Unit 1 Food matters 动词不定式作主语和表语（核心语法精练）英语译林版选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 Food matters 核心语法精练 (动词不定式作主语和表语) 目录 1 二、考点夯基 3 一、单项选择 3 二、单句语法填空 4 三、综合提升 5 一、语法填空 5 二、阅读理解 6 三、应用文写作 10 不定式形式的变化 非谓语 构成 时态 语态 复合结构(其逻辑主语表示法) 否定式 主动 被动 不定式 一般式 进行式 / 完成式 完成进行式 / 不定式的功能 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语(主语)补足语 定语 状语 插入语 (独立成分) 不定式 注：常见作独立成分的动词不定式短语： _______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 动词不定式作主语和表语用时的重点 情 形 解 读 例 句 不定式作主语的句型 可以用形式主语it代替，将不定式至于句末。 ①It is+adj+to do sth. ②It is+adj+for sb.+to do sth. ③It is+adj+of sb.+to do sth. ④It+takes/took sb.+时间+to do sth. ⑤It makes sb.+形容词+to do sth. ⑥It+be(+one’s)+名词+to do sth. ① every night.每天晚上有足够的睡眠是很重要的。 ② a balanced diet to keep healthy.对我们来说，保持均衡饮食以维持健康是必要的。 ③ me out of trouble.你帮我摆脱困境真是太好了。 ④ to figure out what had happened.我花了相当长的时间才弄清楚发生了什么。 ⑤ and achieve a team goal together.一起努力并共同实现团队目标，这让我很兴奋。 ⑥ to give a speech at your school.被邀请到贵校发 表演讲是一种荣幸。 on behalf of the Be at One with Nature Association.我很高兴能代表“与自然融为一体”协会做一次演讲。 注意对等结构： 眼见为实。 不可以说： 不定式逻辑主语 的表示 动词不定式前可以加上for/of引导的短语，表示被动式的逻辑主语。前面的形容词如果是用来描述动作的特征或客观情况，就用介词for；如果是用来描述描述人的品质或特征，就用of。 It is to develop good study habits. 培养良好的学习习惯对学生来说是很重要的。 It’s very to help us with the difficult task. 你帮助我们完成这项艰巨的任务真是太好了。 不定式被动式的运用 动词不定式所表示的动作如果与主语或逻辑主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，则不定式要用被动式。 To arouse students’ interest in home decorating, a workshop . 为了激发学生对家居装饰的兴趣，将举办一场研讨会。 ( ) It was a great honour for Alice ________ to speak in front of many famous scientists. 爱丽丝被邀请在许多著名的科学家面前演讲深感荣幸。 ( ) 特殊情况：The driver is to blame for the traffic accident. 这位司机应为这场交通事故负责。 尽管“blame”与句子主语“the driver”之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但是be to blame是固定结构，译为“应受责备，应负责任”，该结构为主动形式表被动含义。 一、单项选择 1. It is necessary for students ________ good learning habits in their senior high school life. A. form B. forming C. to form D. formed 2. Marking the 100th anniversary of the Forbidden City, it is our duty ________ this powerful cultural landmark and China’s rich heritage. A. preserve B. to preserve C. preserving D. to preserving 3. There is no doubt that it is easy for us ________ the hill. A. climb B. to climb C. climbing D. climbed 4. With phones ________ respectively, it is convenient for my friends and me ________in touch with each other. A. possessing, getting B. to possess, get C. possess, to get D. possessed, to get 5. ________ most students look forward to is ________ a wonderful summer vacation after the final exam. A. What, to have B. When. to have C. What, having D. When, having 6. It is not uncommon________ problems of communication ________ between generations. A. as, arise B. for, to arise C. of, rising D. with, rise 7. As a cross-border doctor, my primary mission was ________ all those African patients. A. to save B. being saved C. save D. to be saved 8. ________ is easier than to do. A. To say B. Saying C. To be saying D. Being said 9. What I would like________ now is ________ my bad habits and make up for my lost time. A. doing, to break B. to do, breaking C. doing, breaking D. to do, break 10. The most important thing for a good detective to do is ________ the innocent. A. to protect B. protects C. protected D. protect 11. Although he is a newcomer to this company, it is not quite hard for him ________ the case. A. dealing with B. to deal with C. having dealt with D. to be dealt with 12. What makes Tom excited is ________ for the Milan 2026 Olympic Winter Games. A. volunteer B. to be a volunteer C. volunteered D. been a volunteer 13. It is necessary ________ us ________ the responsibility for our own actions. A. for, to take B. of, to take C. for, taking D. of, taking 14. Tom thought it was an honor ________ to speak in the ceremony. A. to invite B. to be invited C. inviting D. having invited 15. It took the surgeon three hours ________ my mother’s lung surgery. A. to perform B. performed C. perform D. performing 二、单句语法填空 1. ________(drive)a car during the rush hour must be tiring. 2. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ________(remain)silent. 3. It took him the whole afternoon ________(fix)the car. 4. It’s not easy work ________(organize)such a well-prepared exhibition. 5. ________(prevent)the habitats of the wild animals from being damaged is very important for wildlife protection. 6. It is difficult ________(write)the composition in an hour. 7. It is necessary for us ________(break)the cultural barriers between different countries. 8. It is kind of you ________(help)the old man cross the street. 9. It is a great honour ________(invite)to the King’s party. 10. Her ambition is ________(admit)to a top university to study artificial intelligence. 11. My plan is ________(invite)my friends over at the weekend to show them my new-found skills. 12. Balancing study and relaxation proves ________(enhance)overall well-being significantly. 13. The investigation concluded that poor management was ________(blame)for the accident, not the equipment. 14. The main goal of the exhibition is ________(promote)mutual understanding between Eastern and Western civilizations. 15. All I did was ________(give)him a little push. 一、语法填空 A (26-27高三·上海·升高衔接)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 It is important for teenagers ___1___(have)dreams. My dream is ___2___(become)a volunteer doctor in the future. I always try my best ___3___(study)medicine-related knowledge after school. I decide ___4___(do)more volunteer work to help others. Last term, I joined a club ___5___(learn)how to care for the old. My parents expect me ___6___(be)a kind and helpful person. They encourage me ___7___(keep)trying. I know I can’t wait ___8___(take)action every day. It’s my duty ___9___(help)people in need. I believe I am able ___10___(realize)my dream one day. B (改编自2026·河南安阳·三模)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式,并将答案填写在答题卡上。 China concluded its Milano-cortina Winter Olympics chapter with five gold, four silver and six bronze medals, surpassing the 5-2-4 record that it created in Vancouver in 2010. This accomplishment is proof of ___1___ growing strength, maturity and determination of Chinese athletes on the global stage. Chinese athletes have learned to handle setbacks with grace, taking each experience ___2___ a stepping stone toward future successes. This resilience(韧性)and the ability to remain unshaken in the face of initial failures ___3___(base)on a deep-rooted belief in their capability and unshakable ___4___(commit)to excellence. To dare to challenge is already my gold medal, remarked one athlete after failing ___5___(defend)an Olympic Big Air title. True courage lies not in winning glory, but in keeping faith with one’s original love for the sport. The effort athletes put in is not just for satisfactory results. It’s very important ___6___(show)the charm of snowboarding to the world, inspire more people, ___7___ share the “love” among riders and between nations. ___8___(clear), Chinese athletes have moved on from a gold medal only mindset. They understand that while medals are significant, ___9___ truly matters is the invaluable lessons and personal growth. This clarity also ___10___(prepare)them for future challenges with greater assurance. 二、阅读理解 A (2026·河北沧州·三模)Many people are choosing plant-based foods today. Drinks like oat and almond milk are very popular. But there’s one food that still has people divided — vegan(纯素的)cheese. Many cheese lovers find it hard to accept this replacement. Most people say it just doesn’t taste or feel like real cheese, so it hasn’t gained the same popularity as other plant-based products. A company in Berlin, Germany, called Formo, wants to fix that. Formo uses fermentation(发酵), a process that helps grow healthy proteins using microbes(微生物), to turn existing vegan cheese into something creamy and cheesy. Raffael Wohlgensinger, who founded Formo, is a big cheese fan. He was unhappy with the vegan cheese he found in stores. He also wanted to make cheese that is better for the planet. Regular cheese comes from cows, and cows need a lot of space, water, and food. They also produce methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. But there’s a problem: most vegan cheeses are made with things like coconut oil, and they don’t have the same melt, or taste as dairy cheese. In 2023, Formo raised $61 million and began selling their vegan cream cheese in over 2,000 stores in Germany. They plan to come to the U.S. in 2027 and establish a dominant presence there. Formo is also testing precision fermentation. This is where microbes are applied to make real milk proteins without using cows. These proteins can help the cheese melt and stretch just like dairy cheese! The hope is that one day, these tasty vegan cheeses will be cheaper, better for the Earth, and loved by everyone — even big cheese fans. Why is this important? Because making cheese in this new way could help protect the planet. Formo hopes their prices will go down over time, so more people can afford vegan cheese. They believe microbes can help make tasty, healthy, and planet-friendly cheese for the future. 1. How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A. By presenting a contrast. B. By quoting a scientific study. C. By explaining a new technology. D. By giving examples of popular foods. 2. Why does the author mention regular cheese? A. To introduce the history of cheese making. B. To explain why regular cheese is more popular. C. To stress the difficulty of making vegan cheese. D. To show the advantages of Formo’s vegan cheese. 3. What will Formo do in the future? A. Stop adding coconut oil. B. Focus on domestic market. C. Make products more accessible. D. Abandon precision fermentation. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Popular Plant-Based Drinks and Foods B. Environmental Problems Caused by Cows C. Making Tasty Vegan Cheese with Microbes D. The Development of German Food Companies B (2026·河南·三模)In recent years, consumers have increasingly sought “clean-label” foods — products made with natural ingredients. This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut(腰果)that is often thrown away — the shell. From it, they extract Cashew Nut Shell Liquid(CNSL)and find that it contains special natural substances that can fight bacteria and prevent decay(变质). While this dark liquid has been studied for use in industries like paint and medicine, its potential for preserving food had not been fully explored until now. The scientists designed a careful experiment to test whether CNSL could help preserve beef, one of the most widely consumed meats globally. They applied the liquid to beef samples at different concentrations. Some meat was left untreated as controls. The samples were then stored under different conditions — some at room temperature and others in refrigeration — for two weeks. During storage, a detailed microbiological evaluation was conducted to quantify total viable(活菌)counts and specific spoilage organisms. Physicochemical analyses monitored changes in pH and water activity, while bacteria growth was assessed during storage at room temperature. The scientists discovered that the CNSL-treated meat showed significantly less bacterial growth than untreated meat. The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality. Even at room temperature, it effectively delayed the meat’s souring process and reduced bacteria growth, helping the beef stay fresh-looking longer. The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh—hidden inside a humble cashew shell. 5. Why are scientists studying cashew nut shells? A. To reduce waste in the food industry. B. To improve the taste of processed foods. C. To find natural alternatives to artificial preservatives. D. To develop new industrial materials for paint and medicine. 6. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Why was the experiment conducted. B. Where was the beef preserved well. C. How was the experiment carried out. D. What did the scientists compare. 7. What does the experiment suggest about CNSL? A. It can improve meat quality over time. B. It performs best at room temperature. C. It speeds up the meat’s souring process. D. Its concentration closely relates to storage life. 8. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of CNSL? A. Fully convinced. B. Cautiously optimistic. C. Hesitant and doubtful. D. Neutral and objective. C (2026·四川雅安·一模)Ultra-processed foods have long been associated with obesity and diabetes. But a series of papers published in the May issue of Brain Medicine adds a new threat to the list: these foods are also a significant source of microplastic exposure. And those plastics, scientists warn, may be building up in human brains. Four interrelated studies in the journal combine years of research on how tiny plastic particles enter the human body and what they might be doing once inside. The evidence is depressing. Not only can microplastics pass through the gut and circulate in the bloodstream, they can also cross the blood-brain barrier, according to multiple studies cited in the new issue. “Ultra-processed foods now comprise more than 50 percent of energy intake in countries like the United States, and these foods contain significantly higher concentrations of microplastics than whole foods,” Nicholas Fabiano, one of the co-authors, said in a statement. For example, chicken pieces contain nearly 30 times more microplastics per gram than chicken breast. Researchers say this is largely due to the high degree of industrial contact that processed foods have, from plastic packaging to grinding(研磨). Microplastics are defined as plastic particles less than five millimeters in size. Scientists have found that they may trigger immune responses and mitochondrial(线粒体的)disorder. These are some of the same biological pathways already associated with ultra-processed food consumption. The links between plastic and brain health are not just theoretical. A 2023 study in Environmental Science & Technology demonstrated that nanoplastics—the smallest of the microplastic class—can alter brain gene expression in mice, leading to anxiety-like behaviors. While the science is still evolving, a 2022 study estimated that the average American consumes more than 50,000 microplastic particles per year. More research is needed, but the connection between ultra-processed food consumption and plastic pollution adds another reason for consumers to rethink their food choices. 9. Why does the author mention the four interrelated studies in paragraph 2? A. To prove the microplastics can harm the gut. B. To show his disappointment with the studies. C. To tell that the microplastics can enter human brains. D. To introduce methods of reducing microplastic exposure. 10. What is true about ultra-processed foods? A. They are foods like chicken breast. B. They are frequently exposed to plastics. C. They contain fewer microplastics than whole foods. D. They make up over half of energy intake in most countries. 11. How does the author support the argument in paragraph 5? A. By showing study results. B. By describing a research process. C. By comparing different plastic types. D. By giving examples of brain health cases. 12. What’s the author’s attitude towards ultra-processed foods? A. Neutral. B. Approving. C. Ambiguous. D. Unfavorable. 三、应用文写作 (改编自24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段检测)假定你是李华，在英国的一所高中做交换生，你们小组为世界粮食日 (World Food Day)设计的海报获得一等奖，请代表你们组做经验分享。 内容包括：1. 海报的主题及制作过程； 2. 活动感受。 注意：1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear fellow students, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you! 1 / 12 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Food matters 核心语法精练 (动词不定式作主语和表语) 目录 1 二、考点夯基 3 一、单项选择 3 二、单句语法填空 6 三、综合提升 9 一、语法填空 9 二、阅读理解 12 三、应用文写作 19 不定式形式的变化 非谓语 构成 时态 语态 复合结构(其逻辑主语表示法) 否定式 主动 被动 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never 进行式 to be doing / 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing / 不定式的功能 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语(主语)补足语 定语 状语 插入语 (独立成分) 不定式 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 注：常见作独立成分的动词不定式短语： to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse(更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用说)。 动词不定式作主语和表语用时的重点 情 形 解 读 例 句 不定式作主语的句型 可以用形式主语it代替，将不定式至于句末。 ①It is+adj+to do sth. ②It is+adj+for sb.+to do sth. ③It is+adj+of sb.+to do sth. ④It+takes/took sb.+时间+to do sth. ⑤It makes sb.+形容词+to do sth. ⑥It+be(+one’s)+名词+to do sth. ①It is important to have enough sleep every night.每天晚上有足够的睡眠是很重要的。 ②It is necessary for us to keep a balanced diet to keep healthy.对我们来说，保持均衡饮食以维持健康是必要的。 ③It’s really kind of you to help me out of trouble.你帮我摆脱困境真是太好了。 ④It took me quite a while to figure out what had happened.我花了相当长的时间才弄清楚发生了什么。 ⑤It makes me excited to work hard and achieve a team goal together.一起努力并共同实现团队目标，这让我很兴奋。⑥It’s an honour to be invited to give a speech at your school.被邀请到贵校发 表演讲是一种荣幸。 It is my great pleasure to give a lecture on behalf of the Be at One with Nature Association.我很高兴能代表“与自然融为一体”协会做一次演讲。 注意对等结构：To see is to believe.=Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 不可以说：To see is believing或Seeing is to believe. 不定式逻辑主语 的表示 动词不定式前可以加上for/of引导的短语，表示被动式的逻辑主语。前面的形容词如果是用来描述动作的特征或客观情况，就用介词for；如果是用来描述描述人的品质或特征，就用of。 It is important for students to develop good study habits. 培养良好的学习习惯对学生来说是很重要的。 It’s very kind of you to help us with the difficult task. 你帮助我们完成这项艰巨的任务真是太好了。 不定式被动式的运用 动词不定式所表示的动作如果与主语或逻辑主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，则不定式要用被动式。 To arouse students’ interest in home decorating, a workshop is to be held. 为了激发学生对家居装饰的兴趣，将举办一场研讨会。(“hold”与主语“a workshop”存在逻辑上的动宾关系) It was a great honour for Alice to be invited to speak in front of many famous scientists. 爱丽丝被邀请在许多著名的科学家面前演讲深感荣幸。(“invite”与逻辑主语“Alice”存在逻辑上的动宾关系) 特殊情况：The driver is to blame for the traffic accident. 这位司机应为这场交通事故负责。 尽管“blame”与句子主语“the driver”之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但是be to blame是固定结构，译为“应受责备，应负责任”，该结构为主动形式表被动含义。 一、单项选择 1. It is necessary for students ________ good learning habits in their senior high school life. A. form B. forming C. to form D. formed 【答案】C 【解析】句意：学生在高中生活中养成良好的学习习惯是很有必要的。此处为固定句型：It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.，it作形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式to do，故选C。 2. Marking the 100th anniversary of the Forbidden City, it is our duty ________ this powerful cultural landmark and China’s rich heritage. A. preserve B. to preserve C. preserving D. to preserving 【答案】B 【解析】句意：在紫禁城建成100周年之际，保护这一强大的文化地标和中国丰富的遗产是我们的责任。“It’s one’s duty to do sth.”是固定句型，意为“做某事是某人的责任”，其中it为形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语，故选B。 3. There is no doubt that it is easy for us ________ the hill. A. climb B. to climb C. climbing D. climbed 【答案】B 【解析】句意：毫无疑问，对我们来说爬上这座山很容易。此处为固定句型“it is +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.”，其中it作形式主语，真正主语用动词不定式形式。 4. With phones ________ respectively, it is convenient for my friends and me ________in touch with each other. A. possessing, getting B. to possess, get C. possess, to get D. possessed, to get 【答案】D 【解析】句意：我们各自配有手机，我和朋友们保持联系十分便捷。分析句子可知，第一空为with 复合结构：With + 宾语(phones)+ 宾语补足语，phones(手机)与 possess(拥有)为被动关系，用过去分词possessed。第二空为固定句型：It is+形容词 +for sb. to do sth.，it作形式主语，不定式 to get 为真正主语，故选D。 5. ________ most students look forward to is ________ a wonderful summer vacation after the final exam. A. What, to have B. When. to have C. What, having D. When, having 【答案】A 【解析】考查主语从句和非谓语动词。句意：大多数学生最期待的事情就是期末考试结束后能有一个愉快的暑假。第一空引导主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，故用what；第二空作表语，且表示将来的动作，用不定式，故选A。 6. It is not uncommon________ problems of communication ________ between generations. A. as, arise B. for, to arise C. of, rising D. with, rise 【答案】B 【解析】考查介词和非谓语动词。句意：代际间出现交流问题并不罕见。It is + adj. + for sb./sth. + to do sth.对于某人/某物来说，做某事是……的，句中it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，故选B。 7. As a cross-border doctor, my primary mission was ________ all those African patients. A. to save B. being saved C. save D. to be saved 【答案】A 【解析】句意：作为一名跨境医生，我的首要任务是拯救所有非洲病人。分析句子结构可知，句子的主语是my primary mission，was是系动词，后面需要用不定式作表语来补充说明主语的内容。逻辑主语与save之间为主动关系，所以用不定式的主动形式，故选A。 8. ________ is easier than to do. A. To say B. Saying C. To be saying D. Being said 【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：说起来容易做起来难。句中不定式、动名词都可以作主语，但是根据对称的原则，than 后面接不定式，那主语必须用不定式。不表示动作的正在进行，所以不用不定式的进行时，故选A。 9. What I would like________ now is ________ my bad habits and make up for my lost time. A. doing, to break B. to do, breaking C. doing, breaking D. to do, break 【答案】D 【解析】句意：我现在想做的是改掉我的坏习惯，弥补我失去的时间。分析句子可知，该句第一处为what引导的主语从句中谓语动词的填入，为动词短语would like to do“想要做某事”；该句第二空为不定式to的省略用法，如果系动词后的表语是不定式，且前文有do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式to可以省略，故选D。 10. The most important thing for a good detective to do is ________ the innocent. A. to protect B. protects C. protected D. protect 【答案】A 【解析】句意：一个好侦探要做的最重要的事情是保护无辜的人。此处为非谓语动词作表语，根据“The most important thing for a good detective to do”可知，此处强调将要发生的动作，所以此处使用动词不定式to protect作表语，故选A。 11. Although he is a newcomer to this company, it is not quite hard for him ________ the case. A. dealing with B. to deal with C. having dealt with D. to be dealt with 【答案】B 【解析】句意：虽然他刚加入这家公司不久，但处理这个案子对他来说并非难事。此处为句型it+be+adj. +for sb.+ to do sth.，不定式作真正的主语，且为主动关系，故选B。 12. What makes Tom excited is ________ for the Milan 2026 Olympic Winter Games. A. volunteer B. to be a volunteer C. volunteered D. been a volunteer 【答案】B 【解析】句意：让汤姆兴奋的是，他将成为2026年米兰冬奥会的志愿者。由句意和for the Milan 2026 Olympic Winter Games可知，此空应用“to be + 名词”结构，to be a volunteer表示“将成为一名志愿者”，可以放在系动词is后作表语，符合句子结构和语义，故选B。 13. It is necessary ________ us ________ the responsibility for our own actions. A. for, to take B. of, to take C. for, taking D. of, taking 【答案】A 【解析】考句意：我们有必要为自己的行为承担责任。本句用It’s + adj. + for sb. to do sth.句型，形容词necessary描述事物的性质，不修饰人，故用介词for；it作形式主语，真正主语是不定式to take，故选A。 14. Tom thought it was an honor ________ to speak in the ceremony. A. to invite B. to be invited C. inviting D. having invited 【答案】B 【解析】句意：Tom觉得很荣幸被邀请在典礼上讲话。根据句型分析可知，本题中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式结构，再根据句意可知，Tom和invite是被动关系，所以这里应用不定式的被动形式，故选B。 15. It took the surgeon three hours ________ my mother’s lung surgery. A. to perform B. performed C. perform D. performing 【答案】A 【解析】句意：外科医生花了三个小时给我母亲做肺部手术。根据句意和句中的It took the surgeon three hours可知，此处考查固定句型“It takes somebody+时间+ to do sth”，表示“做某事花费了某人多少时间”其中，it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式，故选A。 二、单句语法填空 1. ________(drive)a car during the rush hour must be tiring. 【答案】To drive 【解析】句意：在这个高峰时间开车一定很累。分析句子可知，设空处用作句子的主语，根据后文的“during the rush hour”可知，此处的动作drive表示一次具体的行为，应使用不定式，位于句首首字母大写，故填To drive。 2. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ________(remain)silent. 【答案】to remain 【解析】句意：不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。句中空格处的词是真正的主语，it是形式主语，因此要用不定式，故填to remain。 3. It took him the whole afternoon ________(fix)the car. 【答案】to fix 【解析】句意：他花了整个下午来修车。句中使用固定句型“It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.”，表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”，it作形式主语，不定式为真正主语，故填to fix。 4. It’s not easy work ________(organize)such a well-prepared exhibition. 【答案】to organize 【解析】句意：组织一场准备如此充分的展览并非易事。本句为It作形式主语的固定句型“It’s +形容词 + to do sth.”，真正的主语是后面的不定式，故填to organize。 5. ________(prevent)the habitats of the wild animals from being damaged is very important for wildlife protection. 【答案】Preventing/To prevent 【解析】句意：保护野生动物的栖息地不受破坏对于保护野生动物来说至关重要。分析句子可知，句中is是整个句子的谓语，谓语前的部分为句子主语，此处为动名词短语作主语，表抽象、泛指的行为(强调“阻止野生动物栖息地被破坏”这一行为本身，是野生动物保护的通用重要举措)。也可用不定式短语作主语，表具体、将要发生的行为(强调“去做阻止栖息地被破坏这件事”，是需要主动去实施的具体行动)。句首单词首字母大写，故填Preventing/To prevent。 6. It is difficult ________(write)the composition in an hour. 【答案】to write 【解析】句意：一小时内写这篇作文很难。本句使用固定句型“It is +形容词+ to do sth.”，其中it是形式主语，使用动词不定式形式，作真正的主语。故填to write。 7. It is necessary for us ________(break)the cultural barriers between different countries. 【答案】to break 【解析】句意：对我们来说，打破不同国家之间的文化壁垒是很有必要的。固定句型It is+adj.+for sb.+to do sth. ，其中It作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语，故填to break。 8. It is kind of you ________(help)the old man cross the street. 【答案】to help 【解析】句意：你能帮助那位老人过马路，真是太好了。it作形式主语，真正主语是不定式to help，符合It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.句型，故填to help。 9. It is a great honour ________(invite)to the King’s party. 【答案】to be invited 【解析】句意：被邀请参加国王的聚会是一种极大的荣幸。It is a great honour to do sth.是固定句型，表示“做某事是一种极大的荣幸”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语；根据句意可知，invite和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，表示“被邀请”，所以空处需用动词不定式的被动语态：to be done，故填to be invited。 10. Her ambition is ________(admit)to a top university to study artificial intelligence. 【答案】to be admitted 【解析】句意：她的志向是被一所顶尖大学录取，去学习人工智能。此处需用不定式作表语，且“她”与“录取(admit)”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，需用不定式的被动结构，故填to be admitted。 11. My plan is ________(invite)my friends over at the weekend to show them my new-found skills. 【答案】to invite 【解析】句意：我的计划是周末邀请朋友们到我家来，向他们展示我新学会的技能。当主语是plan(计划), aim(目标), goal(目标), idea(想法)这类表示“计划、打算、意图”的名词时，常用动词不定式作表语来表示具体将要发生的动作。 12. Balancing study and relaxation proves ________(enhance)overall well-being significantly. 【答案】to enhance 【解析】句意：平衡学习与放松被证明能显著提升整体幸福感。空前的prove在这里是“被证明是”的意思，用作系动词，它后面常接to be+形容词/名词或直接接不定式，构成prove to do sth.结构，意思是“被证明会做某事/具有某种特性”，这是一个固定用法，故填to enhance。 13. The investigation concluded that poor management was ________(blame)for the accident, not the equipment. 【答案】to blame 【解析】句意：调查结果表明，事故的根源在于管理不善，而非设备问题。be to blame for应对……负责；应因……而受责，故填to blame。 14. The main goal of the exhibition is ________(promote)mutual understanding between Eastern and Western civilizations. 【答案】to promote 【解析】句意：这次展览的主要目标是促进东西方文明之间的相互理解。 “(promote)mutual understanding”作表语，用非谓语形式，结合句意和主语goal(目标)可知，描述尚未发生的事情，应用不定式表目的或将来，故填to promote。 15. All I did was ________(give)him a little push. 【答案】to give/give 【解析】句意：我所做的只是轻轻推了他一把。空处作表语，且指的是一次性的、具体的动作，因此应用give的不定式形式，主语部分含实义动词did，表语动词不定式的to可以省略，故填to give /give。 一、语法填空 A (26-27高三·上海·升高衔接)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 It is important for teenagers ___1___(have)dreams. My dream is ___2___(become)a volunteer doctor in the future. I always try my best ___3___(study)medicine-related knowledge after school. I decide ___4___(do)more volunteer work to help others. Last term, I joined a club ___5___(learn)how to care for the old. My parents expect me ___6___(be)a kind and helpful person. They encourage me ___7___(keep)trying. I know I can’t wait ___8___(take)action every day. It’s my duty ___9___(help)people in need. I believe I am able ___10___(realize)my dream one day. 【答案】 1. to have 2. to become 3. to study 4. to do 5. to learn 6. to be 7. to keep 8. to take 9. to help 10. to realize 【导语】文章主要讲述了作者立志成为志愿医生并为之努力的故事。 1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：青少年拥有梦想是很重要的。固定句型It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.，it为形式主语，需用不定式作真正主语。 2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我的梦想是未来成为一名志愿医生。空处需要不定式作表语，说明梦想的具体内容。 3. 考查非谓语动词。句意：放学后我总是尽全力学习医学相关知识。固定搭配try one’s best to do sth.“尽某人最大的努力做某事”。 4. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我决定做更多志愿工作帮助他人。固定搭配decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，需用不定式作宾语。 5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：上学期我加入俱乐部学习如何照顾老人。空处需要不定式作目的状语，说明加入俱乐部的目的。 6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我的父母期望我成为善良乐于助人的人。固定搭配expect sb. to do sth.“期待某人做某事”，需用不定式作宾语补足语。 7. 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们鼓励我不断尝试。固定搭配encourage sb. to do sth.“鼓励某人做某事”，需用不定式作宾语补足语。 8. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我知道我每天都迫不及待要采取行动。固定搭配can’t wait to do sth.“迫不及待地想做某事”。 9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：帮助有需要的人是我的责任。固定句型It is one’s duty to do sth.“做某事是某人的责任”，需用不定式作真正主语。 10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我相信有一天我能实现我的梦想。固定搭配be able to do sth.“能够做某事”。 B (改编自2026·河南安阳·三模)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式,并将答案填写在答题卡上。 China concluded its Milano-cortina Winter Olympics chapter with five gold, four silver and six bronze medals, surpassing the 5-2-4 record that it created in Vancouver in 2010. This accomplishment is proof of ___1___ growing strength, maturity and determination of Chinese athletes on the global stage. Chinese athletes have learned to handle setbacks with grace, taking each experience ___2___ a stepping stone toward future successes. This resilience(韧性)and the ability to remain unshaken in the face of initial failures ___3___(base)on a deep-rooted belief in their capability and unshakable ___4___(commit)to excellence. To dare to challenge is already my gold medal, remarked one athlete after failing ___5___(defend)an Olympic Big Air title. True courage lies not in winning glory, but in keeping faith with one’s original love for the sport. The effort athletes put in is not just for satisfactory results. It’s very important ___6___(show)the charm of snowboarding to the world, inspire more people, ___7___ share the “love” among riders and between nations. ___8___(clear), Chinese athletes have moved on from a gold medal only mindset. They understand that while medals are significant, ___9___ truly matters is the invaluable lessons and personal growth. This clarity also ___10___(prepare)them for future challenges with greater assurance. 【答案】 1. the 2. as 3. are based 4. commitment 5. to defend 6. to show 7. and 8. Clearly 9. what 10. prepares 【导语】文章介绍了中国代表团在米兰一科尔蒂纳冬奥会取得的成绩，彰显了中国运动员的赛场实力与心态成长，注重体育精神传递与自我突破的新赛场理念 1. 考查冠词。句意：这一成就证明了中国运动员在国际赛场上实力的不断增强、成熟度的不断提高以及坚定的决心。此处特指中国运动员在国际舞台上不断增长的实力，需用定冠词the表特指含义，故填the。 2. 考查介词。句意：中国运动员已经学会了以优雅的态度应对挫折，将每一次经历都视为通往未来成功道路上的垫脚石。短语take … as ...意为“将……当作……”，故填as。 3. 考查动词时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：这种坚韧不拔的精神以及在遭遇初次失败时仍能保持镇定的能力，是基于他们对自己能力的坚定信念以及对卓越的坚定不移的追求所形成的。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；主语为This resilience and the ability，为复数，且与动词base之间是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用are，base的过去分词为based，故填based。 4. 考查名词。句意：这种坚韧不拔的精神以及在遭遇初次失败时仍能保持镇定的能力，是基于他们对自己能力的坚定信念以及对卓越的坚定不移的追求所形成的。空处前有形容词unshakable修饰，需使用名词形式commitment“奉献，投入，决心”，故填commitment。 5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：“敢于挑战本身就已经是我最宝贵的金牌了。”一位运动员在未能卫冕奥运会自由式滑雪大跳台冠军后这样说道。短语fail to do sth.意为“未能做成某事”，用动词defend“防守，防卫”的动词不定式形式，故填to defend。 6. 考查非谓语。句意：将滑雪板运动的魅力向全世界展示出来，激励更多的人参与其中，并在滑雪者之间以及不同国家之间传递“热爱”的情感，这一点至关重要。It为形式主语，真正的主语由后面的动词不定式短语，故填to show。 7. 考查连词。句意：将滑雪板运动的魅力向全世界展示出来，激励更多的人参与其中，并在滑雪者之间以及不同国家之间传递“热爱”的情感，这一点至关重要。此处连接三个并列的动作，需用连词连接表并列关系，用and，故填and。 8. 考查副词。句意：显然，中国运动员已经不再仅仅追求金牌了。空处位于句首，修饰整个句子，需使用副词形式， clear的副词形式为 clearly，意为“显然，明显地”，句首处该词首字母应大写，故填Clearly。 9. 考查主语从句。句意：他们明白，虽然奖牌意义重大，但真正重要的是那些宝贵的经验教训以及个人的成长进步。空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少指代事物的主语，需用what引导该从句，故填what。 10. 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：这种清晰的认识也使他们对未来可能出现的挑战更有信心地去应对。本句描述客观事实，用一般现在时；主语为 This clarity，为单数概念，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式prepares，故填prepares。 二、阅读理解 A (2026·河北沧州·三模)Many people are choosing plant-based foods today. Drinks like oat and almond milk are very popular. But there’s one food that still has people divided — vegan(纯素的)cheese. Many cheese lovers find it hard to accept this replacement. Most people say it just doesn’t taste or feel like real cheese, so it hasn’t gained the same popularity as other plant-based products. A company in Berlin, Germany, called Formo, wants to fix that. Formo uses fermentation(发酵), a process that helps grow healthy proteins using microbes(微生物), to turn existing vegan cheese into something creamy and cheesy. Raffael Wohlgensinger, who founded Formo, is a big cheese fan. He was unhappy with the vegan cheese he found in stores. He also wanted to make cheese that is better for the planet. Regular cheese comes from cows, and cows need a lot of space, water, and food. They also produce methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. But there’s a problem: most vegan cheeses are made with things like coconut oil, and they don’t have the same melt, or taste as dairy cheese. In 2023, Formo raised $61 million and began selling their vegan cream cheese in over 2,000 stores in Germany. They plan to come to the U.S. in 2027 and establish a dominant presence there. Formo is also testing precision fermentation. This is where microbes are applied to make real milk proteins without using cows. These proteins can help the cheese melt and stretch just like dairy cheese! The hope is that one day, these tasty vegan cheeses will be cheaper, better for the Earth, and loved by everyone — even big cheese fans. Why is this important? Because making cheese in this new way could help protect the planet. Formo hopes their prices will go down over time, so more people can afford vegan cheese. They believe microbes can help make tasty, healthy, and planet-friendly cheese for the future. 1. How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A. By presenting a contrast. B. By quoting a scientific study. C. By explaining a new technology. D. By giving examples of popular foods. 2. Why does the author mention regular cheese? A. To introduce the history of cheese making. B. To explain why regular cheese is more popular. C. To stress the difficulty of making vegan cheese. D. To show the advantages of Formo’s vegan cheese. 3. What will Formo do in the future? A. Stop adding coconut oil. B. Focus on domestic market. C. Make products more accessible. D. Abandon precision fermentation. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Popular Plant-Based Drinks and Foods B. Environmental Problems Caused by Cows C. Making Tasty Vegan Cheese with Microbes D. The Development of German Food Companies 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了如今植物类食品广受青睐，但素奶酪因口感不佳认可度偏低。德国一家公司借助微生物发酵技术改良素奶酪，兼顾口感与环保，还计划开拓海外市场，希望造出物美价廉的环保素奶酪。 【详解】1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people are choosing plant-based foods today. Drinks like oat and almond milk are very popular. But there’s one food that still has people divided — vegan(纯素的)cheese. Many cheese lovers find it hard to accept this replacement. Most people say it just doesn’t taste or feel like real cheese, so it hasn’t gained the same popularity as other plant-based products.( 如今，越来越多的人选择以植物为原料制作的食物。像燕麦奶和杏仁奶这样的饮品非常受欢迎。但有一种食物却让人们意见不一——纯素奶酪。许多奶酪爱好者难以接受这种替代品。大多数人认为它在味道和质感上都无法与真正的奶酪相媲美，因此它并没有像其他植物性产品那样获得同样的受欢迎程度)”可知，作者先指出燕麦奶、杏仁奶等植物基饮品广受欢迎，再转折引出纯素奶酪却备受争议、难以被接受的现状。通过受欢迎的植物基产品与不受欢迎的纯素奶酪之间的对比引入核心话题，故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Raffael Wohlgensinger, who founded Formo, is a big cheese fan. He was unhappy with the vegan cheese he found in stores. He also wanted to make cheese that is better for the planet. Regular cheese comes from cows, and cows need a lot of space, water, and food. They also produce methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. But there’s a problem: most vegan cheeses are made with things like coconut oil, and they don’t have the same melt, or taste as dairy cheese.( Formo 的创始人拉斐尔·沃格根辛格是一位超级奶酪爱好者。他对商店里能找到的纯素奶酪感到不满。他还希望制作出对地球更有益的奶酪。普通奶酪来自奶牛，而奶牛需要大量的空间、水和食物。它们还会产生甲烷，这是一种导致气候变化的温室气体。但有一个问题：大多数纯素奶酪都是用椰子油等原料制成的，它们没有像乳制奶酪那样具有相同的融化性和口感)”可知，作者提到普通奶酪时，重点强调了其弊端：消耗大量土地、水和食物资源，还会产生导致气候变化的甲烷。而 Formo 的纯素奶酪正是为了解决这些问题、生产对地球更友好的产品而研发的。因此，提及普通奶酪是为了凸显 Formo 纯素奶酪在环保方面的优势，故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“In 2023, Formo raised $61 million and began selling their vegan cream cheese in over 2,000 stores in Germany. They plan to come to the U.S. in 2027 and establish a dominant presence there.( 2023 年，Formo 获得了 6100 万美元的投资，并开始在德国的 2000 多家商店销售他们的纯素奶油奶酪。他们计划于 2027 年来到美国，并在那里建立主导地位)”以及第五段中“Formo hopes their prices will go down over time, so more people can afford vegan cheese.( Formo希望随着时间的推移，他们的产品价格会逐渐降低，这样更多的人就能负担得起纯素奶酪了)”可知，Formo未来的目标是让自己的产品更容易被更多人获得，故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了如今植物类食品广受青睐，但素奶酪因口感不佳认可度偏低。德国一家公司借助微生物发酵技术改良素奶酪，兼顾口感与环保，还计划开拓海外市场，希望造出物美价廉的环保素奶酪。全文围绕“用微生物技术制作美味又环保的纯素奶酪”这一核心展开，因此C 选项“用微生物制作美味的素食奶酪”最适合作为标题，故选C。 B (2026·河南·三模)In recent years, consumers have increasingly sought “clean-label” foods — products made with natural ingredients. This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut(腰果)that is often thrown away — the shell. From it, they extract Cashew Nut Shell Liquid(CNSL)and find that it contains special natural substances that can fight bacteria and prevent decay(变质). While this dark liquid has been studied for use in industries like paint and medicine, its potential for preserving food had not been fully explored until now. The scientists designed a careful experiment to test whether CNSL could help preserve beef, one of the most widely consumed meats globally. They applied the liquid to beef samples at different concentrations. Some meat was left untreated as controls. The samples were then stored under different conditions — some at room temperature and others in refrigeration — for two weeks. During storage, a detailed microbiological evaluation was conducted to quantify total viable(活菌)counts and specific spoilage organisms. Physicochemical analyses monitored changes in pH and water activity, while bacteria growth was assessed during storage at room temperature. The scientists discovered that the CNSL-treated meat showed significantly less bacterial growth than untreated meat. The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality. Even at room temperature, it effectively delayed the meat’s souring process and reduced bacteria growth, helping the beef stay fresh-looking longer. The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh—hidden inside a humble cashew shell. 5. Why are scientists studying cashew nut shells? A. To reduce waste in the food industry. B. To improve the taste of processed foods. C. To find natural alternatives to artificial preservatives. D. To develop new industrial materials for paint and medicine. 6. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Why was the experiment conducted. B. Where was the beef preserved well. C. How was the experiment carried out. D. What did the scientists compare. 7. What does the experiment suggest about CNSL? A. It can improve meat quality over time. B. It performs best at room temperature. C. It speeds up the meat’s souring process. D. Its concentration closely relates to storage life. 8. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of CNSL? A. Fully convinced. B. Cautiously optimistic. C. Hesitant and doubtful. D. Neutral and objective. 【答案】5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 【导语】文章主要介绍随着消费者偏爱天然原料的洁净标签食品，科研人员从废弃腰果壳中提取腰果壳液CNSL，通过牛肉保鲜实验证实该液体具备抑菌防腐效果，为天然食品防腐剂研发开辟了新思路。 5. 推理判断题。根据第一段“This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut that is often thrown away—the shell.(这一趋势促使科学家寻找安全的天然防腐剂。他们将目光投向腰果身上通常被丢弃的部位——果壳)”可知，科学家研究腰果壳是为寻找人造防腐剂的天然替代物，故选C。 6. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“They applied the liquid to beef samples at different concentrations. Some meat was left untreated as controls. The samples were then stored under different conditions — some at room temperature and others in refrigeration—for two weeks.(他们将不同浓度的液体涂抹在牛肉样本上，部分牛肉不作处理作为对照组，随后样本分常温、冷藏两种环境存放两周)”可知，第二段主要介绍实验的开展方式，故选C。 7. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality.(浓度越高防腐效果越好，2.0%浓度的溶液在保障肉质的同时起到极佳的防护作用)”可知，CNSL的浓度和肉类保鲜时长密切相关，故选D。 8. 推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh — hidden inside a humble cashew shell.(研究人员表示还需进一步研究该液体是否影响牛肉口感质地、如何配合包装提升效果，但这项研究仍为天然保鲜技术打开了新方向)”可知，作者对CNSL的前景持谨慎乐观的态度，故选B。 C (2026·四川雅安·一模)Ultra-processed foods have long been associated with obesity and diabetes. But a series of papers published in the May issue of Brain Medicine adds a new threat to the list: these foods are also a significant source of microplastic exposure. And those plastics, scientists warn, may be building up in human brains. Four interrelated studies in the journal combine years of research on how tiny plastic particles enter the human body and what they might be doing once inside. The evidence is depressing. Not only can microplastics pass through the gut and circulate in the bloodstream, they can also cross the blood-brain barrier, according to multiple studies cited in the new issue. “Ultra-processed foods now comprise more than 50 percent of energy intake in countries like the United States, and these foods contain significantly higher concentrations of microplastics than whole foods,” Nicholas Fabiano, one of the co-authors, said in a statement. For example, chicken pieces contain nearly 30 times more microplastics per gram than chicken breast. Researchers say this is largely due to the high degree of industrial contact that processed foods have, from plastic packaging to grinding(研磨). Microplastics are defined as plastic particles less than five millimeters in size. Scientists have found that they may trigger immune responses and mitochondrial(线粒体的)disorder. These are some of the same biological pathways already associated with ultra-processed food consumption. The links between plastic and brain health are not just theoretical. A 2023 study in Environmental Science & Technology demonstrated that nanoplastics—the smallest of the microplastic class—can alter brain gene expression in mice, leading to anxiety-like behaviors. While the science is still evolving, a 2022 study estimated that the average American consumes more than 50,000 microplastic particles per year. More research is needed, but the connection between ultra-processed food consumption and plastic pollution adds another reason for consumers to rethink their food choices. 9. Why does the author mention the four interrelated studies in paragraph 2? A. To prove the microplastics can harm the gut. B. To show his disappointment with the studies. C. To tell that the microplastics can enter human brains. D. To introduce methods of reducing microplastic exposure. 10. What is true about ultra-processed foods? A. They are foods like chicken breast. B. They are frequently exposed to plastics. C. They contain fewer microplastics than whole foods. D. They make up over half of energy intake in most countries. 11. How does the author support the argument in paragraph 5? A. By showing study results. B. By describing a research process. C. By comparing different plastic types. D. By giving examples of brain health cases. 12. What’s the author’s attitude towards ultra-processed foods? A. Neutral. B. Approving. C. Ambiguous. D. Unfavorable. 【答案】9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D 【导语】文章讲述了超加工食品早就和肥胖、糖尿病绑定在了一起，但最新研究还发现这类食品还会给我们的健康带来意料之外的新威胁——它可能会让微塑料在我们的大脑中累积，进而损伤脑部健康。 9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“these foods are also a significant source of microplastic exposure. And those plastics, scientists warn, may be building up in human brains.(这些食物也是微塑料接触的重要来源。科学家警告说，这些塑料可能会在人脑中积聚)”和第二段“Four interrelated studies in the journal combine years of research on how tiny plastic particles enter the human body and what they might be doing once inside...Not only can microplastics pass through the gut and circulate in the bloodstream, they can also cross the blood-brain barrier...(该期刊中的四项相关研究结合了多年研究，探索微小塑料颗粒如何进入人体，以及进入人体后可能产生的影响……微塑料不仅可以穿过肠道、在血液循环中流动，还可以穿过血脑屏障……)”可知，这四项研究是为了验证首段提出的“微塑料可以进入人类大脑”的结论，故选C。 10. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers say this is largely due to the high degree of industrial contact that processed foods have, from plastic packaging to grinding(研磨).(研究人员表示，这很大程度上是因为超加工食品在生产过程中，从塑料包装到研磨的多环节都高度接触工业塑料器材)”可知，超加工食品经常会接触塑料，故选B。 11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“A 2023 study in Environmental Science & Technology demonstrated that nanoplastics — the smallest of the microplastic class—can alter brain gene expression in mice, leading to anxiety-like behaviors. While the science is still evolving, a 2022 study estimated that the average American consumes more than 50,000 microplastic particles per year.(2023年《环境科学与技术》的一项研究表明，纳米塑料——微塑料中最小的一种——可以改变小鼠的大脑基因表达，导致类似焦虑的行为。虽然科学仍在发展，但2022年的一项研究估计，美国人平均每年消耗超过50000个微塑料颗粒)”可知，作者先后列举了2023年发表在《环境科学与技术》上的研究结论，以及2022年关于美国人年均微塑料摄入量的研究估计数据，通过展示两个已有的研究结果支撑本段的论点，故选A。 12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“More research is needed, but the connection between ultra-processed food consumption and plastic pollution adds another reason for consumers to rethink their food choices.(尽管还需要更多研究，但超加工食品摄入与塑料污染的关联，给了消费者又一个重新思考自身饮食选择的理由)”可知，作者暗示消费者应该调整饮食，减少摄入超加工食品，因此作者对超加工食品持不支持态度，故选D。 三、应用文写作 (改编自24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段检测)假定你是李华，在英国的一所高中做交换生，你们小组为世界粮食日 (World Food Day)设计的海报获得一等奖，请代表你们组做经验分享。 内容包括：1. 海报的主题及制作过程； 2. 活动感受。 注意：1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear fellow students, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you! 【答案】 Dear fellow students, My name is Li Hua. It is a great honor to be here to share our experience. During the planning stages, with the theme “Save Food, Save the World”, our group focused on the background knowledge of World Food Day. After dividing our task, we first collected a lot of information about world hunger and food waste. Then, we designed the layout and chose some impressive pictures. Finally, we added some eye-catching slogans to call on everyone to cherish food. It is teamwork that helped us take the first place. Through this activity, we not only learned how to work together but also realized the importance of saving food. Let’s all take action to make the world a better place. Thank you! 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生作为世界粮食日(World Food Day)设计的海报一等奖获得小组成员，代表小组做经验分享，包括海报的主题及制作过程，以及活动感受。 【详解】 1. 词汇积累 专注于：focused on → concentrated on    收集：collected → gathered 令人印象深刻的：impressive → remarkable 珍惜：cherish → treasure 2. 句式拓展 原 句：Through this activity, we not only learned how to work together but also realized the importance of saving food. 拓展句：Through this activity, not only did we learn how to work together but also we realized the importance of saving food. 【高分句型1】 1. It is a great honor to be here to share our experience.(运用了It is+名词+动词不定式句型) 2. It is teamwork that helped us take the first place.(运用了强调结构) 3. Through this activity, we not only learned how to work together but also realized the importance of saving food.(运用了not only...but also连接并列的谓语动词和疑问词how+动词不定式作宾语) 1 / 12 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $