衔接点12 定语从句之关系代词用法（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点12 定语从句之关系代词用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，重点在于识别定语从句的基本结构，掌握基本的关系代词用法，who（人）、which（物）、that（人或物）。（中考不做重点考查） 高中阶段，除了初中阶段的关系代词，高中还会学习 whose（表示所有格）、whom（指人，作宾语）、as等。掌握更复杂的定语从句结构，包括省略关系代词和分隔式定语从句的使用。（高考重点考查） 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 · 关系代词 "who"： The girl who is standing over there is my sister.（站在那里的女孩是我的妹妹。） · 关系代词 "which"： The book which I read last night was very interesting.（我昨晚读的那本书非常有趣。） · 关系代词 "that"： The house that we bought last year is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） 1．All the classmates enjoyed the cake ________ I made at the party. It was really delicious A．that B．who C．what D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：所有同学都喜欢我在派对上做的蛋糕，它真的很美味。 that用于指代物的关系代词；who用于指代人的关系代词；what不能引导定语从句；whose表示所属关系。先行词the cake是物品，定语从句缺少宾语，指代物可用关系代词that，故选A。 2．This is the book ________ I bought in the bookstore last week. A．what B．whose C．who D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：这就是我上周在书店买的那本书。 what什么；whose谁的；who谁；which哪一个。根据先行词“the book”指物可知，引导定语从句应用which。 3．Confucius was a great thinker ________ had many great ideas about human nature and behavior. A．who B．which C．when D．where 【答案】A 【详解】句意：孔子是一位伟大的思想家，他对人性和行为有着许多伟大的思想。 who引导定语从句，指代人；which引导定语从句，指代物；when引导定语从句，指代时间； where引导定语从句，指代地点。本句中先行词是a great thinker，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用指代人的关系词who。 4．—Who is the person ________ you admire most? —Yuan Longping. He devoted his life to solving the food problem. A．which B．what C．whose D．whom 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你最钦佩的那个人是谁？——袁隆平。他毕生致力于解决粮食问题。 which哪一个；what什么；whose谁的；whom谁。先行词是“the person”，指人，且在从句中作“admire”的宾语，应用whom。 5．The woman ________ hair is red is our new English teacher. A．who B．whom C．whose D．that 【答案】C 【详解】句意：那位红头发的女士是我们的新英语老师。   who谁（指人，在定语从句中作主语）；whom谁（指人，在定语从句中作宾语）；whose谁的（指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系）；that那个（指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语）。先行词“The woman”与“hair”之间为所属关系（女士的头发），应用关系代词whose作定语，故选用whose。 6．I never forget those days ________ we spent in the primary school together. A．which B．what C．where D．why 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我永远不会忘记我们一起在小学度过的那些日子。 which哪个/那一个（关系代词，指物）；what什么（不能引导定语从句）；where在哪里（关系副词）；why为什么（关系副词）。根据句意可知，先行词days在定语从句中作spent的宾语，应用关系代词which，故选which。 7．The boy ________ mother is a pianist plays the piano very well. A．who B．whose C．whom D．that 【答案】B 【详解】句意：那个男孩的妈妈是钢琴家，钢琴弹得非常好。 who谁；whose谁的；whom谁；that那个。空格后紧跟名词mother，空格处需要可置于名词前、用来表示先行词与该名词所属关系的关系词，whose关系代词，后接名词，用于表达先行词的所属关系，符合题意。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 定语从句关系代词（高中考点聚焦） 1. 除基础关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose 外，还要掌握 as, but 等特殊关系代词； 2. 熟练区分各代词指代对象：who/whom 指人、which 指物、that 人 / 物均可、whose 表所属关系； 3. 明确代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语的不同用法； 4. 重点掌握高频辨析规则：只能用 that、只能用 which 的限定场景，介词 + 关系代词固定搭配结构； 5. 掌握省略规则：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，作主语不可省略； 6. 能识别先行词为不定代词、序数词、最高级等特殊先行词时的代词选用。 · 使用关系代词 "whose"：表示所有格，用于指人或物。 The man whose car was stolen is very upset.（他的车被偷了的那个男人非常不安。） · 使用关系代词 "whom"：用作宾语，指人。 The scientist whom we invited will give us a lecture next week.（我们邀请的那位科学家下周将给我们做讲座。） · 关系代词的省略：在定语从句中，当关系代词作宾语时，可以省略。 The book that I read is interesting.（我读的那本书很有趣。） · 分隔式定语从句：定语从句不紧跟在先行词之后，而是被其他成分隔开。 The book, which I read last week, is very interesting.（我上周读的那本书非常有趣。） 考点清单 ▇ 定义及相关术语 1． 什么叫定语从句？先行词、关系词？ 1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子。 2.特点：定语从句相当于形容词的作用，对前面的名词或代词进行修饰和限定。 3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，称为先行词。可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 4.关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。 5.关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 6.关系副词有：when, where, why等 例1：This is the present which/that he gave me for my birthday. 例2：Do you know the man at the corner that/who came to the party last night? 例3：I still remember the night when I first came to the village? 例4：This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. ▇ 提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用 1.连接作用---连接先行词和定语从句。 2.替代作用---在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 3.成分作用---在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。 指人 指物 that which whose who whom 二. 关系代词的功用？ ▇ 关系代词做主语，宾语，定语；关系副词作状语。 1. 作主语： The person who/that broke the window must pay for it. The cars which/that are produced in Hubei Province sell very well. 2. 作宾语： She is the person whom/that I met at the school gate yesterday. The book which/that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”. 3. 作定语 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如： The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard. The house whose windows are broken is empty. 4. 作状语 I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. He wanted to know the reason why I was late .　　 This is the house where I was born. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 总结1： 1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子。 2.特点：定语从句相当于形容词的作用，对前面的名词或代词进行修饰和限定。 3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，称为先行词。可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 4.关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。 5.关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 6. 关系副词有：when, where, why等 总结2： ▇ 关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 2.whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。 Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 3.which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 4.that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。 5.whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替： The house whose windows are broken is empty. =The house the windows of which are broken is empty. =The house of which the windows are broken is empty. 注意：whose+n.=the+n.+of which=of which+the+n. 6.as 当先行词受so, such, the same 修饰时使用。 如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不像他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。 如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 因此，the same...as... 指同一类或相似的事物 the same...that... 指同一个事物 ▇ 定语从句中只能用that 引导的情况 1.当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 2.当先行词被the very（恰恰，正好）, the only，any，few，little，no，all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. The only thing that is constant is change. There was little that we could do to help her. 3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. What is the first American film that you have seen? 5.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。（避免引导词的重复出现） Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 7.先行词在定语从句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。 She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be. He is not the man (that) he seems. ▇ 定语从句中只能用which引导的情况 1.当关系代词的前面有介词时 A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition. Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 2.在非限制性定语从句中 Crusoe’s dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died . More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. 3.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which.（了解即可） Let me show you the novel, which I borrowed from the library that was newly open to us. 4.当关系代词后面带有插入语时 Here’s the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 5.先行词本身是that, 宜用which What’s that which she is looking at? ▇ 定语从句中只能用who引导的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who，而不能用that。 1.先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me don’t please me. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 2.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province. 4.一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 5.在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who（指人）。指物时，也可以用that。 There is a young man who wants to see your father. There are many old men who are against this plan. There is a rule that should be obeyed. 注意事项： 1.定语从句是形容词性的，它用来修饰名词或代词； 2.掌握定语从句的分类（限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）和引导词的特点（关系代词作成分、关系副词只能充当状语）及引导词的使用限定； 3.在选择引导词时，遵循三字原则（断：断句，划分好主句和从句；找：找准先行词；放：将引导词放入从句中，同时要看好从句是否缺少成分，再选择引导词的类别） 一、单句语法填空 1．The police offered rewards for anyone could lead them to the criminals. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：警方悬赏寻找任何能将他们引向罪犯的人。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词anyone，指人，且关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系词代词who引导该从句。故填who。 2．She received a letter from a friend family owned a farm near the capital city. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她收到了一位朋友的来信，这位朋友的家人在首都附近拥有一座农场。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是a friend，在定语从句中作定语，需用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。 3．This is the best show I have seen in Paris so far this season. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是我在巴黎本季目前为止看过的最好的演出。本空引导定语从句，先行词show，指物，且被最高级the best修饰，关系词代替先行词在从句中作have seen的宾语，只能用关系代词that引导。故填that。 4．The reason he explained at the meeting was not reasonable at all. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他在会上解释的理由一点也不合理。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，“The reason”是先行词，“he explained at the meeting” 是定语从句修饰先行词“reason”。在这个定语从句中，“explained”是及物动词，缺少宾语，而先行词“reason”指物，所以要用关系代词“which”或“that”来引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语。故填that/which。 5．He is not so stubborn a man refuses to listen to reasonable suggestions. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他并不是一个固执到拒绝听取合理建议的人。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以此处使用关系代词，先行词man被so修饰，所以此处使用关系代词as。故填as。 6．This city, history can date back to 2000 years ago, has become a modern city where you can experience both the new and the old. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这座城市，其历史可以追溯到2000年前，如今已经变成了一座既能体验新事物又能感受古老气息的现代化城市。分析句子可知，此处为关系代词whose引导的定语从句，先行词this city在从句中作history的定语成分。故填whose。 7．The organization aims to help those suffer from great losses in the pandemic(疫情). (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：该组织旨在帮助那些在疫情中遭受重大损失的人。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导该从句。故填who。 8．The materials are needed for the experiment have already been ordered. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：实验所需的材料已经被订购了。句子谓语是have already been ordered，空处引导限定性定语从句修饰主语The materials，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that或which。 9．The Internet has now become the first place the majority of people turn to for information. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：互联网现在已经成为大多数人获取信息的首选之地。空处引导定语从句，先行词是place，关系词在从句中作宾语，且先行词前有序数词修饰，应用关系代词that，故填that。 10．In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program purpose is to relieve worldwide starvation. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的是缓解世界范围内的饥饿。分析句子结构可知，此处应为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词the World Food Program与空后的名词purpose之间为所属关系，所以此处应使用关系代词whose，在从句中作定语。故填whose。 11．Mr. Crossett will never forget the day he spent with his students. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】that/which/无 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Mr. Crossett 永远不会忘记和学生度过的那天。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是day，从句缺少宾语，应用关系代词which/that引导；关系代词作宾语可省略。故填that/which/无。 12．Have you ever asked him the reason may explain his absence?(用适当的词填空) 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有问过他缺席的原因？分析可知，“_____ may explain his absence”是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the reason，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用that/which来引导。故填that或which。 13．Finally, the thief handed everything he had stolen to the police. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：最后，小偷把偷来的东西都交给了警察。分析句子可知，此处为关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词为不定代词everything，在定语从句中作stolen的宾语，所以只能用关系代词that引导。故填that。 14．Dali is such a cozy destination for backpackers has been nicknamed Dalifornia. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大理是背包客的温馨之地，被戏称为“大理弗尼亚”。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a cozy destination，关系词在从句中作主语，且先行词前有such修饰，所以用关系代词as引导定语从句。故填as。 15．To tell the truth, this is not so difficult an examination we had expected. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词。句意：说实话，这次考试并不像我们预想的那么难。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中缺少expected的宾语，所以此处使用关系代词，先行词前有so，所以此处使用关系代词as引导定语从句。故填as。 二、完成句子 1．This is _____________________________ I’ve seen since I came to Huazhou. 这是我来化州后看的第一部电影。 【答案】 【详解】考查数词和定语从句。根据中英文提示，“第一”用序数词first；句中先行词为film，且被序数词修饰 ，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that引导。故填the first film that。 2．这就是那位全国知名的科学家。 This is the scientist _____________________________all over the country. (whose) 【答案】whose name is known 【详解】考查定语从句。分析句子结构，此处应为关系词whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词scientist，表示“全国知名的科学家”可转述为“科学家的名字被全国所知”，所以从句的主语应为“名字”name，与先行词the scientist之间为所属关系，所以使用whose引导定语从句；表示“知道”应为know，与name之间为被动关系，结合句意以及主句的谓语动词is可知，此处讲述的是客观事实，所以使用一般现在时的被动语态，主语name为第三人称单数，所以从句的谓语动词为is known。故填whose name is known。 3．比尔说他在中国参观的第一个地方是故宫博物院。 Bill said that _____________________________ was the Palace Museum. 【答案】the first place that he visited in China 【详解】考查定语从句。根据句意，表示“第一个地方”应为the first place作宾语从句的主语，表示“他在中国参观的”应为定语从句修饰先行词the first place；分析句意可知，关系词在从句中作宾语，所以使用关系代词引导定语从句，先行词被序数词修饰，所以此处使用关系代词that，表示“他”应为he作定语从句的主语，表示“参观”应为visit作定语从句的谓语，根据谓语动词was可知，该句描述的是过去的事情，所以此处使用一般过去时，所以定语从句的谓语动词应为visited，表示“在中国”应为in China，所以定语从句应译为that he visited in China。故填the first place that he visited in China。 4．我永远不会忘记发生在我的童年里的那个意外事件，它给我留下了很深的印象。（that引导定语从句） Never will I forget the accident _____________________________, which left a deep impression on me. 【答案】that happened in my childhood 【详解】考查定语从句。根据句意和提示可知，此处应为that引导的定语从句，表示“发生”应为happen，表示“在我的童年里”应为in my childhood，所以，从句谓语动词应为一般过去时，即谓语动词为happened，分析句子结构可知，先行词the accident在从句中作主语，所以此处使用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that happened in my childhood。 5．我们学校有丰富多彩的旨在扩大我们视野的课外活动。 There are colorful after­class activities in our school________________________________________． 【答案】that/which are designed/aimed to broaden our horizons 【详解】考查定语从句。该空缺少的是定语部分“旨在扩大我们视野的”修饰先行词activities，应使用关系代词that或which作从句主语，谓语部分使用be designed/aimed to；“扩大我们视野”使用动词短语 broaden our horizons。根据主句时态及句意判断从句也应使用一般现在时。故填that/which are designed to broaden our horizons。 一、语篇语法填空（ 定语从句之关系代词用法专练） Our class has a kind teacher 1.________ always cares about every student. The classroom 2.________ we study in is filled with warm stories. There is a girl 3.________ handwriting ranks top in our grade. We took part in a speech contest 4.________ was held last Friday. The topic 5.________ we discussed was about teenage dreams. The boy 6.________ we admire most won the first prize, 7.________ surprised all of us deeply. The girl 8.________ speech touched judges is my deskmate. We all treasure the time 9.________ we spend together. This meaningful activity 10.________ we will remember forever encourages us to chase our dreams bravely. 一、答案 1.who 2. which/that 3. whose 4. which/that 5. that/which 6. whom/who/that 7. as 8. whose 9. that/which 10. that/which 二、文章大意 我们班有一位善良的老师，他总是关心每一位学生。我们学习的这间教室充满温暖的故事。班里有一位女生，她的书写在年级名列前茅。 上周五我们参加了一场演讲比赛。我们讨论的主题是青少年梦想。我们最敬佩的那个男生拿下了一等奖，这件事让所有人都十分惊喜。 那位演讲打动评委的女生是我的同桌。我们都珍惜彼此相伴的时光。这场我们会永远铭记的有意义的活动，激励我们勇敢追逐梦想。 三、逐空详细解析（语法考点 + 句子中文释义） 1. who 语法：关系代词，指代人（teacher），在定语从句中作主语。 句意：我们班有一位善良的老师，他总是关心每一位学生。 2. which / that 语法：关系代词，指代物（classroom），从句中作介词 in 的宾语，二者均可使用。 句意：我们学习的这间教室充满温暖的故事。 3. whose 语法：关系代词，表所属关系，译为 “…… 的”，修饰 handwriting，先行词为人 the girl。 句意：班里有一位女生，她的书写在年级名列前茅。 4. which / that 语法：关系代词，指代物（speech contest），从句中作主语。 句意：上周五我们参加了一场演讲比赛。 5. that / which 语法：关系代词，指代物（topic），从句中作 discussed 的宾语。 句意：我们讨论的主题是青少年梦想。 6. whom / who / that 语法：关系代词，指代人（the boy），从句中作 admire 的宾语；whom 专作宾语，who/that 通用。 句意：我们最敬佩的那个男生拿下了一等奖。 7. as 语法：特殊关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件主句内容，意为 “这一点”。 句意：我们最敬佩的那个男生拿下了一等奖，这件事让所有人都十分惊喜。 8. whose 语法：关系代词，表所属，先行词 the girl，修饰 speech，“她的演讲”。 句意：那位演讲打动评委的女生是我的同桌。 9. that / which 语法：关系代词，指代物（the time），从句中作 spend 的宾语。 句意：我们都珍惜彼此相伴的时光。 10. that / which 语法：关系代词，指代物（activity），从句中作 remember 的宾语。 句意：这场我们会永远铭记的有意义的活动，激励我们勇敢追逐梦想。 二、阅读理解 A ROCKET TO SPACE by Diego Ramirez Astronaut’s life in spaceship. Two months from launch to landing. Learn about Careers in Space   Was $39.95  Now $19.95   PET by Kitty Wolfe-Quiz: what pet are you most comfortable with? Compare characters and kinds of cats and dogs Half price: Now only $15 ICY JOURNEY by Same Mcgee Explorers’ Arctic adventures to the south Pole. Remarkable achievements of fifteen brave men 839 pages for only $12.50   HANDIWORK MAKE Published 6 times a year $22.50 for six books Make money with dolls. Create baskets from cloth, wood, and feathers. Make international suits and blankets by hand 1．If you buy all of the books advertised, how much money can you save now? A．$69.95. B．$15. C．$20. D．$35. 2．Which of the following statements is true? A．In Pet, the author compares different characters and breeds of domestic animals such as cats and dogs. B．Icy Journey deals with fifty men’s exciting and unforgettable adventures in the South Pole. C．Rocket to Space gives a vivid account of a space journey from takeoff to touchdown. D．Handiwork Make teaches readers how to make dolls, baskets, suits and blankets with the help of special tools. 3．Rosie is a high school student interested in adventures and has two pet dogs. At present, she is eager to earn some money for her university education. Which of the following books will you recommend to her? A．Pet. B．Handiwork Make. C．Rocket to Space. D．Icy Journey. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【导语】 文章主要介绍了四本不同类型的图书及其内容特色、原价与现价等促销信息。 【详解】1．细节计算题。细节计算题。根据ROCKET TO SPACE by Diego Ramirez部分中“Was $39.95   Now $19.95(原价39.95美元，现价19.95美元)”、PET by Kitty部分中“Half price: Now only $15(原价30美元，现价15美元)”、ICY JOURNEY by Same Mcgee部分中“839 pages for only $12.50(原价12.50美元，现价12.50美元)”、HANDIWORK MAKE部分中“$22.50 for six books(原价22.50美元，现价22.50美元)”可知，四本书原价总和：39.95+30+12.50+22.50=104.95美元，现价总和：19.95+15+12.50+22.50=69.95美元，总共可节省：104.95-69.95=35美元。 2．细节理解题。根据ROCKET TO SPACE by Diego Ramirez部分中“Astronaut’s life in spaceship. Two months from launch to landing. Learn about Careers in Space(宇航员的太空舱生活、为期两月的航天往返历程，科普太空相关职业)”可知，该书讲述了从发射到着陆的太空旅程，C项表述正确。 3．推理判断题。根据HANDIWORK MAKE部分中“Make money with dolls. Create baskets from cloth, wood, and feathers. Make international suits and blankets by hand(玩偶制作创收、手工编织篮筐、制作特色服饰与毛毯)”可知，这本书可以教读者手工赚钱，符合Rosie挣钱攒学费的需求。 B Every year around August, millions of teens take their parents to stores to buy new clothes for the start of the school year. Not every parent can afford this, and some teens are forced to go to school in the same clothes they wore last year. The obvious differences in clothes cause differences among students. There is a simple solution to this problem; school uniforms (校服). I know from personal experience and surveys that wearing uniforms creates a sense of equality among peers (同龄人). From sixth grade until I graduated from senior high school, I attended a school that required students to wear uniforms. The uniform was very simple: dark brown shoes, green-brown pants, and a white shirt. The uniform left little room for any kind of self-expression, especially through clothes. However, I learned how to stand out by expressing myself through my personality, art, and sports. I did not know I could draw until the sixth grade. I also would never have learned of my musical abilities if it hadn’t been for my desire to find ways to express myself. Uniforms taught me that I was myself, except for what I wore. Uniforms also contribute to a much safer learning environment. I remember a particular event that happened in my junior high school. A man ran away from prison and wanted to hide in the gym of our school. Luckily, cameras all over the school quickly found the stranger before any danger could ever happen as he was out of place. School officials kept the man locked inside our gym until the police came to take him back to prison. Uniforms help provide a better educational experience for all students no matter what race, culture, or economic class (经济阶层). In closing, wearing uniforms is good for both schools and students. 4．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By explaining a basic rule. B．By challenging others’ views. C．By sharing his parents’ experience. D．By describing a common problem. 5．Which of the following could the author agree with? A．Uniforms should be more modern. B．Uniforms can help shape better students. C．Uniforms are popular with students. D．Uniforms are bad for self-development. 6．What do the underlined words “out of place” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Dressing differently. B．Standing straight. C．Running fast. D．Breathing heavily. 7．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To record his high school life. B．To introduce high school uniforms. C．To ask students to like what they wear. D．To show his supportive view towards uniforms. 【答案】4．D 5．B 6．A 7．D 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。为了避免因服装不同造成学生之间的一些差别和攀比，穿校服成为一个较好的解决办法。作者通过自身的一些经历和体会，讲述了穿校服带来的好处。 【详解】4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Every year around August, millions of teens take their parents to stores to buy new clothes for the start of the school year. Not every parent can afford this, and some teens are forced to go to school in the same clothes they wore last year. The obvious differences in clothes cause differences among students. There is a simple solution to this problem; school uniforms (校服).(每年八月前后，数百万青少年会拉着父母去商店，为开学购置新衣服。并非所有父母都能负担这笔开支，有些青少年只能穿着去年的旧衣服上学。衣着上的明显差异会让学生之间产生隔阂。而这个问题有一个简单的解决办法 —— 校服。)”可知，作者通过描述“开学季学生着装差异引发隔阂”这一普遍问题，引出“校服”这一主题。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。根据第四段“Uniforms taught me that I was myself, except for what I wore. (校服让我明白，除了穿着，我就是我自己。)”和第五段“Uniforms also contribute to a much safer learning environment. (校服还有助于营造更安全的学习环境。)”可知，作者认为校服能让学生关注自身内在，还能保障安全，即校服有助于培养更好的学生。故选B项。 6．词句猜测题。根据“A man ran away from prison and wanted to hide in the gym of our school. Luckily, cameras all over the school quickly found the stranger before any danger could ever happen as he was out of place. (一名越狱男子想躲进我们学校的体育馆。幸运的是，学校里的摄像头很快就发现了这个陌生人，因为他out of place，没有造成任何危险。)” 并结合前文提到学生都穿校服可推断， “out of place”指该男子着装与学生校服不同，显得格格不入。故选A项。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段“Every year around August, millions of teens take their parents to stores to buy new clothes for the start of the school year. Not every parent can afford this, and some teens are forced to go to school in the same clothes they wore last year. The obvious differences in clothes cause differences among students. There is a simple solution to this problem; school uniforms (校服).(每年八月前后，数百万青少年会拉着父母去商店，为开学购置新衣服。并非所有父母都能负担这笔开支，有些青少年只能穿着去年的旧衣服上学。衣着上的明显差异会让学生之间产生隔阂。而这个问题有一个简单的解决办法 —— 校服。)”以及后文可知，文章开篇提出“着装差异引发学生隔阂”的问题，随后通过自身经历说明校服能营造平等氛围、促进自我表达，还能保障校园安全，最后总结“In closing, wearing uniforms is good for both schools and students.(最后，穿校服对学校和学生都有好处。)”，所以作者写作目的是表达对校服的支持态度。故选D项。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点12 定语从句之关系代词用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，重点在于识别定语从句的基本结构，掌握基本的关系代词用法，who（人）、which（物）、that（人或物）。（中考不做重点考查） 高中阶段，除了初中阶段的关系代词，高中还会学习 whose（表示所有格）、whom（指人，作宾语）、as等。掌握更复杂的定语从句结构，包括省略关系代词和分隔式定语从句的使用。（高考重点考查） 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 · 关系代词 "who"： The girl who is standing over there is my sister.（站在那里的女孩是我的妹妹。） · 关系代词 "which"： The book which I read last night was very interesting.（我昨晚读的那本书非常有趣。） · 关系代词 "that"： The house that we bought last year is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） 1．All the classmates enjoyed the cake ________ I made at the party. It was really delicious A．that B．who C．what D．whose 2．This is the book ________ I bought in the bookstore last week. A．what B．whose C．who D．which 3．Confucius was a great thinker ________ had many great ideas about human nature and behavior. A．who B．which C．when D．where 4．—Who is the person ________ you admire most? —Yuan Longping. He devoted his life to solving the food problem. A．which B．what C．whose D．whom 5．The woman ________ hair is red is our new English teacher. A．who B．whom C．whose D．that 6．I never forget those days ________ we spent in the primary school together. A．which B．what C．where D．why 7．The boy ________ mother is a pianist plays the piano very well. A．who B．whose C．whom D．that 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 定语从句关系代词（高中考点聚焦） 1. 除基础关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose 外，还要掌握 as, but 等特殊关系代词； 2. 熟练区分各代词指代对象：who/whom 指人、which 指物、that 人 / 物均可、whose 表所属关系； 3. 明确代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语的不同用法； 4. 重点掌握高频辨析规则：只能用 that、只能用 which 的限定场景，介词 + 关系代词固定搭配结构； 5. 掌握省略规则：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，作主语不可省略； 6. 能识别先行词为不定代词、序数词、最高级等特殊先行词时的代词选用。 · 使用关系代词 "whose"：表示所有格，用于指人或物。 The man whose car was stolen is very upset.（他的车被偷了的那个男人非常不安。） · 使用关系代词 "whom"：用作宾语，指人。 The scientist whom we invited will give us a lecture next week.（我们邀请的那位科学家下周将给我们做讲座。） · 关系代词的省略：在定语从句中，当关系代词作宾语时，可以省略。 The book that I read is interesting.（我读的那本书很有趣。） · 分隔式定语从句：定语从句不紧跟在先行词之后，而是被其他成分隔开。 The book, which I read last week, is very interesting.（我上周读的那本书非常有趣。） 考点清单 ▇ 定义及相关术语 1． 什么叫定语从句？先行词、关系词？ 1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子。 2.特点：定语从句相当于形容词的作用，对前面的名词或代词进行修饰和限定。 3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，称为先行词。可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 4.关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。 5.关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 6.关系副词有：when, where, why等 例1：This is the present which/that he gave me for my birthday. 例2：Do you know the man at the corner that/who came to the party last night? 例3：I still remember the night when I first came to the village? 例4：This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. ▇ 提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用 1.连接作用---连接先行词和定语从句。 2.替代作用---在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 3.成分作用---在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。 指人 指物 that which whose who whom 二. 关系代词的功用？ ▇ 关系代词做主语，宾语，定语；关系副词作状语。 1. 作主语： The person who/that broke the window must pay for it. The cars which/that are produced in Hubei Province sell very well. 2. 作宾语： She is the person whom/that I met at the school gate yesterday. The book which/that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”. 3. 作定语 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如： The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard. The house whose windows are broken is empty. 4. 作状语 I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. He wanted to know the reason why I was late .　　 This is the house where I was born. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 总结1： 1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子。 2.特点：定语从句相当于形容词的作用，对前面的名词或代词进行修饰和限定。 3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，称为先行词。可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 4.关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。 5.关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 6. 关系副词有：when, where, why等 总结2： ▇ 关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 2.whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略，在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。 Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 3.which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 4.that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。 5.whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用以下结构来代替： The house whose windows are broken is empty. =The house the windows of which are broken is empty. =The house of which the windows are broken is empty. 注意：whose+n.=the+n.+of which=of which+the+n. 6.as 当先行词受so, such, the same 修饰时使用。 如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不像他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。 如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 因此，the same...as... 指同一类或相似的事物 the same...that... 指同一个事物 ▇ 定语从句中只能用that 引导的情况 1.当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 2.当先行词被the very（恰恰，正好）, the only，any，few，little，no，all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. The only thing that is constant is change. There was little that we could do to help her. 3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. What is the first American film that you have seen? 5.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。（避免引导词的重复出现） Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 7.先行词在定语从句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。 She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be. He is not the man (that) he seems. ▇ 定语从句中只能用which引导的情况 1.当关系代词的前面有介词时 A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition. Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 2.在非限制性定语从句中 Crusoe’s dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died . More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. 3.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which.（了解即可） Let me show you the novel, which I borrowed from the library that was newly open to us. 4.当关系代词后面带有插入语时 Here’s the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 5.先行词本身是that, 宜用which What’s that which she is looking at? ▇ 定语从句中只能用who引导的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who，而不能用that。 1.先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me don’t please me. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 2.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province. 4.一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 5.在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who（指人）。指物时，也可以用that。 There is a young man who wants to see your father. There are many old men who are against this plan. There is a rule that should be obeyed. 注意事项： 1.定语从句是形容词性的，它用来修饰名词或代词； 2.掌握定语从句的分类（限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）和引导词的特点（关系代词作成分、关系副词只能充当状语）及引导词的使用限定； 3.在选择引导词时，遵循三字原则（断：断句，划分好主句和从句；找：找准先行词；放：将引导词放入从句中，同时要看好从句是否缺少成分，再选择引导词的类别） 一、单句语法填空 1．The police offered rewards for anyone could lead them to the criminals. （用适当的词填空） 2．She received a letter from a friend family owned a farm near the capital city. (用适当的词填空) 3．This is the best show I have seen in Paris so far this season. （用适当的词填空） 4．The reason he explained at the meeting was not reasonable at all. (用适当的词填空) 5．He is not so stubborn a man refuses to listen to reasonable suggestions. (用适当的词填空) 6．This city, history can date back to 2000 years ago, has become a modern city where you can experience both the new and the old. (用适当的词填空) 7．The organization aims to help those suffer from great losses in the pandemic(疫情). (用适当的词填空) 8．The materials are needed for the experiment have already been ordered. (用适当的词填空) 9．The Internet has now become the first place the majority of people turn to for information. (用适当的词填空) 10．In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program purpose is to relieve worldwide starvation. (用适当的词填空) 11．Mr. Crossett will never forget the day he spent with his students. （用适当的词填空） 12．Have you ever asked him the reason may explain his absence?(用适当的词填空) 13．Finally, the thief handed everything he had stolen to the police. (用适当的词填空) 14．Dali is such a cozy destination for backpackers has been nicknamed Dalifornia. （用适当的词填空） 15．To tell the truth, this is not so difficult an examination we had expected. (用适当的词填空) 二、完成句子 1．This is _____________________________ I’ve seen since I came to Huazhou. 这是我来化州后看的第一部电影。 2．这就是那位全国知名的科学家。 This is the scientist _____________________________all over the country. (whose) 3．比尔说他在中国参观的第一个地方是故宫博物院。 Bill said that _____________________________ was the Palace Museum. 4．我永远不会忘记发生在我的童年里的那个意外事件，它给我留下了很深的印象。（that引导定语从句） Never will I forget the accident _____________________________, which left a deep impression on me. 5．我们学校有丰富多彩的旨在扩大我们视野的课外活动。 There are colorful after­class activities in our school________________________________________． 一、语篇语法填空（ 定语从句之关系代词用法专练） Our class has a kind teacher 1.________ always cares about every student. The classroom 2.________ we study in is filled with warm stories. There is a girl 3.________ handwriting ranks top in our grade. We took part in a speech contest 4.________ was held last Friday. The topic 5.________ we discussed was about teenage dreams. The boy 6.________ we admire most won the first prize, 7.________ surprised all of us deeply. The girl 8.________ speech touched judges is my deskmate. We all treasure the time 9.________ we spend together. This meaningful activity 10.________ we will remember forever encourages us to chase our dreams bravely. 二、阅读理解 A ROCKET TO SPACE by Diego Ramirez Astronaut’s life in spaceship. Two months from launch to landing. Learn about Careers in Space   Was $39.95  Now $19.95   PET by Kitty Wolfe-Quiz: what pet are you most comfortable with? Compare characters and kinds of cats and dogs Half price: Now only $15 ICY JOURNEY by Same Mcgee Explorers’ Arctic adventures to the south Pole. Remarkable achievements of fifteen brave men 839 pages for only $12.50   HANDIWORK MAKE Published 6 times a year $22.50 for six books Make money with dolls. Create baskets from cloth, wood, and feathers. Make international suits and blankets by hand 1．If you buy all of the books advertised, how much money can you save now? A．$69.95. B．$15. C．$20. D．$35. 2．Which of the following statements is true? A．In Pet, the author compares different characters and breeds of domestic animals such as cats and dogs. B．Icy Journey deals with fifty men’s exciting and unforgettable adventures in the South Pole. C．Rocket to Space gives a vivid account of a space journey from takeoff to touchdown. D．Handiwork Make teaches readers how to make dolls, baskets, suits and blankets with the help of special tools. 3．Rosie is a high school student interested in adventures and has two pet dogs. At present, she is eager to earn some money for her university education. Which of the following books will you recommend to her? A．Pet. B．Handiwork Make. C．Rocket to Space. D．Icy Journey. B Every year around August, millions of teens take their parents to stores to buy new clothes for the start of the school year. Not every parent can afford this, and some teens are forced to go to school in the same clothes they wore last year. The obvious differences in clothes cause differences among students. There is a simple solution to this problem; school uniforms (校服). I know from personal experience and surveys that wearing uniforms creates a sense of equality among peers (同龄人). From sixth grade until I graduated from senior high school, I attended a school that required students to wear uniforms. The uniform was very simple: dark brown shoes, green-brown pants, and a white shirt. The uniform left little room for any kind of self-expression, especially through clothes. However, I learned how to stand out by expressing myself through my personality, art, and sports. I did not know I could draw until the sixth grade. I also would never have learned of my musical abilities if it hadn’t been for my desire to find ways to express myself. Uniforms taught me that I was myself, except for what I wore. Uniforms also contribute to a much safer learning environment. I remember a particular event that happened in my junior high school. A man ran away from prison and wanted to hide in the gym of our school. Luckily, cameras all over the school quickly found the stranger before any danger could ever happen as he was out of place. School officials kept the man locked inside our gym until the police came to take him back to prison. Uniforms help provide a better educational experience for all students no matter what race, culture, or economic class (经济阶层). In closing, wearing uniforms is good for both schools and students. 4．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By explaining a basic rule. B．By challenging others’ views. C．By sharing his parents’ experience. D．By describing a common problem. 5．Which of the following could the author agree with? A．Uniforms should be more modern. B．Uniforms can help shape better students. C．Uniforms are popular with students. D．Uniforms are bad for self-development. 6．What do the underlined words “out of place” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Dressing differently. B．Standing straight. C．Running fast. D．Breathing heavily. 7．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To record his high school life. B．To introduce high school uniforms. C．To ask students to like what they wear. D．To show his supportive view towards uniforms. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $