Unit 1 Relationships 过去完成时（核心语法精练）英语北师大版选择性必修第一册

**基本信息** 以“概念-用法-辨析”为逻辑链，通过分层训练构建过去完成时专项突破体系，融合方法提炼与语篇应用，提升语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |考点概览|3类用法+2个名师点津|总结“before/after从句时态替换”“intend等动词表未实现愿望”等技巧|从构成（had+过去分词）到用法分类（已完成/未完成/想象性/固定结构），再到与一般过去时比较，形成完整认知链| |考点夯基|30单句填空+10完成句子|单句聚焦“by+过去时间”“It was the+序数词+time that...”等标志词判断|通过基础题型强化时态触发条件，巩固“过去的过去”核心概念| |综合攻坚|2语法填空+2阅读理解|语法填空结合语篇语境，阅读理解渗透时态逻辑|从单句到语篇，实现语法知识向语言运用能力迁移，培养语境分析思维|

Unit 1 Relationships 核心语法精练（过去完成时） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 2 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 8 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 16 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。 1．过去完成时的构成 过去完成时是由“had＋过去分词”构成的。 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before. 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。 2．过去完成时的用法 (1)“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before，until，when，than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。 By 5：00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 [名师点津] 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。 After he (had) arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 (2)“未完成”用法 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 (3)“想象性”用法 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。 If she had worked hard，she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。) I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。 (4)表示“刚刚……就……” 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ...when...，no sooner ...than ...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 [名师点津] intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come，but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。 3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 He didn't know a thing about the verb，for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。 一、单句语法填空 1．Judy thought I (read) the book, so she returned it to the library. 2．To my disappointment, the cake (eat) by my little brother before I even got home from work. 3．By this time, the fire (extend) to the 15th floor. 4．Over just a period of three months, he (treat) more than 200 patients. 5．By the end of last year, the factory (produce) over 100,000 smart phones for the overseas market. 6．It was the second time that week that the internet (break) down unexpectedly. 7．By the end of last term, we (learn) more than 2000 English words. 8．By the end of last month, they (complete) the project. 9．By the end of last week, we (receive) over 1,000 text messages. 10．The media reported that these companies (treat) pollution as a hot potato. 11．The cheesecake the cafeteria offered me the other day was the best I (taste). 12．Then I received a call from a friend whom I (not contact) for a long time. 13．Sam’s friends (finish) their dinner by the time Sam joined them. 14．Everyday subject matter was the main focus of their works, as opposed to the history paintings that (dominate) European art. 15．Susan (promote) to receptionist, but he recognized her immediately and addressed (称呼) her by name. 16．By the time he graduated from his school, the boy (absorb) all the knowledge he should master. 17．Helen said that she (move) to another flat. 18．A large group had (gather) outside to see them off. 19．There was no positive evidence that any birth defects had (arise) as a result of Vitamin A intake. 20．I called him up yesterday, but his wife told me that he (leave) for Wuhan three days before. 21．The news came as no surprise to me as I (know) for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 22．I was shocked when I learnt she (cook) once in all that time. 23．He (shave) his face before he went for the interview. 24．It was the second time that we (see) her. 25．It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. 26．It was ten years since he had (quit) Russia. 27．I wanted to thank everyone who (encourage) and supported me before. 28．When he realized he (walk) into a deep valley, he was too frightened to know what to do. 29．The speaker had just (wind) up when the door was swung open. 30．Darwin suspected that the finches (evolve) from a common ancestor. 二、完成句子 31．父母都没有放弃他们的儿子可能还活着的希望。 The parents had not hope that their son might still be alive. 32．在经历了那个夜晚后，她相信一切都会好起来的。 After she , she was confident that everything else would be all right. 33．That was the first time Dad in a moment of emergency. 那是父亲第一次在危急时刻依赖我。 34．I it, but I’m sorry I forgot. 我本打算去做的，但很遗憾，我忘记了。 35．When we got to the field, 当我们到达赛场时，足球赛已经开始了。 36．He wanted to know at the meeting. 他想知道经理在会议上说了些什么。 37． we finished our meal, the restaurant for the night. 到我们吃完饭的时候，餐厅已经关门歇业。 38．我已经失去了所有的耐心，我开始勃然大怒。 I had and I began to . 39．我们到飞机场的时候，飞机已经起飞了。 The plane when we got to the airport. 40．那是他第一次面对面地和一个母语是英语的人交流。 It was the first time that he a native English speaker face to face. 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二下·云南大理·阶段检测）At the age of 10, I was once asked to deliver a speech 1 (title) “A Real Test in My Life” before the whole class! Just imagine how 2 (terrible) shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me. I had only one 3 (choose), though. First, I was to draft the speech and that was just a piece of cake for me, because I was 4 good writer. But the hard part lay in my oral presentation. To read from the paper was not allowed. I had to recite in front of such a big audience! A real trial began when I stood on the platform with my legs 5 (shake) and my mind blank. I didn’t know how much time 6 (pass) by. My listeners were still waiting patiently and 7 interrupting me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech with 8 (difficult). Finally I finished. After it seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding. I made 9 ! From then on, my fear of talking before an audience disappeared. Actually I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way to success is our inner fear. Overcome it, 10 we will be able to achieve our goals. （24-25高二上·福建·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 ChatGPT has swept the world in the past months. It is a 1 (power) AI chatbot tool. While it has been controlling social media with its 2 (frighten) good essays, ChatGPT has also caused both excitement and worries in education. According to 3 US survey of more than 1,000 students last month, over 89 percent of the respondents 4 (use) ChatGPT to help with a homework task. Some students even got high scores thanks to papers 5   (write) by ChatGPT. Some universities and schools have banned (禁止) the use of ChatGPT, such as public schools in New York City. The move comes with growing concerns that the tool could make 6 easier for students to cheat on homework and be used to spread inaccurate information. “While the tool may be able to provide quick and easy answer 7 questions, it does not build critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, 8 are vital for academic and lifelong success,” an official said in a statement. Apart from strict bans, teachers are redesigning their courses in an attempt 9 (block) the use of ChatGPT. Some college professors in the US are now including more oral exams and handwritten papers instead of typed ones. However, not all 10 (educate) are saying no to ChatGPT. Some Canadian universities are not planning on banning the tool. Instead, they are making policies on its proper usage, for both students and lecturers. 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二下·江苏盐城·期末）When I reflect on my years in high school, one particular figure stands out like a lighthouse in the fog of conventional classrooms: Mr. Wesley Hart. For most of us, the bell schedule determined the rhythm of our days. First period was math, where we would quietly solve problems from a textbook. Then, we’d drag ourselves to history class, where mindless memorization left us battling to keep our eyes open. Next was science, where we mechanically followed laboratory procedures. This cycle repeated itself, class after class, day after day. Until, that is, we reached Mr. Hart’s literature class. His classroom didn’t have the boring rows of desks facing a chalkboard; instead, it had mismatched sofas. Mr. Hart believed that the physical environment of a classroom could “liberate the mind” — a phrase he often said with such conviction that we couldn’t help but believe he must be right. One of Mr. Hart’s most memorable teaching moments occurred when we were studying Moby Dick. Rather than assigning an essay, he took us on a nighttime adventure. We met at the school’s sports field where he handed each of us a passage from the book. The evening air was thick with anticipation and the smell of the grass as we gathered in a circle. “In the spirit of sailors in Moby Dick, we will share our thoughts under the stars,” he announced. He then inspired us to read our passages aloud and relate them to modern-day situations and personal experiences. In the quiet of the night, I found the themes far more meaningful in that starlit, open-air classroom. Perhaps the most valuable lesson I learned from Mr. Hart wasn’t about literature. It was that learning is a voyage, where curiosity and passion are the sails driving us forward. Mr. Hart taught us to question, to wonder, and to see the world as an endless storybook filled with lessons waiting to be discovered. 1．What does the bell schedule in paragraph 2 show? A．The depth of textbooks. B．The diversity of high school life. C．The importance of study. D．The boredom of conventional classes. 2．What does the underlined word “conviction” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Concern. B．Certainty. C．Doubt. D．Interest. 3．Why does the author mention Mr. Hart’s teaching moment? A．To reveal the theme of Moby Dick. B．To recall Mr. Hart’s nighttime adventure. C．To stress the status of Moby Dick. D．To highlight Mr. Hart’s creative teaching. 4．Which of the following best describes Mr. Hart? A．Curious and brave. B．Tolerant and helpful. C．Creative and inspiring. D．Ambitious and determined. （25-26高三下·河北衡水·阶段检测）Science fiction stories about machines “stealing” our jobs may soon become reality. However, if history is any indication, technological progress will create more jobs in different fields. The real question is not whether a machine will take your job, but whether you will rise to the challenge of learning to stay relevant. When you become a lifelong learner, you claim the power to face the future of work successfully. What does it mean to be a lifelong learner? It is a cycle of “learn, unlearn, and relearn”. Learning something you are actually interested in is always enjoyable. Unlearning, however, is quite different. It means challenging and removing old ideas, beliefs, and assumptions so that new ones can grow. There are many metaphors for unlearning, for example: removing old paint before putting on a fresh coat. When a professor delivers a keynote speech online for the first time, he steps out of his comfort zone, unlearns “old ways” of doing things, and relearns the skill of working from home. Lifelong learning is more important now than ever. The labor market has changed considerably in the past decade. According to a recent report, companies’ adoption of automation will transform tasks, jobs, and skills. Over the next five to ten years, employers will divide work between humans and machines roughly equally. Nearly half of workers will need to retrain their core skills. Companies now hire based on skills rather than official qualifications. Self-management skills like active learning, toughness, and problem-solving skills are growing in importance. Mastering one skill is not enough. To stay relevant, you must make learning new skills an ongoing habit. Personal development strengthens your mind and creates higher levels of self-confidence. Professional development boosts your value in the workplace. Both are essential for surviving in a rapidly changing world. As machines get smarter, human workers must do the same. Lifelong learners invent and reinvent themselves whenever they find or create the opportunity. This is not about job-switching — it is about ensuring you remain a valuable person, whether in your current job or a new one. 1．What is the main challenge in the era of hi-tech progress? A．Finding new jobs. B．Competing with machines. C．Keeping skills relevant. D．Acquiring official qualifications. 2．What is the author’s attitude towards “unlearning” in paragraph 2? A．Supportive. B．Dismissive. C．Concerned. D．Indifferent. 3．What is suggested for workers according to paragraph 3? A．Taking the place of machines. B．Improving their core techniques. C．Switching to different industries. D．Applying for more job opportunities. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To encourage lifelong learning. B．To recommend skill courses. C．To warn of the dangers of automation. D．To compare learning methods. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Relationships 核心语法精练（过去完成时） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 2 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 8 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 16 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。 1．过去完成时的构成 过去完成时是由“had＋过去分词”构成的。 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before. 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。 2．过去完成时的用法 (1)“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before，until，when，than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。 By 5：00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 [名师点津] 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。 After he (had) arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 (2)“未完成”用法 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。 Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。 (3)“想象性”用法 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。 If she had worked hard，she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。) I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。 (4)表示“刚刚……就……” 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ...when...，no sooner ...than ...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 [名师点津] intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to come，but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。 3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。 He didn't know a thing about the verb，for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。 一、单句语法填空 1．Judy thought I (read) the book, so she returned it to the library. 【答案】had read 【详解】考查时态。句意：朱迪以为我已经读过这本书了，所以她把它还给了图书馆。“I____ (read) the book”为宾语从句，本空为从句谓语，read“读”这一动作发生在thought之前，表示过去的过去发生的事情，时态用过去完成时，谓语用had read。故填had read。 2．To my disappointment, the cake (eat) by my little brother before I even got home from work. 【答案】had been eaten 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：令我失望的是，我下班回家前，蛋糕就已经被我弟弟吃掉了。根据before从句中为一般过去时的got home和语境可知，“我下班回家”是过去的动作，“蛋糕被吃掉”发生在“回家”之前，即“过去的过去”，需用过去完成时；且主语“the cake”与动词“eat”之间是被动关系，故应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been eaten。 3．By this time, the fire (extend) to the 15th floor. 【答案】had extended 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到这时，火势已经蔓延到了15楼。根据时间状语“By this time (到这时)”可知，此处表示过去某个时间点前已经完成的动作，应用过去完成时(had+过去分词)。extend的过去分词形式为extended。故填had extended。 4．Over just a period of three months, he (treat) more than 200 patients. 【答案】had treated 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：仅仅三个月的时间里，他就已经治疗了200多名患者。根据句中时间状语“Over just a period of three months (仅仅三个月的时间里)”和语境可知，此处表示在过去某一时间点之前的某一特定时间段内已经完成的动作，来强调对过去造成的影响或结果，应用过去完成时。故填had treated。 5．By the end of last year, the factory (produce) over 100,000 smart phones for the overseas market. 【答案】had produced 【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：截至去年年底，这家工厂已为海外市场生产了超过 10 万台智能手机。时间状语“By the end of last year”为过去完成时的典型标志，强调动作在过去某一时间点（去年年底）之前已完成，且表示主动意义，所以谓语动词为 had produced。故填 had produced。 6．It was the second time that week that the internet (break) down unexpectedly. 【答案】had broken 【详解】考查时态。句意：这是那一周第二次网络意外崩溃了。在“It/That was the first / second / third...time that...”句型中，that引导的从句要用过去完成时。故填had broken。 7．By the end of last term, we (learn) more than 2000 English words. 【答案】had learned 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到上学期末，我们已经学了2000多个英语单词。“By the end of+过去时间”是过去完成时标志，表“过去某一时间前已完成的动作”。故填had learned。 8．By the end of last month, they (complete) the project. 【答案】had completed 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到上个月底为止，他们已经完成了这个项目。By the end of last month表示“到上个月底为止”，主句动作发生在“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。故填had completed。 9．By the end of last week, we (receive) over 1,000 text messages. 【答案】had received 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到上周末为止，我们已经收到了超过1000条短信。根据时间状语“By the end of last week”可知，句子需用过去完成时，结构为“had +过去分词”；该时态表示“过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作”，receive的过去分词为received。故填had received。 10．The media reported that these companies (treat) pollution as a hot potato. 【答案】had treated 【详解】考查时态。句意：媒体报道说，这些公司把污染问题当作烫手山芋。根据主句谓语动词reported可知，主句时态为一般过去时，而宾语从句中谓语动词treat这一动作发生在reported之前，即“过去的过去”，所以从句应用过去完成时，其结构为“had+过去分词”。故填had treated。 11．The cheesecake the cafeteria offered me the other day was the best I (taste). 【答案】had tasted 【详解】考查时态，句意：前几天食堂给我的芝士蛋糕，是我吃过的最好吃的。结合语境可知，was后的动作发生在主句的动作之前，且主句时态为一般过去时。故此处应用过去完成时。故填had tasted。 12．Then I received a call from a friend whom I (not contact) for a long time. 【答案】hadn’t contacted 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：然后我接到了一个很久没联系的朋友的电话。此处为谓语动词，“received”是过去发生的动作，“没联系”这一动作发生在“接到电话”之前，即“过去的过去”，需用过去完成时，结构为“had +过去分词”，否定形式为“hadn’t +过去分词”，contact的过去分词为contacted。故填hadn’t contacted。 13．Sam’s friends (finish) their dinner by the time Sam joined them. 【答案】had finished 【详解】考查时态。句意：到萨姆加入朋友们的时候，他们已经吃完晚饭了。空处为主句谓语动词，“by the time + 一般过去时从句”表“到……时候为止”，主句通常用过去完成时（had + 过去分词），强调“从句动作发生时，主句动作已完成”；finish 的过去分词是finished。故填had finished。 14．Everyday subject matter was the main focus of their works, as opposed to the history paintings that (dominate) European art. 【答案】had dominated 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：日常题材是他们作品的主要焦点，而非那些主导了欧洲艺术的历史画作。分析句子结构并根据主句中的was和语境可知，此处为定语从句的谓语动词，主句为一般过去时，“历史画作主导欧洲艺术”这一动作发生在“日常题材成为焦点”之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。故填had dominated。 15．Susan (promote) to receptionist, but he recognized her immediately and addressed (称呼) her by name. 【答案】had been promoted 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：苏珊已被提拔为接待员，但他立刻认出了她，还叫出了她的名字。分析句子结构并根据语意可知，此处为前一分句的谓语部分，主语“Susan”与“promote (提拔)”之间为被动关系，即苏珊是被提拔的对象，所以应用被动语态；结合后一分句中的recognized可知，后半句为一般过去时，而“提拔”这一动作发生在“认出”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以应用过去完成时。因此，此处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been promoted。 16．By the time he graduated from his school, the boy (absorb) all the knowledge he should master. 【答案】had absorbed 【详解】考查时态。句意：到他从学校毕业时，这个男孩已经掌握了他应该掌握的所有知识。根据“By the time”引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，表示“到过去某个时间为止”，主句需用过去完成时，强调动作在过去的过去已完成。故填had absorbed。 17．Helen said that she (move) to another flat. 【答案】had moved 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：海伦说她已经搬到了另一套公寓里。move为动词，表示“搬家”，作谓语；根据said和句意可知，搬家的动作发生在海伦说话之前，故应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。故填had moved。 18．A large group had (gather) outside to see them off. 【答案】gathered 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：一大群人已经聚集在外面为他们送行。根据空前“had”可知，此处需用过去分词构成过去完成时，gather的过去分词形式为gathered。故填 gathered。 19．There was no positive evidence that any birth defects had (arise) as a result of Vitamin A intake. 【答案】arisen 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：没有确凿的证据表明任何出生缺陷是由于摄入维生素A引起的。arise“引起，产生”为动词，此处为that引导的同位语从句的谓语，根据空前的had可知，从句为过去完成时，已有助动词had，需填过去分词arisen构成过去完成时。故填arisen。 20．I called him up yesterday, but his wife told me that he (leave) for Wuhan three days before. 【答案】had left 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我昨天给他打电话，但他妻子告诉我他三天前就去武汉了。分析句子结构可知，此空考查谓语动词，从句中主语he与leave为主动关系，从句的动作“leave(离开)”发生在主句谓语动词“told(告诉)”之前 ——told是过去发生的动作，leave则是“过去的过去”发生的动作，因此从句需用过去完成时。故填had left。 21．The news came as no surprise to me as I (know) for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 【答案】had known 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这个消息对我来说并不意外，因为我已经知道一段时间了,这家工厂要关闭。此处是从句的谓语动词，根据主句时态“came”以及“for some time”和语境可知，知道工厂要关闭这一动作发生在主句谓语动词“came”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以要用过去完成时，其结构是“had + 过去分词”，know的过去分词是known，故填had known。 22．I was shocked when I learnt she (cook) once in all that time. 【答案】had cooked 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：当我得知她在那段时间里只做过一次饭时，我很震惊。分析句子结构可知，此空在宾语从句中作谓语；she与cook为主动关系，learnt表明主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时，其结构为“had + 过去分词”。故填had cooked。 23．He (shave) his face before he went for the interview. 【答案】had shaved 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：他去面试前刮了脸。根据before he went for the interview可知，这里表示动作发生在过去的过去，应用过去完成时。故填had shaved。 24．It was the second time that we (see) her. 【答案】had seen 【详解】考查时态。句意：这是我们第二次见到她。这里考查It was+the+序数词+time+that sb had done，表“是第几次某人做某事”，为固定句型。故填had seen。 25．It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. 【答案】had shopped 【详解】考查时态。句意：这是她第四次在网上连续购物数小时了。在“It/That was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引导的从句要用过去完成时。故填had shopped。 26．It was ten years since he had (quit) Russia. 【答案】quit/quitted 【详解】考查时态。句意：他离开俄国已经十年了。此处使用动词quit“离开”的过去分词quit或quitted，与空前的had构成过去完成时，表过去的过去。故填quit或quitted。 27．I wanted to thank everyone who (encourage) and supported me before. 【答案】had encouraged 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：我想感谢每一个曾经鼓励和支持过我的人。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，结合句意以及主句动词wanted和从句before可知，此处动作应该发生在主句动作之前，为过去完成时。故填had encouraged。 28．When he realized he (walk) into a deep valley, he was too frightened to know what to do. 【答案】had walked 【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：当他意识到自己走进了深谷之后，他非常害怕以至于不知道做什么。分析句子可知，空处作宾语从句的谓语，由语境可知，walk into a deep valley“走进深谷”的动作先于realize“意识到”的动作发生，因此时态用过去完成时。故填had walked。 29．The speaker had just (wind) up when the door was swung open. 【答案】wound 【详解】考查动词。句意：说话者刚刚结束讲话，门就被推开了。分析句子，设空处使用动词的过去分词与前文的had构成过去完成时。wind up意为“结束，终止”。故填wound。 30．Darwin suspected that the finches (evolve) from a common ancestor. 【答案】had evolved 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：达尔文怀疑这些雀类是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的。分析句子可知，空格处是宾语从句的谓语动词，从句主语finches与从句谓语动词evolve之间是主动关系；根据句意可知，“进化”发生在“怀疑”之前；主句中用一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句之前，应用过去完成时。故填had evolved。 二、完成句子 31．父母都没有放弃他们的儿子可能还活着的希望。 The parents had not hope that their son might still be alive. 【答案】 given up 【详解】考查动词短语。结合句意“放弃”可知短语为give up，结合上文had not可知为过去完成时。故填given up。 32．在经历了那个夜晚后，她相信一切都会好起来的。 After she , she was confident that everything else would be all right. 【答案】had survived that night 【详解】考查时态。中文“经历了那个夜晚”对应英文survive that night；主句时态为一般过去时，而“经历那个夜晚”发生在主句动作之前，需用过去完成时，体现时间先后顺序。故填had survived that night。 33．That was the first time Dad in a moment of emergency. 那是父亲第一次在危急时刻依赖我。 【答案】had counted on me 【详解】考查动词短语。表示“依赖”短语为count on，后跟me作宾语；此处为句型that was the first time+句子（过去完成时#。故填had counted on me。 34．I it, but I’m sorry I forgot. 我本打算去做的，但很遗憾，我忘记了。 【答案】had intended to do 【详解】考查动词时态和固定短语。空白处在句中作谓语，根据汉语提示，表示“打算做某事”应用固定搭配intend to do sth，根据下文“but I’m sorry I forgot(但很遗憾，我忘记了)” 可知，此处强调过去未曾实现的意图，应用过去完成时，故填had intended to do。 35．When we got to the field, 当我们到达赛场时，足球赛已经开始了。 【答案】the football match had already started 【详解】考查时态。根据英汉意思对比可知，空处应填“足球赛已经开始了”，表示“足球赛”应用“the football match”；根据语境，“到达赛场”是过去发生的动作，而“足球赛开始”发生在“到达赛场”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以要用过去完成时，其结构为had done，start“开始”的过去分词是started；表示“已经”应用副词already。故填the football match had already started。 36．He wanted to know at the meeting. 他想知道经理在会议上说了些什么。 【答案】what the manager had said 【详解】考查宾语从句、时态。表示“经理说了些什么”用what“什么”引导的宾语从句，从句作know的宾语。从句中：表示“经理”用manager，作从句主语，此处为特指，manager前加the。表示“说”用say，从句动作发生在wanted之前，用过去完成时。故填：what the manager had said。 37． we finished our meal, the restaurant for the night. 到我们吃完饭的时候，餐厅已经关门歇业。 【答案】 By the time had closed 【详解】考查时间状语从句和动词时态。表示“到某个时候为止”应用短语by the time，其后接时间状语从句，表示“关门歇业”应用动词close，作主句谓语动词，动作发生在从句动作之前，应用过去完成时。故空①答案为By the time，空②答案为had closed。 38．我已经失去了所有的耐心，我开始勃然大怒。 I had and I began to . 【答案】 run out of all my patience explode with anger 【详解】考查动词短语、时态和不定式。表示“失去；用完”应用动词短语run out of，由空前的I had可此处应用过去分词形式，had run out of作谓语动词，表示“所有的耐心”应用all my patience，作宾语；表示“勃然大怒”应用动词短语explode with anger，由空前的began to可知应填动词原形，不定式作宾语。故空①答案为run out of all my patience，空②答案为explode with anger。 39．我们到飞机场的时候，飞机已经起飞了。 The plane when we got to the airport. 【答案】had taken off 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。“起飞”是主句谓语，用动词短语take off表示，结合句意和从句时态，“飞机起飞”发生在“我们到飞机场”之前，是“过去的过去”，用过去完成时态。故填had taken off。 40．那是他第一次面对面地和一个母语是英语的人交流。 It was the first time that he a native English speaker face to face. 【答案】had communicated with 【详解】考查固定句型。根据“it is the first time +that从句”意为“第一次做某事”，that从句的时态应使用现在完成时，根据本句的主句谓语部分was可知，该句的从句应使用过去完成时，“和……交流”的英文为communicated with sb，故填had communicated with。 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二下·云南大理·阶段检测）At the age of 10, I was once asked to deliver a speech 1 (title) “A Real Test in My Life” before the whole class! Just imagine how 2 (terrible) shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me. I had only one 3 (choose), though. First, I was to draft the speech and that was just a piece of cake for me, because I was 4 good writer. But the hard part lay in my oral presentation. To read from the paper was not allowed. I had to recite in front of such a big audience! A real trial began when I stood on the platform with my legs 5 (shake) and my mind blank. I didn’t know how much time 6 (pass) by. My listeners were still waiting patiently and 7 interrupting me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech with 8 (difficult). Finally I finished. After it seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding. I made 9 ! From then on, my fear of talking before an audience disappeared. Actually I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way to success is our inner fear. Overcome it, 10 we will be able to achieve our goals. 【答案】 1．titled 2．terribly 3．choice 4．a 5．shaking 6．had passed 7．without 8．difficulty 9．it 10．and 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述作者儿时在全班面前演讲的经历，从中克服恐惧获得成长。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：十岁时，我曾被要求在全班面前做一场题为“我生命中一次真正的考验”的演讲。此处为非谓语动词作定语，speech与title为被动关系，所以用过去分词titled。故填titled。 2．考查副词。句意：试想一下，一想到那么多双眼睛盯着我，我是多么害羞。此处修饰形容词shy，用terrible的副词形式terribly意为“非常”符合句意。故填terribly。 3．考查名词。句意：不过，我别无选择。此处被数词one修饰，作had的宾语，用choose的名词形式choice意为“选择”。故填choice。 4．考查冠词。句意：首先，我要起草演讲稿，这对我来说小菜一碟，因为我是个不错的写手。writer为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，所以此处使用冠词，结合句意，此处表示“一名不错的写手”为泛指，且good是以辅音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：真正的考验开始了，我站在讲台上，双腿发抖，大脑一片空白。此处为with复合结构，宾语legs与shake为主动关系，所以用现在分词shaking作宾补。故填shaking。 6．考查动词时态。句意：我不知道过去了多少时间。此处为谓语动词，动作发生在“didn’t know”之前，即过去的过去，应用过去完成时，所以谓语动词为had passed。故填had passed。 7．考查介词。句意：我的听众们仍在耐心等待，没有打断我。结合句意，此处表示“没有”，所以用介词without。故填without。 8．考查名词。句意：渐渐地，我恢复了状态，艰难地完成演讲。此处作介词with的宾语，用difficult的名词形式difficulty意为“困难”，with difficulty意为“艰难地”。故填difficulty。 9．考查代词。句意：我做到了！此处为固定搭配make it，意为“成功做到”，所以用代词it。故填it。 10．考查连词。句意：克服它，我们就能实现目标。此处为固定句型“祈使句+and+陈述句”，表顺承关系，所以用连词and。故填and。 （24-25高二上·福建·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 ChatGPT has swept the world in the past months. It is a 1 (power) AI chatbot tool. While it has been controlling social media with its 2 (frighten) good essays, ChatGPT has also caused both excitement and worries in education. According to 3 US survey of more than 1,000 students last month, over 89 percent of the respondents 4 (use) ChatGPT to help with a homework task. Some students even got high scores thanks to papers 5   (write) by ChatGPT. Some universities and schools have banned (禁止) the use of ChatGPT, such as public schools in New York City. The move comes with growing concerns that the tool could make 6 easier for students to cheat on homework and be used to spread inaccurate information. “While the tool may be able to provide quick and easy answer 7 questions, it does not build critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, 8 are vital for academic and lifelong success,” an official said in a statement. Apart from strict bans, teachers are redesigning their courses in an attempt 9 (block) the use of ChatGPT. Some college professors in the US are now including more oral exams and handwritten papers instead of typed ones. However, not all 10 (educate) are saying no to ChatGPT. Some Canadian universities are not planning on banning the tool. Instead, they are making policies on its proper usage, for both students and lecturers. 【答案】 1．powerful 2．frighteningly 3．a 4．used 5．written 6．it 7．to 8．which 9．to block 10．educators 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT这一强大的人工智能聊天机器人工具在教育领域引发的兴奋与担忧，包括一些学校对其的禁用措施、教师的应对策略以及不同教育者对此的不同态度。 1．考查形容词。句意：它是一个强大的人工智能聊天机器人工具。提示词修饰名词短语“AI chatbot tool”可知，形容词powerful作定语，意为“强大的”。故填powerful。 2．考查副词。句意：虽然它凭借好得吓人的文章在社交媒体上占据主导地位，但ChatGPT也在教育领域引发了兴奋和担忧。提示词修饰形容词good，用副词frighteningly作状语，意为“令人恐惧地”。故填frighteningly。 3．考查冠词。句意：根据上个月一项针对1000多名学生的美国调查，超过89%的受访者使用ChatGPT来帮助完成家庭作业。survey是可数名词单数，在句中表示“一项调查”，泛指，且US发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。 4．考查时态。句意：根据上个月一项针对1000多名学生的美国调查，超过89%的受访者使用ChatGPT来帮助完成家庭作业。use(使用)是谓语动词，根据时间状语“last month”可知，讲述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时态。故填used。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：一些学生甚至因为ChatGPT写的论文而获得了高分。“(write) by ChatGPT”作后置定语修饰名词papers，用非谓语动词形式，write(写)与其逻辑主语papers之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填written。 6．考查代词。句意：此举引发了人们日益增长的担忧，即该工具可能会使学生更容易在家庭作业上作弊，并被用来传播不准确的信息。“make it+adj.+for sb. to do sth.”是固定句型，意为“使某人做某事是……”，其中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语“to cheat on homework”。故填it。 7．考查介词。句意：“虽然该工具可能能够为问题提供快速简单的答案，但它并不能培养批判性思维和解决问题的能力，而这些能力对于学术和终身成功至关重要，”一位官员在一份声明中说。“answer to questions”是固定短语，意为“问题的答案”，其中to是介词。故填to。 8．考查定语从句。句意：“虽然该工具可能能够为问题提供快速简单的答案，但它并不能培养批判性思维和解决问题的能力，而这些能力对于学术和终身成功至关重要，”一位官员在一份声明中说。“_____ are vital for academic and lifelong success”是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“critical-thinking and problem-solving skills”，指物，关系词将其代入定语从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：除了严格禁止外，教师们还在重新设计他们的课程，试图阻止使用ChatGPT。“in an attempt to do...”是固定短语，意为“试图做某事”。故填to block。 10．考查名词。句意：然而，并非所有的教育工作者都对ChatGPT说不。提示词作主语，表示“教育工作者”，用可数名词educator，结合谓语动词“are saying”可知，主语是复数名词。故填educators。 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二下·江苏盐城·期末）When I reflect on my years in high school, one particular figure stands out like a lighthouse in the fog of conventional classrooms: Mr. Wesley Hart. For most of us, the bell schedule determined the rhythm of our days. First period was math, where we would quietly solve problems from a textbook. Then, we’d drag ourselves to history class, where mindless memorization left us battling to keep our eyes open. Next was science, where we mechanically followed laboratory procedures. This cycle repeated itself, class after class, day after day. Until, that is, we reached Mr. Hart’s literature class. His classroom didn’t have the boring rows of desks facing a chalkboard; instead, it had mismatched sofas. Mr. Hart believed that the physical environment of a classroom could “liberate the mind” — a phrase he often said with such conviction that we couldn’t help but believe he must be right. One of Mr. Hart’s most memorable teaching moments occurred when we were studying Moby Dick. Rather than assigning an essay, he took us on a nighttime adventure. We met at the school’s sports field where he handed each of us a passage from the book. The evening air was thick with anticipation and the smell of the grass as we gathered in a circle. “In the spirit of sailors in Moby Dick, we will share our thoughts under the stars,” he announced. He then inspired us to read our passages aloud and relate them to modern-day situations and personal experiences. In the quiet of the night, I found the themes far more meaningful in that starlit, open-air classroom. Perhaps the most valuable lesson I learned from Mr. Hart wasn’t about literature. It was that learning is a voyage, where curiosity and passion are the sails driving us forward. Mr. Hart taught us to question, to wonder, and to see the world as an endless storybook filled with lessons waiting to be discovered. 1．What does the bell schedule in paragraph 2 show? A．The depth of textbooks. B．The diversity of high school life. C．The importance of study. D．The boredom of conventional classes. 2．What does the underlined word “conviction” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Concern. B．Certainty. C．Doubt. D．Interest. 3．Why does the author mention Mr. Hart’s teaching moment? A．To reveal the theme of Moby Dick. B．To recall Mr. Hart’s nighttime adventure. C．To stress the status of Moby Dick. D．To highlight Mr. Hart’s creative teaching. 4．Which of the following best describes Mr. Hart? A．Curious and brave. B．Tolerant and helpful. C．Creative and inspiring. D．Ambitious and determined. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文回忆了作者高中时期与众不同的文学老师 Hart 先生，对比枯燥刻板的传统课堂，记叙哈特老师富有创意、启发人心的教学方式，并讲述作者从他身上领悟到学习的真谛。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“First period was math, where we would quietly solve problems from a textbook. Then, we'd drag ourselves to history class, where mindless memorization left us battling to keep our eyes open. Next was science, where we mechanically followed laboratory procedures. (第一节是数学，我们安静地做课本上的题。然后我们拖着自己去历史课，无脑的记忆让我们拼命睁着眼。接下来是科学，我们机械地跟着实验步骤走。)”可知，铃声安排下的课程都是单调、机械、令人昏昏欲睡的，体现的是传统课堂的枯燥。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Mr. Hart believed that the physical environment of a classroom could “liberate the mind”— a phrase he often said with such conviction that we couldn't help but believe he must be right. (Hart老师相信教室的物理环境能“解放思维”——他说这句话时带着如此强烈的conviction，以至于我们不由得相信他一定是对的。)”可知，他说这话时非常坚定，以至于学生们都信了，“conviction”意为“确信、坚定的信念”。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“One of Mr. Hart's most memorable teaching moments occurred when we were studying Moby Dick. Rather than assigning an essay, he took us on a nighttime adventure. (Hart老师最令人难忘的教学时刻之一发生在我们学《白鲸》时。他没有布置作文，而是带我们进行了一次夜间冒险。)”以及第五段在星空下朗读、联系个人经历的描述可知，作者提到这个教学时刻是为了展示Hart老师与传统教学截然不同的创造性教学方式。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，Hart老师改用沙发代替课桌、创新户外星空课堂，教学形式新颖独特，体现他富有创意的；他引导学生朗读思考、鼓励质疑探索，教会学生保持好奇心与学习热情，十分启发学生，体现他鼓舞人心、富有启发性的。 （25-26高三下·河北衡水·阶段检测）Science fiction stories about machines “stealing” our jobs may soon become reality. However, if history is any indication, technological progress will create more jobs in different fields. The real question is not whether a machine will take your job, but whether you will rise to the challenge of learning to stay relevant. When you become a lifelong learner, you claim the power to face the future of work successfully. What does it mean to be a lifelong learner? It is a cycle of “learn, unlearn, and relearn”. Learning something you are actually interested in is always enjoyable. Unlearning, however, is quite different. It means challenging and removing old ideas, beliefs, and assumptions so that new ones can grow. There are many metaphors for unlearning, for example: removing old paint before putting on a fresh coat. When a professor delivers a keynote speech online for the first time, he steps out of his comfort zone, unlearns “old ways” of doing things, and relearns the skill of working from home. Lifelong learning is more important now than ever. The labor market has changed considerably in the past decade. According to a recent report, companies’ adoption of automation will transform tasks, jobs, and skills. Over the next five to ten years, employers will divide work between humans and machines roughly equally. Nearly half of workers will need to retrain their core skills. Companies now hire based on skills rather than official qualifications. Self-management skills like active learning, toughness, and problem-solving skills are growing in importance. Mastering one skill is not enough. To stay relevant, you must make learning new skills an ongoing habit. Personal development strengthens your mind and creates higher levels of self-confidence. Professional development boosts your value in the workplace. Both are essential for surviving in a rapidly changing world. As machines get smarter, human workers must do the same. Lifelong learners invent and reinvent themselves whenever they find or create the opportunity. This is not about job-switching — it is about ensuring you remain a valuable person, whether in your current job or a new one. 1．What is the main challenge in the era of hi-tech progress? A．Finding new jobs. B．Competing with machines. C．Keeping skills relevant. D．Acquiring official qualifications. 2．What is the author’s attitude towards “unlearning” in paragraph 2? A．Supportive. B．Dismissive. C．Concerned. D．Indifferent. 3．What is suggested for workers according to paragraph 3? A．Taking the place of machines. B．Improving their core techniques. C．Switching to different industries. D．Applying for more job opportunities. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To encourage lifelong learning. B．To recommend skill courses. C．To warn of the dangers of automation. D．To compare learning methods. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】文章主要阐述了终身学习在机器时代的必要性，鼓励人们不断学习以保持竞争力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The real question is not whether a machine will take your job, but whether you will rise to the challenge of learning to stay relevant.(真正的问题不是机器是否会取代你的工作，而是你是否会迎接挑战，学会保持相关性。)”可知，高科技时代的主要挑战是保持技能的相关性。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Unlearning, however, is quite different. It means challenging and removing old ideas, beliefs, and assumptions so that new ones can grow.(而摒弃旧知则截然不同，它意味着打破固有思维、观念与成见，接纳全新认知。)”可知，作者认可摒弃旧知的意义。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Nearly half of workers will need to retrain their core skills.(近一半的工人需要重新培训他们的核心技能。)”可知，作者建议工人提高核心技能。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Lifelong learners invent and reinvent themselves whenever they find or create the opportunity.(终身学习者在找到或创造机会时不断发明和重塑自己。)”及全文围绕终身学习展开论述可知，作者的写作目的是鼓励终身学习。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $