选择性必修第二册 Unit 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS-【高考快车道】2027年高考英语大一轮总复习高考真题单元话题分类汇编（人教版）

**基本信息** 汇编2018-2025年高考英语真题阅读理解，聚焦科技与科学家主题，覆盖细节理解、推理判断等题型，适配一轮复习 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|44题（11篇×4题）|语言能力（细节定位、主旨归纳）、思维品质（推理分析、批判评价）|真题汇编，素材含无人机铁路监测、智能键盘等科技前沿及分心驾驶等社会热点，设题梯度分明，匹配高考命题趋势|

人教选择性必修第二册 Unit 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS 阅读理解 [2025·浙江1月考，阅读D篇] 　　As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there􀆳s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behaviour. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu”. It was found that gender increased users􀆳 feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin􀆳s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object􀆳s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it—they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she”. Martin sees a silver lining, however: she believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes”. When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. (　)32.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A.To reduce stereotypes. B.To meet public demand. C.To cut production costs. D.To encourage competition. (　)33.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A.Design a product. B.Respond to a survey. C.Work as assistants. D.Take a language test. (　)34.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A.They cannot be mass-produced. B.Naming them is a challenging task. C.People assume they are unreliable. D.Gender is rooted in people􀆳s mind. (　)35.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A.The quality of genderless products. B.The upside of gendering a product. C.The meaning of anthropomorphism. D.The stereotypes of men and women. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了新技术在性别化和去性别化设计上的争议,尤其是性别化产品如何影响用户的情感和市场营销,同时探讨了拟人化设计如何改变对性别的刻板印象。 32.A　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways…”可知,人们对性别有刻板印象。并且提到“Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.”去性别化设计似乎可以解决这个问题。因此,A选项“为了减少刻板印象。”是正确的。应选A项。 33.B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“…Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as ‘Miuu.’”可知,Martin在她的研究中让参与者对一款数字语音助手和名为“Miuu”的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的依恋程度进行评分。由此可推测,该项研究采用了调查法,参与者需要对相关的调查内容做出回应,故应选B项。 34.D　推理判断题。根据第四段中“…if an object􀆳s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it…”可知,尽管物品设计为无性别,参与者仍会不自觉地赋予它性别。由此可见,性别的认知深植人们心中,这使得创造无性别物品变得困难。故D选项“性别根植于人们的思维中。”最为准确。应选D项。 35.B　段落大意题。最后一段提到,拟人化给改变刻板印象提供了机会。比如,女性管理公司,就会改变对女性的刻板印象。那么拟人化的产品,如果设计为与刻板印象不一样的性别,比如男性机器人做女性经常做的工作,可以逐渐让人们改变对男女的刻板印象。因此B选项“将产品性别化的好处。”最符合该段的主旨。应选B项。 [2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷，阅读B篇] When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example,often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little,these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what􀆳s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” (　)24.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A.He was fond of travelling. B.He enjoyed being alone. C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor. (　)25.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem. C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine. (　)26.What is the author􀆳s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A.To review John􀆳s research plans. B.To show an application of John􀆳s idea. C.To compare John􀆳s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John􀆳s invention. (　)27.What is the basis for John􀆳s work? A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive. C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了约翰·托德从小就很爱观察自然且爱思考,他利用自然可以自我修复的原理建造了生态机器等设备来净化污水。 24.C　细节理解题。根据第一段“When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.”可知,当约翰长大后,他开始想弄明白这个过程是否可以用来清理人们正在制造的脏乱。再结合第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions.”可知,在大学里学习了农业、医学和渔业之后,约翰回去观察自然并提出问题。由此可知,从前两段中我们可以知道约翰有一种好学爱问的思维方式。 25.D　推理判断题。根据文章第二段“He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.”可知,他决定建造一种后来被他称为生态机器的机器。再结合第三段“Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.”以及第四段“The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.”可知,约翰把污泥放进水箱里是为了测试他的生态机器。 26.B　细节理解题。根据第五段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水)from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.”可知,多年来,约翰做了许多重要的工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施,可以处理南伯灵顿1600个家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。由此可知,作者提及福州的目的是展示约翰的想法的应用。 27.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what􀆳s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知,你把生物放在新的关系中,观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式。由此可知,约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。 [2022·新高考全国II卷，阅读C篇] Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.” “Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behaviour, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: they want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: an officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, e-mailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people’s behaviour,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cellphone.” (　)28.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US? A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair. (　)29.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A.Where a driver came from. B.Whether a driver used their phone. C.How fast a driver was going. D.When a driver arrived at the scene. (　)30.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws. (　)31.What is a suitable title for the text? A.To drive or not to drive? Think before you start B.Texting and driving? Watch out for the Textalyzer C.New York banning hand-held devices by drivers D.The next generation cellphone: the Textalyzer 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”,引发交通事故的问题,纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信分析器)的技术来识别司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 28.A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.”以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.”可知,虽然美国大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机,可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”,与此相符。故选A。 29.B　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, e-mailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.”可知,Textalyzer能够确定司机是否使用了手机发短信、发邮件以及有其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“司机是否使用了手机。”与此相符,故选B。 30.D　代词指代题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people’s behaviour…”可知,something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cellphone’.”可知,人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律时。受到法律的约束和惩罚,司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。 31.B　主旨大意题。纵观全文,第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机,可是问题却越来越严重”;第三段解释了该行为产生的部分原因;第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法,即利用Textalyzer技术来识别司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机;最后一段讲述的是相关人士呼吁该项技术只有成为法律才能真正改变人们的行为。文章整体是围绕关键字眼“Textalyzer”展开论述的,故从B和D中选。B选项(发短信还是在开车?防范短信分析器。)适合做文章的标题。故选B。D项偏离主题,故排除。 [2022·全国乙卷，阅读C篇] Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. (　)28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. (　)29. What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones. C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure. (　)30. What function is expected of the rail drones? A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically. C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation. (　)31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A.What faults can be detected with drones B.How production of drones can be expanded C.What difficulty drone development will face D.How drones will change the future of railways 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了无人机的发展有目共睹,利用今天的“空中之眼”技术,无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。 28.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.”可知,无人机已被用于检查高压电力线路,这使无人机用于检测铁路线路成为可能。故选A。 29.C　词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知,花在maintenance (维修)上的费用包括派维修人员去检查和维修铁路基础设施。故选C。 30.A　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.”可知,无人机可以在出现安全问题之前发现轨道或转辙器的故障,即可以起到预警作用。故选A。 31.D　主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了在未来,无人机很可能被应用于保障铁路的安全性和可靠性。 人们能使用无人机检查铁路线路和其他重要的铁路基础设施,大幅节省维护成本,更好地保护铁路人员的安全,为铁路提供更高价值的服务等。由此可知,D项“无人机将怎样改变铁路的未来”最适合作为本文的标题。故选D。 [2021·新高考全国II卷，阅读D篇] An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labour shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyse the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, colour and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as corn and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it’s increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. (　)32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A.Soil pollution. B.Lack of workers. C.Aging machines. D.Low profitability. (　)33.What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do? A.Monitor the quality of grass. B.Cure the diseased cattle. C.Move cattle to another field. D.Predict weather changes. (　)34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A.He wants to help them earn a living. B.He thinks men can do the job better. C.He is inexperienced in using robots. D.He enjoys the traditional way of life. (　)35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A.Increase the value of cattle. B.Bring down the cost of labour. C.Make the job more appealing. D.Keep cattle from being stolen. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人,用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。 32.B　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labour shortage.”可知,养牛业现面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。 33.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, colour and texture (质地) of grass.”可知,Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测牧草的质量。故选A。 34.B　推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.”可知,皮特·邦兹仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。 35.D　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.”可知,机器人帮助照看牛,可以防止牛被偷,句中的cattle theft是解题的关键词。故选D。 [2020·全国卷II，阅读B篇] Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with maths-related skills. Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. The researchers analysed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. “The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement. The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls. The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. (　　)24.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play? A.Building confidence. B.Developing spatial skills. C.Learning self-control. D.Gaining high-tech knowledge. (　　)25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment? A.Parents’ age. B.Children’s imagination. C.Parents’ education. D.Child-parent relationship. (　　)26.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play? A.They play with puzzles more often. B.They tend to talk less during the game. C.They prefer to use more spatial language. D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles. (　　)27.What is the text mainly about? A.A mathematical method. B.A scientific study. C.A woman psychologist. D.A teaching programme. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科学研究。研究表明,幼儿玩拼图游戏有助于开发他们的空间能力。 24.B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“…children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.”可知,玩拼图游戏有助于儿童培养更好的空间感。故选B。 25.C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“…after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk…”可知,Levine在实验中把父母的收入、受教育程度和与父母谈话的数量的差异都考虑在内。故选C。 26.D　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“…boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls…”可知,在玩拼图游戏方面,男孩子玩的比女孩子要更复杂、更难些。故选D。 27.B　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“…but researchers said puzzles help children with maths-related skills.”并通读全文可知,本文是一篇科学研究, 主要说明了玩拼图游戏对孩子们的影响。故选B。 [2020·全国卷I，阅读D篇] The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. (　　)32.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.A new study of different plants. B.A big fall in crime rates. C.Employees from various workplaces. D.Benefits from green plants. (　　)33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers? A.To detect plants’ lack of water. B.To change compositions of plants. C.To make the life of plants longer. D.To test chemicals in plants. (　　)34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future? A.They will speed up energy production. B.They may transmit electricity to the home. C.They might help reduce energy consumption. D.They could take the place of power plants. (　　)35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.Can we grow more glowing plants? B.How do we live with glowing plants? C.Could glowing plants replace lamps? D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free? 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。你有没有想过用发光的植物取代路灯?文章就此进行了相关说明。 32.D　段落大意题。文章第一段提到人与植物之间的关系一直是科学研究的主题。最近的研究已经发现一些正面效应。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦市进行的一项研究发现,城市中绿化更好的地区犯罪率更低。另一项研究发现,当员工的工作场所用室内植物装饰时,他们的工作效率提高了15%。由此可知,本段主要是介绍绿色植物带来的好处,故选D。 33.A　细节理解题。根据第二段“These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water…”可知,植物的叶子上印有传感器是为了探测它们是否缺水,故选A。 34.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段“Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可知,由于照明往往远离电源(例如从发电厂到偏远公路上的路灯的距离),因此在传输过程中会损失大量能源。然而发光植物可以缩短这段距离,从而节省能源。由此可推断,未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗,故选C。 35.C　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是根据文章最后几段的内容可知,本文主要介绍了发光的植物拥有很多对环境有利的优点,它可能会取代路灯,因此本文的最佳标题为C项。 [2019·全国卷III，阅读D篇] Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers. A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0~25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward. Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: in their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example. After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination. When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: when adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it. “This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,” Dr Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.” 32.What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them? A. They fed them. B. They named them. C. They trained them. D. They measured them. 33.How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment? A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen. C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks. 34.What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys? A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words. C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long. 35.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇说明文。文章开篇指出猴子对数字有一定的概念,随后介绍了研究人员对猴子进行的一系列实验。他们发现,猴子不仅能记住简单的数字,还能进行一定的运算。 32.C　细节理解题。由第二段第一句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0~25 drops of water or juice as a reward.”可知,研究人员在正式对猴子进行实验前对猴子做了相关的训练,故选C。 33.B　细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice…”可知,猴子在实验中通过触摸相应数字对应区域的屏幕来得到奖励,故选B。 34.A　推理判断题。由第四段“…indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.”可知,大量的实验结果表明,猴子不仅仅是记住每组数字组合相加的结果值,还可以完成进一步的简单计算,故选A。 35.D　推理判断题。文章首先给出了“猴子对数字有一定的概念”的结论,随后介绍了研究人员对猴子进行的实验及发现。这类文章一般不在娱乐、健康版块,而相比教育,科研版块更符合文章介绍的实验和研究的性质,故选D。 [2019·全国卷I，阅读C篇] As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analysing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing. C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. 29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible? A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed. 30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A. It’ll be environment-friendly. B. It’ll reach consumers soon. C. It’ll be made of plastics. D. It’ll help speed up typing. 31.Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B.A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇说明文。目前,数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,但指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人,为网络空间用户保护隐私。 28.D　细节理解题。由第一段“At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”和第二段的“…they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.”可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低保护网络空间隐私的成本。故选D。 29.C　细节理解题。由第二段“These patterns are unique to each person. Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities…”可知,因为每个人打字的方式不同,所以智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。 30.B　推理判断题。由最后一段“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日上市,也就是希望智能键盘能早日到达消费者手中。故选B。 31.D　推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是一篇科技说明文,结合所给选项可知,本文可能出自一本科研杂志。故选D。 [2019·江苏卷，阅读C篇] Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgements were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业), with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under-valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 61.Misjudgements on the influences of new technology can lead to 　　　　.  A.a lack of confidence in technology B.a slow progress in technology C.a conflict of public opinions D.a waste of limited resources 62.The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should 　　　　.  A.take people’s essential needs into account B.make their programmes attractive to people C.ensure that each child gets financial support D.provide more affordable Internet facilities 63.What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? A.Neglecting the impacts of technological advances. B.Believing that the world has become borderless. C.Ignoring the power of economic development. D.Over-emphasizing the role of international communication. 64.What can we learn from the passage? A.People should be encouraged to make more donations. B.Traditional technology still has a place nowadays. C.Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D.Economic policies should follow technological trends. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了盲目夸大新科技可能带来的严重后果。 61.D　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知,对新科技产生的影响的误判会导致稀有资源的误用,也就是说是有限的资源的浪费,故选D项。 62.A　推理判断题。根据第四段第四、五句“Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.”可知,捐助者与其投资一些花哨的项目,不如实际一点来满足人们的基本需要,故选A项。 63.B　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句及第三句可知,由于通信和交通技术的发展,很多政府认为当今世界是“无国界的”,从而忽视了必要的监管,故选B项。 64.B　推理判断题。通读全文可知,文章首句“Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine?”引出主题,说明洗衣机比因特网更重要。结合全文大意可知,文章主要阐述了盲目夸大新科技的影响可能带来的严重后果。文章通过两个事例说明了某些国家忽视制造业,也就是传统的产业,以及担心所谓的“数字鸿沟”,而忽视人们最基本的生活需求。所以无论科技如何发展,都不能盲从,传统的技术在如今仍旧有一席之地,故选B项。 [2018·全国卷I，阅读D篇] We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what’s the solution(解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 32.What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33.Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34.Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. 35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别,说明了旧电子设备耗能高、不环保,所以作者主张使用新电子设备。 32.A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“That’s bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知,使用旧的电子设备对环境和对我们的钱包来说都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。 33.D　细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的“To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life…”可知,Babbitt的团队研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。 34.B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”可知,平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备,可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。 35.A　推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知,因为旧的电子设备耗能高、不环保,所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $