新课10 必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters（语法+写作讲义）（人教版）英语初升高衔接

人教版必修一Unit 4 Natural Disasters（语法+写作） 目录 单元语法：限制性定语从句（1） 写作聚焦：写作指导 新闻报道 学以致用：巩固提升，全面突破 单元语法 限制性定语从句（1） 【考点精讲】 一. 核心概念 定语从句起形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。 · 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词 · 限制性定语从句：无逗号分隔，去掉后主句语义残缺，用于限定先行词范围 · 关系代词 5 类：that /which/who /whom/whose，三大功能：指代先行词、连接主从句、在从句充当主 / 宾 / 表 / 定语 二. 关系代词用法总表（贴合自然灾害话题例句） 关系代词 指代对象 从句所作成分 单元适配例句 中文翻译 who 人 主语 / 宾语 The volunteers who helped survivors are brave. 救助幸存者的志愿者十分勇敢。 whom 人 宾语（不可作主语） The victims whom we visited lost their homes. 我们探望的灾民失去了家园。 which 物 主语 / 宾语 The flood which hit the village lasted three days. 袭击村庄的洪水持续了三天。 that 人 / 物 主 / 宾 / 表 That is the earthquake that shocked the whole country. 那就是震惊全国的那场地震。 whose 人 / 物 定语（…… 的） The town whose roads were broken needs rescue teams. 道路损毁的小镇急需救援队。 1.关系代词who、whom、that。 这些关系代词的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语或者宾语。 I’d really like to find a friend who/that has the same interest as me. 我真的想找一个和我有同样兴趣爱好的朋友。(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man (who/whom/that) I helped last Sunday. 他就是我上周日帮助过的那个男人。(who/whom/that在从句中作宾语) 填空 ①Do you know the girl 　　　　 is talking with our maths teacher?  ②The woman 　　　　 I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.  答案:①who/that　②who/that/whom或不填 2.关系代词whose。 用来指人或物(用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。 I want to read the book whose cover is blue,and please pass it to me. =I want to read the book of which the cover is blue,and please pass it to me. =I want to read the book the cover of which is blue,and please pass it to me. 我想看那本封面是蓝色的书,劳驾您递给我。 This is the person whose story surprises everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。 翻译句子 ①很多学生参加了那个主题为“秋日校园”的摄影比赛。 ②那个女孩非常有礼貌,她的妈妈是一名医生。 答案:①Many students took part in the photography competition whose theme is “Autumn Campus”.　②The girl whose mother is a doctor is very polite. 3.关系代词which和that。 这两个关系代词所代替的先行词是表示事、物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 Yesterday,I read an article which/that was about natural disasters.(which/that在从句中作主语) 昨天,我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。 The pen (which/that) he bought yesterday is the same as mine. 他昨天买的那支笔和我的一样。(which/that在从句中作宾语) 填空 ①The school 　　　　 is surrounded by green trees is very famous.  ②The report 　　　　 Mr Black handed in was about the motor race.  答案:①which/that　②that/which或不填 三 必考重难点：只用 that、不用 which 的 5 种场景 · 先行词为不定代词 all, everything, nothing, little, much 等 All that we need is enough food and water. · 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰 This is the worst storm that we have ever met. · 先行词被 the only, the very, every, no, all 修饰 The only shelter that can hold people is the school hall. · 先行词同时包含人 + 物 We talked about the rescuers and disasters that we saw. · 主句以 who/which 开头特殊疑问句（避免重复） Who is the doctor that treats the injured people? 填空 ①The flood destroyed all the books 　　　　 were put on the first floor.  ②She described in her composition the people and places 　　　　 impressed her most.  答案:①that　②that 【课堂反馈】 一、填入合适关系代词（答案 + 解析后置） 1. The typhoon ______ came last night destroyed many houses. 2. The people ______ we saved were trapped under stones. 3. This is the only supply station ______ can offer fresh water. 4. I know the nurse ______ brother works in rescue center. 5. Everything ______ you prepare will help homeless families. 二、合并简单句为定语从句（单元话题） 1. A heavy rain caused floods. It fell last week. 2. The soldier helped old people. We met him yesterday. 参考答案与解析 一、课前小练习 1. which/that 先行词 typhoon 物，从句缺主语 2. whom/who/that 先行词 people 人，从句缺宾语，可省略 3. that 先行词被 the only 修饰，只能用 that 4. whose 表 “护士的”，作定语 5. that 先行词 everything 不定代词，只用 that 合并句子 1. The heavy rain that/which fell last week caused floods. 2. The soldier whom/who we met yesterday helped old people. 写作聚焦 新闻报道（自然灾害主题） 写作积累 1. 文体三核心要求 · 客观性：只陈述事实，不主观抒情评价 · 简洁性：5W 要素（when/where/who/what/why）前置 · 时效性：聚焦突发灾害、救援行动 2. 三段标准结构 · 导语（1-2 句）：浓缩核心事件（时间 + 地点 + 灾害 + 初步影响） · 主体：灾情细节、救援行动、伤亡 / 损失数据 · 结尾：后续救援安排、防灾反思、展望 3. 单元话题高分词块 & 句型 基础词块 devastating flood 特大洪水；trigger landslide 引发山体滑坡；trapped survivors 被困幸存者；relief supplies 救灾物资；rescue workers 救援人员；be left homeless 无家可归 万能句型 1. It is reported that a powerful storm struck XX City on July 2.（导语开头） 2. The disaster which hit the area destroyed hundreds of buildings.（嵌入本单元定语从句） 3. Local government sent medical teams to the places where people suffered a lot. 4. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to natural disaster prevention. 4. 范文赏析（80-100 词，含定语从句） Heavy Flood Hits Western Town It is reported that a heavy flood which hit Green Town last Friday brought huge losses to local people. The flood, which lasted over two days, broke roads and washed away many houses. Over 200 villagers who lived along the river were trapped and became homeless. Rescue teams that arrived quickly sent food and tents to the victims. Volunteers whose work was tiring kept searching for missing people day and night. Local officials said more relief supplies would be sent in the following days. People also learned lessons about disaster self-protection. 5. 写作实战训练 写作任务：写一篇 80 词左右新闻报道，主题：本地山区突发小型山体滑坡，时间 7 月 5 日，无人员伤亡，村民转移至临时安置点，救援队清理道路。要求至少使用 2 处限制性定语从句。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考范文 Landslide Hits Mountain Village A small landslide which hit the mountain village on July 5 caused no deaths or injuries. The stones and mud that covered the main road blocked traffic at once. All villagers who lived near the hill were moved to a safe temporary shelter. Rescue workers that arrived in time cleared roads and checked hidden dangers. Officials reminded villagers to stay away from steep slopes during rainy days. \学以致用 一．语法训练（巩固本单元语法） A：将两个简单句合并为含限制性定语从句的复合句，使用合适关系代词。 1. The rescue workers saved many kids. They rushed to the flood-stricken area. 2. The old lady lost all her houses. We helped her yesterday. 3. This is the terrible typhoon. It hit our coastal city last week. 4. All supplies are ready. We need them for homeless villagers. 5. This is the only shelter. It can hold hundreds of disaster victims. 6. We talked about the doctors and floods. We saw them in the news. 7. That is the worst landslide. It has happened in this mountain village. 8. The reporter’s camera was broken. His report covered the earthquake. 9. Nobody forgets the volunteers. They risked their lives in the storm. 10. The relief bags contain food and water. We send them to damaged towns. 参考答案 + 详细解析 1. 合并句：The rescue workers who/that rushed to the flood-stricken area saved many kids. 解析：先行词 the rescue workers 指人，从句缺主语，可用 who/that。 2. 合并句：The old lady whom/who/that we helped yesterday lost all her houses. 解析：先行词 the old lady 指人，从句缺少宾语，可用 who/whom/that，关系代词可省略。 3. 合并句：This is the terrible typhoon which/that hit our coastal city last week. 解析：先行词 typhoon 指物，从句缺主语，which/that 均可。 4. 合并句：All that we need for homeless villagers are ready. 解析：先行词为不定代词 all，只能用 that，不可用 which。 5. 合并句：This is the only shelter that can hold hundreds of disaster victims. 解析：先行词被 the only 修饰，固定规则只用 that。 6. 合并句：We talked about the doctors and floods that we saw in the news. 解析：先行词同时包含人（doctors）+ 物（floods），只能用 that。 7. 合并句：That is the worst landslide that has happened in this mountain village. 解析：先行词被形容词最高级 the worst 修饰，只能用 that。 8. 合并句：The reporter whose report covered the earthquake had his camera broken. 解析：关系代词 whose 表所属 “…… 的”，whose report = the reporter’s report。 9. 合并句：Nobody forgets the volunteers who/that risked their lives in the storm. 解析：先行词 volunteers 指人，从句缺主语，who/that 通用。 10. 合并句：The relief bags which/that we send to damaged towns contain food and water. 解析：先行词 relief bags 指物，从句缺宾语，which/that 均可，也可省略关系代词。 B: 用 who, whom, which, that, whose 填空，每空一词。 1. The mudslide ______ destroyed the road stopped all rescue vehicles. 2. The survivors ______ we met were waiting for drinking water. 3. This is the most serious earthquake ______ this area has ever suffered. 4. Everything ______ the volunteers brought helped people in trouble. 5. The man ______ lost his family in the flood is receiving psychological help. 6. The only medical team ______ can reach the village left at dawn. 7. We saw the firefighters and ruins ______ appeared on the TV screen. 8. The town ______ houses were washed away needs more tents immediately. 9. The rainstorm ______ lasted three days caused huge economic losses. 10. The wounded girl ______ the nurse is looking after feels much better now. 参考答案 + 详细解析 1. that / which 解析：先行词 mudslide（泥石流）指物，从句缺少主语，that、which 均可。 2. who / whom / that 解析：先行词 survivors 指人，从句缺少宾语，三者均可，关系代词可省略。 3. that 解析：先行词被最高级 the most serious 修饰，语法规定只能用 that，不能用 which。 4. that 解析：先行词为不定代词 everything，只能用 that 引导定语从句。 5. who / that 解析：先行词 the man 指人，从句缺少主语，who、that 通用。 6. that 解析：先行词被限定词 the only 修饰，只能使用 that。 7. that 解析：先行词同时包含人（firefighters）和物（ruins），只能用 that。 8. whose 解析：whose 作定语，表所属关系，whose houses = the town’s houses。 9. that / which 解析：先行词 rainstorm 指物，从句缺主语，that/which 均可。 10. who / whom / that 解析：先行词 the wounded girl 指人，从句缺少 look after 的宾语，三者均可。 二．写作训练（新闻报道） Prompt: Suppose you are a reporter. Write a short news report (80 words) about a fictional flood in your hometown. Include: 1.Time and place of the flood. 2.Damage caused. 3.Rescue actions taken by the government and volunteers. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sample Answer: Flood Hits Green Valley Last night, a severe flood struck Green Valley, causing significant damage. Heavy rains lasted for ten hours, flooding many streets and houses. Dozens of residents were trapped in their homes. Immediately, the local government organized rescue teams. Soldiers and volunteers worked tirelessly all night to save those in danger. Fortunately, no lives were lost. Currently, clean-up work is underway, and people are beginning to rebuild their homes. Hope remains strong in the community. 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 人教版必修一Unit 4 Natural Disasters（语法+写作） 目录 单元语法：限制性定语从句（1） 写作聚焦：写作指导 新闻报道 学以致用：巩固提升，全面突破 单元语法 限制性定语从句（1） 【考点精讲】 一. 核心概念 定语从句起形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。 · 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词 · 限制性定语从句：无逗号分隔，去掉后主句语义残缺，用于限定先行词范围 · 关系代词 5 类：that /which/who /whom/whose，三大功能：指代先行词、连接主从句、在从句充当主 / 宾 / 表 / 定语 二. 关系代词用法总表（贴合自然灾害话题例句） 关系代词 指代对象 从句所作成分 单元适配例句 中文翻译 who 人 主语 / 宾语 The volunteers who helped survivors are brave. 救助幸存者的志愿者十分勇敢。 whom 人 宾语（不可作主语） The victims whom we visited lost their homes. 我们探望的灾民失去了家园。 which 物 主语 / 宾语 The flood which hit the village lasted three days. 袭击村庄的洪水持续了三天。 that 人 / 物 主 / 宾 / 表 That is the earthquake that shocked the whole country. 那就是震惊全国的那场地震。 whose 人 / 物 定语（…… 的） The town whose roads were broken needs rescue teams. 道路损毁的小镇急需救援队。 1.关系代词who、whom、that。 这些关系代词的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语或者宾语。 I’d really like to find a friend who/that has the same interest as me. 我真的想找一个和我有同样兴趣爱好的朋友。(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man (who/whom/that) I helped last Sunday. 他就是我上周日帮助过的那个男人。(who/whom/that在从句中作宾语) 填空 ①Do you know the girl 　　　　 is talking with our maths teacher?  ②The woman 　　　　 I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.  2.关系代词whose。 用来指人或物(用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。 I want to read the book whose cover is blue,and please pass it to me. =I want to read the book of which the cover is blue,and please pass it to me. =I want to read the book the cover of which is blue,and please pass it to me. 我想看那本封面是蓝色的书,劳驾您递给我。 This is the person whose story surprises everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。 翻译句子 ①很多学生参加了那个主题为“秋日校园”的摄影比赛。 ②那个女孩非常有礼貌,她的妈妈是一名医生。 3.关系代词which和that。 这两个关系代词所代替的先行词是表示事、物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 Yesterday,I read an article which/that was about natural disasters.(which/that在从句中作主语) 昨天,我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。 The pen (which/that) he bought yesterday is the same as mine. 他昨天买的那支笔和我的一样。(which/that在从句中作宾语) 填空 ①The school 　　　　 is surrounded by green trees is very famous.  ②The report 　　　　 Mr Black handed in was about the motor race.  三 必考重难点：只用 that、不用 which 的 5 种场景 · 先行词为不定代词 all, everything, nothing, little, much 等 All that we need is enough food and water. · 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰 This is the worst storm that we have ever met. · 先行词被 the only, the very, every, no, all 修饰 The only shelter that can hold people is the school hall. · 先行词同时包含人 + 物 We talked about the rescuers and disasters that we saw. · 主句以 who/which 开头特殊疑问句（避免重复） Who is the doctor that treats the injured people? 填空 ①The flood destroyed all the books 　　　　 were put on the first floor.  ②She described in her composition the people and places 　　　　 impressed her most.  【课堂反馈】 一、填入合适关系代词（答案 + 解析后置） 1. The typhoon ______ came last night destroyed many houses. 2. The people ______ we saved were trapped under stones. 3. This is the only supply station ______ can offer fresh water. 4. I know the nurse ______ brother works in rescue center. 5. Everything ______ you prepare will help homeless families. 二、合并简单句为定语从句（单元话题） 1. A heavy rain caused floods. It fell last week. 2. The soldier helped old people. We met him yesterday. 写作聚焦 新闻报道（自然灾害主题） 写作积累 1. 文体三核心要求 · 客观性：只陈述事实，不主观抒情评价 · 简洁性：5W 要素（when/where/who/what/why）前置 · 时效性：聚焦突发灾害、救援行动 2. 三段标准结构 · 导语（1-2 句）：浓缩核心事件（时间 + 地点 + 灾害 + 初步影响） · 主体：灾情细节、救援行动、伤亡 / 损失数据 · 结尾：后续救援安排、防灾反思、展望 3. 单元话题高分词块 & 句型 基础词块 devastating flood 特大洪水；trigger landslide 引发山体滑坡；trapped survivors 被困幸存者；relief supplies 救灾物资；rescue workers 救援人员；be left homeless 无家可归 万能句型 1. It is reported that a powerful storm struck XX City on July 2.（导语开头） 2. The disaster which hit the area destroyed hundreds of buildings.（嵌入本单元定语从句） 3. Local government sent medical teams to the places where people suffered a lot. 4. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to natural disaster prevention. 4. 范文赏析（80-100 词，含定语从句） Heavy Flood Hits Western Town It is reported that a heavy flood which hit Green Town last Friday brought huge losses to local people. The flood, which lasted over two days, broke roads and washed away many houses. Over 200 villagers who lived along the river were trapped and became homeless. Rescue teams that arrived quickly sent food and tents to the victims. Volunteers whose work was tiring kept searching for missing people day and night. Local officials said more relief supplies would be sent in the following days. People also learned lessons about disaster self-protection. 5. 写作实战训练 写作任务：写一篇 80 词左右新闻报道，主题：本地山区突发小型山体滑坡，时间 7 月 5 日，无人员伤亡，村民转移至临时安置点，救援队清理道路。要求至少使用 2 处限制性定语从句。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ \学以致用 一．语法训练（巩固本单元语法） A：将两个简单句合并为含限制性定语从句的复合句，使用合适关系代词。 1. The rescue workers saved many kids. They rushed to the flood-stricken area. 2. The old lady lost all her houses. We helped her yesterday. 3. This is the terrible typhoon. It hit our coastal city last week. 4. All supplies are ready. We need them for homeless villagers. 5. This is the only shelter. It can hold hundreds of disaster victims. 6. We talked about the doctors and floods. We saw them in the news. 7. That is the worst landslide. It has happened in this mountain village. 8. The reporter’s camera was broken. His report covered the earthquake. 9. Nobody forgets the volunteers. They risked their lives in the storm. 10. The relief bags contain food and water. We send them to damaged towns. B: 用 who, whom, which, that, whose 填空，每空一词。 1. The mudslide ______ destroyed the road stopped all rescue vehicles. 2. The survivors ______ we met were waiting for drinking water. 3. This is the most serious earthquake ______ this area has ever suffered. 4. Everything ______ the volunteers brought helped people in trouble. 5. The man ______ lost his family in the flood is receiving psychological help. 6. The only medical team ______ can reach the village left at dawn. 7. We saw the firefighters and ruins ______ appeared on the TV screen. 8. The town ______ houses were washed away needs more tents immediately. 9. The rainstorm ______ lasted three days caused huge economic losses. 10. The wounded girl ______ the nurse is looking after feels much better now. 二．写作训练（新闻报道） Prompt: Suppose you are a reporter. Write a short news report (80 words) about a fictional flood in your hometown. Include: 1.Time and place of the flood. 2.Damage caused. 3.Rescue actions taken by the government and volunteers. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $