2026年中考英语阅读理解长难句破解

该初中英语中考复习讲义聚焦阅读理解长难句破解，覆盖中考核心考点，针对插入语、定语从句、后置定语、并列结构四大构造及It作形式主宾等高频句型，构建“构造分析-方法指导-真题训练”系统复习体系，通过考点梳理、“拎出主干，甩掉修饰”方法指导、30个真题长难句图解与翻译等环节，帮助学生突破长难句理解难点。 亮点在于创新“切句两步法”教学策略，先找谓语动词（依据时态、主谓一致、非从句动词），再按逗号、关系词等切分意群，培养学生思维品质。30个真题句按构造分组，5篇实战训练分题材设计，提升语言能力与学习能力。设“自主切分-对照图解”环节，教师可通过分层训练把控节奏，确保学生高效掌握长难句破解技巧，提升应考能力。

中考英语阅读理解长难句破解 ——拎出主干，甩掉修饰，长句也能一眼看穿 一、写在前面：长难句为什么这么难啃 做阅读理解时，同学们最怕遇到什么样的句子？十有八九是那种一行半都写不完、中间还夹着好几个逗号、读到最后已经忘了开头在说什么的长难句。这种句子就像一根缠成一团的毛线，越扯越乱，越读越懵。很多同学一看到长难句就心里发怵，要么跳过去不读，要么硬着头皮读一遍却什么都没看懂，结果题目自然就做不对了。 其实，长难句之所以难，不是因为它用了多高级的词汇，而是因为它把一个简单的主干句子，用各种修饰成分层层包裹了起来。就像一棵树——树干是主干，树枝树叶是修饰。你盯着满树的叶子看，当然看不清树干长什么样；可你要是先把叶子拨开，树干一下子就露出来了。 本册子要教给你的，就是切句子的本事。核心口诀只有八个字：拎出主干，甩掉修饰。学会这八个字，再长的句子你都能一刀切下去，把主干拎出来，把修饰甩到一边，意思自然就清楚了。 二、长难句是怎么变长的：四大构造 中考阅读里的长难句，看似千变万化，其实万变不离其宗。命题人把句子变长，常用的招数就那么几个。下面逐一拆解，请同学们认清它们的真面目。 构造一：插入语——句子中间塞进一段话 插入语就像说话时突然插进来的一句解释，它把一个完整的句子从中间劈开，塞进去一段补充说明。插入语前后通常有逗号，有时也用破折号。它的特点是：把插入语删掉，句子照样通顺。 例： The old man is my grandfather, (who is eighty years old), and he likes telling stories. 译文：那位老人是我爷爷，他今年八十岁了，喜欢讲故事。 【切法】把(who is eighty years old) 这段插入语用括号括起来甩掉，主干就是 The old man is my grandfather, and he likes telling stories，意思一目了然。 构造二：定语从句——名词后面拖一条尾巴 定语从句是长难句里出现频率最高的构造。它跟在名词后面，用 who、which、that、where、when 等关系词引导，对前面的名词进行补充说明。一条定语从句，短的几个词，长的能拖上一整行，把主干挤得看不见。 The book (that I borrowed from the library yesterday) is very interesting. 译文：我昨天从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。 【切法】(that I borrowed from the library yesterday) 是修饰 The book 的定语从句，甩掉后主干就是 The book is very interesting。 构造三：后置定语——名词后面跟个短语 后置定语和定语从句类似，也是跟在名词后面修饰名词，只不过它不是完整的句子，而是一个短语。常见的有介词短语、分词短语、形容词短语、不定式短语。后置定语虽然短，但多个叠加起来，也能把句子撑得很长。 The girl (in a red dress) (standing by the window) is my sister. 译文：站在窗边、穿着红裙子的那个女孩是我妹妹。 【切法】(in a red dress) 和 (standing by the window) 都是修饰 The girl 的后置定语，甩掉后主干就是 The girl is my sister。 构造四：并列结构——几个相似的东西排排坐 并列结构是用 and、or、but 等并列连词，把两个或多个相同成分连在一起。它可以是主语并列、谓语并列、宾语并列，也可以是几个句子并列。并列结构的特点是：每个并列项的结构相似，找准了连词，就能把句子拆成几块分别理解。 Tom likes playing basketball, swimming in the river and climbing mountains (with his friends). 译文：汤姆喜欢打篮球、在河里游泳以及和朋友们一起爬山。 【切法】找准 and 这个并列连词，把三个宾语 playing basketball、swimming in the river、climbing mountains 拆开，主干就是 Tom likes A, B and C。 三、切句两步法：找谓语动词，切分意群 认清了长难句的四大构造，接下来就是实战。切句子的核心方法只有两步：第一步找谓语动词，第二步切分意群。这两步走完，再长的句子也能被你拆得清清楚楚。 第一步：找谓语动词——抓住句子的心脏 一个句子可以没有主语、没有宾语，但绝不能没有谓语动词。谓语动词是句子的心脏，找到它，主语和宾语就好找了。但长难句里动词很多，怎么分辨哪个是谓语动词？记住三条： ① 时态最明显的那个。谓语动词有时态变化（-ed、-s、will、have 等），而非谓语动词（to do、doing、done）没有时态。 ② 和主语能对上号的那个。谓语动词要和主语在人称和数上保持一致，找到动词后回头看看主语，对得上就是谓语。 ③ 不在从句里的那个。从句里的动词是从句的谓语，不是主句的谓语。主句谓语通常在从句之外。 找谓语动词时，要特别小心 to do、doing、done 这三种非谓语形式，它们虽然也是动词，但不是谓语。看到它们，先在心里画个叉，继续往后找真正的谓语。 第二步：切分意群——把句子拆成几块 找到谓语动词后，第二步就是把句子按意群切开。意群就是一段表达相对完整意思的词组。切分意群时，可以用下面这些天然的分界线： ● 逗号：逗号往往是插入语、并列项、从句的分界。 ● 关系词：who、which、that、where、when、if、because 等词，往往是从句的开始。 ● 介词：in、on、at、of、for、with 等介词，往往引出一个介词短语，是后置定语或状语的开始。 ● 并列连词：and、or、but 等连词，把句子切成并列的几块。 切分意群时，建议同学们用斜线 / 在句子上做标记。每画一道斜线，就是切了一刀。切完之后，先看主干（主语+谓语+宾语），再把修饰成分一个个补回去，句子的意思就完整了。 四、切句实战：三个例子手把手教 例句1（插入语 + 定语从句） The teacher, (who had taught us for three years), decided to leave (because of his poor health). 译文：教了我们三年的那位老师，因为身体不好，决定离开了。 第一步·找谓语：decided（过去式，是主句谓语；to leave 是不定式，非谓语） 第二步·切意群：The teacher / , who had taught us for three years , / decided / to leave / because of his poor health 主干：The teacher decided to leave（老师决定离开） 修饰①：(who had taught us for three years) 定语从句，修饰 The teacher 修饰②：(because of his poor health) 原因状语，修饰 decided 例句2（后置定语 + 并列结构） The boy (in a blue jacket) picked up the wallet, opened it and found some money (inside). 译文：穿蓝色夹克的男孩捡起钱包，打开它，发现里面有一些钱。 第一步·找谓语：picked up、opened、found（三个并列谓语，都是过去式） 第二步·切意群：The boy / in a blue jacket / picked up the wallet , opened it and found some money / inside 主干：The boy picked up the wallet, opened it and found some money 修饰①：(in a blue jacket) 介词短语后置定语，修饰 The boy 修饰②：(inside) 副词后置定语，修饰 some money 例句3（多重从句嵌套） I believe (that the boy) (who is reading under the tree) (is the student) (that won the first prize last week). 译文：我相信在树下读书的那个男孩是上周得一等奖的那个学生。 第一步·找谓语：believe（主句谓语）；is（宾语从句谓语）；won（定语从句谓语） 第二步·切意群：I / believe / that the boy / who is reading under the tree / is the student / that won the first prize last week 主干：I believe that...（我相信……） 宾语从句：the boy is the student（那个男孩是那个学生） 定语从句①：(who is reading under the tree) 修饰 the boy 定语从句②：(that won the first prize last week) 修饰 the student 五、30个真题长难句图解与翻译 下面是30个从中考真题和模拟题中精选的长难句，按构造类型分组。每个句子都附有成分图解和翻译，请同学们先自己切一遍，再对照图解，看看切得对不对。 第一组：插入语类（1-7） 1. Mr. Smith, (our new English teacher), comes from Australia. 译文：我们的新英语老师史密斯先生来自澳大利亚。 主干：Mr. Smith comes from Australia 插入语：(our new English teacher) 同位语，补充说明 Mr. Smith 2. The match, (to be honest), was not very exciting. 译文：说实话，这场比赛不是很精彩。 主干：The match was not very exciting 插入语：(to be honest) 独立成分，表示说话人态度 3. Tom, (unlike his brother), enjoys reading books (about history). 译文：汤姆和他哥哥不一样，喜欢读历史方面的书。 主干：Tom enjoys reading books 插入语：(unlike his brother) 介词短语作状语，表对比 后置定语：(about history) 修饰 books 4. This, (I think), is the best way (to solve the problem). 译文：我认为这是解决问题的最好办法。 主干：This is the best way 插入语：(I think) 主谓结构作插入语 后置定语：(to solve the problem) 不定式修饰 way 5. The weather, (however), changed suddenly (in the afternoon). 译文：然而，下午天气突然变了。 主干：The weather changed suddenly 插入语：(however) 副词作连接性状语 状语：(in the afternoon) 时间状语 6. Lucy, (as far as I know), has never been to Beijing. 译文：据我所知，露西从没去过北京。 主干：Lucy has never been to Beijing 插入语：(as far as I know) 固定句式作插入语 7. The old man, (tired and hungry), sat down on a stone (by the road). 译文：那位老人又累又饿，在路边的一块石头上坐了下来。 主干：The old man sat down on a stone 插入语：(tired and hungry) 形容词短语作状语，表状态 后置定语：(by the road) 修饰 a stone 第二组：定语从句类（8-15） 8. The woman (who is talking to our headmaster) is my mother. 译文：正在和我们校长说话的那位女士是我妈妈。 主干：The woman is my mother 定语从句：(who is talking to our headmaster) 修饰 The woman 9. This is the house (where I lived ten years ago). 译文：这是我十年前住过的房子。 主干：This is the house 定语从句：(where I lived ten years ago) 修饰 the house，where 作地点状语 10. The book (that you lent me last week) is really interesting. 译文：你上周借给我的那本书真的很有趣。 主干：The book is really interesting 定语从句：(that you lent me last week) 修饰 The book，that 作 lent 的宾语 11. The boy (whose father is a doctor) wants to be a doctor (too). 译文：爸爸是医生的那个男孩也想当医生。 主干：The boy wants to be a doctor too 定语从句：(whose father is a doctor) 修饰 The boy，whose 作 father 的定语 12. I will never forget the day (when I first came to this school). 译文：我永远不会忘记我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 主干：I will never forget the day 定语从句：(when I first came to this school) 修饰 the day，when 作时间状语 13. The reason (why he was late) is that he missed the early bus. 译文：他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。 主干：The reason is that... 定语从句：(why he was late) 修饰 The reason 表语从句：(that he missed the early bus) 作 is 的表语 14. The man (to whom you just talked) is our new headmaster. 译文：你刚才和他说话的那个人是我们的新校长。 主干：The man is our new headmaster 定语从句：(to whom you just talked) 修饰 The man，介词+whom 结构 15. She is the only one (of the students) (who has passed the exam). 译文：她是学生中唯一通过考试的人。 主干：She is the only one 后置定语：(of the students) 修饰 the only one 定语从句：(who has passed the exam) 修饰 the only one（注意谓语用单数 has） 第三组：后置定语类（16-22） 16. The boy (standing under the tree) is my cousin. 译文：站在树下的那个男孩是我表哥。 主干：The boy is my cousin 后置定语：(standing under the tree) 现在分词短语修饰 The boy 17. The letter (written in pencil) is hard to read. 译文：用铅笔写的那封信很难读。 主干：The letter is hard to read 后置定语：(written in pencil) 过去分词短语修饰 The letter 18. I have something (important to tell you). 译文：我有重要的事要告诉你。 主干：I have something 后置定语：(important to tell you) 形容词+不定式修饰 something 19. The girl (with long hair) is the best student (in our class). 译文：长头发的那个女孩是我们班最好的学生。 主干：The girl is the best student 后置定语①：(with long hair) 介词短语修饰 The girl 后置定语②：(in our class) 介词短语修饰 the best student 20. The boy (named Jack) won the first prize (in the competition). 译文：名叫杰克的男孩在比赛中得了一等奖。 主干：The boy won the first prize 后置定语①：(named Jack) 过去分词短语修饰 The boy 状语：(in the competition) 地点状语 21. There is a tall building (with a red roof) (at the corner of the street). 译文：在街角有一栋带红色屋顶的高楼。 主干：There is a tall building 后置定语①：(with a red roof) 修饰 a tall building 状语：(at the corner of the street) 地点状语 22. The problem (to be discussed at the meeting) is very important. 译文：要在会上讨论的那个问题非常重要。 主干：The problem is very important 后置定语：(to be discussed at the meeting) 不定式被动式修饰 The problem 第四组：并列结构类（23-27） 23. She opened the door, walked into the room and sat down (on the sofa). 译文：她打开门，走进房间，在沙发上坐了下来。 主干：She opened the door, walked into the room and sat down 并列谓语：opened、walked、sat down 三个动词并列 状语：(on the sofa) 修饰 sat down 24. Tom is tall, strong and good at sports. 译文：汤姆个子高、身体壮，还擅长运动。 主干：Tom is tall, strong and good at sports 并列表语：tall、strong、good at sports 三个形容词/短语并列 25. You can either stay here or go with us. 译文：你可以要么留在这里，要么和我们一起走。 主干：You can either stay here or go with us 并列结构：either...or... 连接两个并列谓语 26. Not only did he apologize, but also he bought me a gift. 译文：他不仅道了歉，还给我买了一份礼物。 主干：Not only did he apologize, but also he bought me a gift 并列结构：not only...but also... 连接两个并列分句（前句倒装） 27. Both Tom and Jerry like playing football, but neither of them wants to be a football player. 译文：汤姆和杰瑞都喜欢踢足球，但他们俩都不想当足球运动员。 主干：Both Tom and Jerry like playing football, but neither of them wants to be a football player 并列结构①：Both...and... 连接两个并列主语 并列结构②：but 连接两个并列分句 并列结构③：neither of them 表两者都不 第五组：综合类（28-30） 28. The teacher (who teaches us English) told us (that we would have a test next Monday). 译文：教我们英语的老师告诉我们下周一要考试。 主干：The teacher told us that... 定语从句：(who teaches us English) 修饰 The teacher 宾语从句：(that we would have a test next Monday) 作 told 的直接宾语 29. The boy (playing on the playground), (whose father is a policeman), wants to be a hero (when he grows up). 译文：在操场上玩的那个男孩，他爸爸是警察，他长大后想当英雄。 主干：The boy wants to be a hero 后置定语：(playing on the playground) 现在分词修饰 The boy 定语从句：(whose father is a policeman) 修饰 The boy 时间状语从句：(when he grows up) 修饰 wants 30. It is said (that the old man), (living alone in the village), (has written more than ten books) (since he retired). 译文：据说那位独自住在村里的老人，自从退休以来已经写了十多本书。 主干：It is said that...（据说……） 主语从句：(that the old man has written more than ten books) 真正主语 插入语：(living alone in the village) 现在分词作定语，修饰 the old man 时间状语从句：(since he retired) 修饰 has written 六、高频复杂句型总结 做完上面30个句子，同学们应该对长难句的构造有了感觉。下面把中考阅读里最高频的几种复杂句型再总结一遍，请同学们务必记牢。 句型一：It 作形式主语/宾语 It is + 形容词/名词 + to do / that 从句。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 to do 或 that 从句。看到 It is...that... 这种结构，先把 It is 和 that 括起来，中间的就是形容词，真正的主语在 that 后面。 It is important (for us to learn English well). 译文：对我们来说学好英语很重要。 句型二：There be 句型 There be + 主语 + 介词短语/分词短语。There be 表示存在，主语在 be 动词后面。长难句里，There be 后面的主语往往拖着长长的后置定语，要把定语甩掉才能看清主语是什么。 There is a man (waiting for you at the gate). 译文：门口有个人在等你。 句型三：倒装句 倒装句把谓语或助动词提到主语前面，常用于强调或特定句型。常见有：Not only...but also... 前句倒装、Neither/Nor + 助动词 + 主语（表也都不）、Only + 状语放句首倒装等。看到倒装，先把语序还原成正常语序再理解。 Never had I seen such a beautiful place (before). 译文：我以前从没见过这么美的地方。 【还原】I had never seen such a beautiful place before。 句型四：强调句 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其余部分。强调句的作用是突出某个成分。判断方法：把 It is/was 和 that/who 删掉，句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。 It was Tom (that/who broke the window yesterday). 译文：是汤姆昨天打破了窗户。 【还原】Tom broke the window yesterday。强调的是主语 Tom。 句型五：with 复合结构 with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（形容词/副词/介词短语/分词/不定式）。with 复合结构常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因等。它本身不是句子，没有谓语动词，切句时可以整体括起来。 He came in (with a book in his hand), looking happy. 译文：他手里拿着一本书走了进来，看起来很高兴。 七、实战训练：5篇阅读长难句切分 下面是从5篇中考阅读文章中抽取的长难句，请同学们用学过的两步法切分，找出主干和修饰成分。答案和结构分析放在本册子最后，做完后再对照。 训练一 校园生活篇 阅读下面从校园生活类文章中抽取的5个长难句，切分主干与修饰成分。 句子1 The students who passed the exam, happy and excited, went home quickly to tell their parents the good news. 句子2 Our English teacher, a kind woman with glasses, told us that we would have a picnic the next weekend if the weather was fine. 句子3 The boy sitting next to me, whose name I have forgotten, is the best player on our school basketball team. 句子4 It is said that the library, built in 1990, has more than fifty thousand books, most of which are about science. 句子5 Not only did the teacher praise him in class, but she also gave him a beautiful notebook as a prize. 训练二 科普知识篇 句子1 Scientists have found that the earth, the only planet with life known to us, is becoming warmer and warmer because of human activities. 句子2 The new machine, invented by a group of young engineers, can do the work that used to take ten people a whole day to finish. 句子3 Water, which makes up about 70% of our body, is so important that we cannot live without it for more than a few days. 句子4 It is believed that trees, standing like guards along the street, can not only clean the air but also make the city more beautiful. 句子5 The experiment, to be done in the lab tomorrow, is expected to give us an answer that has puzzled scientists for years. 训练三 人物故事篇 句子1 The old man, who had lived in the small village all his life, decided to move to the city to live with his son. 句子2 The girl, blind from birth, learned to play the piano so well that she won the first prize in the national competition. 句子3 It was the encouraging words from his mother that made him believe he could overcome any difficulty in his life. 句子4 The writer, whose novels are popular among young people, said that his ideas mostly came from his own childhood experiences. 句子5 Never had she imagined that one day she, a shy girl from a small town, would stand on the stage and speak to thousands of people. 训练四 社会热点篇 句子1 More and more people, realizing the importance of protecting the environment, have begun to use cloth bags instead of plastic ones. 句子2 The government has decided to build more hospitals and schools in the area where most of the families are still living a hard life. 句子3 It is reported that the number of wild animals, which has been decreasing for years, is now beginning to rise thanks to people's efforts. 句子4 The volunteers, most of whom are college students, spent their summer holiday teaching children in the mountain villages. 句子5 Only when everyone takes action can we solve the problem that has troubled us for so many years. 训练五 文化教育篇 句子1 Reading, as we all know, is one of the best ways to learn, for it can open our eyes and enrich our minds. 句子2 The school, founded in 1950, has produced many famous people, some of whom have made great contributions to our country. 句子3 It is necessary that students, no matter how busy they are, should spend at least half an hour reading every day. 句子4 The teacher told us that the best way to learn English, a language spoken all over the world, is to practice as much as possible. 句子5 The book, written by a famous educator, is so interesting that both children and adults enjoy reading it very much. 八、训练答案与结构分析 下面是5篇训练的答案与结构分析。主干用红色加粗标出，修饰成分用灰色括号斜体标出。请同学们对照自己的切分结果，看看哪里切错了，为什么切错。 训练一 答案与结构分析 句子1 The students (who passed the exam), (happy and excited), went home quickly to tell their parents the good news. 译文：通过考试的学生们又开心又激动，赶紧回家把这个好消息告诉父母。 主干：The students went home quickly 定语从句：(who passed the exam) 修饰 The students 插入语：(happy and excited) 形容词短语作状语 目的状语：(to tell their parents the good news) 不定式表目的 句子2 Our English teacher, (a kind woman with glasses), told us (that we would have a picnic the next weekend if the weather was fine). 译文：我们的英语老师，一位戴着眼镜的和蔼女士，告诉我们如果天气好的话，下个周末我们要去野餐。 主干：Our English teacher told us that... 同位语：(a kind woman with glasses) 补充说明 Our English teacher 宾语从句：(that we would have a picnic...) 作 told 的宾语 条件状语从句：(if the weather was fine) 嵌套在宾语从句中 句子3 The boy (sitting next to me), (whose name I have forgotten), is the best player (on our school basketball team). 译文：坐在我旁边的那个男孩，我忘了他的名字，是我们学校篮球队最好的球员。 主干：The boy is the best player 后置定语：(sitting next to me) 现在分词修饰 The boy 定语从句：(whose name I have forgotten) 修饰 The boy 后置定语：(on our school basketball team) 修饰 the best player 句子4 It is said (that the library), (built in 1990), (has more than fifty thousand books), (most of which are about science). 译文：据说那座建于1990年的图书馆有五万多本书，其中大部分是关于科学的。 主干：It is said that...（据说……） 主语从句：(that the library has more than fifty thousand books) 真正主语 后置定语：(built in 1990) 过去分词修饰 the library 非限制性定语从句：(most of which are about science) 修饰 books 句子5 Not only did the teacher praise him (in class), but also she gave him a beautiful notebook (as a prize). 译文：老师不仅在课上表扬了他，还给了他一个漂亮的笔记本作为奖励。 主干：Not only did the teacher praise him, but also she gave him a beautiful notebook 并列结构：not only...but also... 连接两个分句（前句倒装） 状语：(in class) 修饰 praise 状语：(as a prize) 修饰 gave 训练二 答案与结构分析 句子1 Scientists have found (that the earth), (the only planet with life known to us), (is becoming warmer and warmer) (because of human activities). 译文：科学家们发现，地球——我们所知唯一有生命的行星——正因为人类活动变得越来越暖。 主干：Scientists have found that... 宾语从句：(that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer) 作 found 的宾语 同位语：(the only planet with life known to us) 补充说明 the earth 原因状语：(because of human activities) 修饰 is becoming 句子2 The new machine, (invented by a group of young engineers), can do the work (that used to take ten people a whole day to finish). 译文：这台由一群年轻工程师发明的新机器，能完成过去需要十个人花一整天才能做完的工作。 主干：The new machine can do the work 后置定语：(invented by a group of young engineers) 过去分词修饰 machine 定语从句：(that used to take ten people a whole day to finish) 修饰 the work 句子3 Water, (which makes up about 70% of our body), is so important (that we cannot live without it for more than a few days). 译文：水占我们身体的约70%，它如此重要，以至于我们离开它活不了几天。 主干：Water is so important that... 非限制性定语从句：(which makes up about 70% of our body) 修饰 Water 结果状语从句：(that we cannot live without it for more than a few days) so...that... 结构 句子4 It is believed (that trees), (standing like guards along the street), (can not only clean the air but also make the city more beautiful). 译文：人们认为，像卫兵一样站在街边的树木，不仅能净化空气，还能让城市更美。 主干：It is believed that...（人们认为……） 主语从句：(that trees can not only clean the air but also make the city more beautiful) 后置定语：(standing like guards along the street) 现在分词修饰 trees 并列结构：not only...but also... 连接两个并列谓语 句子5 The experiment, (to be done in the lab tomorrow), is expected (to give us an answer) (that has puzzled scientists for years). 译文：明天要在实验室做的那个实验，有望给我们一个困扰科学家多年的答案。 主干：The experiment is expected to give us an answer 后置定语①：(to be done in the lab tomorrow) 不定式被动式修饰 experiment 定语从句：(that has puzzled scientists for years) 修饰 an answer 训练三 答案与结构分析 句子1 The old man, (who had lived in the small village all his life), decided to move to the city (to live with his son). 译文：那位一辈子都住在小村庄里的老人，决定搬到城里和儿子一起住。 主干：The old man decided to move to the city 定语从句：(who had lived in the small village all his life) 修饰 The old man 目的状语：(to live with his son) 不定式表目的 句子2 The girl, (blind from birth), learned to play the piano so well (that she won the first prize in the national competition). 译文：那个天生失明的女孩，钢琴学得非常好，在全国比赛中得了一等奖。 主干：The girl learned to play the piano so well that... 插入语：(blind from birth) 形容词短语作定语 结果状语从句：(that she won the first prize in the national competition) so...that... 结构 句子3 It was the encouraging words (from his mother) (that made him believe he could overcome any difficulty in his life). 译文：正是妈妈鼓励的话，让他相信自己能克服人生中的任何困难。 主干：It was the encouraging words that...（强调句） 后置定语：(from his mother) 修饰 words 强调部分：the encouraging words from his mother（被强调的是主语） 宾语从句：(he could overcome any difficulty in his life) 作 believe 的宾语 句子4 The writer, (whose novels are popular among young people), said (that his ideas mostly came from his own childhood experiences). 译文：那位小说在年轻人中很受欢迎的作家说，他的想法大多来自自己的童年经历。 主干：The writer said that... 定语从句：(whose novels are popular among young people) 修饰 The writer 宾语从句：(that his ideas mostly came from his own childhood experiences) 作 said 的宾语 句子5 Never had she imagined (that one day she), (a shy girl from a small town), (would stand on the stage and speak to thousands of people). 译文：她从没想过有一天她，一个来自小镇的害羞女孩，会站在舞台上对成千上万的人演讲。 主干：Never had she imagined that...（倒装句，还原为 She had never imagined that...） 宾语从句：(that one day she would stand on the stage and speak to thousands of people) 同位语：(a shy girl from a small town) 补充说明 she 并列谓语：would stand...and speak... 训练四 答案与结构分析 句子1 More and more people, (realizing the importance of protecting the environment), have begun to use cloth bags (instead of plastic ones). 译文：越来越多的人意识到保护环境的重要性，开始用布袋代替塑料袋。 主干：More and more people have begun to use cloth bags 后置定语/状语：(realizing the importance of protecting the environment) 现在分词短语 状语：(instead of plastic ones) 修饰 use 句子2 The government has decided to build more hospitals and schools (in the area) (where most of the families are still living a hard life). 译文：政府已经决定在那个大多数家庭仍过着艰难生活的地区建更多的医院和学校。 主干：The government has decided to build more hospitals and schools 地点状语：(in the area) 修饰 build 定语从句：(where most of the families are still living a hard life) 修饰 the area 句子3 It is reported (that the number of wild animals), (which has been decreasing for years), (is now beginning to rise) (thanks to people's efforts). 译文：据报道，野生动物的数量——多年来一直在减少——由于人们的努力，现在开始上升了。 主干：It is reported that...（据报道……） 主语从句：(that the number of wild animals is now beginning to rise) 非限制性定语从句：(which has been decreasing for years) 修饰 the number 原因状语：(thanks to people's efforts) 修饰 is beginning to rise 句子4 The volunteers, (most of whom are college students), spent their summer holiday teaching children (in the mountain villages). 译文：志愿者们，其中大多数是大学生，把暑假花在山村里教孩子们。 主干：The volunteers spent their summer holiday teaching children 非限制性定语从句：(most of whom are college students) 修饰 The volunteers 地点状语：(in the mountain villages) 修饰 teaching 句子5 Only when everyone takes action can we solve the problem (that has troubled us for so many years). 译文：只有当每个人都采取行动时，我们才能解决这个困扰我们多年的问题。 主干：Only when everyone takes action can we solve the problem（倒装句） 条件状语从句：(when everyone takes action) 修饰 can solve 倒装：Only + 状语放句首，主句部分倒装（can 提到 we 前面） 定语从句：(that has troubled us for so many years) 修饰 the problem 训练五 答案与结构分析 句子1 Reading, (as we all know), is one of the best ways (to learn), (for it can open our eyes and enrich our minds). 译文：众所周知，阅读是最好的学习方法之一，因为它能开阔我们的眼界，丰富我们的头脑。 主干：Reading is one of the best ways to learn 插入语：(as we all know) 定语从句作插入语 后置定语：(to learn) 不定式修饰 ways 原因状语从句：(for it can open our eyes and enrich our minds) 并列连词 for 引导 句子2 The school, (founded in 1950), has produced many famous people, (some of whom have made great contributions to our country). 译文：那所建于1950年的学校培养了许多名人，其中一些人为我们国家做出了巨大贡献。 主干：The school has produced many famous people 后置定语：(founded in 1950) 过去分词修饰 The school 非限制性定语从句：(some of whom have made great contributions to our country) 修饰 people 句子3 It is necessary (that students), (no matter how busy they are), (should spend at least half an hour reading every day). 译文：学生们无论多忙，每天都应该至少花半小时阅读，这是必要的。 主干：It is necessary that...（……是必要的） 主语从句：(that students should spend at least half an hour reading every day) 让步状语从句：(no matter how busy they are) 嵌套在主语从句中 句子4 The teacher told us (that the best way to learn English), (a language spoken all over the world), (is to practice as much as possible). 译文：老师告诉我们，学好英语——一门全世界都在说的语言——的最好方法是尽可能多地练习。 主干：The teacher told us that... 宾语从句：(that the best way to learn English is to practice as much as possible) 同位语：(a language spoken all over the world) 补充说明 English 后置定语：(to learn English) 不定式修饰 way 句子5 The book, (written by a famous educator), is so interesting (that both children and adults enjoy reading it very much). 译文：那本由著名教育家写的书如此有趣，以至于孩子和大人都非常喜欢读。 主干：The book is so interesting that... 后置定语：(written by a famous educator) 过去分词修饰 The book 结果状语从句：(that both children and adults enjoy reading it very much) so...that... 结构 并列主语：both...and... 连接 children 和 adults 九、写在最后 长难句并不可怕，可怕的是你一看到它就心里发怵、不敢切下去。记住口诀：拎出主干，甩掉修饰。主干是骨架，修饰是血肉，先把骨架看清，再添血肉，句子的意思自然就完整了。 做题时请养成习惯：每遇到一个长难句，先别急着翻译，先用笔在句子上画——找谓语动词画圈，找修饰成分画括号，找并列连词画三角。画完之后，主干一目了然，意思自然就出来了。 切句子是一项熟能生巧的技能。本册子里的30个真题长难句和5篇实战训练，请同学们反复切、反复练。切得多了，你一眼就能看出句子的骨架在哪里，长难句自然就不再是阅读理解的拦路虎了。 最后送同学们一句话：句子再长，主干只有一个；修饰再多，甩掉就是。带着这句话去做阅读，长难句这道坎，你一定能迈过去。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $