内容正文:
2026-2027学年九年级译林版(新教材)1-8单元语法知识汇总
Unit 1
起连接作用的词
连接词
用法
例句
both...
and...
意为“……和……两者都;既……又……”。当both...and...连接的两个成分在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。
I'm interested in both English and Chinese.我既对英语感兴趣又对汉语感兴趣。
Both David and Daniel are members of the Reading Club. 戴维和丹尼尔都是读书俱乐部的成员。
not only
...
but also
意为“不但……而且……;不仅……还有……”。当not only...but (also)...连接两个名词作主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们所说的“就近原则”。
My sister is good at not only singing but (also) dancing.我的姐姐不仅擅长唱歌,也擅长跳舞。
Not only the students but (also) the teacher is working hard.不仅学生在努力学习,老师也在努力工作。
either...
or...
意为“不是……就是……;或者……或者……;要么……要么……”。当either...or...连接两个主语时,应遵循“就近原则”。
You may either stay or go.你可以留下,也可以走。
Either my brothers or my father is coming here.
不是我的哥哥就是我的爸爸要来这里。
neither...
nor...
意为“既不……也不……”,具有否定含义。当neither...nor...连接两个主语时,应遵循“就近原则”。
He neither drinks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不吸烟。
Neither he nor I am tired.他和我都不累。
except
意为“除了……以外”,表示某人或某物被排除在外。
The stores will be open daily except Sundays.这些商店除了星期天每天都营业。
You can have any of the cakes except this one.你可以拿任何一块蛋糕﹐但这块除外。
as well as
意为“除……以外,也,还”。连接两个主语时,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。
She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她不但是个摄影师而且还是个天才的音乐家。
His math teacher as well as his classmates was invited to the party.不但他的数学老师,连他的同学也被邀请参加这次聚会。
that引导的宾语从句
1.that在宾语从句中只起连接作用,并不作任何句子成分,其本身也没有实际意义。在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略,省略之后并不影响原句性质和意义。宾语从句可跟在主句的动词(know、think、believe、wish、mean、hope、say等)或主句的形容词(afraid、certain、sure、glad、sorry等)之后。
●I wish (that)she would understand me.我希望她能理解我。
●I hope (that) she will become a great woman just like her mother.我希望她会成为一位像她母亲一样伟大的女性。
●I am afraid (that) I have made a mistake.恐怕我犯了一个错误。
●I am glad (that) you can come for dinner.我很开心你能来吃晚餐。
【易错警示】在以下情况中,that不可省略
(1)当一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时,特别是第一个宾语从句特别长, 后面宾语从句前的 that不可省略。
▶I wished (that) we could go sightseeing in Hangzhou this summer and that we could buy some books on our way back in Shanghai.我希望今年夏天到杭州去玩玩, 并在返回的路上到上海买点书。
(2)当宾语从句前有插入语时。
▶He says, for example, that he is interested in math.例如,他说他对数学感兴趣。
2.由that引导的宾语从句的否定形式
当主句的主语是I或we,时态是一般现在时,且主句谓语动词表示的是“认为、相信、猜测”等概念,如think、guess、believe、suppose、expect等时,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定形式,这种情况叫作“否定前移”。
●I don't think (that) he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我做得更好。
Unit 2
if或whether引导的宾语从句
在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,if和whether都可作引导词,意为“是否”。一般情况下,在宾语从句中if和whether可以互换,if多用于口语或非正式文体中 。
●He asked me if/whether I could help him.他问我是否可以帮助他。
【易错警示】在下列几种情况下,只能用whether,不能用if
用法
例句
直接与or not连用时
Could you tell me whether or not I can go shopping with you?你能告诉我我是否能和你一起去购物吗?
与动词不定式连用时
I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or start off right away.我正琢磨着是再等一个小时还是现在就开始。
作介词的宾语时
I'm worried about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心我是否伤害了她的感情。
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
我们可以用连接代词(who、whom、whose、which、what)或连接副词(where、how、why、when)引导宾语从句,连接代词或连接副词有具体的含义,并在从句中充当成分,因此不可省略。
知识点1 连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接代词
引导词
含义
在宾语从句中的功能
who(m)
谁
可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
whose
谁的
which
哪一个
what
什么
连接副词
when
何时
在从句中作状语
where
哪里
why
为什么
how
怎么样
● Do you know who is singing in the classroom?你知道谁正在教室里唱歌吗?
●I wonder whose this is.我想知道这是谁的。
● Do you know when he was born?你知道他何时出生的吗?
【拓展延伸】连接代词who与whom都指人。who为主格,在从句中作主语;whom为宾格,在从句中作宾语。whom在口语中很少使用,大多数情况下,我们可以用who代替whom。
▶I don't know who is playing the piano next door.我不知道谁在隔壁弹钢琴。
▶Could you tell me whom you spoke to just now?你能告诉我你刚才在和谁说话吗?
▶Can you tell me who you are waiting for?你能告诉我你正在等谁吗?
【易错警示】如果在介词后面,则必须用whom。
▶He asked me with whom I had discussed it.他问我和谁讨论过此事。
知识点 2宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。
●She wants to know why that little boy is crying.她想知道那个小男孩为什么哭。
知识点3宾语从句的时态
(1)若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则宾语从句可以根据语境选择所需要的任何时态。
● I know when she will come tomorrow.我知道明天她什么时候来。
●I know he didn't tell you the truth.我知道他没告诉你实情。
(2)若主句为过去时,则宾语从句也要用过去的某种时态。
●He knew when Tom would come the next day.他知道汤姆第二天什么时候来。
●He knew where Tom had gone.他知道汤姆去哪儿了。
(3)若宾语从句表示的是客观事实、自然现象或谚语等,那么无论主句是什么时态,从句都要用一般现在时。
● He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快得多。
Unit 4
时间状语从句
时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。
知识点 1before、after、when和while引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
before
意为“在……之前”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。
after
意为“在……之后”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。
when
意为“当……时”,既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。主从句的两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。
He was cleaning the room when I went to visit him. 当我去拜访他时,他正在打扫房间。
I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。
I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。
while
意为“在……期间”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为“当……时”,强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。
While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。
My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。
【拓展延伸】(1) while还可意为“(对比两件事物)而,然而”,表示对比。
▶I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。
(2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
▶When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。
知识点 2since、till和until引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
since
意为“自……以来”,从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。
He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。
till/until
意为“到……为止”,一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till一般不置于句首。
Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。
Until they had finished the work, they didn't go home.他们直到工作完成才回家。
【易错警示】如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时性动词,且用否定形式,形成 “not ...till/until”结构,则意为“直到……才(开始)”。
▶He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。
知识点 3as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
as soon as
意为“一……就”,可以放在句首或句中。
I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。
whenever
意为“每当;无论何时”,可用every time替换。
Whenever I have a cold, I get a nosebleed. 每次我感冒都会流鼻血。
You can ask for help whenever you need it. 你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。
●
Unit 4
动词-ing用法
知识点1作主语
动词-ing用作主语,谓语动词通常用单数。
●Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
●Taking off our caps is a polite way when we face our national flag.当我们面对国旗时,脱帽是有礼貌的行为。
知识点2作宾语
动词finish、suggest、keep、consider、mind、imagine等后接动词-ing作宾语。
●Be quiet! He hasn't finished speaking.安静!他还没有讲完。
●I keep telling you, but you won't listen!我一再跟你说﹐但你就是不肯听!
●We're considering buying a new car.我们在考虑买一辆新车。
知识点3作宾补
动词-ing可用在动词hear、see、watch、feel、notice等之后作宾语补足语,与句子的宾语之间是主动关系,表示动作正在进行。
●He could hear a dog barking.他听得到狗叫。
●Did you notice him leaving the party early?你有没有注意到他提前离开了聚会?
知识点4作定语
●No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. 阅览室里不准大声说话。
●They waited and waited for something exciting to happen.他们等啊等啊,等待着激动人心的事情发生。
知识点5作表语
动词-ing用作表语,用于连系动词之后。
●Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使大厅保持整洁。
●The best policy is being honest. 上策是诚实。
动词-ed用法
动词-ed可以用作形容词,具有被动含义, 多为品质形容词,用于描述人的情感或状态,可作定语或表语。
●I'm not worried about her — she can take care of herself.我不为她担心,她能照顾自己。(作表语)
●She gave me a worried look.她心事重重地看了我一眼。(作定语)
【易错警示】动词-ing也可用作形容词,但是表达主动含义,用于描述事物的性质或特征。
▶The satisfying meal made everyone at the table feel completely satisfied.这顿令人满意的饭菜让餐桌上的每个人都感到非常满足。
Unit 5
because、since、 as和for引导的原因状语从句
原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because、 since、 as和for等。
连词
用法
例句
because
意为“因为”,语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。
I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。
since
意为“既然;由于;因为”,表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。
Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。
as
意为“由于;因为”,与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的双方已知的原因,语气比since弱。
As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。
She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。
for
意为“因为,由于”,不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。
They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。
【易错警示】汉语里我们习惯说“因为……所以……”,但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。
Unit 6
限制性定语从句&关系代词
知识点 1定语从句的基本概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词作定语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般用关系词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又在从句中作一定成分。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有when、where、why等。
●Do you know the man spoke at the meeting just now?你认识刚才在会议上发言的人吗?
●That is the house where he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住的房子。
知识点2关系代词的用法
关系代词
在从句中的作用
指代
例句
that
作主语或宾语(作直接宾语时可省略)
指物
The train that has just left is for Shenzhen.刚离开的那辆火车开往深圳。(作主语)
The fish soup (that) you cooked was delicious.你的鱼汤很美味。(作宾语)
指人
He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(作主语)
Who is the man (that) I saw this morning?我今天早上看见的那个人是谁?(作宾语)
which
作主语或宾语
指物(常可与that互换)
Basketball is a game which is liked by people around the world.篮球是一项受到全世界人们青睐的运动。(作主语)
This is the bag (which) he lost yesterday.这是他昨天丢的那个包。(作宾语)
who
作主语(在口语中也可作宾语)
指人(常可与that互换)
The girls who are playing volleyball are from Class Three.正在打排球的女孩们来自3班。(作主语)
The man (who) you just talked about is my father.你刚谈到的那个人是我爸爸。(作宾语)
whom
who的宾格形式, 作宾语
指人
The teacher whom you want to see has gone home.你想见的老师已经回家了。(作宾语)
whose
作定语
指人
He is the man whose car was stolen last week.他就是上周车被偷的那个人。(作定语)
指物
I live in a house whose door faces south.我住在一个门朝南的房子里。(作定语)
【易错警示】当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
▶The boys who are playing basketball are my friends.正在打篮球的那些男孩是我的朋友。
▶The man who is talking with my father is my teacher.正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是我的老师。
知识点 3关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况
(1)当先行词是something、 anything、 everything、 nothing等不定代词时。
●I did nothing that might hurt you.伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。
(2)当先行词被any、 few、 little、 no等词修饰时。
●Do you have any food that I can eat? 你有我能吃的东西吗?
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时。
●They are talking about the pianist and the piano that appeared in yesterday's concert. 他们正在谈论昨天音乐会上亮相的钢琴家和钢琴。
(4)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。
●That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
●The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们应该做的第一件事是弄点食物。
知识点 4关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况
(1)当先行词为that时。
●The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟表是可以告诉我们时间的装置。
(2)当先行词指物,且关系代词前面有介词时。
●This is the room in which James once lived.=This is the room which/that James once lived in.这就是詹姆斯曾经住过的房间。
Unit 7
让步、结果、目的状语从句
知识点 1although和though引导的让步状语从句
【用法】让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有“退一步说……”的意思。although和though意为“尽管;虽然”,都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。
● Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。
● She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。
【易错警示】(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。
▶Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然是好朋友。
(2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为“即使;纵然;虽然”,而although不可以这样用。
▶Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。
知识点2so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句
【用法】so/such...that意为 “如此……以至于”,引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。
(1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so +adj./adv.+ that从句。
● He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。
● Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。
(2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况:
① such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句
●Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是如此诚实的人,以至于大家都相信他。
② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句
● He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。
③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句
● It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。
【易错警示】(1)当名词前有many、 much、 few、 little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。
▶There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。
(2)当单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。
▶The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。
知识点3so that引导的目的状语从句
【用法】目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为“为了,以便”,引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could、may/might、should、would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。
●We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。
Unit 8
if和unless引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。
知识点 1if引导的条件状语从句
1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置
if意为“如果”,表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。
● We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。
● ]If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。
2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态
在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时:
(1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如:
●If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。
(2)当主句使用must、 may、 can等情态动词时,如:
●If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。
(3)当主句是祈使句时,如:
●Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。
3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同
if引导宾语从句时,意为“是否”,相当于whether,
位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确[LL]定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。
●I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。
●The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。
知识点2unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意为“除非,如果不”,相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时。
●He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。
●He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
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