湖南娄底市2026年上学期八年级期末素养检测英语

2026年上学期八年级期末素养检测试卷 英语参考答案 第一部分 听力理解（共两节，满分20分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分） 1 2 3 4 5 B C B C A 第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A B C C B B C A A B B A C A C 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分30分） 第一节（共11题；每小题2分，满分22分） 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 A B C C A A B A B B C 第二节（共4小题；每小题2分，满分8分） 32 33 34 35 C B E A 第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分25分） 第一节（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分） 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 B A A C B C C B C A 第二节（共10小题； 每小题1分，满分10分） 46. written 47. book 48. a 49. catches 50. finally 51. on 52. doubt 53. he 54. but 55. times - 13 - 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 第四部分 综合技能（共两节，满分25分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 56. In the mountains. 57. In 2009. 58. Difficult but meaningful. (其他答案合理即可) 59. A Blue Sky Rescue volunteer should be brave/helpful/skilful. (其他答案合理即可) 60. 我们非常感激他们找到了我们！ 第二节（满分15分） 参考范文： Hobbies Make Us Grow as a Person Our school has done a survey on different hobbies. We’ve interviewed 100 students. The purpose of this survey is to understand students’ spare-time interests. According to the results, 30% of the students prefer reading books, and another 30% choose to exercise. Besides, 25% of them like traveling, while 10% spend time on TV shows and 5% have other hobbies. As for me, my favorite hobby is reading books because it helps me relax after a busy day and learn a lot of knowledge. I suggest we should develop some healthy hobbies, which can help us grow better. 听力材料 第一部分 听力理解（共两节，满分20分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。 听第一段材料，回答第1题。 W: Steve, what do you think of this blue dress? M: Quite nice. It must look good on you. 听第二段材料，回答第2题。 M: How do you spend your free time, Helen? W: Well, I love painting pictures. 听第三段材料，回答第3题。 M: Hi, Kate. Are you OK? That was a big earthquake! W: Yeah! It scared me. I was doing my homework when the building shocked suddenly. 听第四段材料，回答第4题。 M: What are you reading, Emma? W: I’m reading Harry potter and the philosopher’s Stone. It is really interesting. 听第五段材料，回答第5题。 M: Excuse me. How long have you been a volunteer? W: Oh, for seven years. 第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 听下面6段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第七段材料，回答第6、7题。 W: Saturday is finally coming! M: Yeah, what a nice day. W: So it is. And I think we should help mom with the house cleaning. OK? M: Oh no. I just want to play basketball with my friends. W: Come on. What do you want to do? Take out the rubbish or clean the windows? M: I prefer to clean the windows. 听第七段材料，回答第8、9题。 W: Jeff, did you practice playing basketball last Sunday? M: No. I practiced the high jump with my classmates. However, I fell down and hurt myself. W: That’s bad. Did you hurt your arms or legs? M: No. They were OK. I hurt my left foot. I had difficulty walking when I stood up. W: Did you get an X-ray? M: No. I rested for a while and felt a little better. My mother put some cream on it when I got home. 听第八段材料，回答第10、11题。 W: Why are you upset? M: I failed the English exam. I’m afraid to tell my parents about it. W: What will happen if you tell them? M: If I tell them, they’ll be angry. But if I don’t tell them, I’ll feel sorry. What should I do? W: I think they’ll be angrier if you don’t tell the truth. They would like an honest boy. 听第九段材料，回答第12-14题。 W: Hi, Jack. I haven’t seen you for a long time. What have you been doing these days? M: I have been a member of the school volunteer project. Would you like to join us, Cindy? W: Of course, but I don’t know what I can do. M: What’s your hobby? W: I love singing songs. M: Well, you could sing songs for the sick people to cheer them up. W: Good idea. Thank you. M: You’re welcome. 听第十段材料，回答第15-17题。 W: What’s in your hand, David? M: A picture. W: What a nice picture! Is that you on the back? M: Yes, I enjoy riding a bike. It’s a great sport. W: Do you join in bike races a lot? M: Yes. I just took part in a short bike race last month. W: How many kilometers was it? M: It was 30 kilometers. W: Oh, that’s not a short race. Have you ever won any prizes? M: No, never. I join in bike races just for fun. Not for a prize. 听第十一段材料，回答第18-20题。 Mr. Lu started to learn about Chinese medicine from his grandpa when he was a child. Later he learned medicine in a college in Beijing. Now he is 52 years old and he works as a doctor. He loves kung fu and does it every morning. He is popular because lots of people with health problems got well with his help. Yesterday, a woman came to thank him. She had a stomachache several days ago. And she felt better after taking the medicine from Mr. Lu. - 15 - 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $这是2026年上学期八年级期末质量检测英语听力部分。本部分分为第一第二两节。注意回答听力部分时，请先将答案标在试题卷上，本部分录音全部结束后，再将答案转填到答题卷上。请看听力部分第一节，第一节听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的ABC3个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话读两遍。例如，现在你有5秒钟的时间看试题卷上的例题。你将听到以下内容。excuse me, how much is the t shirt? It's . fifty. Excuse me, how much is . the t shirt? It's fifty. 你将有5秒钟的时间将正确答案标在试题卷上。T恤衫的价格为50元，所以你选择B项并将其标在试题卷上。现在你有5秒钟的时间阅读第一小题的有关内容。One, Steve. what do you think of this blue dress? Quite nice. IT must look good on you. Steve, what do you think of this . blue dress? Quite nice. IT must look good on you. Too, how do you spend your free time? Helen. well, I love painting pictures. How do you spend your free time? Helen, well, I love painting pictures. three. Hi, kate, are you okay? That was a big earthquake. yeah. IT scared me. I was doing my homework when the building shocked suddenly. Hi, kate, are you okay? That was a big earthquake. Yeah, IT scared me. I was doing my homework when the building shocked suddenly. For what are you reading? emma? I'm reading . Harry potter and the philosopher stone IT is really . interesting. What are you reading? emma? I'm reading Harry potter and the philosopher stone IT is really interesting. Five, excuse me, how long have you been a volunteer? Oh, for seven . years. Excuse me, how long have you been a volunteer? Oh, for seven . years. 第二节听下面6段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的ABC3个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟。听完后各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍，听第六段材料，回答第六、七题。Saturday is finally . coming. Yeah, what a nice day. So IT is. And I think we should help mum with the house cleaning. okay? Oh, no. I just want to play basketball with my friends. Come on, what do you want to do? Take out the rubbish or clean the windows. I prefer to clean the windows. Saturday is finally coming. Yeah, what a nice day. So IT is. And I think we should help mum with the house cleaning. okay? Oh, no, I just want to play basketball with my friends. Come on, what do you want to do? Take out the rubbish or clean the windows. I prefer to clean the windows. 听第七段材料，回答第八、九题。Jeff, did you practice playing basketball last sunday? No, I practice the high jump with my classmates. However, I fell down and heard myself. that's bad. Did you hurt your arms or legs? No, they were okay. I heard my left fu. I had difficulty walking when I stood up. Did you get an x ray? No, I rested for a while and felt a little Better. My mother put some cream on IT when I got home. Jeff, did you practice playing basketball last sunday? No, I practice the high jump with my classmates. However, I fell down and heard myself. that's bad. Did you hurt your arms or legs? No, they were okay. I heard my left fu. I had difficulty walking when I stood up. Did you get an x ray? No, arrested for a while and felt a little Better. My mother put some cream on IT when I got home. 听第八段。材料，回答第十、十一题。Why are you upset? I failed the english exam. I'm afraid to tell my parents about IT what . will happen if you tell them. If I tell them, they'll be angry. But if I don't tell them, i'll feel sorry. What should I do? I think . we'll be angry. If you don't tell the truth, they would like an honest boy. Why are you upset? I failed the english exam. I'm afraid to tell my parents about IT. What will happen if you . tell them. If I tell them, they'll be angry. But if I don't tell them, i'll feel sorry. What should I do? I think they'll be angry. If you don't tell the truth, they would like an honest boy. 听第九段材料。回答第12至14题。Hi, jack. I haven't seen you for a long time. What have you been doing these days? I have been a member of the school volunteer project. Would you like to join us? Cindy. of course, but I don't know . what I can do. What's your hobby? I love singing songs. Well, you could sing songs for the sick people to cheer them up. Good idea. Thank you. Are welcome. Hi jack. I haven't seen you for a long time. What have you been doing these days? I have been a member of the school volunteer project. Would you like to join us? Cindy, of course, but I don't . know what I can do. What's your hobby? I love singing songs. Well, you could sing songs for the sick people to cheer them up. Good idea. Thank you. Are welcome. 听第十段材料，回答第15至17题。What's the new hand. David? A picture. What a nice picture is that you on the back? Yes, I enjoy riding a bike. Is a great sport. Did you join in bike crisis a lot? Yes, I just took part in a short bike race last month. How many kilometers was IT? IT was thirty kilometers. Oh, that's not a short race. Have you ever won any Prices? No, never. I joined in bike races just for fun, not for a prize. What's the new hand? David? A picture. What a nice picture. Is that you on . the back? Yes, I enjoy riding a bike. It's a great sport. Do you join in bike races a lot? Yes, I just took part in a short by Grace . last month. How many kilometers was IT? IT was thirty kilometers. Oh, that's not a short race. Have you ever won any prizes? No, never. I joined in bike races just for fun, not for a prize. 听第十一段材料，回答第18至20题。Mister lei started to learn about chinese medicine from his grandpa when he was a child. Later, he learned medicine in a college in beijing. Now he is fifty two years old, and he works as a doctor. He loves come food and just IT every morning. He is popular because lots of people with health problems got well with his help. Yesterday, a woman came to thank him. He had a stomach he several days ago, and SHE felt Better. After taking the medicine from mister lew, mister lei started to learn about chinese medicine from his grandpa when he was a child. Later, he learned medicine in a college in beijing. Now he is fifty two years old, and he works as a doctor. He loves come food and does IT every morning. He is popular because lots of people with health problems got well with his help. Yesterday, a woman came to thank him. SHE had a stomach ache several days ago, and he felt Better after taking the medicine from mister luu. 听力部分到此结束。 2026年上学期八年级期末素养检测 英语 （本试题卷共8页。时量100分钟，满分100分。） 第一部分 听力理解（共两节，满分20分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。 例：How much is the T-shirt? A. ¥30. B. ¥50. C. ¥70. 答案是B。 1. What color is the dress? A. Red. B. Blue. C. White. 2. What does Helen do in her free time? A. Running. B. Dancing. C. Painting. 3. What was Kate doing when the earthquake happened? A. Cleaning her room. B. Doing her homework. C. Playing with her sister. 4. What does Emma think of the book? A. Boring. B. Difficult. C. Interesting. 5. How long has the girl been a volunteer? A. 7 years. B. 8 years. C. 9 years. 第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 听下面6段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers? A. Brother and sister. B. Mom and son. C. Teacher and student. 7. What does the boy choose to do? A. Water the flowers. B. Clean the windows. C. Take out the rubbish. 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。 8. What did Jeff do last Sunday? A. He saw a doctor. B. He played basketball. C. He practised the high jump. 9. Which part of Jeff’s body got hurt? A. His arm. B. His leg. C. His foot. 听第8段材料，回答第10、11题。 10. What problem does the boy have? A. He lost his wallet. B. He failed the exam. C. He broke his watch. 11. What’s the girl’s suggestion? A. Keep silent. B. Tell the truth. C. Forget about it. 听第9段材料，回答第12至14题。 12. What has Jack been doing these days? A. Teaching in the school. B. Traveling in the countryside. C. Working for the volunteer project. 13. What does Cindy like doing? A. Singing songs. B. Playing the guitar. C. Playing ping-pong. 14. Who will Cindy help? A. The sick. B. The disabled. C. The homeless. 听第10段材料，回答第15至17题。 15. What is in David’s hand? A. A cap. B. A picture. C. A magazine. 16. How many kilometers was the bike race last month? A. 20k.m. B. 30k.m. C. 40k.m. 17. Why does David join in bike races? A. To have fun. B. To win prizes. C. To make friends. 听第11段材料，回答第18至20题。 18. Who did Mr. Lu learn about Chinese medicine from as a kid? A. His uncle. B. His father. C. His grandpa. 19. When does Mr. Lu do kung fu? A. In the morning. B. In the afternoon. C. In the evening. 20. What was the matter with the woman a few days ago? A. She had a headache. B. She had a toothache. C. She had a stomachache. 第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分30分） 第一节（共11小题；每小题2分，满分22分） 阅读下列材料，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。 A Visiting New Places “Hey, I’m Sandra from Lisbon. Today, I’m visiting a friend in Paris. It’s a wonderful city! There are many tourists here. They’re visiting the museums. Some tourists are taking a boat along the River Seine too! My friends and I are going to the Eiffel Tower now!” “Nihao! It’s Liu Meng from Shanghai. Right now my family and I are visiting friends in Canada. We’re all on a tour of the Niagara Falls. It’s amazing! We’re on a boat close to the falls (瀑布). The water is pouring fast over the falls. It’s great!” “Hey everyone, it’s Alex from London. Today I’m visiting my uncle in Thailand. We’re at the beach now! The sun is shining and it’s really hot, but there are still lots of people here. Some people are swimming and playing in the water. I am playing games on the beach.” 21. Where is Sandra from? A. Lisbon. B. Shanghai. C. London. 22. Who is visiting friends in Canada? A. Sandra. B. Liu Meng. C. Alex. 23. What is Alex doing now? A. Playing in the water. B. Swimming in the water. C. Playing games on the beach. B Wang Min works for a tea factory. Last year, he helped his workmate Li Yi. Li Yi was in his fifties and rode a bike to work everyday. One afternoon, Li Yi was having a break in a quiet meeting room. When Wang Min walked into the room, he saw Li Yi sitting in a chair, looking seriously ill. “He was breathing with difficulty,” said Wang Min. “He was feeling terrible, so I called for an ambulance (救护车).” When waiting for the ambulance to arrive, Wang Min made sure that Li Yi sat comfortably in the chair. “As Li Yi felt very worried, I knew that I needed to keep calm (冷静),” Wang Min said. “I told him that help was on its way and that he might feel better if he tried controlling his breaths.” Wang Min also wanted a workman to find out where the AED (自动体外除颤器) was. Wang Min followed the guidance from the doctor on the other end of the phone, and gave Li Yi some medicine. Soon the ambulance arrived and Li Yi was taken to hospital. Luckily, Li Yi was saved in time and went home not long after that. Wang Min’s quick actions saved a life. He said it was necessary to learn first aid (急救). So far, he has helped people with different problems. 24. What was Li Yi doing that afternoon? A. Drinking tea. B. Riding a bike. C. Having a break. 25. What does the underlined word “guidance” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Advice. B. Action. C. Example. 26. Which of the following can best describe Wang Min according to the text? A. Calm and helpful. B. Honest and active. C. Creative and clever. 27. What will the text probably talk about next? A. What prizes Wang Min has got. B. How Wang Min helped other people. C. Why Wang Min works in the factory. C ① Dreams may make you smart. This was discovered by scientists who do research on dreams. ② What is a dream exactly? Scientists explain that during sleep time your brain reviews your experiences in the day. It tries to connect your new experiences with the old memories. As your brain connects things, it turns them into a story, and then you get a dream. ③ Dreams may help you deal with worries and fears. What has happened during the day may be painful. While you are sleeping, however, the brain will replay the painful memories in a safe dream space. There the bad memories become less painful. And you will feel better after waking up. ④ Dreams also seem to be able to help you learn. This idea is supported by a study. So scientists advise you not to stay up all night studying, especially when an exam is coming. They say a sweet dream might help you get higher marks. ⑤ Dreams may make you more creative, too. It was reported that a famous songwriter came up with his best song in a dream, and wrote it down as soon as he woke up. However, dreams alone can’t bring about creativity. In fact, the songwriter spent a lot of time thinking about the song before the dream. In a word, hard work matters more for creativity, though dreams also have to play a role. 28. What is the right order of the brain’s developing a dream? a. Make you get a dream. b. Turn things into a story. c. Review your experiences in the day. d. Connect new experiences with old memories. A. c→d→b→a B. c→d→a→b C. c→b→d→a 29. What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A. Hard work has nothing to do with creativity. B. Dreams has some influence on people’s creativity. C. Songwriters all came up with their best songs in their dreams. 30. Which is the right structure (结构) of the passage? A. B. C. 31. Where is the text probably taken from? A. A science fiction. B. A sports newspaper. C. A health magazine. 第二节（共4小题；每小题2分，满分8分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。 I’m now in Paris. Life here is pretty good! I was a little lonely at first, but I’m starting to make some friends. They helped me to learn more about the customs here. 32 First, you shouldn’t arrive early to a party. It’s normal to be on time or a few minutes late, but arriving early can cause problems. 33 Usually that’s the polite thing to do, right? But my friend looked so surprised to see me! He was still getting everything ready. 34 When I attended my friend’s party, I didn’t bring anything. It wasn’t his birthday, but everyone else brought gifts like chocolates or flowers to thank him for the party. I was so embarrassed! Third, it’s best not to ask personal questions unless you know the person well. 35 They don’t like it when others ask them about their age, their family, whether they are married, or how much money they make. Food and culture, however, are safe conversation topics. A. Many French people are quite private. B. Once, I arrived 10 minutes early to a party. C. I’d like to share some suggestions with you. D. You should always try to dress for the occasion. E. Second, it’s important to bring a gift when you visit someone. 第三部分 语言运用（共两节，满分25分） 第一节（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 When the bell rang, Matt entered the classroom with a heavy heart. “Hey, Matt,” his best friend Tom greeted him. They were in the school’s 36 team. “Are you still feeling 37 about Saturday night’s game?” Tom asked. “Yes,” Matt said quietly. He didn’t dare to 38 at Tom. “I’m really sorry. The other team got those points because of me.” “Don’t be too hard on yourself!” Tom said. “ 39 you pushed their player, it was just an accident. Everyone knows that!” Tom was a good 40 . But Matt knew the referee didn’t share Tom’s opinion. He gave the other team two free throws. Matt was as shocked as anyone else when the accident happened, but it was too late. He couldn’t take it back. “I guess we have to 41 his decision,” Matt said after a while. “But we had a good chance to win until Imade that mistake.” “Listen, Matt,” said Tom, “try to look on the 42 side. The other team is the best in our area, but our 43 were really close. Everyone in our school is proud of us.” Matt felt a bit better. “Thanks, Tom. I guess it’s just hard to lose.” “Hey, you can’t win them all,” said Tom. “It’s more important to 44 from your mistakes. We’ll keep working together as a team.” “You’re right. If we pull together, we should win next time,” Matt smiled. He was 45 to have a friend like Tom! 36. A. football B. basketball C. volleyball 37. A. sad B. happy C. relaxed 38. A. look B. shout C. laugh 39. A. When B. Because C. Although 40. A. coach B. friend C. teacher 41. A. make B. refuse C. respect 42. A. dark B. common C. bright 43. A. goals B. scores C. places 44. A. run B. come C. learn 45. A. lucky B. scared C. curious 第二节（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分） 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，从下面方框内所给词中选择意义相符的词填入空白处，必要时调整单词的形式。每空一词，每词限填一次。 a on he but time book final catch doubt write My favourite book is The Old Man and the Sea. It was 46 in 1952 by the American writer Ernest Hemingway. The 47 became popular very quickly. In 1953, it won the Pulitzer Prize. The main character is 48 fisherman who hasn’t caught anything for months. One day he 49 a huge fish, but he has to fight for days to kill it. He 50 succeeds, but he can’t pull the fish onto his boat. When the fisherman is 51 his way back, sharks eat the fish, leaving nothing but bones. This book has taught me not to give up or 52 myself. I’m inspired by how hard the fisherman fights, even though 53 loses the fish in the end. As Hemingway said, “Man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed 54 not defeated.” Even though I’ve already read the book three 55 , I’m not tired of it yet. If you’ve never read Ernest Hemingway, I recommend this book. 第四部分 综合技能（共两节，满分25分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 阅读下面的短文，根据短文内容回答问题或翻译划线部分。 I’m Zhang Hua. The following is my story with Blue Sky Rescue. Back in 2008, I was hiking in the mountains with some friends when one of them fell and got a bad head injury. We had to find help quickly, so we called an emergency number. It was already dark, and we couldn’t even see where we were. After some time, we heard dogs barking and the voices of the Blue Sky Rescue team. I nearly started crying. 60. We were so thankful that they found us! I’ve never forgotten that day. Since then, I’ve wanted to help others too. I joined Blue Sky Rescue in 2009, and I’ve been a volunteer ever since. We’ve been to schools and other communities to teach children and adults how to stay safe and prepare for the worst. We’ve also rescued people during emergencies. Working as a volunteer has taught me many practical life-saving skills. It has also helped me understand the power of teamwork because it’s the key to successful rescues. Most of all, being a volunteer has taught me the value of every life. The work is difficult. It’s voluntary, so we aren’t paid. We often go without food or sleep. But our primary goal has always been to save as many people as we can. To the people we’ve saved and their loved ones, I know we’re their heroes. And that makes everything we do worth it. 56. Where were Zhang Hua and his friends when they needed help? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 57. When did Zhang Hua join Blue Sky Rescue? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 58. What does Zhang Hua think of his voluntary work? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 59. What qualities do you think a Blue Sky Rescue volunteer should have? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 60．将短文中划线的句子翻译成中文。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节（满分15分） 假如你是李华，上周你校就同学们的课余爱好做了一项调查。请结合以下调查结果和要点，以“Hobbies make us grow as a person”为题，写一篇英语短文，给学校英语报社投稿。 要点： （1）介绍调查目的； （2）简述调查结果； （3）介绍你的喜好、原因和建议。 注意： （1）文中不得出现真实姓名和校名等信息； （2）写作词数为80个左右（开头已给出，不计入总词数）。 Hobbies Make Us Grow as a Person Our school has done a survey on different hobbies. We’ve interviewed 100 students. ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $