Unit 4 Breaking boundaries（重难词汇精练）英语外研版选择性必修第二册

**基本信息** 聚焦单元重难词汇，构建“基础巩固-语境应用”递进训练体系，强化词汇在语篇中的综合运用，提升语言能力与学习能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |词汇基础练|重点单词(40词)、词性转换(41组)、核心短语(15个)、单词拼写(10题)、完成句子(9题)、单句语法填空(9题)|以词汇记忆与基础语法为主，涵盖拼写、词性、搭配及句式应用|从单词本义到词性转换，再到短语搭配，最终落脚于句子层面的语法应用，形成“词-句”基础能力链| |词汇语境练|阅读理解(1篇)、七选五(1篇)、应用文写作(1篇)|依托语篇考查词汇理解与运用，涉及信息获取、逻辑衔接及书面表达|将基础词汇置于真实语境，通过阅读输入与写作输出，实现“词汇-语篇”综合能力提升，体现语言运用的思维品质|

Unit 4 Breaking boundaries重难词汇精练 参考答案 一、重点单词 1. boundary n. 分界线；边界 2. statistic n. （一项）统计数据 3. assist v. 协助，帮助 4. tackle v. 处理，对付（难题） 5. vital adj. 极其重要的 6. tragic adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 7. combat v. 防止，抑制 8. specialist n. 专家 9. infectious adj. 传染性的 10. clinic n. 诊所；门诊部 11. disinfect v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌 12. outbreak n. 爆发，突然发生 13. devotion n. 奉献 14. miracle n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 15. compensate v. 弥补，补偿 16. collaborate v. 合作，协作 17. mankind n. 人类 18. realistic adj. （目标、希望）能够实现的 19. minority n. 少数派；少数 20. cast v. 选派（角色） 21. inclusive adj. 包容广阔的 22. joint adj. 联合的，共同的 23. harmonious adj. 和睦的，融洽的 24. mutual adj. 共有的，共同的 25. rewarding adj. 值得做的，有意义的 26. mount v. 走上，登上 27. civil adj. 公民的，国民的 28. civilian adj. 平民的；百姓的 29. division n. 分歧，分裂 30. conceive v. 构想，设想 31. liberty n. 自由 32. dedicate v. 致力于，献身于 33. endure v. 持续存在 34. portion n. 一部分 35. altogether adv. 完全 36. consecrate v. 宣布……为神圣之处 37. detract v. 减低，破坏，损害 38. nobly adv. 高尚地，崇高地 39. influential adj. 有影响力的 40. communist adj. 共产主义的 二、词性转换 1. boundary n. → 复数 boundaries 2. statistic n. → 复数 statistics；statistical adj. 3. assist vt./vi. → assistance n.；assistant n. 4. tackle vt./vi. → 过去式/过去分词 tackled 5. vital adj. → vitally adv. 6. tragic adj. → tragedy n.；tragically adv. 7. combat vt./vi./n. → 过去式/过去分词 combated/combatted 8. relieve vt. → relief n.；relieved adj. 9. specialist n. → special adj.；specialty (AmE speciality) n. 10. infectious adj. → infect vt.；infection n. 11. disinfect vt. → disinfection n. 12. outbreak n.（out + break） 13. devotion n. → devote vt.；devoted adj. 14. miracle n. → miraculous adj.；miraculously adv. 15. twin adj. → 复数 twins 16. compensate vt./vi. → compensation n. 17. collaborate vi./vt. → collaboration n.；collaborative adj. 18. realistic adj. → reality n.；realize vt.；realistically adv. 19. minority n. → minor adj.；majority n.（反义词） 20. cast vt. → 过去式/过去分词 cast 21. inclusive adj. → include vt.；inclusion n.；exclusive adj.（反义词） 22. joint adj. → jointly adv. 23. harmonious adj. → harmony n.；harmoniously adv. 24. mutual adj. → mutually adv. 25. rewarding adj. → reward n./vt. 26. mount vt./vi. → 过去式/过去分词 mounted 27. civil adj. → civilly adv.；civilization n. 28. slave n. → slavery n. 29. union n. → unite vt.；united adj. 30. civilian adj. → civil adj. 31. division n. → divide vt./vi.；divided adj. 32. conceive vt./vi. → conception n.；conceivable adj. 33. liberty n. → liberal adj. 34. dedicate vt. → dedication n.；dedicated adj. 35. endure vt./vi. → endurance n.；endurable adj. 36. battlefield n.（battle + field） 37. portion n./vt. → 过去式/过去分词 portioned 38. altogether adv.（all + together） 39. influential adj. → influence n./vt. 40. nobly adv. → noble adj.；nobility n. 41. perish vi./vt. → 过去式/过去分词 perished 三、核心短语 1. take any chances 心存侥幸，冒险 2. comrade in arms 战友 3. put… at risk 把……置于危险中 4. against all odds 尽管极其困难 5. step into somebody’s shoes 接替某人 6. in memory of 为了纪念 7. at a great cost 以巨大的代价 8. suffer for 遭受 9. look to 展望；指望；注意 10. die for 为……献出生命 11. bring forth 使产生，使出现 12. dedicate to 献身于…… 13. engage in 从事，参与 14. in a larger sense 从更大的意义上来说 15. in vain 白白地 四、单词拼写 1．prevent 2．harmonious 3．influential 4．minority 5．minority 6．casting 7．clinic 8．influential 9．Communist 10．harmonious 五、完成句子 1．It is/has been two weeks since you came to our school 2．It was concluded 3．has devoted himself to using simple and effective ways to relieve patients of the pain 4．with the joint efforts of/with the mutual efforts of 5．one of the most influential figures/people/persons 6．the；most；influential；artists 7．assistant 8．It is five years since we left the school/It has been five years since we left the school 9．Being Li Hua, president of the Students’ Union, I feel greatly honored to be here, sharing this moment with our American friends. 六、单句语法填空 1．to tell 2．as 3．rewarding 4．nobly 5．influential 6．neglecting 7．assistance 8．enable 9．It 一、阅读理解 1．A　2．B　3．A　4．A 二、七选五 1．C　2．D　3．G　4．F　5．A 三、应用文写作 Nelson Mandela, born on July 18, 1918, was South Africa’s first black president. He got his law degree in 1940 and founded the ANC Youth League four years later. In 1952, he opened a law firm to offer help to poor black people. He was sentenced to five years in prison in 1962 for fighting unfair anti-black laws. Two years later, he received a life sentence as an ANC leader. Released in 1990, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and was elected President of South Africa in 1994. He passed away on December 5, 2013. 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 4 Breaking boundaries 重难词汇精练 01 词汇基础练 1 一、重点单词 1 二、词性转换 1 三、核心短语 2 四、单词拼写 2 五、完成句子 6 六、单句语法填空 7 02 词汇语境练 9 一、阅读理解 9 二、七选五 11 三、应用文写作 12 一、重点单词 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. boundary n. 分界线；边界 2. statistic n. （一项）统计数据 3. assist v. 协助，帮助 4. tackle v. 处理，对付（难题） 5. vital adj. 极其重要的 6. tragic adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 7. combat v. 防止，抑制 8. specialist n. 专家 9. infectious adj. 传染性的 10. clinic n. 诊所；门诊部 11. disinfect v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌 12. outbreak n. 爆发，突然发生 13. devotion n. 奉献 14. miracle n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 15. compensate v. 弥补，补偿 16. collaborate v. 合作，协作 17. mankind n. 人类 18. realistic adj. （目标、希望）能够实现的 19. minority n. 少数派；少数 20. cast v. 选派（角色） 21. inclusive adj. 包容广阔的 22. joint adj. 联合的，共同的 23. harmonious adj. 和睦的，融洽的 24. mutual adj. 共有的，共同的 25. rewarding adj. 值得做的，有意义的 26. mount v. 走上，登上 27. civil adj. 公民的，国民的 28. civilian adj. 平民的；百姓的 29. division n. 分歧，分裂 30. conceive v. 构想，设想 31. liberty n. 自由 32. dedicate v. 致力于，献身于 33. endure v. 持续存在 34. portion n. 一部分 35. altogether adv. 完全 36. consecrate v. 宣布……为神圣之处 37. detract v. 减低，破坏，损害 38. nobly adv. 高尚地，崇高地 39. influential adj. 有影响力的 40. communist adj. 共产主义的 二、词性转换 1.boundary n. 分界线；边界 → 复数 boundaries 2.statistic n. 统计数据 → 复数 statistics → statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的 3.assist vt./vi. 协助；帮助 → assistance n. 协助；帮助 → assistant n. 助手；助理 4.tackle vt./vi. 处理；对付 → 过去式 tackled → 过去分词 tackled 5.vital adj. 极其重要的 → vitally adv. 极其；至关重要地 6.tragic adj. 悲惨的；不幸的 → tragedy n. 悲剧；灾难 → tragically adv. 悲惨地 7.combat vt./vi./n. 防止；抑制 → 过去式 combated/combatted → 过去分词 combated/combatted 8.relieve vt. 给…换班；减轻 → relief n. 减轻；缓解 → relieved adj. 感到宽慰的 9.specialist n. 专家 → special adj. 特殊的；专门的 → specialty (AmE speciality) n. 专业；专长 10.infectious adj. 传染性的 → infect vt. 感染；传染 → infection n. 感染；传染病 11.disinfect vt. 消毒；杀菌 → disinfection n. 消毒；杀菌 12.outbreak n. 爆发；突然发生 → out（adv. 向外）+ break（vi. 打破） 13.devotion n. 奉献；忠诚 → devote vt. 致力于；献身于 → devoted adj. 忠诚的；献身的 14.miracle n. 奇迹 → miraculous adj. 奇迹般的 → miraculously adv. 奇迹般地 15.twin adj. 双胞胎的 → 复数 twins 16.compensate vt./vi. 弥补；补偿 → compensation n. 补偿；赔偿 17.collaborate vi./vt. 合作；协作 → collaboration n. 合作；协作 → collaborative adj. 合作的 18.realistic adj. 能够实现的；现实的 → reality n. 现实；真实 → realize vt. 实现；意识到 → realistically adv. 现实地 19.minority n. 少数派；少数 → minor adj. 少数的；次要的 → majority n. 大多数（反义词） 20.cast vt. 选派（角色）；投掷 → 过去式 cast → 过去分词 cast 21.inclusive adj. 包容广阔的 → include vt. 包含；包括 → inclusion n. 包含；包容性 → exclusive adj. 排他的（反义词） 22.joint adj. 联合的；共同的 → jointly adv. 联合地；共同地 23.harmonious adj. 和睦的；融洽的 → harmony n. 和谐；融洽 → harmoniously adv. 和谐地；融洽地 24.mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 → mutually adv. 相互地；彼此地 25.rewarding adj. 值得做的；有意义的 → reward n./vt. 奖励；奖赏 26.mount vt./vi. 走上；登上 → 过去式 mounted → 过去分词 mounted 27.civil adj. 公民的；国民的 → civilly adv. 文明地；有礼貌地 → civilization n. 文明；文化 28.slave n. 奴隶 → slavery n. 奴隶制；奴役 29.union n. 联邦；联盟 → unite vt. 联合；团结 → united adj. 联合的；统一的 30.civilian adj. 平民的；百姓的 → civil adj. 公民的；民用的 31.division n. 分歧；分裂 → divide vt./vi. 分开；划分 → divided adj. 分裂的；分开的 32.conceive vt./vi. 构想；设想 → conception n. 构想；概念 → conceivable adj. 可想象的 33.liberty n. 自由 → liberal adj. 自由的；开明的 34.dedicate vt. 致力于；献身于 → dedication n. 奉献；献身 → dedicated adj. 专注的；献身的 35.endure vt./vi. 持续存在；忍受 → endurance n. 忍耐力；持久 → endurable adj. 可忍受的 36.battlefield n. 战场 → battle（n. 战斗）+ field（n. 场地） 37.portion n./vt. 一部分；分配 → 过去式 portioned → 过去分词 portioned 38.altogether adv. 完全；总共 → all（adj. 全部的）+ together（adv. 一起） 39.influential adj. 有影响力的 → influence n./vt. 影响；感化 40.nobly adv. 高尚地；崇高地 → noble adj. 高尚的；贵族的 → nobility n. 高尚；贵族 41.perish vi./vt. 死亡；毁灭 → 过去式 perished → 过去分词 perished 三、核心短语 1. take any chances 心存侥幸，冒险 2. comrade in arms 朋友，同事(尤指战争期间的)战友 3. put… at risk 把……置于危险中 4. against all odds 尽管凶多吉少，尽管极其困难 5. step into somebody’s shoes 接替某人 6. in memory of 为了纪念 7. at a great cost 以巨大的代价 8. suffer for 遭受 9. look to 展望；指望；注意 10. die for 为……献出生命 11. bring forth 使产生，使出现 12. dedicate to 献身于…… 13. engage in 从事，参与 14. in a larger sense 从更大的意义上来说 15. in vain 白白地 四、单词拼写 1．We must do something to ________ (阻止) the disease from spreading. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】prevent 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们必须做点什么来阻止这种疾病传播。“阻止”用动词prevent，在不定式符号to后用原形，构成不定式短语作目的状语。故填prevent。 2．If everyone in the society can give a helping hand to each other, it is more likely that society will become more ________ (和谐). （根据汉语提示单词拼写） 【答案】harmonious 【详解】考查形容词。句意：如果社会上的每个人都能互相帮助，社会就更有可能变得更加和谐。结合汉语提示和句子结构可知，形容词harmonious“和谐的”符合题意，作表语。故填harmonious。 3．She has been ________ (有影响的) in promoting environmental awareness. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】influential 【详解】考查形容词。句意：她在提高环保意识方面一直很有影响力。根据汉语提示可知，空处应用形容词influential（有影响的）在句中作表语。故填influential。 4．Some _______ (少数民族) languages are losing their identities because of the invasion of more popular spoken ones. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】minority 【详解】考查形容词。句意：由于更流行的口语的入侵，一些少数民族语言正在失去它们的本体。根据汉语提示“少数民族”可知，此处使用形容词minority，作定语，修饰名词languages。故填minority。 5．Most of the people turned their back to him. Only a ________ (少数) of people gave him a hand. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】minority 【详解】考查名词。句意：大多数人都背对着他。只有少数人帮了他的忙。表示“少数”用固定短语a minority of。故填minority。 6．The cat sat on the wall, ________(投来) a curious look at the butterfly below. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】casting 【详解】考查动词。句意：那只猫坐在墙上，好奇地打量着下面的蝴蝶。根据汉语提示可知用动词cast，与cat构成主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填casting。 7．Dr Lin opened a private________(诊所). (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】clinic 【详解】考查名词的数。句意：林医生开了一家私人诊所。结合不定冠词a可知，用名词单数clinic作宾语。故填clinic。 8．Peking Opera is the most __________ (有影响力的) and representative of all operas in China. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】influential 【详解】考查形容词。句意：京剧是中国最有影响里的，也是最具有代表性的剧种。空前有the most，故空处需要填形容词或副词原级构成最高级形式；结合提示，表示“有影响力的”为形容词influential，作表语。故填influential。 9．___________ (共产主义的) leaders should have the following five abilities in new situations. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】Communist 【详解】考查形容词。句意：在新形势下，共产党领导人应具备以下五种能力。根据空后的leaders和汉语提示可知，空处应用表示“共产主义的”的形容词communist，修饰名词leaders，作定语。句首字母应大写，故填Communist。 10．In China, there is a saying that a __________ (和谐的) family leads to abundance in life. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】harmonious 【详解】考查形容词，句意：在中国，有句谚语说家庭和睦，生活富足。根据汉语提示可知，空处可使用形容词harmonious（和谐的）在句中作定语修饰名词family。故填harmonious。 五、完成句子 1．自从你来我校参加这次交流活动已有两周了，这次活动使我们双方都受益。(since) ________________________for the exchange program, which has benefited all of us. 【答案】It is/has been two weeks since you came to our school 【详解】考查固定短语。根据提示，表示“自从……以来已经……”含义的表达为：It is… since或It has been … since；表示“两周”含义的表达为：two weeks；表示“你来我校”含义的表达为：you come to our school，因句子表示的是过去的发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填It is/has been two weeks since you came to our school。 2．结论是：必须做出的变更程度很低。 ________________________ that the level of change necessary would be low. 【答案】It was concluded 【详解】考查it作形式主语及主语从句。分析句子且根据句意可知，空处应填It was concluded，表示“结论是”。其中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时。故填It was concluded。 3．他一直致力于用简单有效的方法缓解病人的病痛。 He ______________________________________________________________. 【答案】has devoted himself to using simple and effective ways to relieve patients of the pain 【详解】考查动词时态，短语和非谓语动词。表示“致力于”用devote oneself to doing sth.，主语为he，反身代词用himself，表示“用简单有效的方法”用use simple and effective ways，simple和effective为形容词作定语修饰ways，“缓解病人的病痛”译为relieve patients of the pain，表示目的用不定式作目的状语，句子描述过去到现在一直如此，用现在完成时。故填has devoted himself to using simple and effective ways to relieve patients of the pain。 4．Our school will become a more enjoyable place ________________ (在……的共同努力下) both teachers and students. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】with the joint efforts of/with the mutual efforts of 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：在老师和学生的共同努力下，我们的学校将变成一个更令人愉快的地方。根据汉语提示“在……的共同努力下”可知，此处可使用固定短语with the joint efforts of或with the mutual efforts of，其中“joint”和“mutual”均有“共同的”之意，“efforts”表示“努力”，该短语在句中作状语，符合句子语境。故填with the joint/mutual efforts of。 5．Tu Youyou was _________ (最有影响的人物之一) of science in the 20th century. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】one of the most influential figures/one of the most influential people/one of the most influential persons 【详解】考查形容词和名词复数。句意：屠呦呦是20世纪科学界最有影响力的人物之一。“one of+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”为固定结构，表示“……中最……之一”，“最有影响力的”应用the most influential，“人物”应用名词复数形式figures/people/persons。 6．As is known to us, Qi Baishi was one of ________ ________ ________ ________ (最具影响力的艺术家) in the history of Chinese painting. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 【答案】 the most influential artists 【详解】考查形容词最高级、冠词、名词。表示“艺术家”用artist，由空前的one of可知，应用复数形式artists。表示“最具影响力的”用形容词最高级most influential，作定语，修饰名词artists，且形容词最高级前加定冠词the。故填the most influential artists。 7．She has an ________ to help her out. Now she has the energy to accompany her family. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】assistant 【详解】考查名词。句意：她有个助手帮她摆脱困境。现在她有精力陪伴家人了。根据“she has the energy to accompany her family”可知，本空意思是“助手”，应用名词assistant，位于不定冠词an后，用单数形式，作has的宾语。故填assistant。 8．We left the school five years ago, but those memories are as sweet as ever before. (句型转换) →__________, but those memories are as sweet as ever before. (since) 【答案】It is five years since we left the school/It has been five years since we left the school 【详解】考查句型转换。句意：五年前我们离开了这所学校，但是那些回忆和以前一样甜蜜。根据句意可知，此句可以转换为“自从......已经......”，表达为it is/has been...since...句型。“五年”表达为five years；“离开学校”表达为we leave the school，leave这个动作发生在五年前，故应用一般过去时left。故填It is/has been five years since we left the school。 9．I am Li Hua, president of the Students’ Union. It’s my great honor to be here, sharing this moment with our fellow friends from the United States.(用非谓语动词改写句子) __________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Being Li Hua, president of the Students’ Union, I feel greatly honored to be here, sharing this moment with our American friends. 【详解】句意：作为学生会主席李华，我深感荣幸能与我们的美国朋友们在此共度这一时刻。此处改为现在分词短语Being Li Hua作状语；president of the Students’ Union为同位语，补充说明主语 Li Hua；原句中It’s my great honor to...可以转换为I feel greatly honored to...，其它不变。 六、单句语法填空 1．It is not up to you (tell) me how to do my job. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to tell 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：你无权告诉我如何工作。固定句型It’s up to you to do sth.，意为“由你决定做某事”，空处应填to tell，“It”是形式主语，而“to tell me how to do my job”则是不定式短语作真正的主语。故填to tell。 2．The captain as well his team was interviewed shortly after they won the gold medal. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】as 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：队长和他的队员在获得金牌后不久接受了采访。短语as well as表示“也，和”，故填as。 3．The (reward) community service we participated in last month can’t be valued too much for its role in shaping our responsibility. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】rewarding 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我们上个月参加的有意义的社区服务，对于塑造我们的责任感而言，其作用再怎么强调都不为过。空处修饰名词短语“community service”，应用形容词形式作定语，reward的形容词形式是rewarding，意为“有益的，有意义的”。故填rewarding。 4．The soldier chose to die (nobly) rather than to betray his country. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】nobly 【详解】考查副词。句意：这位士兵宁愿高尚地牺牲，也不愿背叛自己的国家。此空修饰动词die (死亡、牺牲)，应用副词。所给词nobly是副词，意为“高尚地、崇高地”，符合语境。故填nobly。 5．It helps to have (influence) friends. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】influential 【详解】考查形容词。句意：拥有有影响力的朋友是有帮助的。修饰名词friends，用形容词influential作定语。故填influential。 6．Despite (neglect)his studies, he got his degree. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】neglecting 【详解】考查动名词。句意：尽管荒废学业，他还是获得了学位。根据空格前的介词Despite可知，此处应用neglect的动名词形式，作介词宾语。故填neglecting。 7．If Mr. Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible (assist) to the people there. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】assistance 【详解】考查名词。句意：如果杜威先生当时在场，他会向那里的人们提供一切可能的帮助。不可数名词assistance作offer的宾语。故填assistance。 8．Besides,enough sleep can make us energetic and (enable) us to perform well in an exam. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】enable 【详解】考查动词。句意：此外，充足的睡眠能使我们经历充沛，也使我们在考试中表现良好。分析句子结构可知，空前make与空处为并列谓语，在情态动词can后都要用动词原形。故填enable。 9． is up to her to check if all the work has been completed. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】It 【详解】考查代词、固定句型。句意：该由她来检查是否所有的工作都已完成。此处考查句型It is up to sb to do sth，译为“做某事由某人决定”，设空处应用代词it，为形式主语，动词不定式为真正的主语。设空处在句首，单词的首字母要大写。故填It。 一、阅读理解 When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription (处方). It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo. A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen? The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The doctor will heal the body for us if we let it. But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better. Placebos do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all. A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects, it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it. The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo. 1．What do we know about placebo according to the passage? A．It won’t function if you are negative about medicine. B．It contains some sort of medicine. C．People who don’t believe placebo can’t be healed by it. D．Patients and doctors know clearly how it helps to heal the body. 2．Why is the doctor sometimes the most powerful placebo? A．The patient needs help badly. B．The patient believes in the doctor. C．The doctor knows better about your body. D．The doctor has carefully studied medicine. 3．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．The placebo. B．The bad effect. C．The body. D．The medicine. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Placebo: Work on Your Mind B．Placebo: The Most Powerful Medicine C．Placebo: The Best Doctor D．Placebo: Heal Your Body 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是有时医生会开一些安慰性药物，这些药物并不真的是药，实际上是人的头脑控制着病情治愈。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第五段第二句“If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo.”（如果病人预期对药物会有不良反应，那么他们对安慰剂也会有不良反应。）可知，如果你对医学持否定态度，它就不会起作用。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段的第三句话“If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work.”（如果病人非常信任医生，如果医生真的想帮助病人，那么安慰剂更有可能起作用。）可知，如果病人信任医生，那么医生以及他的药物将发挥很大的作用。故选B项。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在段“A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects, it should never be used.”（安慰剂也有不好的影响。如果病人预期对药物会有不良反应，那么他们对安慰剂也会有不良反应。这似乎表明，你对药物的很多反应是在你的大脑中，而不是在你的身体中。一些医生仍然认为，如果安慰剂会产生不良影响，就永远不应该使用。）可知，主要讲述安慰剂可能存在不良影响，而有的医生认为我们对于安慰剂的认识是不够的。因此代词it指代the placebo。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo.”（安慰剂的神奇力量似乎表明，人类的心智比我们想象的要强大。有人说你可以用你的思想治愈你的身体。有趣的是，即使是那些发誓这是不可能的人，也被安慰剂治愈了。）可知，文章主要讲的是有时医生会开一些安慰性药物，这些药物并不真的是药，实际上是人的头脑控制着病情治愈。故文章最好的标题为“安慰剂：用你的头脑工作”。故选A项。 二、七选五 RISE is an exciting project designed and led by young people，for young people. 1 .If you're aged between 16 and 25 years old，and are not in employment，education or training，RISE could help you learn new skills，and improve your prospects（前景）. What you'll learn St John Ambulance believes that everyone should have access to first aid，and as many people as possible should be equipped with the skills to be the difference between life and death. 2 .Then you'll also get the opportunity to develop new skills，gaining the confidence to train others in your community. Choosing the right path for you At the heart of the RISE project is a commitment（承诺）to peer to peer learning. 3 .RISE offers you the chance to gain a range of qualifications and to choose a path that helps you make the most of your talents. Stick-it： 4 .You'll find out how to manage an incident and learn some of the most commonly needed first-aid skills. You'll focus on CPR，bleeding and dealing with an emergency on this six-hour course. 5 ：A course designed for those who come into contact with children through their work or leisure activities. This short programme works by helping individuals to understand the unusual role they play in keeping children safe from harm. A．Keeping children safe B．Keeping in touch with the victims C．The project is now available in communities across the country D．So, as a participant you'll learn first aid through our Stick-it sessions E．Stick-it sessions will cover all the approaches to training in RISE F．Our one-day introduction focuses on gun-and knife-related injuries G．You'll be given the skills and guidance to pass your knowledge on to other people in your community 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．G 4．F 5．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种适合16到25岁的年轻人学习新技能的学习项目。 【详解】 1．空格位于段中。上句讲RISE是一项由年轻人设计、引领的学习项目。下文又讲这个项目有助于年轻人学习新技能，使前景更光明。上下句的主语都是“RISE”，一个段落内话题应保持一致，选项中只有C选项的主语“The project”与其一致。故选C。 2．空格位于段中。根据上文中的“everyone should have access to first aid”可知，空处应讲学习急救技巧，D项中的“learn first aid”与之相照应，符合语境，且D项与空后一句“also get the opportunity”形成递进关系，衔接紧密。故选D。 3．空格位于段中。根据空前的“peer to peer learning”及空后的“make the most of your talents”可知，空处应讲学习将自己的知识传递给社区里其他人的技巧，以充分利用自己的才能，G项中的“pass your knowledge on to other people”与其内容一致。故选G。 4．空格位于段中。根据该段中的几个关键词：first-aid，bleeding，emergency，six-hour course可知F项“我们为期一天的介绍主要针对与枪刀相关的创伤”符合语境。故选F。 5．空格位于段首。从本段内容可知，本段主要讲与孩子的安全防护有关的课程计划。选项A中的“keeping children safe”也与段内内容呼应。故选A。 【点睛】七选五题目主要考查学生综合的英语逻辑思维能力。一篇好的短文，不仅在内容上要前后一致，而且还要语篇结构清晰，上下文逻辑意义严谨。内容的前后一致体现在段内及语篇内话题的自然过渡。语篇结构主要体现为：文章是总分结构，还是按时间或空间顺序发展的，还是辩证三段论的编排的。逻辑意义的严谨最主要的可以通过代词、连词和副词等形式来体现。本篇文章主要考查依据段落内容一致性解题。例如本文中的第一题，第二题都是由段落话题一致性解题。第三题第四题主要考查上下句之间的逻辑关系，依据上下句关键词的上下义词及同义词解题。第五题考查段落中心，依据关键词复现解题。具体分析参看我们每小题详解。前四个小题相对难度还是比较大的，同学们做完后要多体会答案与原文之间的逻辑关系。 三、应用文写作 根据下列内容，用英语写一篇介绍Nelson Mandela的短文。 时间 事件 1918.7.18 出生 1940 取得法律学位 1944 成立 ANC Youth League 1952 开设律师事务所帮助贫穷的黑人 1962 因为反抗政府和反黑人法律（anti-black laws)，他被判处5年监禁 1964 作为ANC的领导人之一，被判处终身监禁 1990 从监狱释放 1993 荣获诺贝尔和平奖 1994 当选南非总统 2013.12.5 去世 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Nelson Mandela, born on July 18, 1918, is the first black president of South Africa. He completed law degree at the university in 1. In 1944, he formed the ANC Youth League. Then in 1952, he set up a law office to help poor black people. Because of his fighting against the government and anti-black laws, he was sentenced to five years'hard labour in 2. And in 1964 he was sentenced to prison for life for being one of the ANC leaders. He was freed from prison by the government in 3. In 1993 he won the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1994 he was made President of South Africa. He passed away on December 5, 4. 【分析】本题要求同学们写一篇人物介绍。 【详解】本题要求同学们写一篇人物介绍，它是以记人为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的记叙文类文体。所以首先我们要根据所提供的材料来组织文章，写作步骤为：1. 审题，确定写作主题和主体时态；2. 根据要求确定中心人称；3. 选择要点，同时确定表达要点的词汇；4. 组织写作。 【点睛】本范文的第一句运用了动词叫形式短语born on Juy18，1918作状语；第四句中的 to help poor black people是不定式短语作目的状语；而且第五句、第六句和第七句都很好地运用了被动语态；通篇文章以时间为线索，层次分明，条理性强。 $Unit 4 Breaking boundaries 重难词汇精练 01 词汇基础练 1 一、重点单词 1 二、词性转换 1 三、核心短语 2 四、单词拼写 2 五、完成句子 6 六、单句语法填空 7 02 词汇语境练 9 一、阅读理解 9 二、七选五 11 三、应用文写作 12 一、重点单词 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. _________________n. 分界线；边界 2. _________________n. （一项）统计数据 3. _________________v. 协助，帮助 4. _________________v. 处理，对付（难题） 5. _________________adj. 极其重要的 6. _________________adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 7. _________________v. 防止，抑制 8. _________________n. 专家 9. _________________adj. 传染性的 10. _________________n. 诊所；门诊部 11. _________________v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌 12. _________________n. 爆发，突然发生 13. _________________n. 奉献 14. _________________n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 15. _________________v. 弥补，补偿 16. _________________v. 合作，协作 17. _________________n. 人类 18. _________________adj. （目标、希望）能够实现的 19. _________________n. 少数派；少数 20. _________________ v. 选派（角色） 21. _________________adj. 包容广阔的 22. _________________adj. 联合的，共同的23. _________________adj. 和睦的，融洽的 24. _________________adj. 共有的，共同的 25. _________________adj. 值得做的，有意义的 26. _________________v. 走上，登上 27. _________________adj. 公民的，国民的 28. _________________adj. 平民的；百姓的 29. _________________n. 分歧，分裂 30. _________________v. 构想，设想 31. _________________n. 自由 32. _________________v. 致力于，献身于 33. _________________v. 持续存在 34. _________________n. 一部分 35. _________________adv. 完全 36. _________________v. 宣布……为神圣之处 37. _________________v. 减低，破坏，损害 38. _________________adv. 高尚地，崇高地 39. _________________adj. 有影响力的 40. _________________adj. 共产主义的的 二、词性转换 1.____________ n. 分界线；边界 → 复数 ____________ 2.____________ n. 统计数据 → 复数 ____________ → ____________ adj. 统计的；统计学的 3.____________ vt./vi. 协助；帮助 → ____________ n. 协助；帮助 → ____________ n. 助手；助理 4.____________ vt./vi. 处理；对付 → 过去式 ____________ → 过去分词 ____________ 5.____________ adj. 极其重要的 → ____________ adv. 极其；至关重要地 6.____________ adj. 悲惨的；不幸的 → ____________ n. 悲剧；灾难 → ____________ adv. 悲惨地 7.____________ vt./vi./n. 防止；抑制 → 过去式 / → 过去分词 / 8.____________ vt. 给…换班；减轻 → ____________ n. 减轻；缓解 → ____________ adj. 感到宽慰的 9.____________ n. 专家 → ____________ adj. 特殊的；专门的 → ____________ n. 专业；专长 10.____________ adj. 传染性的 → ____________ vt. 感染；传染 → ____________ n. 感染；传染病 11.____________ vt. 消毒；杀菌 → ____________ n. 消毒；杀菌 12.____________ n. 爆发；突然发生（合成词）→ 合成拆分：____________（adv. 向外）+ ____________（vi. 打破） 13.____________ n. 奉献；忠诚 → ____________ vt. 致力于；献身于 → ____________ adj. 忠诚的；献身的 14.____________ n. 奇迹 → ____________ adj. 奇迹般的 → ____________ adv. 奇迹般地 15.____________ adj. 双胞胎的 → 复数 ____________ 16.____________ vt./vi. 弥补；补偿 → ____________ n. 补偿；赔偿 17.____________ vi./vt. 合作；协作 → ____________ n. 合作；协作 → ____________ adj. 合作的 18.____________ adj. 能够实现的；现实的 → ____________ n. 现实；真实 → ____________ vt. 实现；意识到 → ____________ adv. 现实地 19.____________ n. 少数派；少数 → ____________ adj. 少数的；次要的 → ____________ n. 大多数（反义词） 20.____________ vt. 选派（角色）；投掷 → 过去式 ____________ → 过去分词 ____________ 21.____________ adj. 包容广阔的 → ____________ vt. 包含；包括 → ____________ n. 包含；包容性 → ____________ adj. 排他的（反义词） 22.____________ adj. 联合的；共同的 → ____________ adv. 联合地；共同地 23.____________ adj. 和睦的；融洽的 → ____________ n. 和谐；融洽 → ____________ adv. 和谐地；融洽地 24.____________ adj. 共有的；共同的 → ____________ adv. 相互地；彼此地 25.____________ adj. 值得做的；有意义的 → ____________ n./vt. 奖励；奖赏 26.____________ vt./vi. 走上；登上 → 过去式 ____________ → 过去分词 ____________ 27.____________ adj. 公民的；国民的 → ____________ adv. 文明地；有礼貌地 → ____________ n. 文明；文化 28.____________ n. 奴隶 → ____________ n. 奴隶制；奴役 29.____________ n. 联邦；联盟 → ____________ vt. 联合；团结 → ____________ adj. 联合的；统一的 30.____________ adj. 平民的；百姓的 → ____________ adj. 公民的；民用的 31.____________ n. 分歧；分裂 → ____________ vt./vi. 分开；划分 → ____________ adj. 分裂的；分开的 32.____________ vt./vi. 构想；设想 → ____________ n. 构想；概念 → ____________ adj. 可想象的 33.____________ n. 自由 → ____________ adj. 自由的；开明的 34.____________ vt. 致力于；献身于 → ____________ n. 奉献；献身 → ____________ adj. 专注的；献身的 35.____________ vt./vi. 持续存在；忍受 → ____________ n. 忍耐力；持久 → ____________ adj. 可忍受的 36.____________ n. 战场（合成词）→ 合成拆分：____________（n. 战斗）+ ____________（n. 场地） 37.____________ n./vt. 一部分；分配 → 过去式 ____________ → 过去分词 ____________ 38.____________ adv. 完全；总共 → 合成拆分：____________（adj. 全部的）+ ____________（adv. 一起） 39.____________ adj. 有影响力的 → ____________ n./vt. 影响；感化 40.____________ adv. 高尚地；崇高地 → ____________ adj. 高尚的；贵族的 → ____________ n. 高尚；贵族 41.____________ vi./vt. 死亡；毁灭 → 过去式 ____________ → 过去分词 ____________ 三、核心短语 1. _________________ 心存侥幸，冒险 2. _________________ 朋友，同事(尤指战争期间的)战友 3. _________________ 把……置于危险中 4. _________________ 尽管凶多吉少，尽管极其困难 5. _________________ 接替某人 6. _________________ 为了纪念 7. _________________ 以巨大的代价 8. _________________ 遭受 9. _________________ 展望；指望；注意 10. _________________ 为……献出生命 11. _________________ 使产生，使出现 12. _________________ 献身于…… 13. _________________ 从事，参与 14. _________________ 从更大的意义上来说 15. _________________ 白白地 四、单词拼写 1．We must do something to ________ (阻止) the disease from spreading. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 2．If everyone in the society can give a helping hand to each other, it is more likely that society will become more ________ (和谐). （根据汉语提示单词拼写） 3．She has been ________ (有影响的) in promoting environmental awareness. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 4．Some _______ (少数民族) languages are losing their identities because of the invasion of more popular spoken ones. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 5．Most of the people turned their back to him. Only a ________ (少数) of people gave him a hand. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 6．The cat sat on the wall, ________(投来) a curious look at the butterfly below. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 7．Dr Lin opened a private________(诊所). (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 8．Peking Opera is the most __________ (有影响力的) and representative of all operas in China. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 9．___________ (共产主义的) leaders should have the following five abilities in new situations. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 10．In China, there is a saying that a __________ (和谐的) family leads to abundance in life. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 五、完成句子 1．自从你来我校参加这次交流活动已有两周了，这次活动使我们双方都受益。(since) ________________________for the exchange program, which has benefited all of us. 2．结论是：必须做出的变更程度很低。 ________________________ that the level of change necessary would be low. 3．他一直致力于用简单有效的方法缓解病人的病痛。 He ______________________________________________________________. 4．Our school will become a more enjoyable place ________________ (在……的共同努力下) both teachers and students. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 5．Tu Youyou was _________ (最有影响的人物之一) of science in the 20th century. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 6．As is known to us, Qi Baishi was one of ________ ________ ________ ________ (最具影响力的艺术家) in the history of Chinese painting. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 7．She has an ________ to help her out. Now she has the energy to accompany her family. (用适当的词填空) 8．We left the school five years ago, but those memories are as sweet as ever before. (句型转换) →__________, but those memories are as sweet as ever before. (since) 9．I am Li Hua, president of the Students’ Union. It’s my great honor to be here, sharing this moment with our fellow friends from the United States.(用非谓语动词改写句子) __________________________________________________________________ 六、单句语法填空 1．It is not up to you (tell) me how to do my job. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．The captain as well his team was interviewed shortly after they won the gold medal. （用适当的词填空） 3．The (reward) community service we participated in last month can’t be valued too much for its role in shaping our responsibility. (所给词的适当形式填空) 4．The soldier chose to die (nobly) rather than to betray his country. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．It helps to have (influence) friends. （所给词的适当形式填空） 6．Despite (neglect)his studies, he got his degree. （所给词的适当形式填空） 7．If Mr. Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible (assist) to the people there. (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．Besides,enough sleep can make us energetic and (enable) us to perform well in an exam. （所给词的适当形式填空） 9． is up to her to check if all the work has been completed. (用适当的词填空) 一、阅读理解 When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription (处方). It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo. A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen? The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The doctor will heal the body for us if we let it. But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better. Placebos do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all. A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects, it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it. The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo. 1．What do we know about placebo according to the passage? A．It won’t function if you are negative about medicine. B．It contains some sort of medicine. C．People who don’t believe placebo can’t be healed by it. D．Patients and doctors know clearly how it helps to heal the body. 2．Why is the doctor sometimes the most powerful placebo? A．The patient needs help badly. B．The patient believes in the doctor. C．The doctor knows better about your body. D．The doctor has carefully studied medicine. 3．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．The placebo. B．The bad effect. C．The body. D．The medicine. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Placebo: Work on Your Mind B．Placebo: The Most Powerful Medicine C．Placebo: The Best Doctor D．Placebo: Heal Your Body 二、七选五 RISE is an exciting project designed and led by young people，for young people. 1 .If you're aged between 16 and 25 years old，and are not in employment，education or training，RISE could help you learn new skills，and improve your prospects（前景）. What you'll learn St John Ambulance believes that everyone should have access to first aid，and as many people as possible should be equipped with the skills to be the difference between life and death. 2 .Then you'll also get the opportunity to develop new skills，gaining the confidence to train others in your community. Choosing the right path for you At the heart of the RISE project is a commitment（承诺）to peer to peer learning. 3 .RISE offers you the chance to gain a range of qualifications and to choose a path that helps you make the most of your talents. Stick-it： 4 .You'll find out how to manage an incident and learn some of the most commonly needed first-aid skills. You'll focus on CPR，bleeding and dealing with an emergency on this six-hour course. 5 ：A course designed for those who come into contact with children through their work or leisure activities. This short programme works by helping individuals to understand the unusual role they play in keeping children safe from harm. A．Keeping children safe B．Keeping in touch with the victims C．The project is now available in communities across the country D．So, as a participant you'll learn first aid through our Stick-it sessions E．Stick-it sessions will cover all the approaches to training in RISE F．Our one-day introduction focuses on gun-and knife-related injuries G．You'll be given the skills and guidance to pass your knowledge on to other people in your community 三、应用文写作 根据下列内容，用英语写一篇介绍Nelson Mandela的短文。 时间 事件 1918.7.18 出生 1940 取得法律学位 1944 成立 ANC Youth League 1952 开设律师事务所帮助贫穷的黑人 1962 因为反抗政府和反黑人法律（anti-black laws)，他被判处5年监禁 1964 作为ANC的领导人之一，被判处终身监禁 1990 从监狱释放 1993 荣获诺贝尔和平奖 1994 当选南非总统 2013.12.5 去世 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $