内容正文:
考点精讲三 “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and,but,so等并列连词或分号则为并列句,此时不需要再填引导词。
1. She has written many novels, some of ________ are interesting. (用适当的词填空)
2. She has written many novels, some of ________ are interesting. (用适当的词填空)
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词,所以需要引导词,而独立主格结构不是句子,没有谓语动词,所以不需要再填引导词。
3. She has collected many old stamps, most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars. (用适当的词填空)
4. She has collected many old stamps, most of ________ worth thousands of dollars. (用适当的词填空)
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰的是先行词,而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
5. We young people should go to the place ____________ is in need of help. (用适当的词填空)
6. We young people should go ____________ we’re most needed. (用适当的词填空)
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词,而时间状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰先行词,而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
7. I will always remember the days ____________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. (用适当的词填空)
8. I always remember the days in the countryside ____________ I see the photo of my grandparents. (用适当的词填空)
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same... as...与such... as...结构中,as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分;such/so... that... 引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中不作成分。
9. This is such an interesting work of art ____________ all of us like. (用适当的词填空)
10. This is such an interesting work of art ____________ all of us like it. (用适当的词填空)
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,在整个句子中作定语,用来修饰前面的名词或代词;而主语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,在整个句子中作主语。
11. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (用适当的词填空)
12. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (用适当的词填空)
13. ____________ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. (用适当的词填空)
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/ was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”,It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分,也不起连接作用,去掉后,句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分,去掉以后结构就不完整了。
14. It was on the morning of May 1st ________ I met Liang Wei at the airport. (用适当的词填空)
15. It is the factory ________ Mr Wang works. (用适当的词填空)
【对点练习】
(2026·天津模拟)
16. The police are investigating the company, three of ________ managers have already been arrested. (用适当的词填空)
(2026·韶关模拟)
17. Then he took a break in an inn and ordered several dishes, among ________ there was fried shrimp. (用适当的词填空)
(2023·浙江高考·1月卷)
18. There’s never a stage at ________ the system knows what it’s talking about. (用适当的词填空)
(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)
19. In contrast to our increasingly networked lives in ________ the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. (用适当的词填空)
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)
20. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in ________ over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (用适当的词填空)
【解题策略】
21. I decided that if I learned of a company__________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. (用适当的词填空)
22. At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. (用适当的词填空)
23. Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. (用适当的词填空)
24. As one of the smartest libraries in Shanghai, the new branch has the largest individual library building in China, ________ size is 115, 000 square meters. (用适当的词填空)
25. ________ was reported in the international science journal Nature Medicine last week, the research was conducted by a team led by Lin Haotian, a professor at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University. (用适当的词填空)
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
26. The old man turned his business over to his younger son, ________ made his elder son discouraged.(用适当的词填空)
27. I will never forget such a beautiful village ________ I spent my childhood with my grandparents. (用适当的词填空)
28. There they met people from other parts of the country, ______had also volunteered to help. (用适当的词填空)
29. There are many good websites ________ you can check out the latest in the science world. (用适当的词填空)
30. He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people_____________ wanted to work in Silicon Valley. (用适当的词填空)
31. Incense (香) found wider popularity during the Ming and Qing dynasties ________ it was used to fend off diseases, insects, mosquitoes and preserve people’s health. (用适当的词填空)
32. Over the years, I have met some interesting people. Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters, Joan and Bernice, _____________way of talking about people inspired me. (用适当的词填空)
33. ________ an official document explained, tea is a fundamental cultural element to Chinese people’s daily life. (用适当的词填空)
34. The reason ________ the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice. (用适当的词填空)
35. Zhou is working with a group of highly educated and skilled young people, most of ________ hold doctorate degrees. (用适当的词填空)
层级二 高考真题练
(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)
36. An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ________ originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. (用适当的词填空)
(2024·新课标Ⅰ)
37. The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ________ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. (用适当的词填空)
(2024·新课标Ⅱ)
38. Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. (用适当的词填空)
(2024·浙江1月)
39. Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way ________ will make them the most money. (用适当的词填空)
(2024·全国甲)
40. Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, ________ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. (用适当的词填空)
(2023·全国乙)
41. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ______ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life. (用适当的词填空)
(2023·全国甲)
42. There was once a town in the heart of America, __________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings. (用适当的词填空)
(2022·浙江1月)
43. Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics _________are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.(用适当的词填空)
(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
44. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. (用适当的词填空)
(2021·北京)
45. When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. (用适当的词填空)
层级三 语篇提能练
(2023·浙江高考1月语法填空改编)
语法填空
During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to social classes. The term “hutong”, ____46____ original meaning was “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, ____47____ was surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens ____48____ belonged to higher social classes were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles. These high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen, ____49____ siheyuan were extremely large, often had them beautifully carved and roof beams and pillars (柱子) painted. The hutongs ____50____ they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens. Farther from the center were the places ____51____ there lived the commoners and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, the hutongs of ____52____ were narrower.
Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijing’s long history ____53____ servied as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, some of ____54____ are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture ____55____ were represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.
语法链接写作
写作增分亮句
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例1】(2023·新课标Ⅰ,Ⅱ)我一手拿着奖杯,一手拿着奖状,望着老师,老师对我竖起了大拇指,眼里闪烁着喜悦和自豪。
With a trophy in one hand and an awarding paper in the other hand, I looked at my teacher, who gave me a thumbs-up, with his eyes twinkling with pleasure and pride.
【运用1】(2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)
56. 就在那时,我遇到Gunter,我告诉他我要去哪里,但他说他没有听说过那个汽车站。
That was when I met Gunter________________ , but he said he hadn’t heard of the bus station.
【典例2】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)你给我的诸多 鼓励激发了我写作的动力。
A great deal of encouragement which you gave me inspired my motivation for writing.
【运用2】(2024·北京)
57. 交通和科技是你的老师和同学可能关心的合适话题。(汉译英)
_________________________
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·全国甲)孔子的影响在现代中国社会仍然可以看到,他的学说继续被研究和应用于日常生活中。
Confucius’ influence can still be seen in modern Chinese society, where his teachings continue to be studied and applied in daily life.
【运用】(2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)
58. 我们约在一家咖啡馆见面,在那里我把欠他的钱递给他。(汉译英)
_________________________
3. “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)那么,为什么他突然强迫我做一件我肯定会失败的事情呢?
So, why did he suddenly force me to do something at which I was sure to fail?
【运用】(2024·上海1月)
59. 他们明白,文学绝不是脱离实际创造出来的,它反映并塑造了创作它的社会。
They understand that literature, far from being created in a vacuum, both reflects and shapes the society _________________________.
4. 非限制性定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)我解释了我为什么选择这个特殊的主题,甚至在舞台上表演了一个角色,扮演里维尔的马,这让观众笑了出来。
I explained why I chose this special subject and even acted out one role-play as Revere’s horse on the stage, which made the audience laugh out.
【运用】(2024·北京)
60. 如果我是你,我会讨论中国为减少贫困所做的努力,这些努力使数百万人摆脱了贫困,改善了许多人的生活。
If I were you, I would discuss China’s efforts to reduce poverty, _________________________.
语篇写作运用
学校英文报组织同学们分享自己在假期中学到的新技能,请你以此为主题写一篇短文投稿。内容包括:
1. 简要描述你的新技能;
2. 你的体验和感受。
Learning a New Skill
Learning a new skill can be both challenging and rewarding. One skill ____61____ (我最近开始学的) is playing the guitar. It has been a great way for me to unwind and express myself creatively. However, it has also required a lot of time and dedication to get to a point ____62____ (在这个阶段我觉得在别人面前演奏很舒服).
One of the things ____63____ (对我的吉他之旅有帮助的) is finding a good teacher. Having someone ____64____ (能在学习过程中指导你并提供反馈的) is invaluable. I have also found that setting achievable goals and practicing regularly have been key to making progress.
Learning a new skill can be intimidating, but it is also an opportunity to push yourself and grow as a person. Whether it’s playing an instrument, learning a language, or developing a new hobby, I believe that everyone should take the time to explore their interests and pursue their passions.
考点精讲三 “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and,but,so等并列连词或分号则为并列句,此时不需要再填引导词。
【1题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:她写了很多小说,其中一些很有趣。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为novels,表示事物,且空处跟在介词of后作宾语,要填which。
【2题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:她写了很多小说,其中一些很有趣。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为novels,表示事物,且空处跟在介词of后作宾语,要填which。
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词,所以需要引导词,而独立主格结构不是句子,没有谓语动词,所以不需要再填引导词。
【3题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:她收集了许多旧邮票,其中大多数价值数千美元。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为stamps,表示事物,且空处跟在介词of后作宾语,要填which,most of which在从句中作主语。
【4题答案】
【答案】them
【解析】
【详解】句意:她收集了许多旧邮票,其中大多数价值数千美元。空处代指前面的stamps,作most of的宾语,逗号后面没有谓语动词,是独立主格结构,不需要引导词,故填them。
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰的是先行词,而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
【5题答案】
【答案】which##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们年轻人应该去需要帮助的地方。先行the place,关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。
【6题答案】
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句。句意:我们年轻人应该去最需要我们的地方。本句是主从复合句,空格处+从句we’re most needed构成地点状语从句,表示“……的地方”,应使用连接词where引导地点状语从句,修饰主句谓语动词go。故填where。
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词,而时间状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰先行词,而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
【7题答案】
【答案】when
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我将永远记得我和爷爷奶奶住在乡下的日子。先行词为the days,且从句中缺少时间状语,用关系副词为when。故填when。
【8题答案】
【答案】when
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句。句意:当我看到爷爷奶奶的照片时,我总是想起在农村的日子。空处连接两个完整的句子,结合句意,表示“当……时”,用when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same... as...与such... as...结构中,as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分;such/so... that... 引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中不作成分。
【9题答案】
【答案】as
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这是一件我们大家都喜欢的有趣的艺术品。空处引导的是定语从句,先行词an interesting work of art前有such修饰,所以这里用as引导从句,as在定语从句中作like的宾语。故填as。
【10题答案】
【答案】that
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句。句意:这是一件非常有趣的艺术品,我们都喜欢它。本句使用的是such...that...“如此……以至于……”引导结果状语从句。故填that。
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,在整个句子中作定语,用来修饰前面的名词或代词;而主语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,在整个句子中作主语。
【11题答案】
【答案】As
【解析】
【详解】句意:众所周知,月球每月绕地球运行一周。空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整句话内容,表示“正如……”,要填As。
【12题答案】
【答案】As
【解析】
【详解】句意:众所周知,月球每月绕地球运行一周。空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整句话内容,表示“正如……”,要填As。
【13题答案】
【答案】What
【解析】
【详解】考查主语从句。句意:众所周知,月球每月绕地球一周。空处引导主语从句,引导词在从句中充当主语,指物,应用连接代词what引导,首字母应大写,后面that引导的从句则是表语从句。故填What。
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/ was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”,It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分,也不起连接作用,去掉后,句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分,去掉以后结构就不完整了。
【14题答案】
【答案】that
【解析】
【详解】句意:正是在五月一日的早上,我在机场遇见了梁伟。句子是强调句型It is/was ... that ...,被强调部分为时间状语,空处填that。
【15题答案】
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】句意:这就是王先生工作的工厂。空处引导定语从句,先行词为factory,表示地点,且在从句中作地点状语,要填where。
【对点练习】
(2026·天津模拟)
【16题答案】
【答案】whose
【解析】
【详解】句意:警方正在调查这家公司,该公司的三名经理已经被捕。本句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是the company,managers与先行词the company是所属关系(“公司的经理”),因此需要用关系代词whose引导,在从句中作定语,修饰managers,表示“……的”。
(2026·韶关模拟)
【17题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:随后他在一家客栈休息,点了几道菜,其中有一道是炸虾。本句是非限制性定语从句,先行词是several dishes,which指代先行词dishes,作介词among的宾语,表示“在这些菜当中”。
(2023·浙江高考·1月卷)
【18题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:从来没有一个阶段,系统能真正明白自己在说什么。空处引导定语从句,先行词为stage,表示事物,且空处跟在介词at后作宾语,要填which。
(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)
【19题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:与我们日益网络化的生活形成对比,在这种生活中我们消费的信息被监控和追踪,一本印刷书籍仍然能提供一种完全私密的“离线”活动。空处引导定语从句,先行词为lives,表示事物,且空处跟在介词in后作宾语,要填which。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)
【20题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】句意:在接下来的论述中,我将引用我在2018年开展的一项实验:在该实验中,超过1600人同意进行一次数字断舍离。空处引导定语从句,先行词为experiment,表示事物,且空处跟在介词in后作宾语,要填which。
【解题策略】
【21题答案】
【答案】which##that
【解析】
【详解】考查限制性定语从句。句意:我决定,如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料,我就给它发邮件,敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构,“ ________ used a lot of plastic”是一个定语从句,修饰先行词a company,关系词在从句中作主语,指物,用which或that引导该限制性定语从句。故填which或that。
【22题答案】
【答案】where##at which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:在中国艺术节上,有不同的展台,在这里艺术家展示他们的技能,并教给游客。在定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,且先行词为stands,为地点,所以应用关系副词where。先行词为stands,在定语从句中应用介词at表示方位,关系代词which作介词at的宾语,所以也可用at which。故填where/at which。
【23题答案】
【答案】who##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:许多来中国的西方人一旦意识到在外面吃饭是多么便宜,就会比在自己的国家做饭少得多。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词westerners,先行词指人,关系词在定语从句中作主语,应用关系代词who/that引导从句。故填who/that。
【24题答案】
【答案】whose
【解析】
【详解】句意:作为上海最智能的图书馆之一,新分馆拥有中国单体面积最大的图书馆建筑,其面积为11.5万平方米。空处引导定语从句,在从句中作定语修饰名词size,表示所属关系,要填whose。
【25题答案】
【答案】As
【解析】
【详解】句意:正如上周国际科学期刊《自然・医学》所报道的,这项研究是由中山大学中山眼科中心教授林浩天带领的团队开展的。空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代后文整句话内容,表示“正如……”,要填As,句首单词首字母要大写。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练
【26题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:老人将生意交给了小儿子,这让他的长子感到沮丧。分析句子结构知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整句话的内容,并在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。
【27题答案】
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我永远不会忘记那个美丽的村庄,我和祖父母在那里度过了我的童年。先行词为表示地点的名词village,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语,缺少地点状语,用关系副词where引导,故填where。
【28题答案】
【答案】who
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:在那儿他们遇到了很多来自该国其他地方的人,他们也主动提供帮助。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词people,且从句中缺少主语,指人,故应用关系代词who或that,that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填who。
【29题答案】
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:有很多不错的网站,你可以在那里查看最新的科学世界。分析句子可知,空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词websites,关系词在从句中表示行为发生的地点,作地点状语,应用关系副词where作引导词。故填where。
【30题答案】
【答案】who##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:他决定去斯坦福大学,因为那里为想在硅谷工作的人提供很多机会。________wanted to work in Silicon Valley是关系词引导的限制性定语从句修饰先行词people。先行词是人,而且所填关系词在该从句中作主语,关系词用who或that。故填who/that。
【31题答案】
【答案】when
【解析】
【详解】句意:香在明清时期更受欢迎,当时它被用来抵御疾病、蚊虫并守护人们的健康。空处引导定语从句,先行词为Ming and Qing dynasties,表示时间,且在从句中作时间状语,要填when。
【32题答案】
【答案】whose
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:多年来,我遇到过一些有趣的人。其中最有趣的是两位年迈的姐妹,琼和伯妮斯,她们谈论人的方式给了我启发。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词two elderly sisters, Joan and Bernice,在从句作定语,和way构成所属关系,故用关系代词whsoe引导从句。故填whose。
【33题答案】
【答案】As
【解析】
【详解】句意:正如一份官方文件所解释的,茶是中国人日常生活中一种基本的文化元素。空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代后文整句话内容,表示“正如……”,要填As,句首单词首字母要大写。
【34题答案】
【答案】why
【解析】
【详解】句意:农历十二月被称为腊月的原因与祭祀习俗有很大关系。空处引导定语从句,先行词为reason,且在从句中作原因状语,要填why。
【35题答案】
【答案】whom
【解析】
【详解】句意:周正与一群高学历、高技能的年轻人共事,他们中的大多数拥有博士学位。空处引导定语从句,先行词为young people,表示人,且空处跟在介词of后作宾语,要填whom。
层级二 高考真题练
(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)
【36题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览,展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋(中文称为“围棋”),它起源4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese,指物,且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ)
【37题答案】
【答案】which##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这座温室是当代设计的伟大成就,它将中国西南部的植物安置在一条沿着丝绸之路的小路的尽头,将这些植物从它们在亚洲的原生栖息地带到了英国,并在很大程度上定义了英国丰富的园艺。空处引导定语从句,先行词是the Silk Route(丝绸之路),指物,且从句中缺少主语,关系代词可用which或that。故填which/that。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ)
【38题答案】
【答案】who
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖,中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词,先行词为Tang Xianzu,在非限制性定语从句中担当主语,表示人,用关系代词who引导。故填who。
(2024·浙江1月)
【39题答案】
【答案】that##which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:当然,商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语,且先行词为way,所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that或者which。
(2024·全国甲)
【40题答案】
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:黄石公园曾是美国最大的国家公园,面积达220万英亩,直到阿拉斯加南部的Wrangell-Saint Elias于1978年成为国家纪念地,并于1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园荣誉。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,设空处指代先行词Wrangell-Saint Elias,在从句中作主语,先行词指物,从句用关系代词which引导,故填which。
(2023·全国乙)
【41题答案】
【答案】which##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:但除了古建筑,北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方。本空引导限制性定语从句,先行词是a place,指物,关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
(2023·全国甲)
【42题答案】
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:美国腹地曾有一座小镇,那里所有生命似乎都与周边环境和谐共处。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词a town,在从句作地点状语,故用关系副词where引导。故填where。
(2022·浙江1月)
【43题答案】
【答案】who##that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意:亚特兰大佐治亚理工学院的教授金·科布是因气候变化而减少航空旅行的少数学者之一,这一群体人数不多,但正在不断增加。根据句子结构可知,设空处缺少引导限制性定语从句的关系代词,先行词是academics (大学教师),在定语从句中作主语,故填who或者that。故填who/that 。
(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
【44题答案】
【答案】that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:GPNP旨在为生活在大熊猫范围内的所有物种提供更有力的保护,并显著改善该地区生态系统的健康状况。分析句子结构,空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词species,关系词在从句中作主语,先行词指物,且先行词前有all修饰,只能用关系代词that引导从句。故填that。
(2021·北京)
【45题答案】
【答案】that
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:当你睡觉时,你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切,试图将新的经历与旧的记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导限制性定语从句,从句中缺少主语,修饰先行词everything,是不定代词,关系代词只用that不用which,故填that。
层级三 语篇提能练
(2023·浙江高考1月语法填空改编)
【46~55题答案】
【答案】46. whose
47. which 48. who##that
49. whose 50. which##that
51. where 52. which
53. which##that
54. which 55. which##that
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了北京胡同的历史起源、明清时期胡同与四合院的布局特点,以及胡同作为北京重要文化元素所承载的平民文化内涵。
【46题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:“胡同”一词,在蒙古语中原意为“水井”,最早出现于元朝。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词The term “hutong”,在从句中作定语修饰original meaning,表“胡同的”,需用表示所属的关系代词whose。
【47题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:在明朝,中心是紫禁城,它被内城和外城以同心圆的形式环绕。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Forbidden City,指物,在从句中作主语,需用关系代词which。
【48题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:属于较高社会阶层的市民被允许居住在更靠近圆心的位置。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Citizens,指人,在从句中作主语,可用关系代词who/that。
【49题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:这些高官和富商的四合院非常大,他们常常将四合院精雕细琢,并给房梁和柱子上色。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词These high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen,在从句中作定语修饰siheyuan,表“他们的”,需用表示所属的关系代词whose。
【50题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:他们形成的胡同井然有序,两旁是宽敞的住宅和带围墙的花园。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词The hutongs,指物,在从句中作formed的宾语,可用关系代词which/that。
【51题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:离中心更远的地方是平民和劳工居住的地方。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the places,表地点,在从句中作地点状语,需用关系副词where。
【52题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:他们的四合院规模小得多,设计和装饰也更简单,胡同也更窄。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子(平民四合院更小、更简单这件事),在从句中作of的宾语,需用关系代词which。
【53题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:得益于北京作为中国首都的悠久历史,几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,其中一些甚至与历史事件相关联。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Beijing’s long history,指物,在从句中作主语,需用关系代词which/that。
【54题详解】
考查定语从句。句意同上。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词its stories,指物,在从句中作of的宾语,需用关系代词which。
【55题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:与紫禁城、颐和园和天坛所代表的宫廷生活和上层文化形成鲜明对比的是,胡同反映了北京普通百姓的市井文化。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the court life and upper-class culture,指物,在从句中作主语,可用关系代词which/that。
语法链接写作
写作增分亮句
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例1】(2023·新课标Ⅰ,Ⅱ)我一手拿着奖杯,一手拿着奖状,望着老师,老师对我竖起了大拇指,眼里闪烁着喜悦和自豪。
With a trophy in one hand and an awarding paper in the other hand, I looked at my teacher, who gave me a thumbs-up, with his eyes twinkling with pleasure and pride.
【运用1】(2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)
【56题答案】
【答案】who/whom I told where I was going
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。根据句意和中文提示可知,表示“我告诉他我要去哪里”可用who/whom I told where I was going,为定语从句,修饰前面Gunter,从句用一般过去时表过去情况,从句中的宾语从句where I was going用过去进行时表过去计划发生的动作。故填who/whom I told where I was going。
【典例2】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)你给我的诸多 鼓励激发了我写作的动力。
A great deal of encouragement which you gave me inspired my motivation for writing.
【运用2】(2024·北京)
【57题答案】
【答案】Transportation and technology are the suitable topics that your teachers and schoolmates may be concerned about.
【解析】
【详解】“交通和科技”译为Transportation and technology,是由and连接的两个并列名词作主语,表示复数概念,因此be动词用are;“是合适的话题”译为are the suitable topics;后半句用that引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词topics,“你的老师和同学可能关心的”译为that your teachers and schoolmates may be concerned about,that在从句中充当介词about的宾语。
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·全国甲)孔子的影响在现代中国社会仍然可以看到,他的学说继续被研究和应用于日常生活中。
Confucius’ influence can still be seen in modern Chinese society, where his teachings continue to be studied and applied in daily life.
【运用】(2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)
【58题答案】
【答案】We arranged to meet at a cafe, where I handed him the money I owed.
【解析】
【详解】句子表示过去发生的动作,用一般过去时;“我们约在一家咖啡馆见面”译为We arranged to meet at a cafe;后半句用where引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词a cafe,“在那里我把欠他的钱递给他”译为where I handed him the money I owed,其中I owed为省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰先行词the money。
3. “介词+关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)那么,为什么他突然强迫我做一件我肯定会失败的事情呢?
So, why did he suddenly force me to do something at which I was sure to fail?
【运用】(2024·上海1月)
【59题答案】
【答案】in which it is created
【解析】
【详解】空处应翻译“创作它的”。本句为定语从句,先行词是society,表地点,“在社会中”用介词in加关系代词which引导,“它”是被创造的,句子表示常态情况,从句用一般现在时的被动语态,“创作它的”译为in which it is created。
4. 非限制性定语从句运用于写作
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)我解释了我为什么选择这个特殊的主题,甚至在舞台上表演了一个角色,扮演里维尔的马,这让观众笑了出来。
I explained why I chose this special subject and even acted out one role-play as Revere’s horse on the stage, which made the audience laugh out.
【运用】(2024·北京)
【60题答案】
【答案】which have lifted millions of people out of poverty and improved the lives of many people
【解析】
【详解】空处应翻译“这些努力使数百万人摆脱了贫困,改善了许多人的生活”。本句为非限制性定语从句,先行词是efforts,指物,关系词用which,从句用现在完成时强调动作的影响与结果,“使……摆脱贫困”用固定短语lift ... out of poverty表达,故用have lifted;“改善生活”译为improve the lives,“这些努力使数百万人摆脱了贫困,改善了许多人的生活”译为which have lifted millions of people out of poverty and improved the lives of many people。
语篇写作运用
【61~64题答案】
【答案】61. that I have recently taken up
62. where I feel comfortable playing in front of others
63. that have helped in my guitar journey
64. who/that can guide you through the learning process and provide feedback
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇投稿给学校英文报的短文,主题是分享假期中学到的新技能——弹吉他,文章介绍了学习吉他的经历、体验与感悟。
【61题详解】
空处应翻译“我最近开始学的”,用that引导定语从句,先行词为One skill,关系词that在从句中作宾语;句子描述从过去持续到现在的动作,用现在完成时,“开始学(某项技能)”用固定搭配take up,take的过去分词为taken,完整表达为that I have recently taken up。
【62题详解】
空处应翻译“在这个阶段我觉得在别人面前演奏很舒服”,用where引导定语从句,先行词为a point(表示抽象的“阶段、程度”),关系词where在从句中作地点状语;句子描述现在的感受,用一般现在时,完整表达为where I feel comfortable playing in front of others。
【63题详解】
空处应翻译“对我的吉他之旅有帮助的”,用that引导定语从句,先行词为the things,关系词that在从句中作主语;句子描述从过去持续到现在的影响,用现在完成时,“对……有帮助”译为have helped in,完整表达为that have helped in my guitar journey。
【64题详解】
空处应翻译“能在学习过程中指导你并提供反馈的”,用who/that引导定语从句,先行词为someone(指代人),关系词who/that在从句中作主语;句子描述客观情况,用一般现在时,“能在学习过程中指导你”译为can guide you through the learning process,“并提供反馈”译为and provide feedback。
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