高考英语长难句60天打卡计划-第21-25天-非谓语动词2 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考非谓语动词中的分词考点，系统梳理现在分词、过去分词作定语/状语、独立主格结构及分词语态辨析等核心内容，按“基础用法—对比辨析—综合运用”逻辑分层，通过核心词汇解读、句子结构解剖、语法规则精讲、高考真题训练等环节，帮助学生构建分词用法知识网络，突破长难句理解与分析难点。 资料以历年高考真题为载体，创新采用“每日打卡+分层突破”模式，如通过“三步判断法”（逻辑主语—主被动—时间先后）和“分词定语位置口诀”等策略培养学生思维品质，结合翻译技巧指导提升语言能力，设置不同难度系数句子配合即时反馈，助力学生高效掌握考点，为教师精准把控复习节奏、提升备考效率提供有力支持。

高考英语长难句60天打卡计划 · 非谓语动词2：分词 本册聚焦分词（现在分词和过去分词） 的核心用法，包括分词作定语/状语、独立主格结构、分词语态辨析及综合运用。所有例句均来自历年高考真题。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 21 — 现在分词作定语和状语 第11句 No.11 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2020年全国卷I · 阅读理解C篇（约32词） 【原句】 The old professor walked slowly into the lecture hall, carrying a stack of research papers and smiling warmly at the students who had gathered there to listen to his insightful speech on modern literature. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 professor /prəˈfesə/ n. 教授。professor of / visiting professor / associate professor。例：He is a history professor. stack /stæk/ n. 堆，叠。a stack of / stack up / stack sth.。例：There is a stack of books on the desk. gather /ˈɡæðə/ v. 聚集，集合。gather around / gather together / gather information。例：The students gathered in the hall. insightful /ˈɪnsaɪtfʊl/ adj. 有洞察力的，深刻的。insightful analysis / insightful comment / insightful speech。例：She gave an insightful speech. literature /ˈlɪtrətʃə/ n. 文学。modern literature / English literature / literary。例：He studies Chinese literature. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The old professor walked slowly into the lecture hall, carrying a stack of research papers and smiling warmly at the students who had gathered there to listen to his insightful speech on modern literature. ├── 主语：The old professor ├── 谓语：walked（不及物动词） ├── 方式状语：slowly ├── 地点状语：into the lecture hall ├── [伴随状语①] 现在分词短语：carrying a stack of research papers │ ├── 分词核心：carrying（主动伴随，与walked同时发生） │ └── 宾语：a stack of research papers ├── 并列连词：and ├── [伴随状语②] 现在分词短语：smiling warmly at the students... │ ├── 分词核心：smiling（主动伴随） │ ├── 方式状语：warmly │ └── 介词宾语：the students │ └── [定语从句] who had gathered there to listen to his insightful speech... │ ├── 关系代词：who（指代students，作主语） │ ├── 谓语：had gathered（过去完成时，表示在walked之前已聚集） │ ├── 地点状语：there │ └── 目的状语：to listen to his insightful speech on modern literature │ ├── 不定式核心：to listen to │ └── 宾语：his insightful speech │ └── 定语：on modern literature（介词短语修饰speech） └── 整体：两个现在分词短语carrying...and smiling...并列，共同作伴随状语 【语法精讲】 一、现在分词作伴随状语的核心规则 现在分词作伴随状语表示与主句谓语动作同时发生的次要动作，描述主语做主要动作时的"伴随状态"。本句的核心就在于此：教授走进报告厅时，一边拿着论文（carrying），一边微笑（smiling）。 特征 说明 本句体现 时间关系 与谓语动作同时发生 walked与carrying/smiling同时 逻辑主语 与主句主语一致 都是the old professor 语法功能 描述伴随状态/方式 "拿着论文微笑着走进来" 可替换结构 and + 并列谓语 He walked...and carried...and smiled... 二、并列的现在分词作伴随状语 本句中两个现在分词短语由and连接，共同作伴随状语。这是高考阅读中常见的并列分词结构： walked..., carrying...and smiling... ↑ ↑ ↑ 主句谓语 分词① 分词② (and连接两个并列的分词) 三、现在分词伴随状语 vs 其他状语的区别 状语类型 与谓语的时间关系 位置 本句/例句 伴随状语（本句） 同时发生 常在句末 carrying..., smiling... 原因状语 先于谓语或同时 常在句首 Not knowing, he asked... 结果状语 后于谓语 句末 He dropped the cup, breaking it. 方式状语 同时发生 常在句末 He came running. 四、定语从句（who had gathered...）中的过去完成时 "who had gathered there"使用过去完成时（had + 过去分词），强调"学生们在教授走进来之前就已经聚集在那里了"。 时态 结构 用法 本句时间线 过去完成时 had + 过去分词 表示"过去的过去" gather → walk（先聚集，后走进） 一般过去时 过去式 表示过去发生 walked（走进） 时间顺序：学生们先聚集（had gathered）→ 教授后走进（walked）→ 同时拿着论文和微笑（carrying, smiling） 五、"不定式作目的状语"（to listen to...） "to listen to his insightful speech"是不定式短语作目的状语，说明学生们聚集在那里的目的。这是高考阅读中的高频结构。 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. 英语的现在分词作伴随状语（carrying..., smiling...）在翻译成汉语时，通常转换为并列的谓语结构："一手拿着一叠研究论文，一边微笑着……"。英语用分词表示"伴随"，汉语用"一边……一边……"或"……着……"来表达。 2. 定语从句"who had gathered there..."需要前置翻译，符合汉语"修饰语在前"的习惯："聚集在那里听他关于现代文学深刻演讲的学生们"。 3. "a stack of"译为"一叠"，"insightful"译为"富有洞察力的"或"深刻的"。 4. 过去完成时"had gathered"在汉语中可以通过"已经"或语境暗示时间先后关系。 【参考译文】 这位老教授慢慢地走进报告厅，一手拿着一叠研究论文，一边向聚集在那里听他关于现代文学的深刻演讲的学生们热情地微笑。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 伴随状语翻译口诀："分词伴随表同时，汉语常用并列式。'一边……一边……'或'……着……'，主次分明句意明。"语法填空中看到主谓结构完整、空格处需填动词且表伴随状态时，优先考虑用现在分词doing形式。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第12句 No.12 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 · 阅读理解B篇（约31词） 【原句】 The volunteers working tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area have won the admiration of local residents, who praise their selfless dedication and heroic efforts to help those affected by the terrible earthquake. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə/ n. 志愿者。volunteer work / volunteer to do / as a volunteer。例：Many volunteers helped in the rescue. tirelessly /ˈtaɪələsli/ adv. 不知疲倦地。work tirelessly / fight tirelessly。例：The doctor worked tirelessly. disaster-stricken /dɪˈzɑːstə ˌstrɪkən/ adj. 受灾的。disaster-stricken area / drought-stricken。例：The disaster-stricken area needs help. admiration /ˌædməˈreɪʃn/ n. 钦佩，赞赏。admiration for / in admiration / win admiration。例：She earned the admiration of everyone. dedication /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. n.。奉献， dedication to / with dedication / selfless dedication。例：His dedication to work is admirable. heroic /hɪˈrəʊɪk/ adj. 英勇的。heroic efforts / heroic deed / heroic spirit。例：The firefighters made heroic efforts. earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ n. 地震。earthquake-stricken / a powerful earthquake。例：The earthquake destroyed many houses. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The volunteers working tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area have won the admiration of local residents, who praise their selfless dedication and heroic efforts to help those affected by the terrible earthquake. ├── 主语：The volunteers │ └── [定语] 现在分词短语：working tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area │ ├── 分词核心：working（主动，volunteers主动"工作"） │ ├── 方式状语：tirelessly │ └── 地点状语：in the disaster-stricken area │ └── 复合形容词：disaster-stricken（过去分词构成的复合词） ├── 谓语：have won（现在完成时，强调已赢得） ├── 宾语：the admiration of local residents └── [定语从句] 非限制性定语从句：who praise their selfless dedication and heroic efforts to help those affected by the terrible earthquake ├── 关系代词：who（指代local residents，作主语） ├── 谓语：praise ├── 宾语：their selfless dedication and heroic efforts ├── 定语：to help those（不定式短语修饰efforts） │ └── 后置定语：affected by the terrible earthquake（过去分词短语修饰those） │ ├── 过去分词：affected（被动，those被"影响"） │ └── 动作发出者：by the terrible earthquake └── 整体：定语从句对local residents进行补充说明 【语法精讲】 一、现在分词短语作定语（后置）——本句核心 "working tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area"是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰volunteers，相当于定语从句"who work tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area"。 现在分词作后置定语的三大特征： 特征 说明 本句体现 主动关系 被修饰名词是分词动作的发出者 volunteers主动"工作" 进行含义 动作正在进行或一般状态 志愿者"正在"或"经常"工作 可改写从句 可改写为定语从句 = volunteers who work tirelessly... 二、现在分词定语（后置）vs 单个分词（前置）对比 形式 位置 构成 含义 例句 单个分词 名词前 单个doing 特征/状态 a sleeping baby（熟睡的宝宝） 分词短语（本句） 名词后 doing + 修饰语 具体描述 volunteers working tirelessly... 定语从句 名词后 关系代词+句子 具体描述 volunteers who work tirelessly... 关键规律：单个分词放在名词前，分词短语（分词+宾语/状语）放在名词后，这就是"分词作定语，位置看长短"的口诀来源。 三、过去分词构成的复合形容词（disaster-stricken） "disaster-stricken"是由"名词 + 过去分词"构成的复合形容词，属于高考中词汇量扩展的重要方向。 常见"名词 + 过去分词"复合形容词： 复合词 结构 含义 disaster-stricken 名词 + struck的过去分词 遭受灾难的 snow-covered 名词 + cover的过去分词 被雪覆盖的 heart-broken 名词 + break的过去分词 心碎的 man-made 名词 + make的过去分词 人造的 state-owned 名词 + own的过去分词 国有的 四、过去分词作后置定语（those affected by...） "affected by the terrible earthquake"是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰those（那些人），相当于"those who were affected...". 现在分词定语 vs 过去分词定语对比： 分词类型 语态 本句位置 定语从句等价 working（现在分词） 主动 修饰volunteers who work tirelessly affected（过去分词） 被动 修饰those who were affected by... 五、非限制性定语从句（who praise...）的补充功能 "who praise their selfless dedication and heroic efforts..."是非限制性定语从句，对local residents进行补充说明。它有两个特点： 1. 用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词用who（不能用that） 2. 它的作用是补充额外信息——"当地居民赞扬他们的奉献和努力" 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. 现在分词短语"working tirelessly in the disaster-stricken area"作后置定语，翻译为汉语时需要前置："在灾区不知疲倦地工作的志愿者们"。 2. "disaster-stricken area"译为"受灾地区"或"灾区"。 3. 定语从句"who praise..."较长，可以拆分为独立句子来翻译："当地居民高度赞扬他们无私的奉献和英勇的努力"。 4. "those affected by the terrible earthquake"中的"affected"是过去分词定语，译为"受到可怕地震影响的人们"。"those affected"的"affected"可以译为"受灾的"。 【参考译文】 在灾区不知疲倦地工作的志愿者们赢得了当地居民的钦佩，当地居民赞扬他们无私的奉献和帮助可怕地震受灾者的英勇努力。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 分词定语位置判断口诀："分词作定语，位置看长短；单个放名前，短语放名后。"语法填空中看到"名词 + 空（填动词）"作定语修饰名词时，先判断名词与动词的主被动关系——主动用doing（相当于定语从句的主动语态），被动用done（相当于定语从句的被动语态）。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 22 — 过去分词作定语和状语 第13句 No.13 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年全国乙卷 · 阅读理解D篇（约32词） 【原句】 The study, conducted by a team of researchers from several leading universities, examined the long-term effects of social media usage on teenagers and found a strong correlation between excessive screen time and sleep disorders. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. 进行，实施。conduct a study / conduct an experiment / conduct research。例：They conducted a survey on student habits. researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə/ n. 研究人员。a team of researchers / lead researcher。例：The researchers published their findings. leading /ˈliːdɪŋ/ adj. 领先的，主要的。leading university / leading role / leading expert。例：She attended a leading university. effect /ɪˈfekt/ n. 效果，影响。effect on / side effect / long-term effect。例：This medicine has side effects. correlation /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/ n. 相关性。correlation between A and B / strong correlation。例：There is a correlation between diet and health. excessive /ɪkˈsesɪv/ adj. 过度的，过多的。excessive use / excessive drinking / excessive speed。例：Excessive screen time is harmful to eyes. disorder /dɪsˈɔːdə/ n. 失调，紊乱。sleep disorder / eating disorder / mental disorder。例：He suffers from a sleep disorder. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The study, conducted by a team of researchers from several leading universities, examined the long-term effects of social media usage on teenagers and found a strong correlation between excessive screen time and sleep disorders. ├── 主语：The study │ └── [定语] 过去分词短语：conducted by a team of researchers from several │ leading universities（修饰The study） │ ├── 过去分词核心：conducted（被动，study被"进行"） │ ├── 动作发出者：by a team of researchers │ │ └── 定语：from several leading universities（介词短语修饰researchers） │ └── 整体：相当于定语从句"which was conducted by..." │ ├── 并列谓语①：examined │ └── 宾语：the long-term effects of social media usage on teenagers │ ├── 核心名词：effects │ ├── 定语：of social media usage（修饰effects） │ └── 状语：on teenagers（说明对谁的影响） │ ├── 并列连词：and │ └── 并列谓语②：found └── 宾语：a strong correlation between excessive screen time and sleep disorders ├── 核心名词：correlation └── 定语：between excessive screen time and sleep disorders 【语法精讲】 一、过去分词短语作后置定语——本句核心 "conducted by a team of researchers from several leading universities"是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰主语The study，相当于定语从句"which was conducted by..."。 过去分词作定语的语义特征： 特征 说明 本句体现 被动关系 被修饰名词是分词动作的承受者 study被"conduct" 完成含义 动作已经完成 研究已经被执行 可改写从句 = which was conducted by... 被动语态的定语从句 二、过去分词定语（本句）vs 现在分词定语对比 对比项 现在分词作定语（doing） 过去分词作定语（done） 语态 主动关系 被动关系 时间 正在进行/一般状态 已经完成 本句 — conducted study = study that was conducted 对比例句 a leading university（领先的大学） a study conducted by...（被进行的研究） 三、插入语式的过去分词定语（用逗号隔开） 本句中"conducted by..."用逗号与主语隔开，形成一种类似非限制性定语的插入效果。这与不用逗号的情况有细微差别： 形式 示例 功能 有逗号隔开（本句） The study, conducted by... , examined... 补充说明，非限定，去掉后主句信息完整 无逗号隔开 The study conducted by... examined... 限定范围，指明是"哪一个"研究 四、并列谓语结构（examined...and found...） 本句主语The study后接两个并列谓语：examined和found，由and连接。这种"主语 + 谓语① + 宾语① + and + 谓语② + 宾语②"的结构在高考阅读中非常常见。 五、核心学术词汇搭配关联图 social media usage（社交媒体使用） ↓（影响） long-term effects（长期影响） ↓（对象） on teenagers（对青少年） ↓（发现） a strong correlation（强相关性） ↓（关联对象） between excessive screen time（过度屏幕时间） and sleep disorders（睡眠失调） 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. 过去分词定语"conducted by..."在汉语中需要前置翻译："由几所顶尖大学的研究团队进行的一项研究"，有逗号时可以译为"这项由……进行的研究"。 2. "from several leading universities"修饰researchers，译为"来自几所顶尖大学"。 3. "examined"和"found"是并列谓语，汉语需要体现并列关系："考察了……并发现了……"。 4. "a strong correlation between A and B"译为"A与B之间的强相关性"或"A和B密切相关"。 5. 整句为学术类说明文风格，翻译要保持客观严谨的语气。 【参考译文】 这项由来自几所顶尖大学的研究团队进行的研究，考察了社交媒体使用对青少年的长期影响，并发现了过度屏幕时间与睡眠失调之间的强相关性。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 过去分词定语做题法："看到名词后有空格填动词，先看名词与动词的关系——被动（被……的）用done，主动（……的）用doing。有逗号隔开时，相当于非限制性定语从句，但语法填空规则不变：被动用done。" —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第14句 No.14 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2017年全国卷II · 语法填空（约33词） 【原句】 Encouraged by the positive feedback from the audience, the young writer decided to publish more of his short stories in a well-known literary magazine, hoping to share his unique perspective on life with a wider readership. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ v. 鼓励。encourage sb. to do / be encouraged by / encouraging。例：She encouraged me to try again. feedback /ˈfiːdbæk/ n. 反馈。positive feedback / feedback from / give feedback。例：The teacher gave us feedback on our essays. audience /ˈɔːdiəns/ n. 观众，听众。target audience / audience member / in the audience。例：The audience clapped loudly. perspective /pəˈspektɪv/ n. 视角，观点。perspective on / from one's perspective / a new perspective。例：This book offers a new perspective on history. readership /ˈriːdəʃɪp/ n. 读者群，读者人数。a wide readership / target readership / among the readership。例：The magazine has a large readership. well-known /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/ adj. 著名的。well-known for / well-known as / a well-known writer。例：He is a well-known scientist. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Encouraged by the positive feedback from the audience, the young writer decided to publish more of his short stories in a well-known literary magazine, hoping to share his unique perspective on life with a wider readership. ├── [原因状语] 过去分词短语：Encouraged by the positive feedback from the audience │ ├── 过去分词核心：Encouraged（被动，writer被"鼓励"） │ ├── 动作发出者：by the positive feedback │ │ └── 定语：from the audience（介词短语修饰feedback） │ └── 整体：相当于原因状语从句"Because he was encouraged by..." │ ├── 主语：the young writer ├── 谓语：decided ├── 宾语：to publish more of his short stories in a well-known literary magazine │ ├── 不定式核心：to publish │ ├── 宾语：more of his short stories │ └── 地点状语：in a well-known literary magazine │ └── 复合形容词：well-known（well + known过去分词） │ └── [伴随/目的状语] 现在分词短语：hoping to share his unique perspective on life with a wider readership ├── 分词核心：hoping（主动伴随，writer希望） └── 宾语：to share his unique perspective on life with a wider readership ├── 不定式核心：to share ├── 宾语：his unique perspective on life └── 状语：with a wider readership（与……分享） 【语法精讲】 一、过去分词作原因状语——本句核心 "Encouraged by..."是过去分词短语作原因状语，说明the young writer决定发表更多作品的原因是"受到了积极反馈的鼓励"。 过去分词作状语的核心规则： 要求 说明 本句判断 逻辑主语=主句主语 分词动作的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致 Encouraged的主语=writer 被动关系 逻辑主语与分词是被动关系 writer被鼓励 → 用过去分词 与谓语的时间关系 先于或同时于谓语 被鼓励（原因）→ 决定（结果） 二、原因状语（过去分词）vs 伴随状语（现在分词）——本句同时包含 状语类型 位置 分词形式 含义 替换从句 原因状语 句首 Encouraged（过去分词） 因为被鼓励 Because he was encouraged by... 伴随/目的状语 句末 hoping（现在分词） 同时希望/目的是希望 and hoped to... / in order to share... 三、过去分词作状语的四种语义类型 过去分词作状语可以根据语境表达不同含义，高考中需要根据上下文判断： 语义类型 判断方法 例句 原因（本句） 分词动作是主句动作的原因 Encouraged by the news, he smiled. 时间 分词动作发生在主句之前或同时 Asked about his plan, he kept silent. 条件 分词动作是主句的条件 Given more time, I would do better. 让步 分词动作与主句有转折关系 Exhausted, he still kept working. 四、well-known——副词+过去分词构成的复合形容词 "well-known"是由"副词(well) + 过去分词(known)"构成的复合形容词，类似的还有： 复合形容词 构成 含义 well-known well + known 众所周知的 newly-built newly + built 新建的 highly-educated highly + educated 受过高等教育的 widely-used widely + used 广泛使用的 deeply-moved deeply + moved 深受感动的 五、不定式短语（to publish...）作decided的宾语 decide后接不定式作宾语，这是decide的固定搭配：decide to do sth.（决定做某事）。 decide的三种常见结构： 结构 例句 decide to do（本句） He decided to publish his stories. decide + that从句 He decided that he would publish. decide + 疑问词+to do He decided where to publish. 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. 句首过去分词短语"Encouraged by..."表示原因，翻译为"受到……的鼓励"或"在……的鼓舞下"，用"受到……"体现被动含义。 2. "the positive feedback from the audience"译为"来自观众的积极反馈"。 3. "in a well-known literary magazine"译为"在一家知名的文学杂志上"。 4. "hoping to share..."可以译为"希望能够……"或"以期……"。 5. "with a wider readership"中的"wider"是比较级，译为"更广泛的读者群"。 6. 整句的因果逻辑要清晰：受到鼓励 → 决定发表 → 希望分享。 【参考译文】 受到来自观众的积极反馈的鼓舞，这位年轻作家决定在一家知名的文学杂志上发表更多短篇小说，希望能够与更广泛的读者群分享他对生活的独特视角。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 过去分词作状语判断口诀："过去分词作状语，逻辑主语看主句；主被动关系要分清，被动就用done形式；时间先后不混淆，原因条件看语境。"语法填空中遇到句首动词填空且与主语是被动关系时，填过去分词。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 23 — 分词的独立主格结构 第15句 No.15 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2020年新高考I卷 · 阅读理解C篇（约28词） 【原句】 With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared, the research team set out on their expedition to the remote mountain region, where few scientists had ever set foot before. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ n. 设备（不可数）。a piece of equipment / sports equipment / lab equipment。例：The laboratory has modern equipment. check /tʃek/ v. 检查，核对。check sth. / check in / check out。例：Please check your answers before handing in. prepare /prɪˈpeə/ v. 准备。prepare for / prepare sth. / be prepared。例：She prepared for the exam carefully. expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ n. 探险，远征。on an expedition / set out on an expedition / a scientific expedition。例：They went on a mountain expedition. remote /rɪˈməʊt/ adj. 偏远的，遥远的。remote area / remote control / remote village。例：The village is very remote. set foot /set fʊt/ 短语 踏上，进入。set foot on / set foot in / never set foot。例：He has never set foot in that city. 【句子解剖】 [主句] With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared, the research team set out on their expedition to the remote mountain region, where few scientists had ever set foot before. ├── [独立主格] with结构：With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared │ ├── 引导词：With │ ├── 宾语（逻辑主语）：all the necessary equipment │ ├── 状语：finally │ └── 并列宾补（过去分词）：checked and prepared │ ├── checked：过去分词（equipment被检查） │ ├── 并列连词：and │ └── prepared：过去分词（equipment被准备好） │ └── 整体功能：表示"所有设备被检查并准备好之后"（时间/条件） │ ├── 主句：the research team set out on their expedition to the remote mountain region │ ├── 主语：the research team │ ├── 谓语：set out（出发，启程） │ ├── 宾语：on their expedition（在……的远征中） │ └── 定语：to the remote mountain region（介词短语修饰expedition） │ └── [定语从句] 非限制性定语从句：where few scientists had ever set foot before ├── 关系副词：where（在从句中作地点状语，= in the region） ├── 主语：few scientists ├── 谓语：had set foot（过去完成时，意为"踏上/进入"） ├── 状语：ever └── 时间状语：before 【语法精讲】 一、"with + 宾语 + 过去分词"独立主格——本句核心 "With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared"这个结构中，checked and prepared是过去分词作宾补，与宾语equipment之间是被动关系（设备被检查和被准备）。 "with + 宾语 + 宾补"的五种形式回顾： 宾补形式 语态/时间 含义 例句 done（本句） 被动/完成 ……被……了 With the equipment checked, they set off. doing 主动/进行 ……正在…… With the guide leading, we moved forward. to do 主动/将来 ……有待…… With a lot of work to do, he stayed up. 介词短语 状态描述 处于……状态 With a map in his hand, he walked. 形容词/副词 状态描述 ……处于…… With the door open, he left. 二、本句独立主格的语义功能——时间/条件状语 本句"With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared"在句中起时间/条件状语的作用，相当于： - 时间：After all the necessary equipment was finally checked and prepared - 条件：Once all the necessary equipment was finally checked and prepared 三、独立主格 vs 分词作状语——主语一致性对比 结构 逻辑主语 主句主语 例句 独立主格（本句） the equipment the research team equipment（被检查）≠ research team（出发）→ 主语不一致 分词作状语 = 主句主语 = 分词主语 Checked carefully, the equipment worked well. 判断原则：当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，必须用独立主格结构。本句中"设备被检查"（equipment）≠ "研究团队出发"（team），两个主语不同，所以必须用with独立主格。 四、过去完成时（had ever set foot） "where few scientists had ever set foot before"中使用了过去完成时（had ever set foot），强调"在队伍出发之前，很少有科学家到过那里"。 时态 时间参照点 说明 set out（一般过去） 句子所述时间 队伍出发 had set foot（过去完成） set out之前 之前的状况：很少有人到过 综合理解 过去的过去 先前的状况 → 队伍出发 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "With all the necessary equipment finally checked and prepared"作为独立主格，表示时间/条件，翻译为"在所有必需的设备都最终检查准备好之后"。 2. 英汉差异：英语的with独立主格结构在汉语中通常转化为"在……之后""随着……"或"……了，……"的句式。 3. "set out on their expedition to..."译为"出发前往……进行探险"。 4. 定语从句"where few scientists had ever set foot before"作为补充信息，翻译为"那里很少有科学家之前涉足过"。 5. "had ever set foot before"中的"ever"和"before"强调"此前从未"，翻译为"鲜有"或"很少有……过"。 【参考译文】 在所有必需的设备都最终检查准备好之后，研究团队出发前往偏远的山区进行探险，那里很少有科学家此前涉足过。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ with独立主格判断方法："看到with + 名词 + 空（填动词），先看名词与动词的主被动——主动用doing，被动用done，将来未做用to do。"口诀："with结构看宾补，主动进行doing，被动完成用done，将来未做to do。"语法填空中with结构后填非谓语题，考频极高！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第16句 No.16 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2016年浙江卷 · 阅读理解C篇（约25词） 【原句】 The task finished ahead of schedule, the construction workers were allowed to take a well-deserved break before starting on the next project assigned by the company manager. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 task /tɑːsk/ n. 任务。finish a task / carry out a task / task force。例：The task was completed on time. ahead of schedule /əˈhed əv ˈʃedjuːl/ 短语 提前。ahead of schedule / behind schedule / on schedule。例：The project was finished ahead of schedule. well-deserved /ˌwel dɪˈzɜːvd/ adj. 应得的。a well-deserved rest / a well-deserved victory。例：After hard work, he took a well-deserved rest. project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ n. 项目，工程。project manager / on a project / start a project。例：They are working on a new project. assign /əˈsaɪn/ v. 分配，指派。assign sth. to sb. / be assigned to / assign a task。例：The teacher assigned homework to the class. manager /ˈmænɪdʒə/ n. 经理。general manager / project manager / company manager。例：The manager approved the plan. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The task finished ahead of schedule, the construction workers were allowed to take a well-deserved break before starting on the next project assigned by the company manager. ├── [独立主格] 非with独立主格：The task finished ahead of schedule │ ├── 逻辑主语：The task │ └── 逻辑谓语（过去分词）：finished ahead of schedule │ ├── 过去分词：finished（被动，task被完成） │ └── 时间状语：ahead of schedule（提前） │ └── 功能：时间状语，表示"任务提前完成之后" │ └── 相当于时间状语从句：After the task was finished ahead of schedule │ ├── 主句：the construction workers were allowed to take a well-deserved break before │ starting on the next project assigned by the company manager │ ├── 主语：the construction workers │ ├── 谓语：were allowed（一般过去被动语态——"被允许"） │ ├── 主语补足语：to take a well-deserved break │ │ ├── 不定式核心：to take │ │ ├── 宾语：a well-deserved break │ │ └── 复合形容词：well-deserved（well + deserved） │ └── 时间状语：before starting on the next project assigned by the company manager │ ├── 介词：before │ └── 介词宾语：starting on the next project │ ├── 动名词核心：starting on │ └── 宾语：the next project │ └── [定语] 过去分词短语：assigned by the company manager │ ├── 过去分词：assigned（被动，project被分配） │ └── 动作发出者：by the company manager └── 整体：独立主格 + 被动主句 + 时间状语从句（动名词形式） 【语法精讲】 一、非with独立主格结构——本句核心 "The task finished ahead of schedule"是一个不带with的独立主格结构（也称为"绝对结构"），由"名词/代词 + 过去分词"构成。 独立主格结构的两种主要形式： 类型 结构 本句类型 例句 with独立主格 With + 宾语 + 宾补 —（Day21已学） With the work done, he left. 非with独立主格（本句） 名词 + 过去分词 The task finished The work done, he left. 二、非with独立主格的六种常见结构 结构 逻辑谓语形式 例句 名词+过去分词 done（被动/完成） The task finished, we went home. 名词+现在分词 doing（主动/进行） Time permitting, we will stay. 名词+不定式 to do（将来） Many tasks to finish, I must hurry. 名词+形容词 adj.（状态） The door open, he entered. 名词+副词 adv.（状态） The meeting over, we left. 名词+介词短语 prep. phrase（状态） The book in hand, he walked in. 三、with独立主格 vs 非with独立主格对比 对比项 with独立主格 非with独立主格（本句） 引导词 有with 无引导词 正式程度 较口语化，更常用 更正式，更书面化 语法功能 状语（时间/原因/条件/伴随） 状语（时间/原因/条件） 本句 — The task finished... 同义改写 With the task finished... The task finished... 四、well-deserved——形容词中的"副词+过去分词" "well-deserved"和上一课的"well-known"一样，是"副词+过去分词"构成的复合形容词： - well + deserved = 当之无愧的，应得的 - well-deserved rest = 应得的休息 - well-deserved victory = 应得的胜利 五、before + 动名词（starting on...） "before starting on the next project"中，before是介词，后接动名词starting。这是高考中的高频结构。 介词 后接形式 例句 before doing Wash your hands before eating. after doing He went home after finishing the work. without doing He left without saying goodbye. 六、过去分词短语作后置定语（assigned by...） "assigned by the company manager"是过去分词短语修饰project，相当于"which was assigned by the company manager"。 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "The task finished ahead of schedule"是非with独立主格，表示时间，翻译为"任务提前完成后"。 2. 英汉差异：英语的独立主格（用一个名词+分词短语压缩信息），汉语通常转化为"在……之后"或"……之后，……"的时间状语从句。 3. "were allowed to take a well-deserved break"中的被动语态，汉语可以用主动语态表达："获得了应得的休息"或"被允许休息"。"well-deserved"译为"应得的"。 4. "before starting on the next project..."译为"在开始下一个项目之前"。 5. "assigned by the company manager"作后置定语修饰project，译为"由公司经理分配的"。 【参考译文】 任务提前完成后，建筑工人们被允许在开始下一个由公司经理分配的项目之前，享受一次应得的休息。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 独立主格状语识别方法："句中两个主语，两个动作，之间没连词——很可能是独立主格。"判断标准：第一个主语（逻辑主语）+ 非谓语动词/形容词/副词 + 逗号 + 主句（独立主语+谓语）。口诀："主主不一致用独立格，逗号连接不用连词。" —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 24 — 非谓语动词的逻辑主语与语态 第17句 No.17 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年全国甲卷 · 阅读理解C篇（约32词） 【原句】 Having spent most of their lives living in the same neighborhood, the elderly residents found it difficult to adapt to the rapid changes brought about by urbanization, which completely transformed the landscape of their community. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 elderly /ˈeldəli/ adj. 年老的，上了年纪的。elderly people / elderly residents / the elderly。例：The elderly need special care. resident /ˈrezɪdənt/ n. 居民。local resident / resident of / permanent resident。例：The local residents complained about the noise. adapt /əˈdæpt/ v. 适应。adapt to / adapt oneself to / adapt to change。例：It took her a long time to adapt to the new environment. urbanization /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 城市化。rapid urbanization / the process of urbanization。例：Urbanization has changed the city's landscape. transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ v. 改变，转变。transform into / transform sth. / completely transform。例：The new policy transformed the economy. landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/ n. 景观，风景。landscape of / urban landscape / change the landscape。例：The landscape has changed greatly. community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 社区，团体。local community / community center / community service。例：She is well-known in the community. 【句子解剖】 [复合句] Having spent most of their lives living in the same neighborhood, the elderly residents found it difficult to adapt to the rapid changes brought about by urbanization, which completely transformed the landscape of their community. ├── [原因/时间状语] 现在分词完成式短语：Having spent most of their lives living in │ the same neighborhood │ ├── 完成式核心：Having spent（强调"花费"发生在"发现"之前） │ ├── 宾语：most of their lives │ └── 状语：living in the same neighborhood（现在分词作方式状语） │ └── 功能：表示"以居住在同一个街区的方式度过了一生" │ ├── 主句：the elderly residents found it difficult to adapt to the rapid changes │ brought about by urbanization │ ├── 主语：the elderly residents │ ├── 谓语：found │ ├── 形式宾语：it（指代后面的to adapt to...） │ ├── 宾补：difficult │ ├── 真正宾语：to adapt to the rapid changes │ │ └── [定语] 过去分词短语：brought about by urbanization │ │ ├── 过去分词：brought about（带来，引起） │ │ └── 动作发出者：by urbanization │ └── 结构：find + it + adj. + to do（"发现做某事……"） │ └── [定语从句] 非限制性定语从句：which completely transformed the landscape of their community ├── 关系代词：which（指代urbanization，作主语） ├── 状语：completely ├── 谓语：transformed └── 宾语：the landscape of their community 【语法精讲】 一、现在分词完成式（Having spent）——本句核心 "Having spent..."是现在分词的完成式，强调"花费时间"这个动作先于主句谓语"found"发生。 现在分词三种形式的对比： 形式 构成 本句举例 时间关系 替换的从句 一般式 doing spending 与谓语同时/一般 While they spent... 完成式（本句） having done Having spent 明显先于谓语 After they had spent... 完成被动式 having been done having been spent 被动+先于谓语 After they had been spent 本句的时间线： spent（度过一生）→ found（发现困难）→ transformed（改变景观） ↑ ↑ ↑ 完成式 主句谓语 定语从句 （先发生） （后发生） （再后/同时） 二、"find + it + adj. + to do"句型 本句中"found it difficult to adapt to the rapid changes"是高考高频句型： found + it + difficult + to adapt to... ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 谓语 形式宾语 宾补 真正宾语 同类动词扩展： 动词 句型 例句 find（本句） find it + adj. + to do I find it hard to believe. make make it + adj. + to do The app makes it easy to learn. consider consider it + adj. + to do I consider it important to exercise. think think it + adj. + to do I think it necessary to go. 三、过去分词短语作后置定语（brought about by urbanization） "brought about by urbanization"是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰changes。其中"brought about"是及物动词短语，意为"带来、引起"。 - changes = 变化 - brought about by urbanization = 由城市化带来的（变化） - 相当于定语从句：which were brought about by urbanization 四、非限制性定语从句（which completely transformed...） which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰urbanization（城市化），对其进行补充说明： - which指代urbanization - 从句说明"城市化完全改变了社区的景观" 五、现在分词作方式状语（living in...） "living in the same neighborhood"是现在分词短语作方式状语，修饰前面"spent most of their lives"这个动作，表示"以居住在同一个街区的方式"度过了一生。 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "Having spent most of their lives living in the same neighborhood"是完成式分词状语，表示原因/时间，翻译为"由于一生大部分时间都住在同一个街区"或"在同一条街区住了一辈子后"。 2. "the elderly residents"译为"老年居民"或"上了年纪的居民们"。 3. "found it difficult to adapt to..."中的"it"是形式宾语，翻译时不需要译出，直接说"发现很难适应……"。 4. "brought about by urbanization"作后置定语修饰changes，翻译时前置："城市化带来的快速变化"。 5. 定语从句"which completely transformed..."可以单独翻译为一个句子："城市化彻底改变了他们社区的面貌"。 6. 整句的因果逻辑：住了一辈子（原因）→ 难以适应变化（结果）。 【参考译文】 由于一生大部分时间都住在同一个街区，这些老年居民发现很难适应城市化带来的快速变化，城市化彻底改变了他们社区的面貌。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ having done的判断方法："看到非谓语动作明显早于谓语动词，且与主语是主动关系 → 用having done。"注意区别：如果与主语是被动关系，则用having been done。口诀："分词有先后，完成式跟上；主动having done，被动having been done。" —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第18句 No.18 | 难度系数：★★★★★ | 来源：2019年北京卷 · 阅读理解C篇（约32词） 【原句】 Having been raised in a family of musicians, she developed a deep appreciation for classical music at a very young age and went on to become one of the most celebrated pianists of her generation. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 raise /reɪz/ v. 抚养，养育。be raised in / raise a child / raise a family。例：She was raised in a small town. musician /mjuˈzɪʃn/ n. 音乐家。a family of musicians / professional musician。例：Her father is a famous musician. appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. 欣赏，感激。appreciation for / in appreciation of / deep appreciation。例：She has a deep appreciation for art. classical /ˈklæsɪkl/ adj. 古典的。classical music / classical literature / classical art。例：He enjoys listening to classical music. celebrated /ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/ adj. 著名的，驰名的。a celebrated pianist / celebrated for / most celebrated。例：She is one of the most celebrated artists. generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/ n. 一代人。of one's generation / the younger generation / generation gap。例：She is the best writer of her generation. 【句子解剖】 [简单句] Having been raised in a family of musicians, she developed a deep appreciation for classical music at a very young age and went on to become one of the most celebrated pianists of her generation. ├── [原因状语] 现在分词完成被动式：Having been raised in a family of musicians │ ├── 完成被动式核心：Having been raised │ │ ├── having → 完成（先于主句谓语发生） │ │ ├── been raised → 被动（she被"抚养"） │ │ └── 综合："（因为）从小在……被抚养长大" │ └── 地点状语：in a family of musicians │ └── 相当于原因状语从句：Because she had been raised in a family of musicians │ ├── 主语：she │ ├── 并列谓语①：developed │ ├── 宾语：a deep appreciation for classical music │ │ ├── 核心名词：appreciation │ │ └── 定语：for classical music（介词短语修饰appreciation） │ └── 时间状语：at a very young age │ ├── 并列连词：and │ └── 并列谓语②：went on to become one of the most celebrated pianists of her generation ├── 谓语：went on（继续，接着） └── 宾语：to become one of the most celebrated pianists of her generation ├── 不定式核心：to become └── 表语：one of the most celebrated pianists └── 定语：of her generation（介词短语修饰pianists） 【语法精讲】 一、现在分词完成被动式（Having been raised）——本课最大难点 "Having been raised"是现在分词中最复杂的形式，同时包含了完成时态和被动语态。 结构拆解： Having been raised ↑ ↑ ↑ 完成式 被动语态 raise的过去分词 现在分词四种形式的综合对比： 语态 时态 形式 结构拆解 本句/例句 主动 一般式 doing — Developing skills takes time. 主动 完成式 having done having + done Having raised children, she understood. 被动 一般式 being done being + done Being raised properly matters. 被动 完成式（本句） having been done having + been + done Having been raised in a musical family... 二、完成被动式的语境判断（高考解题三步法） 步骤 操作 本句应用 第一步：找逻辑主语 找到分词所描述动作的发出/承受者 she（她） 第二步：判语态 主语与分词的关系 she与raise = 她被抚养 → 被动 第三步：看时间 分词动作与谓语的时间先后 raised发生在developed之前 → 完成 结论 被动+完成 → having been raised ✓ 三、并列谓语结构（developed...and went on to become...） 主语she后面跟了两个并列的谓语： 1. developed a deep appreciation for classical music（发展了对古典音乐的浓厚兴趣） 2. went on to become one of the most celebrated pianists（接着成为了最著名的钢琴家之一） 这两者有时间上的顺承关系：先培养兴趣 → 然后成为钢琴家。 四、"one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词"结构 "one of the most celebrated pianists"是"one of + the + 最高级 + 可数名词复数"结构，意为"最……的……之一"。 结构要素 本句应用 说明 one of one of ……之一 the + 最高级 the most celebrated 最著名的 复数名词 pianists 必须用复数 修饰语 of her generation 她这一代的 其他例子：one of the most important issues, one of the best students. 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "Having been raised in a family of musicians"中的完成被动式，汉语习惯用主动语态表达："从小在一个音乐世家长大"或"出身于音乐世家"。"having been raised"体现了"被抚养长大"且"发生在培养兴趣之前"，汉语中可以用"由于从小……"体现因果关系和先时性。 2. "developed a deep appreciation for classical music"译为"对古典音乐产生了浓厚的兴趣"。"appreciation"在这里是"欣赏/喜爱"的意思。 3. "at a very young age"译为"在很小的时候"。 4. "went on to become"体现了时间上的递进关系，译为"接着成为了"或"后来成为"。 5. "one of the most celebrated pianists of her generation"译为"她这一代最著名的钢琴家之一"。 【参考译文】 由于从小在一个音乐世家长大，她在很小的时候就对古典音乐产生了浓厚的兴趣，并成为了她这一代最著名的钢琴家之一。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ having been done 四字拆解法："先看主被动——主语与分词的关系，被动用been；再看时间先后——先于谓语用having。"合起来就是having been done。口诀："完成被动咋判断？先想语态后时间；被动加完成，having been done在前。"语法填空中遇到这种情况，要同时考虑时态和语态两层含义！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 25 — 非谓语动词综合 第19句 No.19 | 难度系数：★★★★★ | 来源：2022年浙江卷 · 阅读理解C篇（约34词） 【原句】 Born into a poor family in a small village, the famous writer had spent years educating himself by reading every book he could get, and his first novel, published when he was forty, became an instant bestseller. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 born /bɔːn/ v. 出生（bear的过去分词）。be born into / be born in / be born with。例：She was born into a rich family. spend /spend/ v. 花费（时间/金钱）。spend time (in) doing / spend money on。例：He spent hours reading books. educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ v. 教育。educate oneself / be educated at / educate sb.。例：He educated himself through reading. novel /ˈnɒvl/ n. 小说。first novel / write a novel / a best-selling novel。例：Her first novel was a great success. publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v. 出版，发表。be published / publish a book / publishing house。例：The book was published in 2020. instant /ˈɪnstənt/ adj. 立即的，即时的。instant success / instant bestseller / instant noodle。例：The movie was an instant hit. bestseller /ˌbestˈselə/ n. 畅销书。become a bestseller / bestseller list / a best-selling author。例：The novel became a bestseller. 【句子解剖】 [并列复合句] Born into a poor family in a small village, the famous writer had spent years educating himself by reading every book he could get, and his first novel, published when he was forty, became an instant bestseller. ├── [让步/原因状语] 过去分词短语：Born into a poor family in a small village │ ├── 过去分词核心：Born（被动，writer被"生"在贫困家庭） │ ├── 地点状语①：into a poor family │ └── 地点状语②：in a small village │ ├── 分句①：the famous writer had spent years educating himself by reading every book │ he could get │ ├── 主语：the famous writer │ ├── 谓语：had spent（过去完成时，强调在became之前已花费多年） │ ├── 宾语：years │ ├── 状语：educating himself（现在分词作方式状语） │ │ └── 方式状语：by reading every book he could get │ │ ├── 动名词核心：reading │ │ ├── 宾语：every book │ │ └── [定语从句] 省略关系代词的定语从句：(that) he could get │ └── 结构：spend + 时间 + (in) + doing │ ├── 并列连词：and │ └── 分句②：his first novel, published when he was forty, became an instant bestseller ├── 主语：his first novel │ └── [定语] 过去分词短语：published when he was forty（插入语） │ ├── 过去分词核心：published（被动，novel被出版） │ └── 时间状语从句：when he was forty │ └── 主谓结构：he was forty ├── 谓语：became（系动词） └── 表语：an instant bestseller 【语法精讲】 一、三种非谓语的综合运用——分词+不定式+动名词 本句集中考查了三种非谓语动词形式： 非谓语形式 位置 功能 说明 过去分词（Born） 句首 让步/原因状语 表示"虽然出身贫困"或"因为出身贫困" 现在分词（educating） 谓语后 方式状语 与spend搭配：spend time doing 动名词（reading） 介词后 介词宾语 by + doing（通过……的方式） 过去分词（published） 插入语 后置定语 修饰novel，表被动和完成 二、spend + time + (in) + doing——高考高频句型 "had spent years educating himself"中，spend后接时间段+现在分词（或动名词，现代语法中统称为-ing形式），表示"花费时间做某事"。 结构 例句 说明 spend + 时间 + doing（本句） He spent years educating himself. 花时间做某事 spend + 金钱 + on sth. She spent all her money on books. 花钱在某物上 spend + 时间 + on sth. Don't spend too much time on games. 花时间在某物上 三、过去分词Born的让步/原因双重解读 "Born into a poor family in a small village"在句中既可以理解为让步状语（虽然出身贫困→但取得了成就），也可以理解为原因状语（因为出身贫困→所以自学）。在高考阅读中，这种歧义需要根据语境判断。 解读方式 替换从句 逻辑关系 让步状语 Although he was born into... 虽然贫困→仍然成功（强调不易） 原因状语 Because he was born into... 因为贫困→只能自学（强调方式） 四、过去分词作插入语（published when he was forty） "published when he was forty"是过去分词短语作插入语，用逗号隔开，对his first novel进行补充说明。它相当于非限制性定语从句"which was published when he was forty"。 有逗号隔开的过去分词定语 vs 无逗号隔开： 形式 示例 说明 有逗号（插入，本句） his first novel, published when he was forty, became... 非限定性补充信息 无逗号（后置定语） the book published last year is popular 限定范围，指明是哪本书 五、定语从句中的关系代词省略（he could get） "every book he could get"是省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句： - 先行词：every book - 关系代词：that/which（在从句中作get的宾语 → 可以省略） - 从句：he could get (that) = 他能获得的（书） 六、并列复合句的整体结构 本句是由and连接的并列复合句，前后两个分句是并列关系： - 分句①：the famous writer had spent years educating himself... - 分句②：his first novel became an instant bestseller 两个分句共同的主语是the famous writer / his first novel（并列关系，不是同一个主语），这是并列句的标志。 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "Born into a poor family in a small village"作为让步状语，翻译为"虽然出生在一个小村庄的贫困家庭"。 2. "had spent years educating himself by reading every book he could get"中的"by"表示方式，翻译为"通过……来……"："通过阅读他能获得的每一本书来自学"或"通过阅读一切能找到的书自学"。 3. "published when he was forty"是插入语，翻译时可以放在"第一部小说"前作定语："四十岁时出版的第一部小说"。 4. "became an instant bestseller"译为"迅速成为畅销书"或"一出版就成为畅销书"。 5. 整句的转折关系：虽然出身贫困→但通过自学→第一本书成为畅销书。 【参考译文】 虽然出生在一个小村庄的贫困家庭，这位著名作家多年来一直通过阅读他能获得的每一本书来自学，而他四十岁时出版的第一部小说迅速成为畅销书。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 非谓语综合判断策略："遇到多重非谓语，先分层再逐个分析。第一步：找主句谓语动词（had spent, became）；第二步：分析每个非谓语的形式和功能；第三步：用三步法（逻辑主语→主被动→时间先后）逐个判断。"综合题型是高考非谓语的最高层次，务必分步拆解！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第20句 No.20 | 难度系数：★★★★★ | 来源：2021年新高考II卷 · 阅读理解D篇（约31词） 【原句】 Having been warned about the dangerous weather conditions ahead of them, the climbers decided to postpone their attempt to reach the summit, knowing that safety should always come before personal ambition and achievement. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 warn /wɔːn/ v. 警告，提醒。warn about / warn sb. of / warn sb. not to do。例：They were warned about the danger. weather /ˈweðə/ n. 天气。weather condition / bad weather / weather forecast。例：The weather is terrible today. condition /kənˈdɪʃn/ n. 条件，状况。weather conditions / living conditions / in good condition。例：The road conditions were poor. postpone /pəˈspəʊn/ v. 推迟，延期。postpone sth. / postpone doing / postpone until。例：They postponed the meeting until Friday. attempt /əˈtempt/ n./v. 尝试，企图。attempt to do / make an attempt / in an attempt to。例：He made an attempt to climb the mountain. summit /ˈsʌmɪt/ n. 山顶，顶峰。reach the summit / summit meeting / at the summit。例：They finally reached the summit. ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/ n. 雄心，野心。personal ambition / have ambition / achieve one's ambition。例：Her ambition is to become a doctor. achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ n. 成就，成绩。sense of achievement / great achievement / personal achievement。例：Winning the prize was a great achievement. 【句子解剖】 [复合句] Having been warned about the dangerous weather conditions ahead of them, the climbers decided to postpone their attempt to reach the summit, knowing that safety should always come before personal ambition and achievement. ├── [原因状语] 现在分词完成被动式：Having been warned about the dangerous weather │ conditions ahead of them │ ├── 完成被动式核心：Having been warned（"已经被警告"） │ │ ├── having → 完成（警告发生在决定之前） │ │ ├── been warned → 被动（climbers被"警告"） │ │ └── 综合：因为已经被警告 │ ├── 宾语：about the dangerous weather conditions │ └── 后置定语：ahead of them（介词短语修饰conditions） │ ├── 主句：the climbers decided to postpone their attempt to reach the summit │ ├── 主语：the climbers │ ├── 谓语：decided │ ├── 宾语：to postpone their attempt to reach the summit │ │ ├── 不定式核心：to postpone │ │ ├── 宾语：their attempt │ │ └── 定语：to reach the summit（不定式短语修饰attempt） │ └── 整体：decided to do sth. + 宾语从句/不定式嵌套 │ └── [伴随/原因状语] 现在分词短语：knowing that safety should always come before personal ambition and achievement ├── 分词核心：knowing（主动伴随，climbers知道） └── 宾语从句：that safety should always come before personal ambition and achievement ├── 连词：that ├── 主语：safety ├── 谓语：should come（情态动词+动词原形） ├── 状语：always ├── 地点状语：before personal ambition and achievement └── 含义："安全始终应放在个人野心和成就之前" 【语法精讲】 一、完成被动式作原因状语（Having been warned）——再次强化 "No.18"（Day24）学习了having been done在简单句中的使用，本句进一步展示了这一结构在更加复杂的语境中的应用。 "having been warned"的三层含义： Having been warned ... ↑ ↑ 完成 被动 （先于decide） （climbers被警告） 二、本句的两种非谓语对比 非谓语形式 位置 功能 逻辑主语 语态 时间 Having been warned 句首 原因状语 climbers 被动 先于decide knowing 句末 伴随/原因状语 climbers 主动 与decide同时 三、高考高频考点：不定式作定语 vs 动名词作定语 本句中"their attempt to reach the summit"中的"to reach the summit"是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰attempt，表示"登顶的尝试"（试图登顶）。 类型 位置 语义关系 例句 不定式作定语（本句） 后置 动宾关系 attempt to reach the summit 不定式作定语 后置 主谓关系 the first person to arrive 不定式作定语 后置 同位关系 the decision to leave 不定式作定语 vs 动名词作定语： 对比项 不定式作定语 动名词作定语 位置 名词后（后置） 名词前（前置） 语义 将要发生的动作/目的 用途/功能 例句 attempt to reach a reading room（阅览室） 转换 the attempt which is to reach the summit a room for reading 四、"safety should always come before..."中的情态动词 "should"在这里表示"应该"，表达了价值判断——"安全总是应该优先于个人野心和成就"。 常用情态动词表"应该"的对比： 情态动词 语气强度 例句 should（本句） 较强，基于道义/理性 Safety should come first. ought to 强，基于义务/责任 You ought to tell the truth. must 很强，强制要求 You must follow the rules. could/may 较弱，建议 You could try again. 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译需注意： 1. "Having been warned about..."作为原因状语，翻译为"在被告知……之后"或"由于被警告了……"。汉语中被动语态通常转化为主动式："得知"或"收到警告"。 2. "the dangerous weather conditions ahead of them"译为"前方危险的天气状况"。"ahead of them"意为"在他们前方"。 3. "decided to postpone their attempt to reach the summit"译为"决定推迟他们登顶的尝试"。"postpone"译为"推迟"，"attempt to reach the summit"译为"登顶的尝试"或"冲顶计划"。 4. "knowing that..."作为伴随/原因状语，翻译时可以处理为"他们知道……"或"深知……"。 5. "safety should always come before personal ambition and achievement"翻译为"安全永远应该放在个人野心和成就之前"或"安全永远比个人野心和成就更重要"。 6. 整句的因果逻辑：得到警告 → 做出决定 → 原因的认知。 【参考译文】 在被告知前方存在危险的天气状况后，登山者们决定推迟他们登顶的尝试，因为他们深知安全永远应该放在个人野心和成就之前。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 非谓语综合解题终极策略："三看一判断"——一看整体结构（找出主句和从句），二看非谓语形式（doing/done/having done/having been done），三看逻辑关系（因果/时间/伴随/目的），最后判断语法形式。面对综合题，按这四步走，准能拿分！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📋 非谓语动词·分词用法速查表 用法 现在分词 (doing) 过去分词 (done) 语态 主动 被动（或完成） 时间 进行中或经常发生 已完成或状态描述 作定语 a sleeping baby (= who is sleeping) a broken toy (= which was broken) 作原因状语 Knowing the truth, he cried. Surprised by the news, he cried. 作条件状语 — Given more time, ... 作伴随状语 He sat there, reading. He sat there, absorbed in thought. 完成式 having done（先于谓语） having been done（被动+先于谓语） 独立主格 The guide leading, we set off. The work done, we left. with结构 with the sun shining with the task finished 核心口诀： - 主动进行用doing，被动完成用done - 分词作状语，逻辑主语=主句主语 - 主语若不同，独立主格要用上 - 先于谓语发生，完成式（having done）别忘 - 三步判断法：逻辑主语 → 主被动 → 时间先后 - 综合题策略：先找主干，再分非谓语，逐一判断 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— *下一册预告：强调句（It is...that...）与倒装句（部分倒装/完全倒装）* 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $