非限制性/介词提前）与抽象地点等拓展考点| |进阶·强化演练|关系代词11题+关系副词7题|通过真题变式训练巩固四步法，聚焦whose属格、介词提前等高频易错点|按考向分层，从基础指代到复杂语境，强化规则应用与成分分析思维| |拔高·模拟预测|11篇语法填空|结合学科融合（人与动物）、新情境（AI/古典音乐）设计语篇，训练跨场景语法迁移能力|以真实语篇为载体，整合代词与副词综合应用，体现语言能力与文化意识的结合|

专题09 定语从句 目 录 真题·命题感知 1 进阶·强化演练 6 拔高·模拟预测 13 真题·命题感知 考向01 关系代词 1.（2026·北京·语法填空）But it is now challenged by the digitalization of the society which allows everyone ___20___ is connected to the Internet to access learning resources. 【答案】who/that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：但如今社会数字化正对这一现状提出挑战，数字化让每一位联网的人都能获取学习资源。句中先行词 everyone 指人，关系词在从句 ____ is connected to the Internet 中充当主语；指人、作主语的关系代词用 who / that。故填who/that。 2. （2025·北京·语法填空）However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists 18 left (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 19 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是“1.3 billion tons of food waste”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。 解题方法 四步解题完整步骤 针对 who/whom/which/that/whose 步骤 1：识别判定 —— 确定考关系代词 ①空格前面有名词 / 代词（先行词），后面紧跟句子（从句修饰该名词）→ 定语从句； ②观察从句内部：缺少主语、宾语、定语主干成分 → 用关系代词； 若从句主谓完整、只缺时间 / 地点 / 原因状语，则用关系副词 when/where/why，不适用本套步骤。 ③排除标志：逗号隔开的非限制性定语从句，不能用 that。 步骤 2：锁定先行词 —— 区分人 / 物 ①先行词指人：候选词 who /whom/that /whose ②先行词指事物：候选词 which /that/whose ③whose 通用：先行词人、物均可，表 “…… 的”，后必须紧跟名词。 步骤 3：划分从句成分，匹配对应代词 ①从句缺主语 人：who /that 物：which /that 例：The girl who helped me is my classmate.（who 作从句主语） ②从句缺宾语（动词 / 介词宾语） 人：whom /who/that；介词提前只能用 whom 物：which /that；介词提前只能用 which 例：The book which I bought is great.（which 作 bought 的宾语） ③从句缺定语，表所属 “…… 的”，后接名词 → 只用 whose 例：The house whose window faces south is mine. 步骤 4：特殊规则校验，排除错误选项 只能用 that，不能用 which 的 4 种情况 ①先行词是不定代词：all, everything, nothing, something 等； ②先行词同时包含人 + 物； ③先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very 修饰； ④主句以 who/which 开头，避免重复。 绝对不能用 that 的 2 种情况 ①逗号分隔的非限制性定语从句； ②介词提前置于关系词前面。 完整例题分步演示 例题 1：This is the scientist ____ won the national prize. ①判定：先行词 scientist（人），从句____ won… 缺主语→关系代词； ②先行词是人； ③缺主语→who/that； ④无逗号、无介词，无特殊限制，答案 who/that。 例题 2：The pen ____ I lost yesterday is new. ①先行词 pen（物），从句 I lost 缺宾语→关系代词； ②先行词物； ③缺宾语→which/that； ④无限制条件，填 which/that。 例题 3：The boy with ____ I talked just now is Tom. ①先行词 boy（人），介词 with 提前； ②指人； ③介词后作宾语，只能用 whom； ④校验：介词提前禁用 that，答案 whom。 例题 4：He has a sister, ____ works in a hospital. ①先行词 sister，逗号隔开非限制性定语从句； ②指人，从句缺主语； ③可选 who； ④校验：逗号后不能用 that，答案 who。 名词后面定从句，缺主缺宾用代词； 人 who 物 that which，介词后人只用 whom； 介词提前物 which，whose 后面必加名词； 逗号从句弃 that，不定复合只用 that。 表 “谁的” 用 whose，前后名词来连接； 逗号隔开非限定，坚决不能写 that。 考向02 关系副词 关系副词where 1. （2026·全国II卷）was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 56 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and 57 (center) heating doesn’t exist. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而现在，我和我的中国丈夫和他的家人住在中国浙江的农村，在那里山上野生竹子和茶树丛生，鸡总是自由放养的，而且没有集中供暖。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the countryside of Zhejiang，China，关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。 解题方法 四步解题完整步骤 高考定语从句・关系副词标准四步解题法 适用：when /where/why，区分易混点、规避 “看到地点 / 时间就用 where/when” 的高频陷阱 步骤 1：判定大类 —— 区分关系副词 vs 关系代词 ①先找先行词（空格前名词：时间 / 地点 /reason），确认是定语从句； ②拆分从句，判断句子完整性： 从句主谓（宾）齐全，不缺主语、宾语 → 候选关系副词 when/where/why； 从句缺主语 / 宾语 → 直接用关系代词 who/which/that，跳过本套步骤。 💡核心判断法：把先行词代入从句，若需要额外加介词才通顺，说明缺状语，用关系副词。 步骤 2：匹配先行词语义，锁定候选副词 ①when：先行词为时间名词（day, time, moment, year, occasion），表时间状语；等价 = on/in/during + which ②where：先行词为地点名词（school, factory, city）+ 抽象地点（case, situation, stage, point），表地点 / 场景状语；等价 = in/at + which ③why：先行词只能是 the reason，表原因状语；等价 = for which 步骤 3：：还原句子验证，排除易错混淆 高频对比（同先行词，填法完全不同） 例 1：I still remember the day ____ we met. 还原：we met on the day，需加介词 on，句子完整→填 when 例 2：I still remember the day ____ we spent together. 还原：we spent the day，直接作 spent 宾语，缺宾语→填 which/that（不用 when） 例 3：This is the factory ____ he worked. 还原：he worked in the factory，加介词 in→填 where 例 4：This is the factory ____ we visited last year. 还原：we visited the factory，直接作宾语→填 which/that（不用 where） 例 5：The reason ____ he left is unknown. 还原：he left for the reason→填 why 例 6：The reason ____ he gave us is a lie. 还原：he gave us the reason，作宾语→填 that/which（不用 why） 步骤 4：特殊规则校验，规避失分陷阱 ①非限制性定语从句（逗号隔开）：when/where 可正常使用，绝对不能用 that； ②介词提前场景：只能用「介词 + which」，不能直接用关系副词； 例：This is the house in ____ we lived. 填 which，不能填 where； ③where 拓展考点：抽象地点先行词（situation/case/stage），从句完整一律用 where； ④why 限制：仅先行词为 reason 且从句完整时使用，其余场景不用 why。 完整真题分步演示 例题1：We reached a point ____ we had to make a choice. ①判定从句：先行词 point（抽象地点），从句 we had to make a choice 主谓完整，不缺主宾→关系副词； ②匹配先行词：抽象地点，候选 where； ③还原验证：we had to make a choice at this point，需要加介词 at，缺地点状语； ④校验：无逗号、无介词提前，答案 where。 例题2：I will never forget the summer ____ we travelled to Yunnan. ①先行词 summer（时间），从句 we travelled to Yunnan 主谓完整； ②时间类先行词，候选 when； ③还原：we travelled in the summer，需加 in； ④无特殊限制，答案 when。 名词后接定从句，句完整则用副词； 时间 when 地点 where，reason 固定配 why； 还原句子加介词，才是状语判断依据； 介词提前只用 which，逗号从句弃 that。 口诀分层释义 名词后接定从句，句完整则用副词：先行词为名词，从句主谓齐全，选用 when/where/why； 时间 when 地点 where，reason 固定配 why：按先行词语义匹配对应副词； 还原句子加介词，才是状语判断依据：核心区分技巧，代入先行词看是否需要补充介词； 介词提前只用 which，逗号从句弃 that：介词提前场景不能用 where/when，只能用介词 + which；逗号后禁用 that。 易混难点区分（where vs which） 判断标准：把先行词放回从句，看是否需要加介词 This is the park ____ we visited. visit the park（直接作宾语）→ 缺宾语 → which/that This is the park ____ we walked. walk in the park（要加介词 in）→ 缺地点状语 → where 进阶·强化演练 考向01 关系代词 填入一个合适的词 关系代词who/whom/that 1.（2024·北京卷·语法填空）Tinniswood, 17 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：Tinniswood不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 2. （2019·北京海淀区一模）However, those ____18____ don’t screen incoming ideas will end up believing things not only false, but also ____19____ (danger). 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：然而，那些不筛选新想法的人最终会相信不仅错误而且危险的事情。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是those，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故填who。 3. （2026·北京延庆区一模）He Jiaolong, a former deputy mayor of Zhaosu County in Xinjiang ____14____ dedicated herself to boosting local agriculture, became an internet celebrity. 【答案】who/that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：何娇龙是新疆昭苏县的一位前副县长，她致力于推动当地农业发展，后来成为了网络红人。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是He Jiaolong，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who或that引导定语从句。故填who/that。 4. （2026·北京通州区一模）Sitting down to enjoy such a meal allows us to honor those ____11____ grew the food and the effort behind it. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：坐下来享用这样一顿饭，让我们能够向种植这些食物的人及其背后的付出致敬。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，指人，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以空处应用关系代词who引导定语从句。 5. （2026·北京顺义二模）Mollie Ray, a comic artist and author, devotes herself to championing young comic creators. She wants to reach young people ____14____ might not otherwise have access to the arts and give them a voice through comics. 【答案】who/that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：她希望接触到那些原本无法接触艺术的年轻人，并通过漫画为他们提供发声的机会。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词people是人，因此用关系代词who/that引导定语从句。 6. The experienced professor to _________ hundreds of students turn for academic guidance will deliver a speech next Friday. 【答案】whom 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：数百名学生向其寻求学术指导的那位资深教授下周五将发表演讲。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，先行词people是人，turn to sb for sth，介词 to 提前，只能用 whom因此用关系代词whom引导定语从句。故填whom。 关系代词which/that 1. （2026·全国I卷·语法填空）____62Drawn____ (draw) by the aroma (香味) of street food, they line up in front of stands ____63____ serve steaming dumplings and hot noodle soup. 【答案】which/that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意同上。此处引导限制性定语从句，stands(摊位)是先行词，关系代词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导从句。 2. （2026·全国II卷·语法填空）We move on to tai chi positions, of ____61____ there are forty-two in the style that Angela teaches. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：我们继续学习太极招式，安吉拉教授的这种风格共有四十二式。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词positions，在从句中作介词of的宾语，用关系代词which。 3.（2026·浙江卷·语法填空）The microwave had a loud alarm, but we overshadowed that noise with our own performance, tipping our heads back and shouting into the air-a scream ____41____ always ended in laughter. 【答案】that/which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：微波炉的警报声很大，但我们用自己的表演掩盖了那个声音，仰起头对着天空大喊——一声尖叫总是以笑声结束。本空引导定语从句，先行词是a scream，指物，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。 4. （2025·全国I卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览，展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋（中文称为“围棋”），它起源4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese，指物，且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。 5.（2025·浙江卷）Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 63 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：坦尼娅也在关注非正式服装，而不仅仅是特殊场合的礼服，她计划将这些服装打包成胶囊衣橱，提供给旅行者，比如那些前往国外参加婚礼的人，并提供更长期的租赁服务。“____ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes”是非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词less formal clothing，指物，关系词将其代入从句中作宾语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 6. （2026·北京市西城区期末·语法填空）Now both roses stood energetic, ___13___ taught me renewal awaits even in deepest despair. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：如今两株玫瑰都生机盎然，这一幕教会我：即便深陷绝望谷底，新生亦会如期而至。逗号后是非限制性定语从句，空格填关系代词 which，指代前面整件主句内容（两朵玫瑰生机勃勃这件事）。故填which。 7. （2022·北京卷·语法填空）That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只能使用一次。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。 8. （2021·北京卷·语法填空）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 【答案】that 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。 9. （2026·北京海淀区二模）Scientists have been studying a hidden weapon beneath the ocean to tackle climate change. Seagrass, ____15____ occupies less than 0.2% of the ocean floor, is responsible for storing 10% of the ocean’s carbon. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：海草仅占洋底面积的不足0.2%，却负责储存海洋中10%的碳。先行词为seagrass，指代事物，且引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，用which引导。 10.（2026·北京房山二模）Studies suggest that, under the right conditions, blue spaces can also reduce noise in urban areas, help improve air quality, and cool down hot climates — all of ____20____ contribute to physical health. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：研究表明，在适宜条件下，蓝色空间还能降低城市噪音、助力改善空气质量、缓解气候炎热 ——所有这些都对身体健康有益。空处引导定语从句，先行词是上文句子，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。 11.（2026·北京房山期末）Conservation photography, ____17____ aims to advocate for wildlife and our planet’s natural ecosystems, is a form of nature photography. It is a great way to use your photography skills ____18____ (create) a story and make a statement about a critical topic of interest in today’s society: the impact of humanity ____19____ our environment. Environmental conservation organizations, photojournalists, those involved in environmental policy, and even private ____20____ (citizen) are all able to affect change through conservation photography. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：保护摄影是一种自然摄影的形式，旨在倡导保护野生动物和我们星球上的自然生态系统。“_____ aims to advocate for wildlife and our planet’s natural ecosystems”是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Conservation photography，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 关系代词whose 1. （2026·北京东城·二模）Although each social science focuses on a different aspect of human life, they have much in common. Each builds a body of knowledge ____18____ content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：每一门社会科学都构建一套知识体系，其内容由描述事实、趋势和观察之间关联的一般规律、原理和归纳结论构成。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a body of knowledge，空格后content与先行词为所属关系，表示“知识体系的内容”，用关系代词whose引导定语从句。 2. （2026·北京西城·二模）Gratitude has a strong positive impact on psychological well-being as well, 16 benefits include increased self-respect, enhanced positive emotions, and a more optimistic outlook on life. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：感恩对心理健康也有着极大的积极影响，它的好处包括增强自尊、丰富积极情绪以及树立更乐观的人生态度。先行词为 gratitude，空后名词和先行词为所属关系，引导非限制性定语从句。 3. （2026·北京朝阳区二模）One day, there came the owner named May, __12__ rare eye condition prevented her from reading the tiny characters. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：一天，族谱主人梅前来寻来，她患有罕见眼疾，看不清上面微小的文字。关系词在从句中修饰名词，表所属关系，指代 “她的”，故填 whose。 4.（2026·北京石景山区一模）Thomas, ____19____ own house was flooding, drove back several times to rescue people of the town where he’d grown up, delivering them safely to ____20unfolded____ (unflood) shelters. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：托马斯自己的房子被洪水淹没了，他多次开车回去营救他长大的小镇上的人们，将他们安全地送到未被洪水淹没的避难所。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Thomas，从句中缺少定语修饰own house，表示“……的”，应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 5.（2026·北京海淀区期末）In the early winter of southern Hubei, more than a dozen Belt and Road media representatives from different countries arrived in Chibi — an ancient city ____14____ heritage includes both the battlefield memories of the Three Kingdoms and the enduring legacy of tea. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：鄂南初冬，十余位来自各国的 “一带一路” 媒体代表到访赤壁 —— 这座古城，其文化遗产既留存着三国古战场的风云记忆，也承载着源远流长的茶文化底蕴。空格后紧跟名词 heritage（遗产），二者是所属关系：the city’s heritage（这座城市的遗产），定语从句中表示 “…… 的”，用关系代词 whose，既可指人也可指物。故填whose。 考向02 关系副词 关系副词where 1. （2026·全国II卷）was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 56 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and 57 (center) heating doesn’t exist. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而现在，我和我的中国丈夫和他的家人住在中国浙江的农村，在那里山上野生竹子和茶树丛生，鸡总是自由放养的，而且没有集中供暖。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the countryside of Zhejiang，China，关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。 2. （2023·北京卷·语法填空）Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 3. （2026·北京石景山二模）For example, you may find yourself in a job interview ____15____ you’re competing against other applicants. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：例如，你可能会发现自己在求职面试中与其他申请者竞争。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为job interview，且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导该从句。 4. （2026·北京顺义区一模）He then started a woodworking school, ____15____ the lessons learned over a lifetime are passed on. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：之后，他开办了一所木工学校，在那里传授他一生中所积累的经验。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是a woodworking school，在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。故填where。 关系副词when 1. （2026·北京东城期末·语法填空）Some species have started to sing at night, ____16____ noise levels are lower. 【答案】when 【解析】考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：部分物种已改为夜间鸣叫，夜间的噪音水平更低。先行词：night（纯粹表时间的名词：夜晚）,从句结构：____ noise levels are lower, 从句主谓完整，不缺主语、宾语，关系词在从句内部作时间状语,when = at which = at night，意为 “在夜晚这个时候” ，故填when。 2. （2026·北京顺义期末·语法填空）My understanding of friendship was transformed in 2024, ____17____ I met Sam. 【答案】when 【解析】考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：2024 年，我遇见了山姆，从那以后我对友谊的理解彻底改变了。主句：My understanding of friendship was transformed in 2024， 非限制性定语从句：____ I met Sam，先行词：2024（表年份的时间名词），从句 I met Sam 主谓完整，不缺主语、宾语；关系词在从句中充当时间状语，指代 “in 2024”，等价于 in which。指代时间、在从句作时间状语，只能用关系副词 when。故填when。 关系副词why 1.Could you tell me the real reason ____ he refused to take part in the volunteer activity? 【答案】why 【解析】考查定语从句关系副词。句意：你能告诉我他拒绝参加志愿活动的真正原因吗？先行词是 the reason（表原因），关系副词 why 在从句中作原因状语，相当于 “for the reason”。 2. No one knows the reason ____ she gave up the chance to study abroad last year. 【答案】why 【解析】考查定语从句关系副词。句意：没人知道她去年放弃出国留学机会的缘由。先行词为 the reason，从句结构完整，缺少表原因的状语 for which，固定用关系副词 why。 拔高·模拟预测 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 【学科融合·人与动物】（2026·北京东城·一模）One day when a group of bees ____11____ (land) on a primary school, not surprisingly, there was panic among the teachers. Though, most of the children watched excitedly as a bee catcher rounded up the uninvited visitors. This unexpected event led to the school integrating beekeeping into the course, ____12____ has resulted in notable benefits. The children study the dance of the bees to decide ____13____ honey source is. They use honey in cooking lessons. They have even opened a school shop that ____14____ (feature) honey. Most of all, the children have become more responsible to others. 【答案】11. landed 12. which 13. where 14. features 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一群蜜蜂降落在一所小学后，引发的一系列事件，以及这些事件给学校和孩子们带来的积极影响。 【11题详解】 考查时态。句意：一天，当一群蜜蜂降落在一所小学时，不出所料，老师们惊慌失措。land(降落)是句中谓语动词，与主语a group of bees之间是主动关系，根据句意和上下文时态可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，应使用一般过去时态。故填landed。 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：这一意外事件促使学校将养蜂纳入课程，这带来了显著的好处。空格处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。 【13题详解】 考查名词性从句。句意：孩子们通过观察蜜蜂的舞蹈来判断蜜源在哪里。“ honey source is”是宾语从句，从句缺少表语，结合句意，表示“在哪里”，应用连接副词where引导该从句。故填where。 【14题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：他们甚至开了一家以蜂蜜为特色的学校商店。feature(以……为特色)是定语从句中谓语动词，主语that(指代先行词a school shop)与feature之间是主动关系，根据句意，描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数代词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。故填features。 Passage 2 【新情境·“龙虾”开源人工智能】（2026·北京161中学·三模）OpenClaw is an open-source AI agent 17 (nickname) “the lobster (龙虾)” for its red lobster-shaped logo. Unlike traditional chatbots that only give suggestions, it autonomously 18 (finish) tasks by taking over a user’s computer. Through a “perceive-decide-execute” loop, it manages files, sends emails, and writes code. 19 sets it apart is its “local-first” design, 20 keeps data private on the user’s device. OpenClaw bridges the gap between conversational AI and real-world automation. 【答案】17．nicknamed 18．finishes 19．What 20．which 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了一款名为“龙虾”的开源人工智能可自主操控电脑完成多项任务。它采用本地优先设计保护用户数据，有效衔接对话式人工智能与现实场景自动化操作。 【详解】17．考查非谓语动词。句意：OpenClaw是一款开源的人工智能代理，因其红色的龙虾形状标志而被昵称为“龙虾”。句子已有谓语动词 is，空格处需用非谓语动词。 动词nickname“给…… 起绰号”与其逻辑主语OpenClaw之间是被动关系（被称为“龙虾”），因此用过去分词 nicknamed作后置定语，修饰前面的AI agent。 18．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：与那些仅仅提供建议的传统聊天机器人不同，它能够自主完成任务，通过接管用户的电脑来实现这一功能。此处描述OpenClaw的常规功能和特性，用一般现在时。主语 it是第三人称单数，因此谓语动词finish“完成”用第三人称单数形式finishes。 19．考查主语从句。句意：其与众不同的地方在于其“本地优先”的设计，即在用户设备上保持数据的私密性。空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代“使它与众不同的事物”，用what引导该从句；注意句首首字母大写。 20．考查定语从句。句意：其与众不同的地方在于其“本地优先”的设计，即在用户设备上保持数据的私密性。设空处引导非限制定语从句，先行词是前面的“local-first”design（本地优先设计），指物，且在从句中作主语，用which引导该从句。 Passage 3 【新情境·古典音乐与胎儿发育】（2026·北京丰台·期末）Playing music for plants can help them grow. The same might be true for humans. In a new study published in the science journal Chaos, researchers ____14____ (play) classical music for fetuses (胎儿) using headphones on the mothers’ ____15____ (stomach). They found that the vibrations from the music helped stabilize the fetuses’ heart rates, ____16____ researchers said “could stimulate the development of the fetal autonomic nervous system.” 【答案】14. played 15. stomachs 16. which 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了给胎儿播放古典音乐可能有助于稳定他们的心率，并可能促进其自主神经系统的发育。 【14题详解】 考查时态。句意：在一项发表在科学期刊《Chaos》上的新研究中，研究人员通过放在孕妇肚子上的耳机给胎儿播放古典音乐。空处作谓语，根据下文found可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填played。 【15题详解】 考查名词的数。句意：在一项发表在科学期刊《Chaos》上的新研究中，研究人员通过放在孕妇肚子上的耳机给胎儿播放古典音乐。stomach为可数名词，根据“mothers’”可知，此处指母亲们的腹部，应用复数形式。故填stomachs。 【16题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他们发现，音乐带来的震动有助于稳定胎儿的心率，研究人员称这可能会促进胎儿自主神经系统的发育。空处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，从句缺少主语，故用关系代词which引导。故填which。 Passage 4 【新情境·性格】（2026·北京房山区·一模）Personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour ____14____ make a person unique. Understanding personality allows us to predict ____15____ people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value. For example, a neurotic person feels worried more frequently than others, while an agreeable person in general feels more content. An outgoing person may jump for joy when ____16____ (face) new experiences, while a shy person may feel embarrassed in front of a large group of people. 【答案】14. that/which 15. how 16. facing 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了性格的定义，以及了解性格能帮助我们预判人们对不同情境的反应和其喜好与价值观。 【14题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：性格是使一个人与众不同的、具有特征性的思维、情感和行为模式。______make a person unique是关系词引导的定语从句修饰先行词the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour，先行词是事物名词，所填关系词在该从句中作主语，关系代词that或which符合要求。故填that/which。 【15题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：了解性格能让我们预测人们会对特定情境做出怎样的反应，以及他们喜欢和重视什么样的事物。predict接宾语从句_____people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value，该从句缺方式状语，空格处要用连接副词how，表示“如何、怎样”。故填how。 【16题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：外向的人面对新体验时可能会欢呼雀跃，而害羞的人在一大群人面前可能会感到尴尬。face与person之间是逻辑上的主动关系，要用现在分词形式facing作状语。故填facing。 Passage 5 【新情境·个人奋斗】（2025年·海淀·一模）Director Yang Yu, better known as Jiaozi, has spent over a decade enhancing his skills in China’s competitive animation industry. Early in his career, however, he ____11____ (face) constant rejections and financial struggles. His breakthrough came in 2019 with the masterpiece Ne Zha ____12____ proved Chinese animation could rival global giants. To create a follow-up movie, he immersed ____13____ (he) in perfecting storytelling and cutting-edge effects, often working 16-hour days. His journey — from a self-taught artist to a pioneer ____14____ (reshape) an industry — inspires dreamers worldwide: greatness isn’t born overnight, but built through commitment. 【答案】11. faced 12. which/that 13. himself 14. reshaping 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了动画导演饺子（杨宇）的奋斗历程及其对行业的贡献和启示。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：然而，在他的职业生涯早期，他面临着不断的拒绝和经济上的挣扎。根据句中的Early in his career可知，此处描述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时，face的过去式为faced，故填faced。 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他的突破出现在2019年，他的代表作《哪吒》证明了中国动画可以与全球巨头竞争。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为Ne Zha，指物，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 【13题详解】 考查代词。句意：为了创作续集，他全身心投入到完善故事和尖端特效中，经常每天工作16个小时。immerse oneself in为固定短语，表示“全身心投入”，此处应用反身代词himself，表示“他自己”。故填himself。 【14题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他的旅程——从自学成才的艺术家到重塑行业的先驱——激励着全世界的梦想家：伟大不是一夜之间诞生的，而是通过献身建立起来的。句中已有谓语inspires，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰pioneer，且pioneer与reshape之间为主动关系，应用现在分词形式。故填reshaping。 Passage 6 【新情境·学校储物柜】（2025年·东城·二模）Lockers have long been a school tradition, but are they still necessary? Some students argue lockers relieve their heavy backpack burdens. They also serve as valuable social spaces ____18____ friendships form. However, more students are using laptops and online content to study and work on assignments, making lockers ____19____ (necessary). So, if schools remove lockers, most of which are very old, more space ____20____ (create) in the hallways. They can use it to display artwork or other creative projects, which will bring students together. 【答案】18. where 19. unnecessary 20. will be created 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了学校储物柜的必要性及其可能的替代用途。 【18题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：它们也作为宝贵的社交空间，友谊在这里形成。设空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是spaces，从句中缺少地点状语，表示“在储物柜这个社交空间中形成友谊”，应用关系副词when引导。故填where 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，更多学生使用笔记本电脑和在线内容学习，使储物柜变得不必要。根据上下文逻辑，科技手段的普及使储物柜的功能被弱化，应用necessary的反义词unnecessary“不必要的”，作宾语补足语。故填unnecessary。 【20题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：如果学校拆除老旧储物柜，走廊里将创造更多空间。if引导条件状语从句，主句描述未来结果， 且space与create为被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be created。 Passage 7 【新情境·公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展】 （2025年·石景山·一模）The first public hotline, ____14____ is a tool for enhancing citizen participation and improving city management, started in London in 1937. In China, the government hotline ____15____ (launch) in big cities during the 1980s and later improved to be a citizen service platform in 2019. Now, in Beijing, more than 1,700 operators deal with over 60,000 calls each day. This system ____16____ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, ____17____ (respond) to their appeals and making the city a better place. 【答案】14. which 15. was launched 16. promotes 17. responding 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展。 【14题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：第一条公共热线于1937年在伦敦开通，是加强公民参与和改善城市管理的工具。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The first public hotline，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 【15题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：在中国，政府热线于20世纪80年代在大城市推出，后来在2019年改进为公民服务平台。根据时间状语during the 1980s可知，句子使用一般过去时，launch与主语the government hotline 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语是the government hotline ，be动词使用was。故填was launched。 【16题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该系统促进了公民与城市之间的互动，回应了他们的诉求，使城市变得更美好。句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时，主语This system是单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填promotes。 【17题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该系统促进了公民与城市之间的互动，回应了他们的诉求，使城市变得更美好。空处作非谓语动词，respond与逻辑主语This system之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。故填responding。 Passage 8 【新情境·公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展】 （2025年·石景山·一模）The first public hotline, ____14____ is a tool for enhancing citizen participation and improving city management, started in London in 1937. In China, the government hotline ____15____ (launch) in big cities during the 1980s and later improved to be a citizen service platform in 2019. Now, in Beijing, more than 1,700 operators deal with over 60,000 calls each day. This system ____16____ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, ____17____ (respond) to their appeals and making the city a better place. 【答案】14. which 15. was launched 16. promotes 17. responding 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展。 【14题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：第一条公共热线于1937年在伦敦开通，是加强公民参与和改善城市管理的工具。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The first public hotline，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 【15题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：在中国，政府热线于20世纪80年代在大城市推出，后来在2019年改进为公民服务平台。根据时间状语during the 1980s可知，句子使用一般过去时，launch与主语the government hotline 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语是the government hotline ，be动词使用was。故填was launched。 【16题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该系统促进了公民与城市之间的互动，回应了他们的诉求，使城市变得更美好。句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时，主语This system是单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填promotes。 【17题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该系统促进了公民与城市之间的互动，回应了他们的诉求，使城市变得更美好。空处作非谓语动词，respond与逻辑主语This system之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。故填responding。 Passage 9 【新情境·中国烹饪中发酵】（2026·山东日照·一模）Food has long been regarded as the soul of Chinese culture. And Chinese cuisine, which is renowned for its diversity and philosophical 36 (deep), holds the ancient art of fermentation (发酵) in particularly high regard. This transformative process serves not only as a practical method of preservation but also as a 37 (base) technique for unlocking complex flavor profiles. Over the past thousands of years, this traditional food-making method, carried forward like a living heritage, 38 (pass) down from generation to generation, shining brightly in the long river of Chinese food culture. Beyond everyday seasonings 39 soy sauce and vinegar (醋), which are themselves products of fermentation, more distinctive creations can be found. Southern cuisines, such as 40 of Guangdong, rely on fermented seafood or beans to form the essential flavorful foundation for numerous dishes. In Sichuan, paocai (pickled vegetables) provides a sharp counterpoint to the region’s fiery chilies, thus 41 (create) a thrilling yet balanced taste sensation. The most iconic example is perhaps fermented tofu (furu), 42 humble beancurd is transformed by microbes (微生物) into a product with a creamy texture and a cheese-like flavor. This tasty food, 43 enjoyed as a fragrant, flavor-packed seasoning or as a steaming, delicious street snack, 44 (reflect) a core cooking principle: transforming simple ingredients into lasting sources of taste. Indeed, fermentation represents where microbiology meets gastronomy. To explore them is to taste an essential pillar of China’s food heritage— one 45 (preserve) through time and folk wisdom. 【答案】 36．depth 37．basic 38．has been passed 39．like 40．those 41．creating 42．where 43．whether 44．reflects 45．preserved 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国烹饪中发酵这一古老技艺。 36．考查名词。句意：中国烹饪以其多样性和哲学深度而闻名，尤其重视古老的发酵艺术。此处与diversity并列，作介词for的宾语，应用名词depth，意为“深度”，表示抽象概念，不可数。故填depth。 37．考查形容词。句意：这种转化过程不仅是一种实用的保存方法，也是解锁复杂风味的基本技术。此处修饰名词technique，应用形容词basic，意为“基本的”。故填basic。 38．考查动词时态和语态。句意：在过去的几千年里，这种传统的食物制作方法，像一种活的遗产一样传承下来，一代又一代地流传下来，在中国饮食文化的长河中闪耀着光芒。根据时间状语Over the past thousands of years可知，此处强调从过去持续到现在的动作，应用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has +过去分词”，主语this traditional food - making method与pass down之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，所以此处用现在完成时的被动语态，主语为单数，所以用has been passed。故填has been passed。 39．考查介词。句意：除了日常的调味料，如酱油和醋，它们本身就是发酵的产物，还可以发现更独特的创造。此处表示列举，意为“像，例如”，用介词like。故填like。 40．考查代词。句意：南方菜系，如广东的菜系，依靠发酵的海鲜或豆类为众多菜肴形成基本的风味基础。此处指代前文的cuisines，为复数，用those指代同类不同物。故填those。 41．考查非谓语动词。句意：在四川，泡菜与该地区的火辣辣椒形成鲜明对比，从而创造出一种刺激但平衡的味觉体验。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词provides，所以此处应用非谓语动词，paocai与create之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词creating作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填creating。 42．考查定语从句。句意：最具代表性的例子可能是腐乳，在这个过程中，普通的豆腐被微生物转化为一种质地如奶油、味道类似奶酪的产品。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为fermented tofu，在从句中作地点状语，相当于in fermented tofu，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 43．考查固定搭配。句意：这种美味的食物，无论是作为一种香气扑鼻、味道浓郁的调味料，还是作为一种热气腾腾、美味可口的街头小吃，都反映了一个核心烹饪原则：将简单的食材转化为持久的美味来源。此处为固定搭配whether...or...，意为“无论是……还是……”。故填whether。 44．考查动词时态。句意：这种美味的食物，无论是作为一种香气扑鼻、味道浓郁的调味料，还是作为一种热气腾腾、美味可口的街头小吃，都反映了一个核心烹饪原则：将简单的食材转化为持久的美味来源。此处为句子的谓语动词，句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语This tasty food是单数，所以用reflects。故填reflects。 45．考查非谓语动词。句意：探索它们就是品尝中国饮食遗产的一个重要支柱——一个通过时间和民间智慧保存下来的支柱。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词is，所以此处应用非谓语动词，one（指代an essential pillar）与preserve之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词preserved作后置定语，修饰one。故填preserved。 Passage 10 【新角度:自然科学】（2026·安徽合肥·一模）On hot summer days, when high temperatures often reduce people’s appetite, cold desserts tend to sound far more refreshing than a bowl of hot noodles. In ancient China, nobles enjoyed a special cold food known as Sushan, ____36____ many scholars regard as the earliest form of ice cream. The name Sushan, meaning crispy mountain, originally ____37____ (come) from its shape as well as its breakable structure. It looked like a small mountain of shaved ice ____38____ (combine) with milk, butter and sugar, and ____39____ (make) it more popular on special occasions, it was sometimes decorated with flowers and leaves. During the Tang Dynasty, the emperor’s court ____40____ (far) developed this dessert. Milk was sweetened, sometimes thickened with flour, and then iced through advanced ____41____ (cool) methods. Metal containers holding the mixture were often placed in ice with saltpeter (硝石), ____42____ substance that lowers the freezing point of water. This technique made it possible for the upper class to enjoy cold dishes ____43____ the fact that the weather itself was not that cold. Although Sushan was not exactly the same as modern ice cream, it shared several essential characteristics, and ____44____ (present) in a partly frozen state occasionally. It reflected not only the _____45_____ (innovate) of ancient Chinese people, but also the special status that frozen desserts held in court life. 【答案】36. which 37. came 38. combined 39. to make 40. further 41. cooling 42. a 43. despite 44. was presented 45. innovation 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了中国古代冷饮酥山，被视为最早的冰淇淋雏形。它由冰与奶等制成，唐代宫廷进一步改良，体现了古人的智慧与当时的饮食文化。 【36题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：在古代中国，贵族们享用一种名为“酥山”的特殊冷食，许多学者认为这种食物是最早的冰淇淋形式。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Sushan，在从句作宾语，指物，故填which。 【37题详解】 考查时态。句意：“酥山”这个名字的意思是“酥脆的山丘”，它的得名源于其形状以及易碎的结构特点。动作发生在过去用一般过去时。故填came。 【38题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它看起来就像一堆由碎冰、牛奶、黄油和糖混合而成的“冰山”，为了在特殊场合更受欢迎，有时还会用鲜花和树叶加以装饰。此处combine与a small mountain of shaved ice构成被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。故填combined。 【39题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它看起来就像一堆由碎冰、牛奶、黄油和糖混合而成的“冰山”，为了在特殊场合更受欢迎，有时还会用鲜花和树叶加以装饰。此处make作目的状语，用不定式形式。故填to make。 【40题详解】 考查副词。句意：在唐朝时期，皇帝的宫廷进一步完善了这种甜点的制作工艺。修饰动词develop，表示“进一步”用副词further。故填further。 【41题详解】 考查形容词。句意：牛奶经过了加糖处理，有时还会用面粉加以增稠，然后通过先进的冷却技术进行冰制。修饰methods用形容词cooling。故填cooling。 【42题详解】 考查冠词。句意：用于盛装混合物的金属容器通常会被置于装有硝石的冰块之中。硝石是一种能降低水的凝固点的物质。此处substance为泛指，且是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。 【43题详解】 考查固定句型。句意：这种技术使得上层阶级即便在天气并不十分寒冷的情况下也能享用冷食。despite the fact that表示“尽管……，即便是……”。故填despite。 【44题详解】 考查时态语态。句意：虽然酥山与现代冰淇淋并非完全相同，但它具备一些共同的特性，并且有时也会以部分冷冻的状态呈现出来。主语it与谓语present构成被动关系，根据上文shared可知为一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填was presented。 【45题详解】 考查名词。句意：它不仅体现了中国古代人民的创新精神，还反映了冰冻甜品在宫廷生活中所具有的特殊地位。作动词reflected的宾语，用名词innovation，不可数。故填innovation。 Passage 11 【新角度:跨文化交流】（2026·山东青岛·适应性测试）Being an exchange student, I use my camera to bridge cultures and capture moments from the country I call my second home. Traditional Minnan-style houses, with roofs 56 (distinct) curved and walls time-honored, stood shoulder to shoulder. The 57 (rhythm) calls of free-range chickens provided background music for our shoot, occasionally interrupted by the distant laughter of villagers passing along the paths. What 58 (strike) me most was such plain warmth. A woman rode past with a basketful of leafy greens, her feet barely touching the ground as she slowed 59 (exchange) greetings with neighbors. At the store, the owner, 60 (wear) a gentle smile, wiped his hands carefully before weighing out dried mushrooms 61 regular customers. In that instant, I felt I was carried 3,000 kilometers south to my grandmother’s village. Though the landscape differed, the essence remained unchanged: that familiar village ecosystem 62 shopkeepers remember your favorite childhood treats and 63 (local) catch up on the latest news. This is the China I have come to know. It is not just through its high-rises and express trains, 64 in these pockets of everyday life that ring across cultures. The world stretches wide yet draws near, connected together by the shared 65 (kind). 【答案】 56．distinctly 57．rhythmic/rhythmical 58．struck 59．to exchange 60．wearing 61．for 62．where 63．locals 64．but 65．kindness 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者作为一名交换生，用相机来促进文化交流，记录自己在“第二故乡”的温暖瞬间。 56．考查副词。句意：有着弧度分明的屋顶和历经岁月的墙壁的传统闽南式房屋并肩矗立着。提示词distinct为形容词，该空需要一个副词修饰过去分词curved。故填distinctly。 57．考查形容词。句意：自由放养的鸡群发出有节奏的叫声，为我们的拍摄提供了背景音乐，偶尔还会被沿途村民的远处笑声打断。该空需要一个形容词作定语修饰名词calls，所给词rhythm为名词，其形容词拼写为rhythmic或rhythmical。故填rhythmic/rhythmical。 58．考查谓语动词时态。句意：最让我印象深刻的是这种质朴的温暖。动词strike在what引导的主语从句中作谓语，根据主句时态可知，应使用一般过去时，strike过去式不规则变化，拼写为struck。故填struck。 59．考查非谓语动词。句意：一位妇女骑车经过，篮子里装满了绿叶蔬菜，她的双脚几乎不触地，缓缓停下与邻居们打招呼。as引导的时间状语从句中slowed作谓语，动词exchange在句中作目的状语，应使用动词不定式形式。故填to exchange。 60．考查非谓语动词。句意：在商店里，店主带着温和的笑容，仔细地擦了擦手，然后为常客称量干蘑菇。动词wear在句中作后置定语，与所修饰名词the owner为主动关系，应使用现在分词形式。故填wearing。 61．考查介词。句意：同上。weigh sth. for sb.为固定搭配，意为“为某人称某物”，应填介词for。故填for。 62．考查定语从句。句意：尽管景色有所不同，但本质却毫无变化：那个熟悉的乡村生态系统，那里的店主还记得你儿时最爱的美食，当地人也会交流最新的消息。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词village ecosystem，在从句中作地点状语，应填关系副词where引导。故填where。 63．考查名词单复数。句意：同上。该空需要一个名词作主语，local为名词兼形容词，作名词意为“当地人，本地人”，是可数名词，谓语动词catch 使用了复数形式，所以主语应该是复数名词。故填locals。 64．考查连词。句意：它不仅通过高楼大厦和快速列车为人所知，还通过这些跨越文化的日常生活片段而为人所知。前面not just意为“不仅仅”，与but (also)连用。故填but。 65．考查名词。句意：世界辽阔无垠却又近在咫尺，因彼此间的善良之情而紧密相连。该空需要一个名词作介词by的宾语，提示词kind为形容词，其名词为kindness。故填kindness。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09 定语从句 目 录 真题·命题感知 1 进阶·强化演练 6 拔高·模拟预测 8 真题·命题感知 考向01 关系代词 1.（2026·北京·语法填空）But it is now challenged by the digitalization of the society which allows everyone ___20___ is connected to the Internet to access learning resources. 2. （2025·北京·语法填空）However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists 18 left (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 19 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. 解题方法 四步解题完整步骤 针对 who/whom/which/that/whose 步骤 1：识别判定 —— 确定考关系代词 ①空格前面有名词 / 代词（先行词），后面紧跟句子（从句修饰该名词）→ 定语从句； ②观察从句内部：缺少主语、宾语、定语主干成分 → 用关系代词； 若从句主谓完整、只缺时间 / 地点 / 原因状语，则用关系副词 when/where/why，不适用本套步骤。 ③排除标志：逗号隔开的非限制性定语从句，不能用 that。 步骤 2：锁定先行词 —— 区分人 / 物 ①先行词指人：候选词 who /whom/that /whose ②先行词指事物：候选词 which /that/whose ③whose 通用：先行词人、物均可，表 “…… 的”，后必须紧跟名词。 步骤 3：划分从句成分，匹配对应代词 ①从句缺主语 人：who /that 物：which /that 例：The girl who helped me is my classmate.（who 作从句主语） ②从句缺宾语（动词 / 介词宾语） 人：whom /who/that；介词提前只能用 whom 物：which /that；介词提前只能用 which 例：The book which I bought is great.（which 作 bought 的宾语） ③从句缺定语，表所属 “…… 的”，后接名词 → 只用 whose 例：The house whose window faces south is mine. 步骤 4：特殊规则校验，排除错误选项 只能用 that，不能用 which 的 4 种情况 ①先行词是不定代词：all, everything, nothing, something 等； ②先行词同时包含人 + 物； ③先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very 修饰； ④主句以 who/which 开头，避免重复。 绝对不能用 that 的 2 种情况 ①逗号分隔的非限制性定语从句； ②介词提前置于关系词前面。 完整例题分步演示 例题 1：This is the scientist ____ won the national prize. ①判定：先行词 scientist（人），从句____ won… 缺主语→关系代词； ②先行词是人； ③缺主语→who/that； ④无逗号、无介词，无特殊限制，答案 who/that。 例题 2：The pen ____ I lost yesterday is new. ①先行词 pen（物），从句 I lost 缺宾语→关系代词； ②先行词物； ③缺宾语→which/that； ④无限制条件，填 which/that。 例题 3：The boy with ____ I talked just now is Tom. ①先行词 boy（人），介词 with 提前； ②指人； ③介词后作宾语，只能用 whom； ④校验：介词提前禁用 that，答案 whom。 例题 4：He has a sister, ____ works in a hospital. ①先行词 sister，逗号隔开非限制性定语从句； ②指人，从句缺主语； ③可选 who； ④校验：逗号后不能用 that，答案 who。 名词后面定从句，缺主缺宾用代词； 人 who 物 that which，介词后人只用 whom； 介词提前物 which，whose 后面必加名词； 逗号从句弃 that，不定复合只用 that。 表 “谁的” 用 whose，前后名词来连接； 逗号隔开非限定，坚决不能写 that。 考向02 关系副词 关系副词where 1. （2026·全国II卷）was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 56 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and 57 (center) heating doesn’t exist. 解题方法 四步解题完整步骤 高考定语从句・关系副词标准四步解题法 适用：when /where/why，区分易混点、规避 “看到地点 / 时间就用 where/when” 的高频陷阱 步骤 1：判定大类 —— 区分关系副词 vs 关系代词 ①先找先行词（空格前名词：时间 / 地点 /reason），确认是定语从句； ②拆分从句，判断句子完整性： 从句主谓（宾）齐全，不缺主语、宾语 → 候选关系副词 when/where/why； 从句缺主语 / 宾语 → 直接用关系代词 who/which/that，跳过本套步骤。 💡核心判断法：把先行词代入从句，若需要额外加介词才通顺，说明缺状语，用关系副词。 步骤 2：匹配先行词语义，锁定候选副词 ①when：先行词为时间名词（day, time, moment, year, occasion），表时间状语；等价 = on/in/during + which ②where：先行词为地点名词（school, factory, city）+ 抽象地点（case, situation, stage, point），表地点 / 场景状语；等价 = in/at + which ③why：先行词只能是 the reason，表原因状语；等价 = for which 步骤 3：：还原句子验证，排除易错混淆 高频对比（同先行词，填法完全不同） 例 1：I still remember the day ____ we met. 还原：we met on the day，需加介词 on，句子完整→填 when 例 2：I still remember the day ____ we spent together. 还原：we spent the day，直接作 spent 宾语，缺宾语→填 which/that（不用 when） 例 3：This is the factory ____ he worked. 还原：he worked in the factory，加介词 in→填 where 例 4：This is the factory ____ we visited last year. 还原：we visited the factory，直接作宾语→填 which/that（不用 where） 例 5：The reason ____ he left is unknown. 还原：he left for the reason→填 why 例 6：The reason ____ he gave us is a lie. 还原：he gave us the reason，作宾语→填 that/which（不用 why） 步骤 4：特殊规则校验，规避失分陷阱 ①非限制性定语从句（逗号隔开）：when/where 可正常使用，绝对不能用 that； ②介词提前场景：只能用「介词 + which」，不能直接用关系副词； 例：This is the house in ____ we lived. 填 which，不能填 where； ③where 拓展考点：抽象地点先行词（situation/case/stage），从句完整一律用 where； ④why 限制：仅先行词为 reason 且从句完整时使用，其余场景不用 why。 完整真题分步演示 例题1：We reached a point ____ we had to make a choice. ①判定从句：先行词 point（抽象地点），从句 we had to make a choice 主谓完整，不缺主宾→关系副词； ②匹配先行词：抽象地点，候选 where； ③还原验证：we had to make a choice at this point，需要加介词 at，缺地点状语； ④校验：无逗号、无介词提前，答案 where。 例题2：I will never forget the summer ____ we travelled to Yunnan. ①先行词 summer（时间），从句 we travelled to Yunnan 主谓完整； ②时间类先行词，候选 when； ③还原：we travelled in the summer，需加 in； ④无特殊限制，答案 when。 名词后接定从句，句完整则用副词； 时间 when 地点 where，reason 固定配 why； 还原句子加介词，才是状语判断依据； 介词提前只用 which，逗号从句弃 that。 口诀分层释义 名词后接定从句，句完整则用副词：先行词为名词，从句主谓齐全，选用 when/where/why； 时间 when 地点 where，reason 固定配 why：按先行词语义匹配对应副词； 还原句子加介词，才是状语判断依据：核心区分技巧，代入先行词看是否需要补充介词； 介词提前只用 which，逗号从句弃 that：介词提前场景不能用 where/when，只能用介词 + which；逗号后禁用 that。 易混难点区分（where vs which） 判断标准：把先行词放回从句，看是否需要加介词 This is the park ____ we visited. visit the park（直接作宾语）→ 缺宾语 → which/that This is the park ____ we walked. walk in the park（要加介词 in）→ 缺地点状语 → where 进阶·强化演练 考向01 关系代词 填入一个合适的词 关系代词who/whom/that 1.（2024·北京卷·语法填空）Tinniswood, 17 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. 2. （2019·北京海淀区一模）However, those ____18____ don’t screen incoming ideas will end up believing things not only false, but also ____19____ (danger). 3. （2026·北京延庆区一模）He Jiaolong, a former deputy mayor of Zhaosu County in Xinjiang ____14____ dedicated herself to boosting local agriculture, became an internet celebrity. 4. （2026·北京通州区一模）Sitting down to enjoy such a meal allows us to honor those ____11____ grew the food and the effort behind it. 5. （2026·北京顺义二模）Mollie Ray, a comic artist and author, devotes herself to championing young comic creators. She wants to reach young people ____14____ might not otherwise have access to the arts and give them a voice through comics. 6. The experienced professor to _________ hundreds of students turn for academic guidance will deliver a speech next Friday. 关系代词which/that 1. （2026·全国I卷·语法填空）____62Drawn____ (draw) by the aroma (香味) of street food, they line up in front of stands ____63____ serve steaming dumplings and hot noodle soup. 2. （2026·全国II卷·语法填空）We move on to tai chi positions, of ____61____ there are forty-two in the style that Angela teaches. 3.（2026·浙江卷·语法填空）The microwave had a loud alarm, but we overshadowed that noise with our own performance, tipping our heads back and shouting into the air-a scream ____41____ always ended in laughter. 4. （2025·全国I卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 5.（2025·浙江卷）Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 63 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period. 6. （2026·北京市西城区期末·语法填空）Now both roses stood energetic, ___13___ taught me renewal awaits even in deepest despair. 7. （2022·北京卷·语法填空）That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use. 8. （2021·北京卷·语法填空）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 9. （2026·北京海淀区二模）Scientists have been studying a hidden weapon beneath the ocean to tackle climate change. Seagrass, ____15____ occupies less than 0.2% of the ocean floor, is responsible for storing 10% of the ocean’s carbon. 10.（2026·北京房山二模）Studies suggest that, under the right conditions, blue spaces can also reduce noise in urban areas, help improve air quality, and cool down hot climates — all of ____20____ contribute to physical health. 11.（2026·北京房山期末）Conservation photography, ____17____ aims to advocate for wildlife and our planet’s natural ecosystems, is a form of nature photography. It is a great way to use your photography skills ____18____ (create) a story and make a statement about a critical topic of interest in today’s society: the impact of humanity ____19____ our environment. Environmental conservation organizations, photojournalists, those involved in environmental policy, and even private ____20____ (citizen) are all able to affect change through conservation photography. 关系代词whose 1. （2026·北京东城·二模）Although each social science focuses on a different aspect of human life, they have much in common. Each builds a body of knowledge ____18____ content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 2. （2026·北京西城·二模）Gratitude has a strong positive impact on psychological well-being as well, 16 benefits include increased self-respect, enhanced positive emotions, and a more optimistic outlook on life. 3. （2026·北京朝阳区二模）One day, there came the owner named May, __12__ rare eye condition prevented her from reading the tiny characters. 4.（2026·北京石景山区一模）Thomas, ____19____ own house was flooding, drove back several times to rescue people of the town where he’d grown up, delivering them safely to ____20unfolded____ (unflood) shelters. 5.（2026·北京海淀区期末）In the early winter of southern Hubei, more than a dozen Belt and Road media representatives from different countries arrived in Chibi — an ancient city ____14____ heritage includes both the battlefield memories of the Three Kingdoms and the enduring legacy of tea. 考向02 关系副词 关系副词where 1. （2026·全国II卷）was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 56 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and 57 (center) heating doesn’t exist. 2. （2023·北京卷·语法填空）Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference. 3. （2026·北京石景山二模）For example, you may find yourself in a job interview ____15____ you’re competing against other applicants. 4. （2026·北京顺义区一模）He then started a woodworking school, ____15____ the lessons learned over a lifetime are passed on. 关系副词when 1. （2026·北京东城期末·语法填空）Some species have started to sing at night, ____16____ noise levels are lower. 2. （2026·北京顺义期末·语法填空）My understanding of friendship was transformed in 2024, ____17____ I met Sam. 关系副词why 1.Could you tell me the real reason ____ he refused to take part in the volunteer activity? 2. No one knows the reason ____ she gave up the chance to study abroad last year. 拔高·模拟预测 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 【学科融合·人与动物】（2026·北京东城·一模）One day when a group of bees ____11____ (land) on a primary school, not surprisingly, there was panic among the teachers. Though, most of the children watched excitedly as a bee catcher rounded up the uninvited visitors. This unexpected event led to the school integrating beekeeping into the course, ____12____ has resulted in notable benefits. The children study the dance of the bees to decide ____13____ honey source is. They use honey in cooking lessons. They have even opened a school shop that ____14____ (feature) honey. Most of all, the children have become more responsible to others. Passage 2 【新情境·“龙虾”开源人工智能】（2026·北京161中学·三模）OpenClaw is an open-source AI agent 17 (nickname) “the lobster (龙虾)” for its red lobster-shaped logo. Unlike traditional chatbots that only give suggestions, it autonomously 18 (finish) tasks by taking over a user’s computer. Through a “perceive-decide-execute” loop, it manages files, sends emails, and writes code. 19 sets it apart is its “local-first” design, 20 keeps data private on the user’s device. OpenClaw bridges the gap between conversational AI and real-world automation. Passage 3 【新情境·古典音乐与胎儿发育】（2026·北京丰台·期末）Playing music for plants can help them grow. The same might be true for humans. In a new study published in the science journal Chaos, researchers ____14____ (play) classical music for fetuses (胎儿) using headphones on the mothers’ ____15____ (stomach). They found that the vibrations from the music helped stabilize the fetuses’ heart rates, ____16____ researchers said “could stimulate the development of the fetal autonomic nervous system.” Passage 4 【新情境·性格】（2026·北京房山区·一模）Personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour ____14____ make a person unique. Understanding personality allows us to predict ____15____ people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value. For example, a neurotic person feels worried more frequently than others, while an agreeable person in general feels more content. An outgoing person may jump for joy when ____16____ (face) new experiences, while a shy person may feel embarrassed in front of a large group of people. Passage 5 【新情境·个人奋斗】（2025年·海淀·一模）Director Yang Yu, better known as Jiaozi, has spent over a decade enhancing his skills in China’s competitive animation industry. Early in his career, however, he ____11____ (face) constant rejections and financial struggles. His breakthrough came in 2019 with the masterpiece Ne Zha ____12____ proved Chinese animation could rival global giants. To create a follow-up movie, he immersed ____13____ (he) in perfecting storytelling and cutting-edge effects, often working 16-hour days. His journey — from a self-taught artist to a pioneer ____14____ (reshape) an industry — inspires dreamers worldwide: greatness isn’t born overnight, but built through commitment. Passage 6 【新情境·学校储物柜】（2025年·东城·二模）Lockers have long been a school tradition, but are they still necessary? Some students argue lockers relieve their heavy backpack burdens. They also serve as valuable social spaces ____18____ friendships form. However, more students are using laptops and online content to study and work on assignments, making lockers ____19____ (necessary). So, if schools remove lockers, most of which are very old, more space ____20____ (create) in the hallways. They can use it to display artwork or other creative projects, which will bring students together. Passage 7 【新情境·公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展】 （2025年·石景山·一模）The first public hotline, ____14____ is a tool for enhancing citizen participation and improving city management, started in London in 1937. In China, the government hotline ____15____ (launch) in big cities during the 1980s and later improved to be a citizen service platform in 2019. Now, in Beijing, more than 1,700 operators deal with over 60,000 calls each day. This system ____16____ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, ____17____ (respond) to their appeals and making the city a better place. Passage 8 【新情境·公共热线的起源及其在中国的发展】 （2025年·石景山·一模）The first public hotline, ____14____ is a tool for enhancing citizen participation and improving city management, started in London in 1937. In China, the government hotline ____15____ (launch) in big cities during the 1980s and later improved to be a citizen service platform in 2019. Now, in Beijing, more than 1,700 operators deal with over 60,000 calls each day. This system ____16____ (promote) interaction between citizens and the city, ____17____ (respond) to their appeals and making the city a better place. Passage 9 【新情境·中国烹饪中发酵】（2026·山东日照·一模）Food has long been regarded as the soul of Chinese culture. And Chinese cuisine, which is renowned for its diversity and philosophical 36 (deep), holds the ancient art of fermentation (发酵) in particularly high regard. This transformative process serves not only as a practical method of preservation but also as a 37 (base) technique for unlocking complex flavor profiles. Over the past thousands of years, this traditional food-making method, carried forward like a living heritage, 38 (pass) down from generation to generation, shining brightly in the long river of Chinese food culture. Beyond everyday seasonings 39 soy sauce and vinegar (醋), which are themselves products of fermentation, more distinctive creations can be found. Southern cuisines, such as 40 of Guangdong, rely on fermented seafood or beans to form the essential flavorful foundation for numerous dishes. In Sichuan, paocai (pickled vegetables) provides a sharp counterpoint to the region’s fiery chilies, thus 41 (create) a thrilling yet balanced taste sensation. The most iconic example is perhaps fermented tofu (furu), 42 humble beancurd is transformed by microbes (微生物) into a product with a creamy texture and a cheese-like flavor. This tasty food, 43 enjoyed as a fragrant, flavor-packed seasoning or as a steaming, delicious street snack, 44 (reflect) a core cooking principle: transforming simple ingredients into lasting sources of taste. Indeed, fermentation represents where microbiology meets gastronomy. To explore them is to taste an essential pillar of China’s food heritage— one 45 (preserve) through time and folk wisdom. Passage 10 【新角度:自然科学】（2026·安徽合肥·一模）On hot summer days, when high temperatures often reduce people’s appetite, cold desserts tend to sound far more refreshing than a bowl of hot noodles. In ancient China, nobles enjoyed a special cold food known as Sushan, ____36____ many scholars regard as the earliest form of ice cream. The name Sushan, meaning crispy mountain, originally ____37____ (come) from its shape as well as its breakable structure. It looked like a small mountain of shaved ice ____38____ (combine) with milk, butter and sugar, and ____39____ (make) it more popular on special occasions, it was sometimes decorated with flowers and leaves. During the Tang Dynasty, the emperor’s court ____40____ (far) developed this dessert. Milk was sweetened, sometimes thickened with flour, and then iced through advanced ____41____ (cool) methods. Metal containers holding the mixture were often placed in ice with saltpeter (硝石), ____42____ substance that lowers the freezing point of water. This technique made it possible for the upper class to enjoy cold dishes ____43____ the fact that the weather itself was not that cold. Although Sushan was not exactly the same as modern ice cream, it shared several essential characteristics, and ____44____ (present) in a partly frozen state occasionally. It reflected not only the _____45_____ (innovate) of ancient Chinese people, but also the special status that frozen desserts held in court life. Passage 11 【新角度:跨文化交流】（2026·山东青岛·适应性测试）Being an exchange student, I use my camera to bridge cultures and capture moments from the country I call my second home. Traditional Minnan-style houses, with roofs 56 (distinct) curved and walls time-honored, stood shoulder to shoulder. The 57 (rhythm) calls of free-range chickens provided background music for our shoot, occasionally interrupted by the distant laughter of villagers passing along the paths. What 58 (strike) me most was such plain warmth. A woman rode past with a basketful of leafy greens, her feet barely touching the ground as she slowed 59 (exchange) greetings with neighbors. At the store, the owner, 60 (wear) a gentle smile, wiped his hands carefully before weighing out dried mushrooms 61 regular customers. In that instant, I felt I was carried 3,000 kilometers south to my grandmother’s village. Though the landscape differed, the essence remained unchanged: that familiar village ecosystem 62 shopkeepers remember your favorite childhood treats and 63 (local) catch up on the latest news. This is the China I have come to know. It is not just through its high-rises and express trains, 64 in these pockets of everyday life that ring across cultures. The world stretches wide yet draws near, connected together by the shared 65 (kind). 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $