高考英语长难句60天打卡计划-第36-40天-并列结构 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考长难句核心考点，系统覆盖并列结构（并列连词、平行对称）与比较结构（原级、比较级、最高级、倍数表达、特殊比较），按“基础连词→平行规则→比较等级→特殊用法”逻辑递进，结合2020-2022年全国卷及新高考真题例句，通过核心词汇梳理、句子解剖分层、语法规则精讲、翻译技巧点拨、真题原句训练五大环节，帮助学生构建长难句分析框架。 资料创新采用“真题语境+分层突破”教学法，如讲解not only...but also...时，先以2022新高考I卷例句拆解“动词平行”规则，再设计“结构一致性判断”对比练习，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。每日打卡任务含词汇记忆、语法点应用、翻译实践，配合名师点睛提示高频易错点，确保学生短时间内突破长难句瓶颈，为教师把控复习节奏、提升课堂效率提供精准指导。

高考英语长难句60天打卡计划 第36-40天：并列结构与比较结构 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 36：并列连词（and/or/but等）的连接 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第11句 No.11 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年全国甲卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The researchers analyzed data from more than five thousand participants and found that those who consumed a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits had significantly lower rates of chronic disease than those whose eating habits were characterized by high consumption of processed foods. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 analyze /ˈænəlaɪz/ v. 分析。analyze data（分析数据）；analyze the situation（分析形势）。例：The researchers analyzed the results carefully. participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ n. 参与者，参加者。research participant（研究参与者）；active participant（积极参与者）。例：All participants in the study were volunteers. consume /kənˈsjuːm/ v. 消费；消耗。consume food（摄入食物）；consume energy（消耗能量）。例：It is important to consume a balanced diet. chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ adj. 慢性的；长期的。chronic disease（慢性病）；chronic pain（慢性疼痛）。例：Regular exercise can help prevent chronic diseases. rate /reɪt/ n. 比率；率。rate of disease（发病率）；rate of success（成功率）。例：The rate of unemployment has decreased. characteristic /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/ n./adj. 特征；典型的。be characterized by（以……为特征）；characteristic feature（典型特征）。例：The region is characterized by its rich culture. consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃən/ n. 消费；消耗量。high consumption of（高消费的……）；energy consumption（能源消耗）。例：Reducing sugar consumption is beneficial to health. processed food /ˈprəʊsest fuːd/ n. 加工食品。processed food industry（加工食品产业）。例：Processed foods often contain high levels of salt. 【句子解剖】 The researchers analyzed data from more than five thousand participants and found that those who consumed a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits had significantly lower rates of chronic disease than those whose eating habits were characterized by high consumption of processed foods. │ ├── [并列谓语1] The researchers analyzed data from more than five thousand participants │ ├── The researchers：主语 │ ├── analyzed：谓语（过去时） │ ├── data：宾语 │ └── from more than five thousand participants：定语（修饰data） │ ├── [并列连词] and │ └── [并列谓语2] found that those...had significantly lower rates...than those... ├── found：谓语（过去时） └── [宾语从句] that those ... had ... lower rates ... than those ... ├── that：连词 ├── those：从句主语 │ └── [定语从句] who consumed a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits │ ├── who：关系代词 │ ├── consumed：谓语 │ ├── a balanced diet：宾语 │ └── rich in vegetables and fruits：形容词短语作定语（修饰diet） ├── had：从句谓语 ├── significantly lower rates of chronic disease：宾语 └── than those：比较状语 └── [定语从句] whose eating habits were characterized by high consumption of processed foods ├── whose：关系代词（所有格） ├── eating habits：主语 ├── were characterized：谓语（被动语态） └── by high consumption of processed foods：方式状语 【语法精讲】 一、and 连接两个并列谓语 本句中，同一个主语 The researchers 有两个并列的谓语： 1. analyzed data...（分析数据） 2. found that...（发现……） 这种结构称为"同一主语 + 并列谓语"，由 and 连接。 二、"those who..." 结构 "those who..." = "那些……的人"，是阅读中的高频结构： those who consumed a balanced diet = 那些摄入均衡饮食的人 those whose eating habits were characterized by... = 那些饮食习惯以……为特征的人 三、比较级 + than 的比较结构 "significantly lower rates...than..."，其中： - lower = 比较级（low的比较级） - significantly = 比较级的修饰语（"显著地"） - than = 比较连词 【翻译技巧】 并列谓语 "analyzed...and found..." 译为"分析了……并发现"。"those who consumed a balanced diet" 译为"那些摄入均衡饮食的人"。"rich in vegetables and fruits" 译为"富含蔬菜和水果的"。"were characterized by" 译为"以……为特征"或"特点是……"。 【参考译文】 研究人员分析了五千多名参与者的数据，发现那些摄入富含蔬菜水果的均衡饮食的人，其慢性病发病率显著低于那些饮食习惯以大量摄入加工食品为特征的人。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ and 连接并列谓语时，两个谓语动词的时态要保持一致。本句中 analyzed 和 found 都是一般过去时。其次，注意比较结构中的定语从句嵌套：比较对象（those who A）和参照对象（those whose B）各自带定语从句——这是阅读长难句的典型特征！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第12句 No.12 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年浙江卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 The government has pledged to reduce carbon emissions by forty percent by the year 2030, but environmental activists argue that much more ambitious targets need to be set and that immediate action should be taken rather than making promises that lack concrete plans. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 pledge /pledʒ/ v. 承诺，保证。pledge to do（承诺做某事）；make a pledge（做出承诺）。例：The company pledged to reduce waste. reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ v. 减少，降低。reduce emissions（减少排放）；reduce costs（降低成本）。例：We need to reduce our energy consumption. emission /ɪˈmɪʃən/ n. 排放物，排放。carbon emissions（碳排放）；reduce emissions（减少排放）。例：The government is working to cut carbon emissions. activist /ˈæktɪvɪst/ n. 活动家，积极分子。environmental activist（环保活动家）；political activist（政治活动家）。例：Activists are demanding stronger climate action. ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ adj. 雄心勃勃的；宏大的。ambitious target（雄心勃勃的目标）；ambitious plan（宏伟的计划）。例：The project is very ambitious in its scope. concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ adj. 具体的，确定的。concrete plan（具体计划）；concrete evidence（确凿证据）。例：We need concrete proposals, not just ideas. rather than /ˈrɑːðə ðæn/ 短语 而不是。rather than doing（而不是做）；rather than do（宁愿不做）。例：He chose to walk rather than take the bus. 【句子解剖】 The government has pledged to reduce carbon emissions by forty percent by the year 2030, but environmental activists argue that much more ambitious targets need to be set and that immediate action should be taken rather than making promises that lack concrete plans. │ ├── [并列分句1] The government has pledged to reduce carbon emissions by forty percent by the year 2030 │ ├── The government：主语 │ ├── has pledged：谓语（现在完成时） │ └── to reduce carbon emissions by forty percent by the year 2030：不定式短语作宾语 │ ├── to reduce：不定式 │ ├── carbon emissions：宾语 │ ├── by forty percent：程度状语 │ └── by the year 2030：时间状语 │ ├── [并列连词] but（表转折） │ └── [并列分句2] environmental activists argue that ... and that ... ├── environmental activists：主语 ├── argue：谓语（一般现在时） └── [并列宾语从句] that much more ambitious targets need to be set and that immediate action should be taken rather than making promises that lack concrete plans ├── [宾语从句1] that much more ambitious targets need to be set │ ├── that：连词 │ ├── much more ambitious targets：主语 │ └── need to be set：谓语（被动语态） ├── and：并列连词（连接两个that从句） └── [宾语从句2] that immediate action should be taken rather than making promises that lack concrete plans ├── that：连词 ├── immediate action：主语 ├── should be taken：谓语（情态动词+被动语态） ├── rather than：对比连词 └── making promises：动名词短语 └── [定语从句] that lack concrete plans ├── that：关系代词 ├── lack：谓语 └── concrete plans：宾语 【语法精讲】 一、but 表示转折关系 but 连接两个意义相对或相反的分句。本句中： - 分句1：政府承诺了减排（肯定行动） - 分句2：环保人士认为还不够（批评性——转折） 二、argue 后接并列的 that 宾语从句 argue 后面接了两个 that 引导的宾语从句，用 and 连接： 1. that much more ambitious targets need to be set 2. that immediate action should be taken... 这是"并列宾语从句"结构，即同一个动词后接多个 that 从句。 三、rather than 的用法 本句中 "rather than making promises" 表示"而不是做出承诺"。rather than 后接动名词（doing）或动词原形（do）均可。 【翻译技巧】 "has pledged to" 译为"已承诺"。"but" 表示转折，译为"但是"。"argue that..." 译为"认为……"或"争辩说……"（在议论文中argue常译为"认为"）。"rather than" 译为"而不是"。"lack concrete plans" 译为"缺乏具体计划"。 【参考译文】 政府已承诺到2030年将碳排放减少40%，但环保活动人士认为，需要设定更加雄心勃勃的目标，并且应当立即采取行动，而不是做出缺乏具体计划的承诺。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ but 并列句的逻辑本质是前后方向相反。看到 but，先看前半句的态度是肯定还是否定，后半句一定方向相反。本句中政府"承诺"（肯定）vs 环保人士"认为不够"（否定/批评）。抓住这个逻辑关系，长难句就清晰了！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 37：并列结构中的平行对称 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第13句 No.13 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年新高考I卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 The new educational reform not only aims to improve students' academic performance in standardized tests, but also seeks to foster their overall development by encouraging creativity, promoting teamwork, and enhancing critical thinking skills. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 reform /rɪˈfɔːrm/ n./v. 改革。educational reform（教育改革）；carry out a reform（实施改革）。例：The education reform has brought positive changes. academic performance /ˌækəˈdemɪk pəˈfɔːrməns/ n. 学业表现。improve academic performance（提高学业成绩）。例：Good study habits lead to better academic performance. foster /ˈfɒstər/ v. 培养；促进。foster development（促进发展）；foster creativity（培养创造力）。例：Schools should foster a love of learning. overall development /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl dɪˈveləpmənt/ n. 全面发展。promote overall development（促进全面发展）。例：The course aims at students' overall development. encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ v. 鼓励；促进。encourage creativity（鼓励创造力）；encourage sb. to do（鼓励某人做）。例：Teachers should encourage students to ask questions. enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ v. 提高，增强。enhance skills（提升技能）；enhance understanding（加深理解）。例：Reading widely can enhance your vocabulary. critical thinking /ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ n. 批判性思维。critical thinking skills（批判性思维能力）。例：Universities emphasize critical thinking. 【句子解剖】 The new educational reform not only aims to improve students' academic performance in standardized tests, but also seeks to foster their overall development by encouraging creativity, promoting teamwork, and enhancing critical thinking skills. │ ├── [主语] The new educational reform │ ├── [并列谓语] not only aims...but also seeks... │ ├── [第一并列谓语] not only aims to improve students' academic performance in standardized tests │ │ ├── not only：并列关联词 │ │ ├── aims：谓语（第三人称单数） │ │ └── to improve students' academic performance in standardized tests：不定式短语作宾语 │ │ ├── to improve：不定式 │ │ ├── students' academic performance：宾语 │ │ └── in standardized tests：介词短语作定语（修饰performance） │ │ │ └── [第二并列谓语] but also seeks to foster their overall development by encouraging creativity, promoting teamwork, and enhancing critical thinking skills │ ├── but also：并列关联词 │ ├── seeks：谓语（与aims平行，同为第三人称单数） │ ├── to foster their overall development：不定式短语作宾语 │ └── by encouraging creativity, promoting teamwork, and enhancing critical thinking skills：方式状语 │ ├── encouraging creativity：动名词短语1 │ ├── promoting teamwork：动名词短语2（并列） │ └── enhancing critical thinking skills：动名词短语3（并列） 【语法精讲】 一、not only...but also...的平行结构 使用 not only...but also... 时最关键的规则是：前后必须平行对称——语法形式必须一致。 本句中： - not only aims（谓语动词）... but also seeks（谓语动词）——动词平行 ✓ 常见平行结构对照： 连接成分 not only 后 but also 后 动词 not only aims but also seeks 名词 not only knowledge but also skills 形容词 not only intelligent but also hardworking 介词短语 not only in China but also abroad 二、三个并列的动名词作方式状语 "by encouraging..., promoting..., and enhancing..." 是三个并列的动名词短语，作方式状语，修饰 seeks to foster。三者之间用逗号和 and 连接（英语并列三项的经典格式：A, B, and C）。 三、主谓一致——就近原则 not only...but also... 连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则（与 but also 后的主语一致）： Not only the students but also the teacher is coming. Not only the teacher but also the students are coming. 【翻译技巧】 "not only...but also..." 译为"不仅……而且……"。"aims to" 译为"旨在"。"seeks to" 译为"力求"。"overall development" 译为"全面发展"。"by encouraging..., promoting..., and enhancing..." 翻译时保留并列关系，译为"通过鼓励……、促进……和提升……"。 【参考译文】 新的教育改革不仅旨在提高学生在标准化考试中的学业成绩，而且力求通过鼓励创造力、促进团队合作和提升批判性思维能力来促进他们的全面发展。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 平行结构三要点：① 结构一致（动词对动词，名词对名词）；② 就近原则（but also 后主语决定谓语）；③ not only 在句首时要倒装。本句 not only 不在句首，所以不倒装。口诀："not only要平行，but also看结构，句首出现需倒装"。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第14句 No.14 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年新高考II卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 Neither the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence nor the increasing automation of manufacturing processes has rendered human creativity obsolete; on the contrary, these developments have created new opportunities for innovation that were previously unimaginable. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 advancement /ədˈvɑːnsmənt/ n. 进步，发展。technological advancement（技术进步）；rapid advancement（快速发展）。例：The advancement of science has changed our lives. artificial intelligence /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ n. 人工智能。AI technology（人工智能技术）。例：Artificial intelligence is transforming many industries. automation /ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃən/ n. 自动化。increasing automation（日益增长的自动化）；factory automation（工厂自动化）。例：Automation has improved production efficiency. manufacturing /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/ n. 制造业。manufacturing process（制造过程）；manufacturing industry（制造业）。例：The manufacturing sector has grown significantly. render /ˈrendər/ v. 使成为；提供。render obsolete（使过时）；render assistance（提供帮助）。例：The invention rendered the old technology obsolete. obsolete /ˈɒbsəliːt/ adj. 过时的，淘汰的。become obsolete（变得过时）。例：Many traditional skills have become obsolete. on the contrary /ɒn ðə ˈkɒntrəri/ 短语 相反地。contrary to（与……相反）。例：He didn't give up; on the contrary, he worked harder. previously /ˈpriːviəsli/ adv. 以前，先前。previously unimaginable（以前无法想象的）。例：The company has previously been successful. unimaginable /ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbəl/ adj. 难以想象的。almost unimaginable（几乎无法想象的）。例：The scale of the disaster was unimaginable. 【句子解剖】 Neither the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence nor the increasing automation of manufacturing processes has rendered human creativity obsolete; on the contrary, these developments have created new opportunities for innovation that were previously unimaginable. │ ├── [并列分句1] Neither the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence nor the increasing automation of manufacturing processes has rendered human creativity obsolete │ ├── [并列主语] Neither A nor B │ │ ├── A：the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence（名词短语） │ │ └── B：the increasing automation of manufacturing processes（名词短语） │ ├── has rendered：谓语（现在完成时——由nor后的B决定，用单数） │ ├── human creativity：宾语 │ └── obsolete：宾语补足语（形容词） │ ├── [连接] ; on the contrary（分号 + 过渡短语，表示对比转折） │ └── [并列分句2] these developments have created new opportunities for innovation that were previously unimaginable ├── these developments：主语（指代AI和automation） ├── have created：谓语（现在完成时） ├── new opportunities for innovation：宾语 │ └── [定语从句] that were previously unimaginable │ ├── that：关系代词 │ ├── were：系动词（过去时） │ └── previously unimaginable：表语 【语法精讲】 一、neither...nor...的平行结构与主谓一致 neither...nor... 表示"既不……也不……"： 平行原则：neither 和 nor 后面的成分必须语法形式一致（本句中都是名词短语）。 就近原则（主谓一致）：谓语动词由 nor 后面的主语决定： Neither the teacher nor the students are... Neither the students nor the teacher is... 本句中：neither A (the rapid advancement...) nor B (the increasing automation...) → 谓语用单数 has（因为 B 中的 automation 是不可数名词，且 nor 后的核心词 automation 是单数概念） 二、"render + 宾语 + 宾补"结构 render 在本句中意为"使处于某种状态"，结构为 "render + 宾语 + 宾补（形容词）"： render human creativity obsolete（使人类创造力变得过时） 类似动词：make, keep, leave, find... make him happy / keep it clean / leave the door open 三、"on the contrary" 的衔接功能 "on the contrary" 用于否定前文并引出相反的观点，相当于"恰恰相反"。 【翻译技巧】 "Neither...nor..." 译为"既不是……也不是……"。"has rendered...obsolete" 译为"使……变得过时"。注意分句1是否定（没有使人创造力过时），分句2是肯定（反而创造了新机会），"on the contrary" 体现这种反转关系。 【参考译文】 既不是人工智能的快速发展，也不是制造业流程日益增长的自动化，使人类创造力变得过时；恰恰相反，这些发展创造了以前无法想象的创新新机遇。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ neither...nor... / either...or... / not only...but also... 都遵循就近原则（谓语由最近的主语决定）。而 both...and... 是例外——必须用复数。本句中的分号 ";" 连接两个并列分句，比用 and 或 but 语气更正式，在学术性阅读中很常见。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 38：原级与比较级 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第15句 No.15 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年全国乙卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 Studies have demonstrated that students who engage in regular physical activity tend to perform just as well academically as those who spend an equal amount of time on additional academic study, suggesting that exercise plays a more significant role in cognitive function than previously assumed. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ v. 证明，表明。studies demonstrate that...（研究表明……）。例：The experiment demonstrated the theory. engage in /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn/ 短语 参与，从事。engage in physical activity（参加体育活动）；engage in a conversation（参与对话）。例：Students should engage in extracurricular activities. regular /ˈreɡjələr/ adj. 规律的，定期的。regular exercise（规律锻炼）；on a regular basis（定期地）。例：Regular exercise is good for your health. physical activity /ˈfɪzɪkəl ækˈtɪvəti/ n. 体育活动。take part in physical activity（参加体育活动）。例：Children need plenty of physical activity. additional /əˈdɪʃənəl/ adj. 额外的，附加的。additional time（额外的时间）；additional cost（额外费用）。例：Students may need additional support. academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ adj. 学术的。academic study（学术学习）；academic performance（学业表现）。例：She achieved excellent academic results. cognitive function /ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈfʌŋkʃən/ n. 认知功能。improve cognitive function（改善认知功能）。例：Exercise has positive effects on cognitive function. assume /əˈsjuːm/ v. 假设，认为。it is assumed that...（人们认为）。例：I assumed that he would be late. 【句子解剖】 Studies have demonstrated that students who engage in regular physical activity tend to perform just as well academically as those who spend an equal amount of time on additional academic study, suggesting that exercise plays a more significant role in cognitive function than previously assumed. │ ├── [主句] Studies have demonstrated │ ├── [宾语从句主干] that students ... tend to perform just as well academically as those ... │ ├── that：连接词 │ ├── students：从句主语 │ │ └── [定语从句] who engage in regular physical activity │ ├── tend to perform：谓语 │ ├── [比较结构] just as well academically as those │ │ ├── as well as：原级比较（"和……一样好"） │ │ ├── just：副词（修饰as well，表"恰好、完全"） │ │ ├── academically：副词作状语 │ │ └── those：比较对象 │ │ └── [定语从句] who spend an equal amount of time on additional academic study │ │ └── [伴随状语] suggesting that exercise plays a more significant role in cognitive function than previously assumed ├── suggesting：现在分词（逻辑主语为主句主语Studies） └── [宾语从句] that exercise plays a more significant role...than (it was) previously assumed ├── that：连词 ├── exercise：从句主语 ├── plays：谓语 ├── a more significant role：宾语（比较级+than） ├── in cognitive function：地点状语 └── than (it was) previously assumed：比较状语从句（含省略） 【语法精讲】 一、as...as...原级比较结构 "as well as" 表示"和……一样好"，原级比较的完整结构为： as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 比较对象 本句中的 "just as well academically as" 中： - just = 修饰语，加强语气（"恰好、完全"） - well = 副词原级（修饰 perform） - as = 连词（引出比较对象） 二、as...as...的否定形式 not as/so...as...（不如……） This method is not as effective as that one. 三、比较级 + than "a more significant role...than previously assumed" 中的比较结构： - more significant = 比较级 - than (it was) previously assumed = 比较对象（含省略） 四、现在分词作结果/伴随状语 "suggesting that..." 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，逻辑主语是 Studies，表示研究结果"表明"…… 【翻译技巧】 "just as well academically as" 译为"在学业上表现一样好"。"tend to" 译为"往往"或"倾向于"。"play a significant role in" 译为"在……中起重要作用"。"than previously assumed" 中的省略翻译时需要补全，译为"比以前认为的"。 【参考译文】 研究表明，参加规律体育活动的学生在学业上的表现与那些花费同等时间进行额外学术学习的学生一样好，这表明运动在认知功能方面所起的作用比以前认为的更为重要。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ as...as... 中间用形容词还是副词，看前面的动词：系动词用形容词，行为动词用副词。本句中 perform 是行为动词，所以用副词 well。另外，比较级前的修饰语 just / almost / nearly / quite 可以放在 as...as... 的第一个 as 前加强语气。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第16句 No.16 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2020年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 Recent research has revealed that people who regularly eat dark chocolate tend to have lower blood pressure and better cardiovascular health than those who consume milk chocolate, even when the sugar content of both types is taken into consideration. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 reveal /rɪˈviːl/ v. 揭示，显示。research reveals that...（研究揭示……）。例：The investigation revealed important evidence. dark chocolate /dɑːrk ˈtʃɒklɪt/ n. 黑巧克力。dark chocolate is rich in antioxidants（黑巧克力富含抗氧化剂）。例：Dark chocolate is considered healthier than milk chocolate. blood pressure /blʌd ˈpreʃər/ n. 血压。lower blood pressure（降低血压）；high blood pressure（高血压）。例：Regular exercise helps control blood pressure. cardiovascular /ˌkɑːrdiəʊˈvæskjələr/ adj. 心血管的。cardiovascular health（心血管健康）；cardiovascular disease（心血管疾病）。例：A healthy diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. milk chocolate /mɪlk ˈtʃɒklɪt/ n. 牛奶巧克力。consume milk chocolate（食用牛奶巧克力）。例：Milk chocolate contains more sugar than dark chocolate. sugar content /ˈʃʊɡər ˈkɒntent/ n. 含糖量。high sugar content（高含糖量）。例：The sugar content of this drink is very high. take into consideration /teɪk ˈɪntuː kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən/ 短语 考虑到。take sth. into consideration（把某事考虑在内）。例：We must take all factors into consideration. 【句子解剖】 Recent research has revealed that people who regularly eat dark chocolate tend to have lower blood pressure and better cardiovascular health than those who consume milk chocolate, even when the sugar content of both types is taken into consideration. │ ├── [主句] Recent research has revealed │ ├── Recent research：主语 │ └── has revealed：谓语（现在完成时） │ ├── [宾语从句] that people ... tend to have lower ... and better ... than those ... │ ├── that：连接词 │ ├── people：从句主语 │ │ └── [定语从句] who regularly eat dark chocolate │ ├── tend to have：谓语 │ ├── [并列宾语] lower blood pressure and better cardiovascular health │ │ ├── lower blood pressure：宾语1 │ │ └── better cardiovascular health：宾语2 │ ├── than：比较连词 │ └── those：比较对象 │ └── [定语从句] who consume milk chocolate │ └── [让步状语从句] even when the sugar content of both types is taken into consideration ├── even when：从属连词（"即使当……时"） ├── the sugar content of both types：从句主语 ├── is taken：谓语（被动语态） └── into consideration：主语补足语 【语法精讲】 一、比较级 + than 的比较结构 本句是比较级用于比较两个群体的健康指标： 比较对象：people who eat dark chocolate（吃黑巧克力的人） 参照对象：those who consume milk chocolate（吃牛奶巧克力的人） 比较方面：blood pressure 和 cardiovascular health "lower...and better...than" 是两个并列的比较级共同与 than 比较。 二、比较级的并列修饰 本句中的 "lower blood pressure and better cardiovascular health" 是两个并列的名词短语，都由比较级（lower/better）修饰。这种并列结构在比较句中非常常见。 三、even when 引导的让步状语从句 "even when" 意为"即使当……时"，比单个 when 语气更强，表示即使在某种条件下仍然成立。 【翻译技巧】 "has revealed that" 译为"揭示了……"。"tend to have" 译为"往往具有"。"even when...is taken into consideration" 译为"即使……被考虑在内"或"即使考虑到……"。注意 "both types" 指 dark chocolate 和 milk chocolate。 【参考译文】 最新研究揭示，经常食用黑巧克力的人往往比食用牛奶巧克力的人血压更低、心血管健康状况更好，即使考虑到了两种巧克力的含糖量因素。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 比较级句子的分析思路：先找"比较对象"（who vs who），再找"比较方面"（what）。 本句中比较对象为 dark chocolate eaters vs milk chocolate eaters，比较方面为 blood pressure 和 cardiovascular health。在定语从句嵌套的情况下，先剥离定语从句，主干就变得简单了！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 39：最高级与倍数表达 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第17句 No.17 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2020年全国卷I 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The Amazon rainforest, which is widely regarded as one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet, plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/ n. 热带雨林。tropical rainforest（热带雨林）；Amazon rainforest（亚马逊雨林）。例：The rainforest is home to countless species. regard as /rɪˈɡɑːrd æz/ 短语 被认为是。be regarded as（被视为）。例：She is regarded as one of the best scientists. biologically /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəli/ adv. 生物学上。biologically diverse（生物多样化的）。例：The region is biologically rich. diverse /daɪˈvɜːrs/ adj. 多样化的，不同的。diverse ecosystem（多样化的生态系统）；culturally diverse（文化多元的）。例：The city has a diverse population. ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n. 生态系统。marine ecosystem（海洋生态系统）；fragile ecosystem（脆弱的生态系统）。例：Human activities threaten many ecosystems. crucial /ˈkruːʃəl/ adj. 至关重要的。play a crucial role（起关键作用）；be crucial to（对……至关重要）。例：This evidence is crucial to the case. regulate /ˈreɡjəleɪt/ v. 调节，调控。regulate the climate（调节气候）；regulate body temperature（调节体温）。例：The government regulates the use of chemicals. absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ v. 吸收。absorb carbon dioxide（吸收二氧化碳）；absorb knowledge（吸收知识）。例：Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air. carbon dioxide /ˈkɑːrbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ n. 二氧化碳。release carbon dioxide（释放二氧化碳）。例：Cars produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. 【句子解剖】 The Amazon rainforest, which is widely regarded as one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet, plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. │ ├── [主干] The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate │ ├── The Amazon rainforest：主语 │ ├── plays：谓语 │ ├── a crucial role：宾语 │ └── in regulating the global climate：介词短语作状语 │ ├── [非限制性定语从句] , which is widely regarded as one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet, │ ├── which：关系代词（修饰先行词The Amazon rainforest） │ ├── is widely regarded：谓语（被动语态） │ ├── as one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems：主语补足语 │ │ ├── one of the most...ecosystems："最……的生态系统之一" │ │ ├── biologically diverse：副词+形容词（"生物多样化的"） │ │ └── on the planet：范围状语 │ └── on the planet：范围 │ └── [方式状语] by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen ├── by：介词 └── [并列的动名词短语] absorbing...and releasing... ├── absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide：动名词短语1 └── releasing oxygen：动名词短语2 【语法精讲】 一、"one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词"结构 "one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems" 是最高级结构： - one of = ……之一 - the most biologically diverse = 最高级（biologically修饰diverse） - ecosystems = 复数名词（关键词！） 注意：最高级后的名词必须用复数！ 正确 错误 one of the most important factors one of the most important factor one of the best students one of the best student 二、最高级比较范围的表达 表达方式 例句 in + 地点/团体 the most diverse on the planet of + 复数名词 the most talented of all the students 定语从句 the best movie I have ever seen 三、非限制性定语从句插在主语和谓语之间 本句中 "which is widely regarded as..." 是定语从句，将主语 "The Amazon rainforest" 和谓语 "plays" 分隔开。阅读时可以先跳过定语从句，直接看主干。 【翻译技巧】 "which is widely regarded as" 译为"被普遍认为是"。"one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems" 译为"生物最多样化的生态系统之一"。"play a crucial role in" 译为"在……中起关键作用"。"by absorbing...and releasing..." 译为"通过吸收……和释放……"。 【参考译文】 亚马逊雨林被普遍认为是地球上生物最多样化的生态系统之一，它通过吸收大量二氧化碳和释放氧气，在调节全球气候方面发挥着关键作用。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ "one of the + 最高级" + 复数名词 是固定搭配！阅读中遇到含定语从句插在主谓之间的句子，先跳过定语从句抓主干：The Amazon rainforest...plays a crucial role...。定语从句只是补充信息，不影响主干的完整性。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第18句 No.18 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年全国甲卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 According to the report published by the World Health Organization, the number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide is now approximately four times higher than it was in the early 1990s, which has placed an enormous burden on healthcare systems. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 according to /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ tuː/ 短语 根据。according to the report（根据报告）。例：According to the survey, most people agree. the World Health Organization /wɜːrld helθ ˌɔːrɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ n. 世界卫生组织（WHO）。专有名词缩写：WHO。例：The WHO issued a warning about the virus. suffer from /ˈsʌfər frɒm/ 短语 患有（疾病）；遭受。suffer from diabetes（患有糖尿病）；suffer from stress（承受压力）。例：Many elderly people suffer from heart disease. diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/ n. 糖尿病。type 2 diabetes（II型糖尿病）；diagnose diabetes（诊断糖尿病）。例：The number of diabetes cases is rising. worldwide /ˈwɜːrldwaɪd/ adv./adj. 全世界范围。spread worldwide（全球传播）。例：The problem affects millions worldwide. approximately /əˈprɒksɪmətli/ adv. 大约。approximately four times（大约四倍）。例：The project will cost approximately one million dollars. enormous /ɪˈnɔːrməs/ adj. 巨大的。enormous burden（巨大的负担）；enormous pressure（巨大的压力）。例：The cost was enormous. burden /ˈbɜːrdən/ n. 负担。place a burden on（给……带来负担）；financial burden（经济负担）。例：The disease places a heavy burden on families. healthcare system /ˈhelθkeər ˈsɪstəm/ n. 医疗体系。public healthcare system（公共医疗体系）。例：The healthcare system is under great pressure. 【句子解剖】 According to the report published by the World Health Organization, the number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide is now approximately four times higher than it was in the early 1990s, which has placed an enormous burden on healthcare systems. │ ├── [状语] According to the report published by the World Health Organization │ ├── According to：介词短语 │ ├── the report：名词中心词 │ └── published by the WHO：过去分词短语作定语（修饰report） │ ├── [主干] the number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide is now approximately four times higher than it was in the early 1990s │ ├── the number of people：主语中心词 │ │ └── suffering from diabetes worldwide：现在分词短语作定语（修饰people） │ ├── is：系动词 │ ├── now：时间状语 │ ├── [表语 + 比较结构] approximately four times higher than it was in the early 1990s │ │ ├── approximately four times：倍数词（修饰比较级） │ │ ├── higher：比较级 │ │ ├── than：比较连词 │ │ └── it was in the early 1990s：比较状语从句 │ │ ├── it：指代the number of people suffering from diabetes │ │ └── was：系动词（省略了表语，完整为it was [high]） │ │ └── [非限制性定语从句] , which has placed an enormous burden on healthcare systems ├── which：关系代词（指代前面整个主句的内容） ├── has placed：谓语（现在完成时） ├── an enormous burden：宾语 └── on healthcare systems：介词短语作状语 【语法精讲】 一、倍数表达的三种基本句型（高考必考） 句型 结构 例句 ① 倍数 + as + 原级 + as four times as high as ...is four times as high as it was... ② 倍数 + 比较级 + than four times higher than（本句） ...is four times higher than it was... ③ 倍数 + the + 名词 + of four times the size of ...is four times the size of ... 注意：四种句型的核心规则——倍数永远放在最前面。 二、"approximately" 修饰倍数 "approximately"（大约）修饰 "four times"，表示约数。类似的修饰语还有： about / roughly / nearly / almost + 倍数 三、比较状语从句中的省略 "than it was" 后面省略了 "high"，完整形式为： ...than it was (high) in the early 1990s. 四、"the number of" 与 "a number of" 的区别 短语 含义 谓语动词 the number of ……的数量 单数（本句用 is） a number of 许多 复数 The number of students is increasing.（学生的数量在增加。） A number of students are waiting outside.（许多学生在外面等着。） 【翻译技巧】 "According to" 译为"根据"。"published by" 译为"由……发布的"。"suffering from" 译为"患有"。"approximately four times higher than" 译为"大约是……的四倍"（注意：中文说"是……的四倍"而英语说"four times higher than"）。 【参考译文】 根据世界卫生组织发布的报告，目前全球糖尿病患者的人数大约是20世纪90年代初的四倍，这给医疗系统带来了巨大的负担。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 倍数表达的三种句型要熟记：① 倍数 + as + 原级 + as；② 倍数 + 比较级 + than；③ 倍数 + the + 名词 + of。核心规律：倍数永远在最前面。两倍用 twice，三倍及以上用 X times。高频考点：先倍数，后结构！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 40：比较结构的特殊用法 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第19句 No.19 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2019年全国卷II 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The more we learn about the complex interactions between different species within an ecosystem, the better we understand how the loss of even a single species can have far-reaching consequences that affect the entire ecological balance. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ adj. 复杂的。complex relationship（复杂的关系）；complex system（复杂的系统）。例：The issue is more complex than it seems. interaction /ˌɪntərˈækʃən/ n. 相互作用，互动。interaction between（……之间的相互作用）；social interaction（社交互动）。例：The interaction between species is fascinating. species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. 物种（单复数同形）。different species（不同物种）；endangered species（濒危物种）。例：Many species are at risk of extinction. within /wɪˈðɪn/ prep. 在……之内。within an ecosystem（在生态系统内）。例：There are many species within the forest. ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n. 生态系统。marine ecosystem（海洋生态系统）；fragile ecosystem（脆弱的生态系统）。例：The ecosystem is delicately balanced. far-reaching /fɑːr ˈriːtʃɪŋ/ adj. 深远的，广泛的。far-reaching consequences（深远的影响）。例：The decision had far-reaching effects. consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 后果，结果。far-reaching consequences（深远的后果）。例：The consequences of the decision were significant. ecological balance /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈbæləns/ n. 生态平衡。upset the ecological balance（破坏生态平衡）；maintain ecological balance（维持生态平衡）。例：Human activities have disrupted the ecological balance. 【句子解剖】 The more we learn about the complex interactions between different species within an ecosystem, the better we understand how the loss of even a single species can have far-reaching consequences that affect the entire ecological balance. │ ├── [前半句 ─ 相当于条件状语从句] The more we learn about the complex interactions between different species within an ecosystem │ ├── The：副词（"越"——不是冠词！） │ ├── more：比较级（修饰learn的程度） │ ├── we：主语 │ ├── learn：谓语 │ ├── about the complex interactions：介词短语作状语 │ └── between different species within an ecosystem：定语（修饰interactions） │ └── [后半句 ─ 相当于主句] the better we understand how the loss of even a single species can have far-reaching consequences that affect the entire ecological balance ├── The：副词（"越"） ├── better：比较级（修饰understand的程度） ├── we：主语 ├── understand：谓语 └── [宾语从句] how the loss of even a single species can have far-reaching consequences ├── how：连接副词 ├── the loss of even a single species：从句主语 ├── can have：谓语 ├── far-reaching consequences：宾语 └── [定语从句] that affect the entire ecological balance ├── that：关系代词 ├── affect：谓语 └── the entire ecological balance：宾语 【语法精讲】 一、"the + 比较级，the + 比较级"结构详解 两个变化同时发生，前者是条件，后者是结果，意为"越……，就越……"。 结构公式： The + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语，the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语 语法要点： 1. 两个 "the" 都是副词，意为"越"，不是冠词 2. 前半句相当于一个条件状语从句（If we learn more...） 3. 后半句相当于主句（we will understand better...） 二、比较级修饰不同类型的内容 修饰对象 例子 动词 The more we learn, the better we understand 形容词 The busier he is, the happier he feels 副词 The more carefully you drive, the safer it will be 名词 The more books you read, the wider your knowledge 三、本句的逻辑还原 The more we learn... = If/When we learn more about...（条件） the better we understand... = then we will understand better...（结果） 【翻译技巧】 "The more..., the better..." 译为"越……就越……"。注意两个 "the" 都与比较级合译为"越"。本句的宾语从句中用 how 引导，译为"……是如何……的"。定语从句 "that affect..." 译为"影响着……的"。 【参考译文】 我们对生态系统内不同物种之间复杂的相互作用了解得越多，就越能理解即使一个物种的消失也会产生深远的后果，影响着整个生态平衡。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ "the + 比较级"中的 the 不是冠词，是副词，意为"越"。整个句型 "The + 比较级... , the + 比较级..." = "越……就越……"。注意：越是学术性文章，这个结构前后嵌套的成分就越复杂——先把两个 the 比较级找到，句子就通了一半！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第20句 No.20 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The impact of human activities on the environment is no longer a matter of debate, but the extent to which these activities have already caused irreversible damage is far greater than most people are willing to acknowledge. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 impact /ˈɪmpækt/ n. 影响，冲击。impact on（对……的影响）；have an impact on（对……有影响）。例：The new policy had a significant impact. environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ n. 环境。protect the environment（保护环境）。例：We need to take action to protect the environment. matter /ˈmætər/ n. 事情，问题。a matter of（……的问题）；as a matter of fact（事实上）。例：This is a matter of great importance. debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ n. 辩论，争论。a matter of debate（有争议的问题）；under debate（在辩论中）。例：The issue is still under debate. extent /ɪkˈstent/ n. 程度，范围。to some extent（在某种程度上）；the extent to which（……的程度）。例：To what extent can we trust the results? irreversible /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbəl/ adj. 不可逆转的。irreversible damage（不可逆转的损害）；irreversible change（不可逆转的变化）。例：Some environmental damage is irreversible. acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ v. 承认。acknowledge the fact（承认事实）；acknowledge one's mistake（承认错误）。例：He refused to acknowledge his mistake. 【句子解剖】 The impact of human activities on the environment is no longer a matter of debate, but the extent to which these activities have already caused irreversible damage is far greater than most people are willing to acknowledge. │ ├── [并列分句1] The impact of human activities on the environment is no longer a matter of debate │ ├── The impact：主语中心词 │ │ └── of human activities on the environment：介词短语作定语 │ ├── is：系动词 │ ├── no longer：时间状语（"不再"） │ └── a matter of debate：表语 │ ├── [并列连词] but（表转折） │ └── [并列分句2] the extent to which these activities have already caused irreversible damage is far greater than most people are willing to acknowledge ├── the extent：主语中心词 │ └── [定语从句] to which these activities have already caused irreversible damage │ ├── to which：关系代词+介词（= which...to，相当于that） │ ├── these activities：从句主语 │ ├── have already caused：谓语（现在完成时） │ └── irreversible damage：宾语 ├── is：系动词 └── [表语 + 比较结构] far greater than most people are willing to acknowledge ├── far greater：比较级 │ └── far：修饰比较级的程度副词（"……得多"） ├── than：比较连词 └── most people are willing to acknowledge：比较状语从句 └── (省略了宾语) what most people are willing to acknowledge 【语法精讲】 一、no longer...but... 的转折结构 "no longer a matter of debate, but..." = "不再是争议的问题，而是……"。前半句否定了一种情况，后半句用 but 引出新的关注点。 二、"the extent to which..." 结构 "the extent to which" = "在何种程度上"，是阅读中的高频结构。其中 "to which" 引导定语从句，修饰 extent： the extent to which + 完整从句 = "……的程度" People don't realize the extent to which the environment has been damaged. 类似结构：the degree to which..., the way in which..., the reason for which... 三、"greater than" 比较结构 "far greater than most people are willing to acknowledge"： - far = 程度修饰语（"……得多"） - greater = 比较级 - than = 比较连词 - 比较状语从句中省略了宾语（what）：than most people are willing to acknowledge what 【翻译技巧】 "no longer" 译为"不再"。"a matter of debate" 译为"有争议的问题"或"争论的问题"。"the extent to which" 译为"……的程度"。"irreversible damage" 译为"不可逆转的损害"。"far greater than" 译为"远比……大得多"。"acknowledge" 译为"承认"。 【参考译文】 人类活动对环境的影响已不再是一个有争议的问题，但这些活动已经造成不可逆转损害的程度，远比大多数人所愿意承认的要严重得多。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ "the extent/degree to which" 是介词+关系代词引导定语从句的特殊结构。阅读时可以将 "to which" 后的内容看作一个完整的句子，理解为 "which...to the extent"：activities have caused damage to the extent（活动造成了达到某种程度的损害）。理解这个结构的关键是把介词还原到从句中。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📌 并列结构与比较结构核心用法总结 语法点 结构/关键词 例句 并列连词 and（顺承/递进） A and B 并列连词 but/yet（转折） A, but B 平行对称 not only...but also... Not only A but also B 平行对称 neither...nor... / either...or... Neither A nor B 原级比较 as + 原级 + as as tall as me 比较级 比较级 + than better than before 最高级 the + 最高级 + 范围 the tallest in class 倍数表达 倍数 + as + 原级 + as twice as big as 倍数表达 倍数 + 比较级 + than three times bigger than 倍数表达 倍数 + the + 名词 + of twice the size of 越……越…… the + 比较级, the + 比较级 The more, the better 特殊比较 the extent/degree to which the extent to which... 比较级修饰语 far/much/a lot + 比较级 far greater than 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $