高考英语长难句60天打卡计划-第6-10天-名词性从句 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考名词性从句核心考点，按主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句及综合运用的逻辑层次展开，通过核心词汇梳理、句子结构解剖、语法规则精讲、高考真题训练（2021-2022年全国卷及新高考卷）和翻译技巧指导等环节，帮助学生系统构建从句知识网络，突破长难句分析难点。 资料以真题为载体，创新采用“三步判断法”区分同位语从句与定语从句，“分层分析法”拆解多从句嵌套结构，在提升学生语言能力（词汇运用、语法理解）的同时培养思维品质（逻辑分析、精准判断）。设置难度递进的每日打卡任务，配合即时语法点睛和翻译示范，确保高效突破考点，为教师把控复习节奏、提升学生应试能力提供有力支持。

高考英语长难句60天打卡计划 第二阶段：名词性从句（第6-10天） —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 6：主语从句 主语从句（Subject Clause） 是在句子中充当主语的从句。Day 6 重点学习 that 引导的主语从句（it 作形式主语）以及 what/whether 引导的主语从句，掌握主语从句的"头重脚轻"平衡技巧。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第11句 No.11 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年全国乙卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 What makes this study particularly significant is that it provides strong evidence for the link between diet and mental health, which has been a topic of debate among researchers for many years. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 particularly /pəˈtɪkjələli/ adv. 特别地，尤其。particularly important/significant 特别重要/有意义。例：This is a particularly challenging task. significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adj. 重要的，有意义的。be significant for/to 对……很重要；significance n. 意义。例：The discovery is highly significant. provide /prəˈvaɪd/ v. 提供。provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物；provide sth. for sb. 提供某物给某人。例：The research provides important data. evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ n. 证据，根据。provide evidence for 为……提供证据；evidence of ……的证据。例：There is strong evidence linking smoking to cancer. link /lɪŋk/ n./v. 联系，连接。link between A and B A和B之间的联系；link to 与……有关联。例：The link between diet and health is well established. diet /ˈdaɪət/ n. 饮食，日常食物。balanced diet 均衡饮食；go on a diet 节食。例：A healthy diet is essential for good health. mental /ˈment(ə)l/ adj. 心理的，精神的。mental health 心理健康；mental illness 心理疾病。例：Mental health is as important as physical health. debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ n./v. 辩论，讨论。a topic of debate 辩论话题；under debate 在辩论中。例：The issue is still under debate. 【句子解剖】 [主语从句] What makes this study particularly significant ├── 引导词：What（在从句中作主语，意为"使……的事情"） ├── 从句谓语：makes ├── 从句宾语：this study └── 宾补：particularly significant（形容词短语） [主句谓语] is（系动词） [表语从句] that it provides strong evidence for the link between diet and mental health ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，不能省略） ├── 从句主语：it（指代 this study） ├── 从句谓语：provides └── 从句宾语：strong evidence for the link between diet and mental health └── 后置定语：between diet and mental health [非限制性定语从句] , which has been a topic of debate among researchers for many years ├── 关系代词：which（指代 the link between diet and mental health，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：has been（现在完成时） └── 从句表语：a topic of debate among researchers for many years 【语法精讲】 一、what 在名词性从句中的特殊地位（高考必考） what 是名词性从句中最特殊、最高频的引导词。what = the thing(s) that/which。 功能 说明 例句 作主语（本句） what 在从句中作主语 What makes this study significant is... 作宾语 what 在从句中作宾语 I know what he said. 作表语 what 在从句中作表语 He is not what he used to be. 二、"What... is/was that..." 经典句型 这是高考写作和阅读中最高频的名词性从句句型： 结构 含义 例句 What... is/was that...（本句） ……的是…… What impressed me most was that he was honest. What matters is that... 重要的是…… What matters is that you try your best. What we need is... 我们需要的是…… What we need is more time and practice. 【翻译技巧】 What引导的主语从句译为"使这项研究特别有意义的是"，that引导的表语从句直接展开内容。定语从句 which has been...拆译为"这一直是……"。 【参考译文】 使这项研究特别有意义的是，它为饮食与心理健康之间的联系提供了强有力的证据，这一直是研究人员多年来争论的话题。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 高频句式： "What... is/was that..." 在高考完形填空、阅读理解和写作中都极为常见。what 在从句中必须充当成分（主/宾/表），而 that 在名词性从句中不作成分——这是区分两者的根本方法！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第12句 No.12 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 It has been widely recognized by the scientific community that the rapid melting of glaciers in the polar regions is not only a consequence of global warming but also a warning sign that more serious environmental changes are on the horizon. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ v. 承认，认识到。It is widely recognized that... 人们普遍认识到……。例：It is widely recognized that education is crucial. community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ n. 社区；界，团体。scientific community 科学界；the international community 国际社会。例：The scientific community supports the theory. melting /ˈmeltɪŋ/ n./adj. 融化（的）。melting of glaciers 冰川融化；melting point 熔点。例：The melting of ice caps is accelerating. glacier /ˈɡlæsiə(r)/ n. 冰川。glacier melting 冰川融化；glacial adj. 冰川的。例：Glaciers are important indicators of climate change. polar /ˈpəʊlə(r)/ adj. 极地的，两极的。polar region 极地地区；polar bear 北极熊。例：The polar regions are warming faster. consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 结果，后果。as a consequence of 作为……的结果；negative consequences 负面后果。例：Global warming is a consequence of human activities. warning /ˈwɔːnɪŋ/ n./adj. 警告（的）。warning sign 警示信号；give a warning 发出警告。例：The rising temperature is a warning sign. horizon /həˈraɪz(ə)n/ n. 地平线；范围。on the horizon 即将到来；broaden one's horizons 开阔视野。例：New challenges are on the horizon. 【句子解剖】 [主句] It has been widely recognized by the scientific community ... ├── 形式主语：It（无实际含义，代替后面真正的主语） ├── 谓语：has been recognized（现在完成时被动语态） └── 真正主语（主语从句）：that the rapid melting ... is not only ... but also ... ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，**不能省略**） ├── 从句主语：the rapid melting of glaciers in the polar regions ├── 从句谓语：is not only ... but also ...（并列系表结构） ├── 表语1：a consequence of global warming └── 表语2：a warning sign └── [同位语从句] that more serious environmental changes are on the horizon ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，不能省略） ├── 从句主语：more serious environmental changes └── 从句谓语：are on the horizon（系表结构） 【语法精讲】 一、it 作形式主语的逻辑原理 英语习惯避免"头重脚轻"。主语从句通常较长，放在句首会显得主语过于庞大。因此用 it 作形式主语放在句首，把真正的主语从句移到句尾。 结构 示例 评价 形式主语（推荐） It has been recognized that ... 平衡、地道、推荐 主语从句放句首 That ... has been recognized 头重脚轻、不自然 二、"It is/was + 过去分词 + that 从句"常见句式 句式 含义 例句 It is widely recognized that...（本句） 人们普遍认识到…… It is widely recognized that climate change is real. It is reported that... 据报道…… It is reported that the meeting was successful. It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is believed that exercise is beneficial. It is estimated that... 据估计…… It is estimated that millions will be affected. 三、not only...but also... 并列结构 本句中 not only a consequence...but also a warning sign... 是并列表语。注意 not only 位于句中时，连接两个并列成分，不倒装。 【翻译技巧】 "It has been widely recognized that..." 译为"人们普遍认识到……"，将被动转为主动。not only...but also... 译为"不仅是……也是……"。同位语从句 that more serious...are on the horizon 译为"更为严重的环境变化即将到来"。 【参考译文】 科学界已普遍认识到，极地地区冰川的快速融化不仅是全球变暖的后果，也是一个警示信号——更为严重的环境变化即将到来。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 高频场景： "It is/was + 过去分词 + that 从句"在高考语法填空中出现频率极高。that 永远不能省略（主语从句中）！本句还嵌套了一个同位语从句，展示了复合从句在阅读中的典型应用。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 7：宾语从句 宾语从句（Object Clause） 是在句子中充当宾语的从句。Day 7 重点学习 that 引导的宾语从句和 wh-词引导的宾语从句，掌握 that 的省略规则和宾语从句的陈述语序。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第13句 No.13 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2019年全国卷I 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 Researchers have found that children who are exposed to music at an early age tend to perform better in language learning and show greater creativity, suggesting that musical training may have a positive impact on cognitive development. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ v. 使接触，使暴露。be exposed to 接触/暴露于；expose sb. to sth. 使某人接触到。例：Children should be exposed to different cultures. tend /tend/ v. 倾向于，往往会。tend to do sth. 倾向于做某事。例：People tend to forget unpleasant experiences. perform /pəˈfɔːm/ v. 表现，表演。perform well/badly 表现好/差；performance n. 表现。例：Students who practice regularly perform better. creativity /ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti/ n. 创造力，创造性。show creativity 展示创造力；creative adj. 有创造力的。例：Art education can enhance children's creativity. suggest /səˈdʒest/ v. 表明，暗示；建议。suggest that... 表明/建议……。例：The data suggests that the approach is effective. positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ adj. 积极的，正面的。have a positive impact on 对……有积极影响。例：Exercise has a positive effect on mental health. impact /ˈɪmpækt/ n. 影响，冲击。have an impact on 对……有影响；significant impact 重大影响。例：Social media has a huge impact on young people. cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adj. 认知的。cognitive development 认知发展；cognitive ability 认知能力。例：Reading helps with cognitive development. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Researchers have found that ... ├── 主语：Researchers ├── 谓语：have found（现在完成时） └── [宾语从句] that children ... tend to perform better ... and show greater creativity ├── 引导词：that（可省略） ├── 从句主语：children │ └── [限制性定语从句] who are exposed to music at an early age │ ├── 关系代词：who（指代 children，在从句中作主语） │ ├── 从句谓语：are exposed to │ └── 从句宾语：music ├── 从句谓语：tend to perform ... and (tend to) show（并列谓语） ├── 比较状语：better in language learning └── 从句宾语：greater creativity [伴随状语] , suggesting that musical training may have a positive impact on cognitive development └── 现在分词短语作伴随状语，相当于 which suggests that... └── [宾语从句] that musical training may have a positive impact on cognitive development 【语法精讲】 一、that 在宾语从句中的省略规则 情况 that 能否省略 示例 单个及物动词后（本句） ✅ 可以省略 Researchers have found (that) children... 形容词后 ✅ 可以省略 I'm glad (that) you came. 介词后（固定搭配） ❌ 不能省略 in that（因为） 多个并列从句 第一个可省略，后面的不能省略 He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to rest. 二、宾语从句中的定语从句嵌套 本句的宾语从句中又嵌套了一个 who 引导的定语从句修饰 children，这是长难句的常见结构。 三、现在分词短语作结果状语 本句末尾的 suggesting that... 是现在分词短语作伴随/结果状语，修饰整个主句，相当于 which suggests that...。这是高考阅读中的高频用法。 四、"have a positive/negative impact on" 表示"对……有积极/消极影响"，是写作高频搭配。 【翻译技巧】 本句的翻译难点在于多层嵌套：主句 + 宾语从句（内含定语从句）+ 伴随状语（内含宾语从句）。宾语从句 that children who...tend to...译为"接触音乐的儿童往往……"。现在分词 suggesting that...处理为"这表明……"。 【参考译文】 研究人员发现，从小接触音乐的儿童在语言学习方面往往表现得更好，并展现出更强的创造力，这表明音乐训练可能对认知发展有积极影响。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 现在分词作结果状语是高考阅读高频结构：主句 + , suggesting/indicating/showing that... = which suggests/indicates/shows that...。在写作中使用这一结构可以使句式更简洁、更高级！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第14句 No.14 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年浙江卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 Many experts now acknowledge that although technological advances have brought enormous benefits to society, they have also created new challenges that we must address, including issues related to privacy and data security. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ v. 承认，认识到。acknowledge that... 承认……；It is widely acknowledged that... 人们普遍承认……。例：Experts acknowledge that the problem is complex. technological /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ adj. 技术的。technological advances 技术进步；technological innovation 技术创新。例：Technological advances have changed our lives. advance /ədˈvɑːns/ n./v. 进步，发展。technological advances 技术进步；in advance 提前。例：Recent advances in medicine are remarkable. enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/ adj. 巨大的，庞大的。enormous benefits 巨大利益；enormous amount 大量。例：The project requires an enormous amount of money. benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ n./v. 好处，利益。bring benefits to 给……带来好处；benefit from 从……受益。例：The new policy brought great benefits to the community. challenge /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ n./v. 挑战。create challenges 带来挑战；face challenges 面对挑战。例：The new technology poses many challenges. address /əˈdres/ v. 处理，解决；讲话。address a problem 处理问题；address the issue 解决该问题。例：We must address these issues immediately. privacy /ˈprɪvəsi/ n. 隐私。privacy protection 隐私保护；invade one's privacy 侵犯隐私。例：Online privacy is a growing concern. security /sɪˈkjʊərəti/ n. 安全，保障。data security 数据安全；security measures 安全措施。例：Data security has become a major issue. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Many experts now acknowledge that ... ├── 主语：Many experts ├── 谓语：acknowledge（一般现在时） └── [宾语从句] that ... technological advances have brought ... but they have also created ... ├── 引导词：that（可省略） ├── [让步状语从句] although technological advances have brought enormous benefits to society │ ├── 连词：although（虽然，尽管） │ ├── 从句主语：technological advances │ ├── 从句谓语：have brought（现在完成时） │ └── 从句宾语：enormous benefits to society ├── 主句主语：they（指代 technological advances） ├── 主句谓语：have also created（现在完成时） └── 主句宾语：new challenges └── [限制性定语从句] that we must address ├── 关系代词：that（指代 challenges，在从句中作宾语） └── 从句：we must address [同位语/补充说明] , including issues related to privacy and data security └── 现在分词短语作补充说明，修饰 new challenges 【语法精讲】 一、宾语从句中包含让步状语从句 本句的宾语从句中包含一个although引导的让步状语从句，形成"从句中套从句"的结构。 层次 从句类型 功能 第一层 宾语从句 作acknowledge的宾语 第二层 让步状语从句 在宾语从句中表达让步 第二层（并列） 定语从句 修饰challenges 二、including + 现在分词短语作补充说明 including issues related to... 是现在分词短语作补充说明，相当于 which include issues related to...。 【翻译技巧】 本句的翻译难点在于宾语从句内部的结构。although引导的让步译为"虽然……但……"，这是although在从句中而非主句中的特殊情况。including + 名词结构直接补充说明。 【参考译文】 许多专家现在承认，虽然技术进步给社会带来了巨大利益，但也带来了我们必须应对的新挑战，包括与隐私和数据安全相关的问题。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 宾语从句中套状语从句是高考阅读理解C/D篇的常见结构。分析方法是逐层剥离：先找到主句谓语 acknowledge，确定 that 从句的范围；再在 that 从句内部找出连词 although，确定让步状语从句的范围。句末的 including... 结构是补充说明，相当于 which include... —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 8：表语从句 表语从句（Predicative Clause） 是在连系动词后作表语的从句。Day 8 重点学习 that/wh-词引导的表语从句以及 because 引导的表语从句，掌握不同引导词的区别。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第15句 No.15 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年全国甲卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 However, the central question that scientists are now trying to answer is whether the benefits of genetically modified food outweigh the potential risks to the environment and human health in the long term. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 central /ˈsentrəl/ adj. 中心的，主要的。central question 核心问题；central issue 核心议题。例：The central problem is lack of funding. genetically /dʒəˈnetɪkli/ adv. 基因地，遗传地。genetically modified 转基因的。例：Genetically modified crops are controversial. modify /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ v. 修改，改进。modified adj. 改良的；modification n. 修改。例：Scientists have modified the plant's genes. outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ v. 比……更重要，重于。The benefits outweigh the risks. 利大于弊。。例：The advantages outweigh the disadvantages. potential /pəˈtenʃ(ə)l/ adj./n. 潜在的；潜力。potential risks 潜在风险；potential benefits 潜在利益。例：We must consider the potential consequences. risk /rɪsk/ n./v. 风险，危险。pose risks to 对……构成风险；at risk 处于风险中。例：There are risks associated with any new technology. in the long term — 介词短语 从长远来看。in the short/long term 短期/长期来看。例：In the long term, education is the best investment. 【句子解剖】 [主句] the central question ... is ... ├── 主语：the central question │ └── [限制性定语从句] that scientists are now trying to answer │ ├── 关系代词：that（指代 question，在从句中作 answer 的宾语） │ ├── 从句主语：scientists │ └── 从句谓语：are trying to answer └── 系动词：is [表语从句] whether the benefits of genetically modified food outweigh the potential risks to the environment and human health in the long term ├── 引导词：whether（表示"是否"，在从句中不作成分） ├── 从句主语：the benefits of genetically modified food ├── 从句谓语：outweigh └── 从句宾语：the potential risks to the environment and human health └── 时间状语：in the long term 【语法精讲】 一、whether 引导的表语从句（只能用 whether，不能用 if） 从句类型 whether if 表语从句（本句） ✅ 只能用 whether ❌ 不能用 主语从句（句首） ✅ Whether he comes matters. ❌ If he comes matters. 宾语从句 ✅ I know whether he comes. ✅ I know if he comes. 同位语从句 ✅ The question whether... ❌ 不能用 介词后 ✅ depends on whether ❌ 不能用 二、定语从句嵌套在主语中 本句主语 the central question 被 that 引导的限制性定语从句修饰，然后整体与系动词 is + whether 表语从句连接。这是"主语 + 定语从句 + 系动词 + 表语从句"的典型复杂结构。 三、"A outweigh B" 表达对比 outweigh 是及物动词，字面意思是"在重量上超过"，引申为"比……更重要"。这是写作中表示比较的高频词汇。 【翻译技巧】 本句翻译时需注意：定语从句 that scientists are now trying to answer 前置译为"科学家正试图回答的"，whether 表语从句直接译为"是否……"。outweigh 译为"大于"或"超过"。 【参考译文】 然而，科学家们现在正试图回答的核心问题是，从长远来看，转基因食品的好处是否大于其对环境和人类健康的潜在风险。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 铁律： 表语从句中只能用 whether，不能用 if！记忆口诀——"whether 表语定同位，if 只能宾从对"。本句还展示了"主语 + 定语从句 + 系动词 + 表语从句"的复杂结构——高考阅读理解中非常常见。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第16句 No.16 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that humans are naturally drawn to environments that resemble the African savanna where our ancestors lived for millions of years, a preference known as the "savanna hypothesis." 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 explanation /ˌekspləˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 解释，说明。explanation for/of ……的解释；give an explanation 给出解释。例：There is no simple explanation for this. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ n. 现象（复：phenomena）。natural phenomenon 自然现象；social phenomenon 社会现象。例：This is a common phenomenon in big cities. naturally /ˈnætʃrəli/ adv. 自然地；天生地。be naturally drawn to 自然地受……吸引。例：Humans are naturally curious. draw /drɔː/ v. 吸引；拉；画。be drawn to 被吸引到；draw attention 引起注意。例：Tourists are drawn to the beautiful beaches. resemble /rɪˈzemb(ə)l/ v. 类似，像。resemble sb./sth. 与……相似。例：The new model resembles the old one. savanna /səˈvænə/ n. 热带草原（尤指非洲）。the African savanna 非洲大草原。例：The African savanna is home to many wildlife species. ancestor /ˈænsestə(r)/ n. 祖先，祖宗。ancestors 祖先；ancestral adj. 祖先的。例：Our ancestors lived in caves. preference /ˈprefrəns/ n. 偏好，偏爱。have a preference for 偏好……；preference to 偏向。例：She has a preference for classical music. hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ n. 假说，假设（复：hypotheses）。propose a hypothesis 提出假说；test a hypothesis 验证假说。例：The hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment. 【句子解剖】 [主句] One possible explanation for this phenomenon is ... ├── 主语：One possible explanation for this phenomenon └── 系动词：is [表语从句] that humans are naturally drawn to environments ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，**不能省略**） ├── 从句主语：humans ├── 从句谓语：are drawn（被动语态） └── 从句状语：to environments └── [限制性定语从句] that resemble the African savanna ├── 关系代词：that（指代 environments，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：resemble └── 从句宾语：the African savanna └── [限制性定语从句] where our ancestors lived for millions of years ├── 关系副词：where（= in which，在从句中作地点状语） ├── 从句主语：our ancestors ├── 从句谓语：lived └── 从句状语：for millions of years [同位语] , a preference known as the "savanna hypothesis" └── 名词短语作同位语，解释说明前面整句的内容 └── 过去分词短语后置定语：known as the "savanna hypothesis" 【语法精讲】 一、that 引导表语从句 that 引导表语从句时，在从句中不作成分，仅起连接作用，不能省略。 二、"that...that...where..." 多重定语从句嵌套 本句的表语从句中包含两个定语从句：that resemble...（修饰 environments）和 where our ancestors lived...（修饰 savanna）。这是典型的"从句中套从句"结构。 三、名词短语作同位语 句末的 "a preference known as the 'savanna hypothesis'" 是名词短语作同位语，解释说明前面整个句子的核心内容。 【翻译技巧】 表语从句 that humans are naturally drawn to...译为"人类自然地会被……所吸引"。同位语 a preference known as...译为"这种偏好被称为……"或"这种偏好在科学上被称为……"。 【参考译文】 对这一现象的一个可能解释是，人类天生就会被那些类似我们祖先生活了数百万年的非洲大草原的环境所吸引——这种偏好在科学上被称为"草原假说"。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 翻译技巧： 多重定语从句嵌套时，将短的定语从句前置，长的定语从句处理为独立分句。本句中 "that resemble the African savanna" 前置译为"类似非洲大草原的"，"where our ancestors lived for millions of years" 处理为"我们祖先生活了数百万年的"。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 9：同位语从句 同位语从句（Appositive Clause） 对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，说明该名词的具体内容。Day 9 重点学习 that 引导的同位语从句以及区分同位语从句与定语从句——这是高考中最高频的难点之一。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第17句 No.17 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2020年全国卷II 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The fact that many species are facing extinction due to human activities has led to growing concerns about the impact of our actions on biodiversity, which is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems worldwide. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. 物种（单复数同形）。endangered species 濒危物种；many species of 许多种类的……。例：Many species are at risk of extinction. extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃ(ə)n/ n. 灭绝。face extinction 面临灭绝；be on the verge of extinction 濒临灭绝。例：The species is on the brink of extinction. due to /djuː tuː/ 介词短语 由于，因为。due to = because of + 名词短语；be due to 由于。例：The accident was due to carelessness. concern /kənˈsɜːn/ n./v. 担忧，关切。growing concerns 日益增长的担忧；concern about 对……的担忧。例：There is growing concern about climate change. impact /ˈɪmpækt/ n. 影响。impact on 对……的影响；have an impact 有影响。例：The report examines the impact of pollution. biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/ n. 生物多样性。loss of biodiversity 生物多样性丧失。例：Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem health. maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ v. 维持，保持。maintain balance 维持平衡；maintain relationship 维持关系。例：We must maintain a healthy environment. ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n. 生态系统。ecosystem balance 生态平衡；fragile ecosystem 脆弱的生态系统。例：The forest is a complex ecosystem. worldwide /ˈwɜːldwaɪd/ adj./adv. 全世界的。ecological balance worldwide 全球生态平衡。例：The problem is a worldwide concern. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The fact ... has led to growing concerns ... ├── 主语：The fact │ └── [同位语从句] that many species are facing extinction due to human activities │ ├── 引导词：that（无词义，**不作成分**，**不能省略**） │ ├── 从句主语：many species │ ├── 从句谓语：are facing（现在进行时） │ ├── 从句宾语：extinction │ └── 状语：due to human activities ├── 谓语：has led to（现在完成时，短语动词） └── 宾语：growing concerns about the impact of our actions on biodiversity └── [非限制性定语从句] , which is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems worldwide ├── 关系代词：which（指代 biodiversity，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：is └── 从句表语：essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems worldwide 【语法精讲】 一、同位语从句的核心特征 同位语从句对抽象名词进行解释说明，名词的内容 = 从句的内容。 特征 说明 本句体现 等同关系 从句内容 = 名词内容 fact = many species are facing extinction that 不作成分 that 仅起连接作用 that 在从句中不作任何成分 that 不能省略 区别于定语从句 that 不能省略 先行词抽象 常为 fact, news, idea 等 fact 是抽象名词 二、常接同位语从句的抽象名词（高考高频词） 名词 含义 例句 fact（本句） 事实 the fact that many species are facing extinction news 消息 the news that he won idea 想法 the idea that we should act conclusion 结论 the conclusion that it's effective suggestion 建议 the suggestion that we (should) act evidence 证据 the evidence that he was there 三、lead to 的用法（导致） lead to 是短语动词，意为"导致"（lead-led-led），后接名词或动名词。 【翻译技巧】 同位语从句"the fact that..."译为"……的事实"或直接将fact省略，把从句内容变为句子主语。本句中"the fact that many species are facing extinction..."可以译为"许多物种因人类活动而面临灭绝这一事实"。 【参考译文】 许多物种因人类活动而面临灭绝这一事实引发了人们对我们行动对生物多样性影响的日益担忧，而生物多样性对于维持全球生态系统的平衡至关重要。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 同位语从句三要素： ①抽象名词 + ②that（不作成分，不能省略）+ ③完整的从句。与定语从句的核心区别：同位语从句中 that 不作成分；定语从句中 that 必须作成分（主语/宾语）。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第18句 No.18 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年北京卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 There is growing evidence that regular physical exercise not only improves physical health but also enhances cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain and promoting the growth of new neurons. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 evidence /ˈevɪdəns/ n. 证据，迹象。growing evidence 越来越多的证据；evidence for/of ……的证据。例：There is mounting evidence that exercise benefits the brain. regular /ˈreɡjələ(r)/ adj. 有规律的，定期的。regular exercise 规律锻炼；on a regular basis 定期地。例：Regular exercise keeps you healthy. physical /ˈfɪzɪk(ə)l/ adj. 身体的，物理的。physical health 身体健康；physical exercise 体育锻炼。例：Physical health is closely linked to mental health. enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ v. 增强，提高。enhance cognitive function 增强认知功能；enhance performance 提高表现。例：Reading enhances our knowledge. cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adj. 认知的。cognitive function 认知功能；cognitive development 认知发展。例：Sleep is important for cognitive function. function /ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)n/ n./v. 功能，作用。brain function 大脑功能；function as 起……作用。例：Exercise improves brain function. increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ v./n. 增加，增长。increase blood flow 增加血流量；on the increase 在增加。例：Physical activity increases blood circulation. promote /prəˈməʊt/ v. 促进，推动。promote growth/development 促进增长/发展。例：A healthy diet promotes good health. neuron /ˈnjʊərɒn/ n. 神经元。growth of new neurons 新神经元的生长。例：Exercise stimulates the growth of new neurons. 【句子解剖】 [主句] There is growing evidence └── There be 结构，evidence 为主语 └── [同位语从句] that regular physical exercise not only improves ... but also enhances ... ├── 引导词：that（**不作成分**，**不能省略**） ├── 从句主语：regular physical exercise ├── 从句谓语1：not only improves ├── 从句宾语1：physical health ├── 从句谓语2：but also enhances ├── 从句宾语2：cognitive function └── 方式状语：by increasing blood flow ... and promoting ... └── 介词 by + 两个并列动名词短语： ├── increasing blood flow to the brain └── promoting the growth of new neurons 【语法精讲】 一、同位语从句 vs 定语从句——三步判断法（高考区分最高频考点） 对比维度 同位语从句（本句） 定语从句 功能 解释说明名词的内容 修饰限定名词的范围 that 是否作成分 that 不作任何成分 that 必须作成分（主语/宾语） that 能否省略 不能省略 作宾语时可以省略 关系词类型 只有 that / whether 等 which/that/who/whom/whose/when/where/why 三步判断法： 步骤 操作 本句验证 第1步：提取 that 从句 evidence that regular exercise improves... "regular exercise improves..." → 完整 第2步：检查从句是否完整 不缺主/宾/表→完整 句子完整 第3步：得出结论 从句完整→同位语从句 ✅ 同位语从句 二、"not only...but also..."并列结构 本句中 not only improves physical health but also enhances cognitive function 是并列谓语结构。注意并列部分要保持语法结构一致。 三、by + 动名词短语作方式状语 by increasing blood flow...and promoting... 是介词by加两个并列动名词短语，作方式状语，说明"如何增强认知功能"。 【翻译技巧】 "There is growing evidence that..."译为"越来越多的证据表明……"。not only...but also...译为"不仅……而且……"。by increasing...and promoting...译为"通过增加……和促进……"。 【参考译文】 越来越多的证据表明，规律的体育锻炼不仅改善身体健康，还通过增加大脑的血流量和促进新神经元的生长来增强认知功能。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 判断终极口诀： "that 从句完整不缺少 → 同位语从句；that 从句缺主/缺宾 → 定语从句"。 本句中 evidence 后的 that 从句"regular exercise improves..."句子完整，因此是同位语从句。如果改成 "the evidence that he presented"（从句缺宾语）→ 定语从句。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 10：名词性从句综合 Day 10 对名词性从句进行综合巩固，重点掌握多重名词性从句嵌套和 it 作形式主语/宾语的综合运用。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第19句 No.19 | 难度系数：★★★★★ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 What researchers have discovered is that the complex relationship between gut bacteria and brain function plays a much more significant role in regulating our mood and behavior than what was previously thought. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ v. 发现。discover that... 发现……；make a discovery 作出发现。例：Scientists have discovered a new species. complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ adj. 复杂的。complex relationship 复杂关系；complex system 复杂系统。例：The relationship between the two factors is complex. bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/ n. 细菌（复数，单数：bacterium）。gut bacteria 肠道细菌；harmful bacteria 有害细菌。例：Gut bacteria play a key role in digestion. function /ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)n/ n. 功能，作用。brain function 大脑功能；body function 身体机能。例：The drug affects brain function. significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adj. 重要的，显著的。play a significant role in 在……中起重要作用。例：This discovery is of significant importance. regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ v. 调节，调控。regulate mood 调节情绪；regulate body temperature 调节体温。例：Exercise helps regulate our mood. previously /ˈpriːviəsli/ adv. 以前，先前。previously thought 以前认为的。例：The effect is stronger than previously thought. 【句子解剖】 [主语从句] What researchers have discovered ├── 引导词：What（在从句中作 have discovered 的宾语，意为"……的东西"） ├── 从句主语：researchers └── 从句谓语：have discovered（现在完成时） [主句谓语] is（系动词） [表语从句] that the complex relationship ... plays a much more significant role ... than ... ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，**不能省略**） ├── 从句主语：the complex relationship between gut bacteria and brain function ├── 从句谓语：plays ├── 从句宾语：a much more significant role ├── 状语：in regulating our mood and behavior └── 比较状语：than what was previously thought（比较从句） └── [名词性从句] what was previously thought ├── 引导词：what（在从句中作主语） └── 从句谓语：was previously thought 【语法精讲】 一、多重名词性从句嵌套——"What... is that..." + 比较从句 本句包含三个名词性从句，层层嵌套： 层次 从句类型 引导词 作用 第1层 主语从句 What 在主句中作主语 第2层 表语从句 that 在主句中作表语 第3层 比较从句中的名词性从句 what 作介词 than 的宾语（= the thing that） 二、"play a role in..." 句型 结构 含义 例句 play a role in（本句） 在……中起作用 Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining health. play a role as 充当……的角色 He played a role as a mediator. play an important part in 在……中起重要作用 Education plays an important part in one's life. 三、what 在比较从句中的用法 what was previously thought 在 than 后面引导一个名词性从句，相当于 the thing that was previously thought。这是高考阅读中的高级比较结构。 【翻译技巧】 "What researchers have discovered is that..." 译为"研究人员发现的是……"。比较结构 "much more significant...than what was previously thought" 译为"比以前认为的要重要得多"。注意 much 修饰比较级 more significant，加强语气。 【参考译文】 研究人员发现的是，肠道细菌与大脑功能之间的复杂关系在调节我们的情绪和行为方面所起的作用比以前认为的要重要得多。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 多从句嵌套的关键分析思路： 先找主句谓语动词（系动词/及物动词），以此为中心向两侧划分。本句中 find 是主句谓语动词。"分层分析法"——逐层解析，由总到分，是处理所有长难句的通用方法。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第20句 No.20 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年全国乙卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 It is now widely accepted that the key to maintaining good mental health lies not in avoiding all forms of stress but in developing effective coping strategies, which can help individuals navigate the challenges that life inevitably presents. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 accept /əkˈsept/ v. 接受，认可。It is widely accepted that... 人们普遍认为……。例：It is widely accepted that exercise is beneficial. maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ v. 维持，保持。maintain mental health 保持心理健康。例：Good sleep helps maintain mental health. avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ v. 避免。avoid doing sth. 避免做某事；avoid stress 避免压力。例：You should avoid making the same mistake. stress /stres/ n. 压力，紧张。cope with stress 应对压力；under stress 在压力下。例：Many students suffer from exam stress. effective /ɪˈfektɪv/ adj. 有效的。effective strategies 有效策略；effectively adv. 有效地。例：We need to develop effective solutions. strategy /ˈstrætədʒi/ n. 策略，对策。developing strategies 制定策略；coping strategy 应对策略。例：A good study strategy is essential. navigate /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ v. 导航，应对。navigate challenges 应对挑战。例：We must learn to navigate difficult situations. inevitably /ɪˈnevɪtəbli/ adv. 不可避免地。inevitably present 不可避免地出现。例：Challenges inevitably arise in life. present /prɪˈzent/ v. 呈现，带来。present challenges 带来挑战；present an opportunity 提供机会。例：The new situation presents both challenges and opportunities. 【句子解剖】 [主句] It is now widely accepted that ... ├── 形式主语：It（无实际含义，代替真正的主语） ├── 谓语：is accepted（被动语态） └── 真正主语（主语从句）：that the key ... lies not in ... but in ... ├── 引导词：that（无词义，**不能省略**） ├── 从句主语：the key to maintaining good mental health ├── 从句谓语：lies not in ... but in ...（并列介词短语作状语） ├── 状语1：in avoiding all forms of stress └── 状语2：in developing effective coping strategies └── [非限制性定语从句] , which can help individuals navigate the challenges ├── 关系代词：which（指代 coping strategies，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：can help ├── 从句宾语：individuals └── 宾语补足语（不定式）：navigate the challenges └── [限制性定语从句] that life inevitably presents ├── 关系代词：that（指代 challenges，在从句中作 presents 的宾语） ├── 从句主语：life └── 从句谓语：presents 【语法精讲】 一、"It is widely accepted that..." 句式 句式 含义 例句 It is widely accepted that...（本句） 人们普遍认为…… It is widely accepted that education is key. It is generally believed that... 人们普遍相信…… It is generally believed that... It is commonly acknowledged that... 人们普遍承认…… It is commonly acknowledged that... 二、"not...but..." 并列结构（否定前项，肯定后项） not in avoiding...but in developing... 是"不是……而是……"的并列结构。lie in 意思是"在于"，后面接两个并列的介词宾语。 三、which指代多个名词（就近指代原则） 本句中的 which 指代的是 coping strategies（应对策略），遵循定语从句的"就近指代原则"——which 优先指代紧邻的名词。 四、定语从句嵌套：which ... that ... 非限制性定语从句中包含一个限制性定语从句 that life inevitably presents，修饰 challenges。 【翻译技巧】 "It is now widely accepted that..." 译为"现在人们普遍认为……"（被动转主动）。"lies not in...but in..." 译为"不在于……而在于……"。本句中嵌套结构较多，翻译时注意拆分为符合中文习惯的短句。 【参考译文】 现在人们普遍认为，保持良好心理健康的关键不在于避免所有形式的压力，而在于培养有效的应对策略，这些策略可以帮助个人应对生活中不可避免地出现的各种挑战。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ not...but... 结构的翻译："不是……而是……"（并列否定前项、肯定后项）。which 的指代原则： 遵循"就近指代"原则，优先指代紧邻的名词。本句中 which 指代 coping strategies。主从句嵌套分析策略： 先找主句主干 It is accepted that...，再逐层解析各从句。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第二阶段小结（第6-10天） 经过五天的学习，你已经掌握了名词性从句的核心知识： 天数 核心内容 关键点 Day 6 主语从句 it 作形式主语；what 引导主语从句（what = the thing that） Day 7 宾语从句 that 省略规则；陈述语序；现在分词 suggesting/indicating that...作结果状语 Day 8 表语从句 whether/if 区别（表语从句只能用 whether）；"主语+定语从句+系动词+表语从句"结构 Day 9 同位语从句 与定语从句区分——"三步判断法"（看从句完整性）；There is evidence that... Day 10 综合运用 多重嵌套分析策略（找主句谓语动词分层分析）；"What...is that..." + 比较从句 下阶段预告： 第11-15天将进入状语从句的学习，包括时间、条件、原因、让步、目的等状语从句。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $