动词的时态和语态 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语讲义系统覆盖动词16种时态及被动语态高考核心考点，按时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）与状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）维度构建知识体系，通过考点梳理（结构、用法、时间状语）、方法指导（易混时态对比）、真题训练（典型例题解析）等环节，帮助学生建立时态运用框架，突破语法难点。 讲义采用对比归纳与情境应用教学法，如通过表格对比现在完成时与完成进行时的动作持续性差异，结合真题实例（如一般现在时表客观真理的语法填空）培养学生思维品质与语言能力。设计基础用法、易错辨析、综合应用分层练习，配合即时反馈，确保高效复习，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

动词的时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 一般现在时do 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing 现在完成时 have/has done 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 过去 一般过去时did 过去进行时 was/were+doing 过去完成时 had done 过去完成进行时 had been doing 将来 一般将来时 will do 将来进行时 will be doing 将来完成时 will have done 将来完成进行时 will have been doing 过去将来 过去将来时 would do 过去将来进行时 would be doing 过去将来完成时 Would have done 过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing 一般现在时态 1.表示现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态、特征。常与时间状语often, usually, always, every day/week等连用。 We have meals three times a day. (现在的习惯) He is always ready to help others. (现在的状态) 2. 表示客观真理或者科学事实，有时候还可以陈述一个事实，无具体时间限制。 The sun rises in the east. The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ___ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting 3. 在状语从句中，主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时态表将来。 I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work. 4. 在有时刻表标志的表示已经安排好的事情，动词常用表示位移性的动词，如start, begin, leave, arrive, take off等，用一般现在时态表将来。 The train arrives at 8:30 and leaves at 8:45. 一般过去时态 1. 表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening, last week/month/year, in 1990 (或上下文语境有暗示)。 He lived here three years ago. 2. 表示在过去一段时间内, 经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3. 用在It’s time/I wish/I’d rather + that-clause句型中, 句中表示虚拟, 这些句型描述的情况往往与现在事实相反。 How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden! 一般将来时态 一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening, next week/month/year等连用。 Mr Wu will teach us English this term. 1.“will/shall +do”, 表示客观的将来，或者表示带有意愿色彩的将来。 Tom will come back next week. Fish will die without water. 　 I will stay with you and help you. 2.“be going to + do ”表示计划、打算，安排好的将来。还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行判断。 He is going to speak on TV this evening. Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 3.“be about to + do”, 表示眼下马上要发生的动作。该句型不与具体的时间状语连用，但可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。 The train is about to start. 4. 表示位移性的动词，如come, go, stay, arrive, leave, begin, start等，用一般现在时态(时刻表)、现在进行时态表示计划、安排好的动作或状态。 He comes here tonight. What are you going to do next week? 5. “be to + do” (1) 表示计划中约定的必须将要发生的行为。 She is to get married next month. (2) 表示“指令”，按职责、义务必须做的事情。 The books in this room are not to be taken outside. 过去将来时 1. 基本结构 : would/ Should +do 表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句和间接引语 。 The boy promised he ________(work) hard. KEY: would work I told my parents I _________(return) early. KEY: should /would return 2. 其他表示过去将来的句型 was (were) going to was (were) to +动词原形 was (were) about to （与一般将来时态类比，用法大致相同） 现在进行时态 1. 结构：am/is/are+doing (1) 表示现在具体某一时刻或现阶段正在进行的持续性的动作。 We are having an English class now. The workers are building a new factory. (2) 一些位移性的动词，如go, come, leave, arrive, return, begin等，表示计划将要发生的动作，用现在进行时态表将来。 My uncle is coming back from abroad next week. (3) 表示反复发生的动作，常与always, constantly, all the time, forever等副词连用，带有不满、抱怨或赞赏等感情色彩。 She is always finding fault with others. (4) 表示一种委婉的语气。hope, want, wonder等少数动词用于现在进行时，语气比一般现在时更委婉。 I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. 过去进行时态 1. 结构：was/were + doing 2. 表示过去具体某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。 They were working in class this time yesterday. I was watching TV at home last night. (用进行时态强调动作的持续，重复) 3. 在when, while引导的时间状语从句中，长动作用过去进行时态，短动作用一般过去时态。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle, and hurt himself. 4. 表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作，动词也是位移性动词。 He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 5.过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时,表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情色彩。 He was always thinking of others. 6.动词hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求,虽然表示现在的内容,但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要更委婉。 I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 (1)过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成。 He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚一直在写作文。(不一定写完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完) (2) 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时,但通常不用于进行时。 I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. (3) 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”;而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示动作的重复,常带有感情的色彩。如: He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。 He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。 现在完成时态 1. 结构: have (has) +done 2. 概念：现在完成时表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态,可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。 3. 常与下边这些时间状语连用： 如:so far, up to now, recently, in the past years, since+时间点, for+一段时间，just ,already, yet, 等等. 4. 在下列句型中要用现在完成时: ① It has been+ 一段时间 + since从句 （ 主句部分要用现在完成时，since从句后谓语动词要用一般过去时 ） A. since从句接短暂性动词，翻译为“自从…以来一直…” B. since从句后接延续性动词，翻译为“…动作结束后…一直…” It has been two years since he joined the army.自从他加入这个队伍已经有两年了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters. 自从我离开这个学校，已经换了三个校长了。 ②This/ It is the first/second…time + that 从句 This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. ③This (that / It) is the +形容词最高级 …+that 从句 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 5. 在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，用现在完成时态表示将来某时已经完成的动作。 I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 6. 现在完成时态后若接表示一段时间的状语，须用延续性动词。但在否定句中，可用短暂性动词。 He has come to Beijing since last year. (错误) He has lived in Beijing since last year. (正确) 过去完成时态 1. 结构: had + done 2. 概念：表示动作在过去某一动作之前已经完成。 即“过去的过去”。 3. 常与下边这些时间状语连用： before+过去时间点(动词过去式)，before 2000, by then, by that time, by the end of, until, by the time+句子，时间参照点是过去的某一时间或动词过去式出现。 She had learned some English before she came to the institute. He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 4. 表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose等，其过去完成时表示“本打算，本希望，”过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。含有惋惜的意思。 I had intended to call on you yesterday. 我本来昨天打算要去看你。 （但没去） I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿） 5. Hardly had + 主语＋ done…when+ 主语＋did Scarcely had +主语＋ done…when+ 主语+did No sooner had +主语+done…than + 主语＋did 意为“一…..就……” 主句用过去完成时，when和than从句用一般过去时。 Hardly had she gone to bed when the bell rang. 6. This/ That/ It was the first/ second time+ that从句，从句中谓语动词用过去完成时。 It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. 将来完成时 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间就会完成，常用的时间状语为：by+将来的某个时间。 By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students. 现在完成进行时 1.结构：have/has been + doing 2.用法 (1)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能刚停止，也可能继续延续下去。 (2)特征：常用于延续性动词，并常与all this time, all night, all morning, this week, this month, recently等状语连用以及since和for引导的状语连用。 Where have you been living these years? (3)强调动作的持续与重复发生。 You’ve been saying this for five years. (4)表达较重的感情色彩。 I have been waiting for you for two hours.(不满) (5)某些不能用于进行时态的动词(如see, hear, know, have “有”, like, be等)和某些表示思维活动的动词不能用于现在完成进行，只能用现在完成时。 I have known(不能用have been knowing) him for many years. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 (1)现在完成时一般不表示动作的重复性，而现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复。 Have you met him recently? 你最近见到过他吗？ Have you been meeting him recently? 最近常和他见面吗？ (2) 现在完成时表示曾经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或动作已完成；现在完成进行时强调动作仍在继续。 He has written a letter. (已经写好了) He has been writing a letter. (仍然在写) (3) 现在完成时一般是平铺直叙；而现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩。 I have waited for you for two hours. (说明一个事实) I have been waiting for you for two hous. (表示不满) 被动语态 1. 形式：be+及物动词的过去分词 2. 使用被动语态的情况 (1)不知道动作的执行者或没必要指出谁是动作的执行者。 All the work has been finished by now. (2) 强调动作的承受者。 Healthy is valued above everything. (3)动作的执行者是无生命的事物时。 The window glass was broken by a stone. 3. 主动语态和被动语态的相互转化 (1)谓语动词有两个宾语，变成被动语态时，通常将指人的间接宾语转化为主语，有时也可将指物的直接宾语转化为主语。 The mother gave him some money. He was given some money( by the mother). Some money was given to him (by the mother). (2) 短语动词后的介词要一并带上，不能省去。 如：look after, call on, take care of, pay attention to等。 The old woman was often laughed at. (3) 感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中的宾语补足语的to要带上。如：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, help, let, make等。 She was heard to play the piano in her room last night. 4. 动词的主动形式表示被动意义 (1) “连系动词+形容词/名词”构成系表结构，如： look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, prove, go, turn, become, get, grow, keep, stay，remain等。 The steel feels cold. It has gone bad. 2. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如:read, write, draw, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, drive, open, cook, lock, eat, drink, dry.这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语与之搭配。 This coat dries easily. Your speech reads well. 3. 一些动词没有被动语态：have, get, cost, owe, happen to, belong to等。 The house belongs to my uncle. 4. blame表示“受到责备”时，用be to blame for sth. I feel it is your husband who _A__ the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it _D__ yesterday. A.was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 5. 某事自己去做，用to do; 某事要别人去做，用to be done. Please give me some books to read. (不定式to read的动作执行者是句中的me) I’m going to the post office; do you have anything to be sent? (不定式to be sent的动作逻辑主语是you) 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $