专题10 人教版必修第一册Unit 2 Travelling Around 新词预习+情态动词（结构化知识+题型提升练）2026年暑假新高一英语衔接与突破

2026年暑假新高一英语衔接与突破（结构化知识+题型提升练） 专题10 人教版必修第一册Unit 2 Travelling Around新词预习+情态动词 目录 第一部分 必备知识结构化清单 梳理必备的语言知识点，夯实语言基础能力 第二部分 知识运用题型强化练 必备知识与能力提升练，提升语言运用能力 ◇Part 01 必备知识结构化清单 新｜词｜预｜习 背诵清单 Ⅰ.核心词汇 1.castle　n.城堡;堡垒 2.visa n.签证 3.rent vt.租用;出租 vi.租用;租金为n.租金 4.pack vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包;纸袋;大包 5.extremely adv.极其;非常 6.source n.来源;出处 7.narrow adj.狭窄的 vt.&vi.(使)变窄 8.flat adj.平坦的;扁平的 n.公寓;单元房 9.emperor n.皇帝 10.site n.地点;位置;现场 11.type n.类型; 种类 vi. & vt. 打字 12.flight n.空中航行;航班;航程 13.unique adj.唯一的;独特的;特有的 14.path n.小路;路线;道路 15.destination n.目的地;终点 16.civilisation　n.文明;文明世界 17.soldier n.士兵;军人 18.hike n.&v.徒步旅行;远足;去……远足 19.brochure n.资料(或广告)手册 20.package n. 包裹; 包装盒 vt. 将……包装好 21.contact vt.联络;联系n.联系;接触 22.credit n. 借款;信用; 称赞; 学分 23.request vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求;请求 n.(正式或礼貌的)要求;请求 24.view n.视野;景色;看法 25.sight n.景象;视野;视力 26.statue n.雕塑;雕像 27.tomb n.坟墓 28.unearth vt.挖掘;发掘 29.comment vi.&vt.发表意见;评论 n.议论;评论 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.apply vi.&vt.申请;请求 vt.应用;涂(油漆、乳剂)→application n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用→applicant n.申请人 2.amaze vt.使吃惊;使惊异→ amazing adj.令人惊奇的;令人惊喜的→amazed adj.惊奇的;惊喜的→amazement n.惊奇 3.arrange vt.安排;筹备→arrangement n.安排;筹备 4.office n.办公室→ official adj.官方的;正式的;公务的 n.官员;要员 5.recognise vt.辨别出;承认;认可→recognition n.识别;承认,认出 6.accommodate vt.为(某人)提供住宿→accommodation n.住处;停留处;膳宿 7.admire vt.钦佩;赞赏→ admiration n.欣赏;敬佩→ admirable adj.令人敬佩的 8.architect n. 建筑设计师→architecture n. 建筑设计;建筑学 9.transport vt.运输;运送→transportation n.交通运输系统;运输业 10.economy n.经济;节约→economic adj.经济(上)的;经济学的→ economical adj.节约的 11.detail n.细节;详情;细微之处→detailed adj.详细的 Ⅲ.重点短语 1.apply for　　申请 2.take control of 控制;接管 3.other than 除……以外 4.package tour 包价旅游 5.make up 构成;形成 6.credit card 信用卡 7.check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记 8.check out 　　　结账离开(旅馆等) 9.get ready for 为……做好准备 10.in the middle of 在……的中心 11.on the way to... 在去往……的途中 12.look forward to 期盼 13.be known as 作为……而著名 14.right away 立刻 默写清单 Ⅰ.核心词汇 1._________　n.城堡;堡垒 2._________ n.签证 3._________ vt.租用;出租 vi.租用;租金为n.租金 4._________ vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包;纸袋;大包 5._________ adv.极其;非常 6._________ n.来源;出处 7._________ adj.狭窄的 vt.&vi.(使)变窄 8._________ adj.平坦的;扁平的 n.公寓;单元房 9._________ n.皇帝 10._________ n.地点;位置;现场 11._________ n.类型; 种类 vi. & vt. 打字 12._________ n.空中航行;航班;航程 13._________ adj.唯一的;独特的;特有的 14._________ n.小路;路线;道路 15._________ n.目的地;终点 16._________　n.文明;文明世界 17._________ n.士兵;军人 18._________ n.&v.徒步旅行;远足;去……远足 19._________ n.资料(或广告)手册 20._________ n. 包裹; 包装盒 vt. 将……包装好 21._________ vt.联络;联系n.联系;接触 22._________ n. 借款;信用; 称赞; 学分 23._________ vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求;请求 n.(正式或礼貌的)要求;请求 24._________ n.视野;景色;看法 25._________ n.景象;视野;视力 26._________ n.雕塑;雕像 27._________ n.坟墓 28._________ vt.挖掘;发掘 29._________ vi.&vt.发表意见;评论 n.议论;评论 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1._________ vi.&vt.申请;请求 vt.应用;涂(油漆、乳剂)→_________ n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用→_________ n.申请人 2._________ vt.使吃惊;使惊异→ _________ adj.令人惊奇的;令人惊喜的→_________ adj.惊奇的;惊喜的→_________ n.惊奇 3._________ vt.安排;筹备→_________ n.安排;筹备 4._________ n.办公室→ _________ adj.官方的;正式的;公务的 n.官员;要员 5._________ vt.辨别出;承认;认可→_________ n.识别;承认,认出 6._________ vt.为(某人)提供住宿→_________ n.住处;停留处;膳宿 7._________ vt.钦佩;赞赏→ _________ n.欣赏;敬佩→ _________ adj.令人敬佩的 8._________ n. 建筑设计师→_________ n. 建筑设计;建筑学 9._________ vt.运输;运送→_________ n.交通运输系统;运输业 10._________ n.经济;节约→_________ adj.经济(上)的;经济学的→ _________ adj.节约的 11._________ n.细节;详情;细微之处→_________ adj.详细的 Ⅲ.重点短语 1._________　　申请 2._________ 控制;接管 3._________ 除……以外 4._________ 包价旅游 5._________ 构成;形成 6._________ 信用卡 7._________ (在旅馆、机场等)登记 8._________ 　　　结账离开(旅馆等) 9._________ 为……做好准备 10._________ 在……的中心 11._________ 在去往……的途中 12._________ 期盼 13._________ 作为……而著名 14._________ 立刻 知｜识｜回｜顾 一、情态动词 （一）情态动词的基本用法 1.can / could能够；可以 例句：I can finish my homework alone.（能力） Could you lend me your pen?（委婉请求） It can’t be Tom. He has gone abroad.（否定推测） 2.may / might可以（许可）；可能（推测） 例句：May I sit here?（许可） She may arrive late this afternoon.（现在推测） He might have missed the bus yesterday.（过去推测） 3.must / have to must：主观必须；肯定推测；否定禁止（mustn’t） have to：客观不得不，有时态变化 例句：You must follow the school rules.（主观要求） The light is on. He must be at home.（肯定推测） I had to get up early yesterday.（客观被迫） You mustn’t swim in the river.（禁止） 4.should / ought to应该；理应；竟然（惊讶） 例句：You should take exercise every day.（建议） It’s 10 o’clock. He ought to be here now.（理应） He should refuse such a good chance!（竟然） 5.need（需要） / dare（敢） 作情态动词：仅否定/疑问；无单数第三人称变化 作实义动词：有人称时态变化，后面接to do 例句：You needn’t worry about me.（情态动词） Do you dare speak in public?（情态动词） I don’t need to buy a new bag.（实义动词） 6.will / would will：将来意愿、请求；would：过去习惯、委婉请求 例句：I will help you whenever you need.（意愿） Would you open the window?（委婉） He would walk to school when he was young.（过去习惯） （二）情态动词表示推测 时间 肯定推测 否定推测 可能性强弱 现在/当下 must / may / might / could can’t / couldn’t must> may > might > could 过去 must/may/might/could + have done can’t/couldn’t + have done must> may > might > could 例句：The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.（过去肯定推测） He can’t have finished the task, it’s too difficult.（过去否定推测） Your pen might be in your schoolbag.（现在不确定推测） 1.must have done：过去一定做了（肯定推测） 例句：He must have known the truth. 2.may/might have done：过去可能做了（不确定） 例句：She might have forgotten our appointment. 3.can’t/couldn’t have done：过去不可能做 例句：They couldn’t have left so early. 4.should have done：本应该做（实际没做，含责备） 例句：You should have told me earlier. 5.shouldn’t have done：本不该做（实际做了） 例句：You shouldn’t have wasted so much time. 6.needn’t have done：本不必做（白做了） 例句：You needn’t have bought so much food. 7.could have done：本能够做（没做成，惋惜） 例句：You could have passed the exam if you worked harder. 二、虚拟语气 （一）if引导条件状语从句表示虚拟 1.与现在事实相反 从句：一般过去时（be动词统一用were） 主句：would/could/might/should + do 例句：If I were you, I would accept the offer.如果我是你，我会接受这份邀约。（事实：我不是你） 2.与过去事实相反 从句：had done 主句：would/could/might/should + have done 例句：If you had studied harder, you could have passed the exam.如果你当初更努力，本可以通过考试。（事实：当初没努力，没通过） 3.与将来事实相反（可能性极低） 从句三种形式：①一般过去 ；②should do； ③were to do 主句：would/could/might/should + do 例句：If it rained tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting. If you should meet him, tell him to call me. If I were to go abroad, I would visit Paris. 注意：省略if的虚拟 从句有 were / had / should，可省略if，主谓倒装 原句：If I had known the news, I would have told you. 倒装：Had I known the news, I would have told you. （二）含蓄虚拟（无if，介词/连词暗示虚拟） 1.without + 名词：若无…… 例句：Without your help, I would have failed. 若无你的帮助，我早已失败。 2.but for：要不是 例句：But for the rain, we would go hiking today. 3.or / otherwise：否则 例句：I was busy then, otherwise I would have helped you. （三）名词性从句中的虚拟语气 动词：insist(坚持)；order, command；suggest, advise, recommend 从句固定结构：(should) + 动词原形，should可省略 例句：The teacher suggested that we (should) read English every morning.（建议） He ordered that the work (should) be finished at once.（命令） 注意：insist表“坚持认为”（陈述事实）不用虚拟语气；表“坚决要求”才用虚拟语气 例句：He insisted that he was right.（陈述，真实语气） He insisted that he (should) be set free.（要求，虚拟） （四）表示虚拟语气的其他固定结构 1.wish 但愿……（难以实现） 对现在发生的事感到遗憾：wish + 过去时 I wish I had more free time. 对过去发生的事感到遗憾：wish + had done I wish I hadn’t said those words. 对将来的事的期盼：wish + would/could do I wish it would stop raining. 2.as if / as though 仿佛，好像 时态规则同与含有if的虚拟条件句相同 例句：He talks as if he knew everything.（与现在相反） She cried as if she had heard bad news.（与过去相反） 3.would rather 宁愿 例句：I’d rather you stayed at home tonight. I’d rather you hadn’t told him the secret. 4.It’s (high/about) time that… 该做某事了（从句只用一般过去时） 例句：It’s high time that we went home. 基｜础｜练｜习 一、根据语篇内容或所给的词的适当形式填空。 Peru is a country which is 1._________ the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas.Peru was the centre of the 2._________(power) ancient Inca Empire in the 1400s and 1500s.Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and 3._________(rule) until 1821.It is for this reason 4._________ Spanish is the main 5._________(office) language of Peru. 　　You can go from Cusco to the Amazon rainforest by plane.From there, you will spend one day 6._________(travel) by boat to your accommodation.Then you can spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique 7._________ the rainforest. It will take you four days 8._________(go) to the city of Machu Picchu on foot on amazing paths.Reach your destination 9._________ you will have a day to explore and be 10._________(amaze) by this ancient city.Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building.  （答案：1.on 2.powerful 3.ruled 4.that 5.official 6.travelling 7.to 8.to go 9.and 10.amazed） 二、根据上述语篇的内容，完成表格中对语篇中的相关句式的用法分析。 原句 句式类型 结构分析 使用规律 Peru is a country which is 1._________ the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas. 限制性定语从句（关系代词which引导） 主句：Peru is a country 定语从句：which is ... areas（修饰先行词a country，which在从句中作主语） 1. 先行词为表示事物的单数可数名词，关系代词which在从句充当主语，不可省略； 2. 定语从句紧跟被修饰名词，用于补充介绍国家、物品等事物的地理位置、特征； 3. 从句谓语单复数匹配先行词（country单数→is） It is for this reason 4._________ Spanish is the main 5._________(office) language of Peru. You can go from Cusco to the Amazon rainforest by plane. Then you can spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique 7._________ the rainforest. It will take you four days 8._________(go) to the city of Machu Picchu on foot on amazing paths. Reach your destination 9._________ you will have a day to explore and be 10._________(amaze) by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. 参考答案： 原句 句式类型 结构分析 使用规律 Peru is a country which is 1._________ the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas. 限制性定语从句（关系代词which引导） 主句：Peru is a country 定语从句：which is ... areas（修饰先行词a country，which在从句中作主语） 1. 先行词为表示事物的单数可数名词，关系代词which在从句充当主语，不可省略； 2. 定语从句紧跟被修饰名词，用于补充介绍国家、物品等事物的地理位置、特征； 3. 从句谓语单复数匹配先行词（country单数→is） It is for this reason 4._________ Spanish is the main 5._________(office) language of Peru. 强调句型 It is + 被强调部分 + that/who 从句 框架：It is + 原因状语(for this reason) + that + 完整陈述句 1. 标准强调句式，用于突出原因、地点、事物等状语； 2. 被强调对象为事物/状语时，连接词只用that，不可换which； 3. 去掉It is...that后，剩余内容可还原为完整通顺原句：Spanish is the main official language of Peru for this reason You can go from Cusco to the Amazon rainforest by plane. 含情态动词can的主谓简单句 主语You + 情态动词can + 实义动词原形go + 地点状语 1. 情态动词can后必须接动词原形，表客观可行、推荐的出行方式； 2. from...to...固定介词结构作地点路径状语； 3. by+交通工具零冠词结构作方式状语 Then you can spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique 7._________ the rainforest. 1. spend doing句式；2. 并列动名词；3. 形容词后置定语unique to... 主句：you can spend three days 并列动名词：exploring... and enjoying... 后置定语：unique to the rainforest（修饰plants and animals） 1. and连接两个并列doing动名词，共享spend搭配结构； 2. 形容词短语unique to sth.后置修饰名词，相当于定语从句that are unique to the rainforest； 3. can情态动词表建议、可行的游玩活动 It will take you four days 8._________(go) to the city of Machu Picchu on foot on amazing paths. 固定句式： It takes sb. + 时长 + to do sth. 形式主语：It 真正主语：to go to the city... 主干：will take you four days 1. It为无实义形式主语，避免句子头重脚轻，不定式to do作句子真正主语； 2. will take表将来将要耗费的时间； 3. 多个方式/地点介词短语(on foot, on amazing paths)叠放作句末多层状语 Reach your destination 9._________ you will have a day to explore and be 10._________(amaze) by this ancient city. 祈使句 + and + 陈述句（并列复合句） 前分句（祈使句）：Reach your destination 后分句：and you will have a day to explore and be amazed... 1. 句式模板：祈使句 + and + 一般将来时陈述句，表顺承结果，译为“……然后就可以……”； 2. to explore不定式作后置定语修饰a day； 3. and连接并列不定式(to explore)与被动结构(be amazed by)，共享to省略 Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. 完全倒装句（表语前置倒装） 正常语序：The Incas’ dry stone method of building is especially amazing 倒装结构：表语(Especially amazing) + be动词 + 主语 1. 形容词/分词表语置于句首时，句子主谓完全倒装，起到强调、美化书面语效果； 2. 主语为较长名词短语时常用该倒装，避免主语过长造成句子失衡； 3. 名词所有格the Incas’作前置定语修饰method ◇Part 02 知识运用题型强化练 一、阅读理解 1 When Krista Lawlor told her teenage son to be home at a “reasonable hour”, he immediately asked for a clearer explanation. To him, the word was frustratingly unclear—a term whose meaning seemed to change depending on who was speaking. This elusive quality is the central idea of Lawlor’s book Being Reasonable: The Case for a Misunderstood Virtue. Lawlor argues that being reasonable is not about following a strict set of rules: instead, it is about the ability to see what truly matters in the “greater picture of things”. Reasonableness forms the basis of the law system. In many countries, judges decide negligence (过失) through the “reasonable person standard (标准)”, asking whether a person acted with the same care and attention that a “reasonable” person would exercise in the same situation. Yet, as Lawlor discovered, even law experts struggle to define (定义) it. Take the case of Rudy Stanko, who was ticketed for driving 85 miles per hour on a frozen bent highway in Montana. At the time, Montana had no speed limit; the law simply required drivers to be “reasonable and careful”. Stanko argued against his ticket, saying that the law was too unclear to follow. After a heated debate, Montana finally agreed, deciding that the word “reasonable” provided no real guidance for drivers. Lawlor suggests that “reasonable” is often misunderstood because it is highly dependent on the situations. She also points out an important difference between being “reasonable” and being “rational”. To be rational often means acting only for one’s own benefit. A rational seller might put the bike online for the highest possible price, refusing to lower it by even a dollar because his goal is to get the most money for himself. Yet, a reasonable one might choose to sell the bike for a lower price to a neighbor’s child who really needs it. While the seller “loses” money, he is acting reasonably by recognizing that helping a neighbor and seeing the bike put to good use matters more in the long run than a small money gain. Because reasonableness is tied to values, reasonable people can—and often do—disagree. They may look at the same facts but reach different conclusions because they value different things. Lawlor notes that we truly understand what we value only when our beliefs are challenged by those different from our own. Drawing on the philosopher John Stuart Mill, she argues that we need different perspectives to sharpen our own thinking. In our modern, divided world, reasonableness is a necessary tool for productive discussion, helping us stay connected even when we see the world through different eyes. 1．What does the underlined word “elusive” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．False. B．Undefined. C．Ensured. D．Believable. 2．Which of the following is an example of “being reasonable”? A．A teenager works harder to enrich his mind. B．A teenager cares a lot about his own grades. C．A teenager takes time to help his classmates. D．A teenager discusses his problems with friends. 3．What does the writer most probably agree with? A．People learn to be reasonable by following a strict set of rules. B．“Reasonable person standard” provides clear guidance for law. C．Reasonableness helps people stay close despite different views. D．Disagreement happens when reasonableness is misunderstood. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．What Does It Mean to Be Reasonable? B．Where Does Reasonableness Come From? C．Why Is Reasonableness Often Misunderstood? D．How Is “Reasonable” Different From “Rational”? 2 Many people wonder if there is a “best time” to exercise. A new study answers this question with a clear suggestion: instead of forcing yourself into a fixed schedule, you should match your workout with your own “chronotype”—your natural habit of sleeping or waking up at certain times. Whether you are a “lark” who wakes up early full of energy, or a “night owl” who feels more active later in the day, the key message is that exercise is most effective when it matches a person’s biological rhythm (韵律). Research shows that aligning (使一致) at least part of your workouts to your chronotype helps reduce risk factors for heart attacks and strokes, and it also improves sleep quality. But how do you know if you are a morning or evening person? Here is a simple test. After a long holiday over two weeks, do you still feel tired and hard to get up every morning? If yes, you are probably a night owl. Otherwise, you may be a lark. “A longer holiday gives us time to relax, catch up on sleep and return to natural sleep and wake times, so it can tell us a lot about our natural sleep-wake habits.” Dr Jeffrey Kelu says. If you are someone who wakes at 6 am ready to run, the best exercise time is between 7 am and 8 am. A study shows morning exercisers were 30 percent less likely to have type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) and 31 percent less likely to have heart disease. Besides doing morning workouts, early risers are also advised to add small strength training at home in the evening, like chair squats and leg moves. Owls can save strength training for the evening because most sports science studies suggest that muscle performance peaks (达到高峰) in the afternoon or evening. However, evening types should still spend a little time outdoors in the morning. A short walk of just a few minutes can fix their body clock and keep their daily sleep routine regular. There is no one-size-fits-all best time of day to exercise but you should pay attention to how you feel and how well you recover at different times of the day. Alignment with biological preference is more important than the exact clock time. So, do what feels right for you. 5．Why should we match our exercise with our chronotype? A．It helps us save time and develop good habits. B．It reduces some health risks and improves sleep. C．It makes us stay energetic in the day. D．It helps us get used to fixed schedules. 6．According to the passage, what is the best example of working with chronotype? A．Zhao Lei, a lark, does a lot of strength training in the evening. B．Li Hua, a lark, schedules his main workout between 9 pm and 10 pm. C．Wang Fang, a night owl, takes a 10-minute walk outside in the morning. D．Zhang Ming, a night owl, runs for 30 minutes at 6 am every day. 7．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to work out at a fixed time. B．To compare the differences between larks and owls. C．To advise people to follow their “clock” to exercise. D．To explain the proper time to change workout habits. 3 Climate change and biodiversity (生物多样性) loss are two of the most important and urgent problems that our world is facing right now. Climate change means Earth’s weather patterns are changing and the planet is getting warmer because of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels (化石燃料). It is also one of the biggest causes of biodiversity loss, which means that animals and plants are disappearing from the planet. So, it is key to find solutions that help us live in a sustainable (可持续的) way and protect nature. To prevent climate change from getting worse, people have started using more renewable energies from natural resources, like wind, sunlight, water, or Earth’s heat. They are cleaner than fossil fuels and unlimited! While renewable energy might be the best way to stop climate change, sometimes it can cause problems for nature. The structures needed to produce renewable energy (such as solar panels, wind turbines, or dams) can change how nature works, hurt animals and plants, or take up too much space, changing the land and causing animals to move away. For example, birds can be killed by wind turbines. Dams can harm local wildlife and block fish migration (迁徙). These problems worsen when the structures are built in areas already affected by deforestation, hunting, or pollution. Since animals are all connected, losing one harms the whole ecosystem (生态系统) — and humans are no exception. Luckily, there are ways to reduce these harmful effects. First, planners can choose the best places to build renewable energy structures, avoiding untouched habitats (栖息地), breeding (繁殖) areas, and migration routes. Good spots for solar panels include rooftops or already-damaged (已破坏的) land which is no longer home to many animals. Once the structures are built, planners can also protect animals. For example, they can paint turbine blades to help birds see them better and avoid them, or build fish passage systems to help fish swim through. Even if these protective measures do not work perfectly, planners can compensate (弥补) by improving other habitats to help protect animals — such as adding nest boxes for birds or reducing threats like hunting and deforestation in nearby areas. We need renewable energy to fight climate change while protecting wildlife and their habitats. With careful planning and science, we can meet energy needs and keep nature safe. 8．What problem can renewable energy cause? A．Using more fuels. B．Warming the planet. C．Affecting the ecosystem. D．Wasting natural resources. 9．What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A．Placing nest boxes can be an effective measure to protect birds. B．Painted wind turbines can attract birds to get closer to see them. C．Building fish passage systems helps fish change their habitats. D．Undamaged land is usually a good place to build solar panels. 10．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Live Sustainably by Reducing Gas Output. B．Power the Planet without Harming Nature. C．Stop Climate Change without Hurting Animals. D．Avoid Biodiversity Loss by Reducing Pollution. 4 Facial expressions are central to social life, yet scientists still don’t fully understand how the brain produces them. For many years, people thought that faces tell the truth about our feelings. But that view fails to explain why we often change our expressions to fit the moment. To find out what’s going on in the brain during facial expressions, researchers turned to monkeys. They recorded how the brain worked when the animals communicated with one another in the lab. The team’s results, published in Science, came as a surprise. The monkeys’ expressions, from a scary face to a friendly “lip-smacking”, were produced by both the medial cortex (内侧皮层) and lateral cortex (外侧皮层). These two brain areas were long thought to operate alone, but the study showed that both of them took part in the production of all kinds of facial expressions. The two areas did, however, run at different speeds. Activity in the lateral cortex changed quickly to control the fast facial movements that make for easy social connections. By comparison, things happened more slowly in the medial cortex, which may help it notice slow background changes that influence facial expressions. What’s more, both brain activities showed up before facial movements did, suggesting the brain prepares expressions ahead of time. This all raises a question: do monkeys plan the faces they make on purpose? That’s what experts explore in the new study. If facial expressions are partly controlled, they may not just show feelings. As researchers say, they might be tools to influence others. At the very least, they seem to result from complex (复杂的) connections between feelings and awareness. Alan Fridlund, an expert who was not part of this study, believes monkeys control their facial expressions carefully. But he doubts whether lab tests can fully show how monkeys communicate and the brain activity behind it. It is better to do future research in the monkeys’ natural environment. Still, Fridlund says, the new study “shows us more clearly how to learn about the brain science of facial expressions.” In general, it offers a new understanding of how facial expressions are made. 11．What does the study show about the medial cortex and lateral cortex? A．They operate at the same speed. B．They control fast facial movements. C．They both help produce facial expressions. D．They record brain activity during communication. 12．What can we learn from the study of monkeys’ facial expressions? A．Facial expressions depend on feelings. B．The brain prepares expressions beforehand. C．The study shows real monkey communication in nature. D．Scientists fully understand monkeys’ expression production. 13．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．Monkeys connect with others by making faces. B．Monkeys’ real feelings are shown through their faces. C．Monkeys may plan and control their expressions. D．Monkeys’ expressions depend on slow background changes. 14．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To stress connections between feelings and awareness. B．To explain why monkeys’ expressions differ from humans’. C．To suggest more research in the monkeys’ natural environment. D．To introduce a study on monkeys’ brain control of facial expressions. 二、完形填空 Last month, my class went hiking. At the 15 of the mountain, we saw two roads. One was wide and easy, covered with soft grass, with many people laughing along the way. The other was narrow (狭窄的) and rocky, with hard 16 and wild trees growing beside it. There were few visitors on that side, and it looked quiet and lonely. Most classmates 17 chose the easy road without much thought. But my friend Lily and I 18 each other and picked the hard one. Although it was tiring, we kept climbing 19 . We helped each other and shared water. And we stopped to 20 only when we felt really tired. On the way, we saw special flowers growing between the stones and 21 birds singing in the branches (枝条) above. The other group didn’t 22 because they were walking too fast on the easy road. When we finally got to the top, we were the 23 ones there! A cool wind blew against our hot faces. The view was amazing and we could see the whole village 24 , and the sky seemed so close. We felt so proud of what we had done. Soon, the others arrived, looking 25 to see us already sitting there. Later, our teacher smiled and told us a secret: “The road that most people avoided was actually the quickest way to the top.” We soon realized 26 fewer people chose this way it needed more hard work and a stronger will from the very beginning. This experience taught 27 a valuable lesson: hard roads have fewer people because not all of us dare to try. If we want to achieve our dreams, we shouldn’t give up easily. 28 , we should face challenges with courage and hope. Now, when I study 29 subjects, I always remember that every hard step will lead me closer to success. 15．A．foot B．top C．side D．back 16．A．birds B．stones C．insects D．flowers 17．A．slowly B．quickly C．suddenly D．carefully 18．A．laughed at B．shouted at C．looked at D．pointed at 19．A．one by one B．day by day C．word by word D．step by step 20．A．sleep B．talk C．rest D．breath 21．A．felt B．heard C．smelt D．touched 22．A．notice B．like C．need D．expect 23．A．first B．second C．third D．last 24．A．up B．above C．below D．inside 25．A．scared B．surprised C．interested D．disappointed 26．A．why B．how C．when D．what 27．A．him B．he C．us D．them 28．A．So B．And C．Because D．Instead 29．A．awful B．useful C．interesting D．difficult 三、语法填空 The Qinghai–Xizang Railway was completed in 2006. It 30 (connect) Xining to Lhasa, a huge distance of 1,956 kilometres, and it is the 31 (high) railway in the world, reaching 5,072 metres above sea level at Tanggula Pass. The building of the railway was a great challenge. Creative ideas 32 (need) to solve different problems. In summer, the top layer of the frozen ground would melt and become too soft to build on, so pipes 33 (use) to keep the ground hard. 34 , in some places, it was impossible to build the railway over the frozen ground, so tunnels had to 35 (create) instead. In some other places, bridges 36 (build) to keep the railway up above the ground. These bridges are animal-friendly and 37 (allow) animals to pass under the tracks. As an important and successful project, the railway 38 (increase) tourism and economic development in the area. The lessons learnt and experience gained from building this railway will help 39 (improve) transport in other similar places in the world. 四、书面表达 40．假如你是李华，外教Mr. Smith布置了社会实践调研作业：学校有一块闲置空地，打算修建一处学生课外活动场所，并提供了3个备选方案：小型读书角 (reading corner)、户外运动区 (outdoor sports field)、蔬菜园(vegetable garden)。请你给外教写一封英文信件，分享一下你的想法。 内容包含： 1. 你选择建什么？ 2. 选择的原因？ 3. 你的期待。 注意： 1. 词数为80左右，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 2. 文章不能出现真实姓名以及学校名称； 3. 短文开头已给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：build（v.修建）， relaxing（a.休闲的）， labour（n.劳动）， share（v.分享） Dear Smith, I am happy to hear that there is an empty area in our school. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 参考答案 一、 1 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文介绍了 “通情达理” 这一概念，它含义模糊，在法律中有所应用。文章还区分了它与 “纯粹利己” 的不同，并指出该品质能让观点不同的人顺畅沟通、维系彼此的联系。 1．第一段原文提到“the word was frustratingly unclear—a term whose meaning seemed to change depending on who was speaking”，说明reasonable一词含义不清晰、没有固定定义，可推出elusive表示“未定义的、难以界定的”。False“错误的”、Ensured“确定的”、Believable“可信的”均不符合语境。 2．第三段举例说明：reasonable“通情达理的、顾全大局的”，不只顾及个人利益，还会考虑他人和长远价值。帮助同学是体谅他人、兼顾集体的合理行为；其余选项均是以自我利益为核心，属于rational“纯粹利己的”，而非reasonable。 3．文章最后一句明确指出“reasonableness is a necessary tool for productive discussion, helping us stay connected even when we see the world through different eyes”，说明通情达理能让人们观点不同仍保持联结。 4．全文围绕reasonable展开，讲解其模糊的定义、法律应用、与rational的区别、核心内涵与现实意义，整体是对“reasonable真正含义”的全面解读；B来源、C误解原因、D词义区别均为文章局部内容，无法概括全文主旨。 2 5．B 6．C 7．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，探讨了运动时间与个人生物钟的关系，强调运动应遵循自身的生物节律，而非盲目遵循固定时间。 5．根据第二段“Research shows that aligning at least part of your workouts to your chronotype helps reduce risk factors for heart attacks and strokes, and it also improves sleep quality.”可知，将运动与个人生物钟匹配，有助于减少心脏病和中风的风险因素，同时改善睡眠质量。 6．根据第五段“Owls can save strength training for the evening because most sports science studies suggest that muscle performance peaks in the afternoon or evening. However, evening types should still spend a little time outdoors in the morning. A short walk of just a few minutes can fix their body clock and keep their daily sleep routine regular.”可知，夜猫子型人群适合傍晚进行力量训练，但早晨也可以进行短时间的户外散步，以调整生物钟，选项C中夜猫子Wang Fang在早晨进行10分钟户外散步，符合原文描述。 7．全文围绕“运动应与个人生物钟相匹配”展开，强调运动的关键是遵循自身生物节律，而非固定时间，因此作者的写作目的是建议人们遵循自身“生物钟”进行运动。 3 8．C 9．A 10．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了可再生能源在应对气候变化中的重要性，但同时指出其可能对生物多样性造成负面影响，并提出了减少这些影响的措施。 8．由第三段可知，可再生能源设施可能破坏自然运作、伤害动植物、占用空间，最终影响生态系统。因此答案为C。 9．由第四段“planners can compensate by improving other habitats... such as adding nest boxes for birds.”可知，A项“放置鸟巢箱是保护鸟类的有效措施”与原文一致。 10．文章既强调需要可再生能源应对气候变化，又强调必须保护自然，提出平衡两者的方法。B项“在不妨碍自然的情况下为地球提供能源”准确概括了主旨。 4 11．C 12．B 13．C 14．D 【解析】本文介绍了一项关于猴子面部表情的脑科学研究，揭示了大脑内侧皮层和外侧皮层共同参与面部表情的产生，且大脑会提前准备表情。 11．第二段指出：“both of them took part in the production of all kinds of facial expressions”，说明两个脑区都参与产生面部表情。 12．第三段指出：“both brain activities showed up before facial movements did, suggesting the brain prepares expressions ahead of time.”，说明大脑会提前准备表情。 13．第四段提出“do monkeys plan the faces they make on purpose?”，并指出表情可能是影响他人的工具，说明猴子可能有意识地计划和控制表情。 14．全文围绕一项关于猴子大脑如何控制面部表情的研究展开。 二、 15．A 16．B 17．B 18．C 19．D 20．C 21．B 22．A 23．A 24．C 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．D 29．D 【解析】本篇文章讲述班级集体徒步爬山，我和好友主动选择崎岖难行的小路，反倒最先抵达山顶，从中领悟到追逐梦想不能畏惧困难的道理。 15．句意：在山脚下，我们看见了两条道路。 根据开篇出发爬山、前方分两条路的场景线索，应选用foot，at the foot of the mountain意为“在山脚下”。top“山顶”；side“侧面”；back“后面”，逻辑不符。 16．句意：另一条路狭窄多石，路旁遍布坚硬石块与野生树木。 根据前文rocky（多岩石的）环境描写线索，应选用stones，表示“石头”。birds“小鸟”；insects“昆虫”；flowers“花朵”，逻辑不符。 17．句意：大部分同学没有多加思索，很快就选择了那条好走的路。 根据同学们不假思索挑选平坦道路的语境，应选用quickly，表示“快速地”。slowly“缓慢地”；suddenly“突然地”；carefully“仔细地”，均不符。 18．句意：但我和好友莉莉对视一眼，选择了那条难走的小路。 根据二人达成一致、做出和众人相反选择的语境，应选用looked at，表示“看……”。laughed at“嘲笑”；shouted at“对……大喊”；pointed at“指着”，逻辑不通。 19．句意：虽然爬山十分疲惫，我们仍一步一步坚持向上攀登。 根据徒步爬山需要稳步前行的场景，应选用step by step，表示“一步一步地”。one by one“逐个地”；day by day“日复一日”；word by word“逐字地”，均不符。 20．句意：只有当我们实在疲惫时，才会停下休息片刻。 根据身体劳累后短暂休整的语义，应选用rest，表示“休息”。sleep“睡觉”；talk“交谈”；breath“呼吸”，逻辑不通。 21．句意：在路上，我们看到石缝间生长着别致的小花，听见鸟儿在头顶枝条间歌唱。 根据后文birds singing（鸟儿鸣叫）的听觉线索，应选用heard，表示“听见”。felt“感觉；触摸”；smelt“闻到”；touched“触碰”，均不符。 22．句意：平坦大路的那群人根本没留意到这些景致，因为他们赶路的速度太快了。 根据行走过快、无暇留意路边风景的语境，应选用notice，表示“注意到”。like“喜欢”；need“需要”；expect“期待”，逻辑不符。 23．句意：当我们终于登上山顶时，我们是最先抵达这里的人！ 根据后文其他同学后到达山顶的对比线索，应选用first，表示“第一的、最先的”。second“第二”；third“第三”；last“最后的”，逻辑不通。 24．句意：景色美得令人惊叹，我们能看见下方整座村庄，天空仿佛触手可及。 根据身处山顶，村庄在山下的空间方位逻辑，应选用below，表示“在……下方”。up“向上”；above“在……上方”；inside“在内部”，均不符。 25．句意：没过多久其他人也爬到山顶，看见我们早已坐在那里，满脸惊讶。 根据同伴没想到我们率先登顶的情绪语境，应选用surprised，表示“惊讶的”。scared“害怕的”；interested“感兴趣的”；disappointed“失望的”，逻辑不符。 26．句意：我们很快明白了很少有人选这条路的原因：这条路从一开始就需要付出更多努力、拥有更强的毅力。 根据后半句解释缘由的逻辑，应选用why，引导宾语从句表“……的原因”。how“如何”；when“何时”；what“什么”，逻辑不通。 27．句意：这次经历给我们上了珍贵的一课：难走的道路上人迹稀少，因为不是所有人都敢于尝试。 句子主语为we，动词taught后需要宾格人称代词作宾语，应选用us，表示“我们”。him“他”；he“他（主格）”；them“他们”，逻辑不符。 28．句意：相反，我们要带着勇气与希望直面挑战。 前后两句存在转折对比关系，应选用Instead，表示“相反、取而代之”。So“所以（表因果）”；And“并且（表顺承）”；Because“因为（表原因）”，逻辑不通。 29．句意：如今，每当我攻克难度大的学科时，总会记住每一段艰难的路程都会让我离成功更近。 根据前文hard road（难走的路）的类比呼应，应选用difficult，表示“有难度的”。awful“糟糕的”；useful“有用的”；interesting“有趣的”，均不符。 三、 30．connects 31．highest 32．were needed 33．were used 34．However 35．be created 36．were built 37．allow 38．has increased 39．improve/to improve 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍青藏铁路的基础概况、修建冻土难题的多种应对方案，以及铁路带来的发展效益与参考价值。 30．句意：青藏铁路于2006年建成。它连接西宁和拉萨，全程长达1956公里，它是世界上海拔最高的铁路，唐古拉山口海拔达到5072米。主语“It”指代青藏铁路，描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数“connects”。 31．句意：青藏铁路于2006年建成。它连接西宁和拉萨，全程长达1956公里，它是世界上海拔最高的铁路，唐古拉山口海拔达到5072米。限定范围“in the world”，表示全球范围内的对比，形容词用最高级；“high”的最高级是“highest”，“the”修饰最高级。 32．句意：修建这条铁路是一项巨大挑战，需要创新思路去解决各类难题。讲述修路时期的往事，时态为一般过去时；“ideas”和“need”是被动关系（思路被人们需要），主语复数，一般过去时被动语态为“were needed”。 33．句意：夏天冻土层表层会融化，土质松软无法施工，因此管道被用来保持地面坚硬。属于修建时期的过去举措，“pipes”和“use”构成被动，主语复数，用一般过去时被动“were used”。 34．句意：然而，在部分区域，无法直接在冻土上方修建铁路，所以只能改修隧道。前文说用管道稳固地面的解决办法，后文又出现新的冻土施工阻碍，存在转折逻辑；“however”表示“然而”，句首首字母大写。 35．句意：然而，在部分区域，无法直接在冻土上方修建铁路，所以只能改修隧道。隧道和建造是被动关系；“had to”后面必须接动词原形，被动形式为“be+过去分词”，故填“be created”。 36．句意：在另一些地段，人们搭建桥梁，将铁轨抬离地面。搭建桥梁是过去施工行为，“bridges”与“build”为被动，主语复数，一般过去时被动“were built”。 37．句意：这些桥梁对动物十分友好，允许动物从轨道下方穿行。“and”连接并列谓语，前半句系动词“are”为一般现在时，主语“bridges”是复数，谓语动词用原形“allow”。 38．句意：作为一项重要且成功的工程，这条铁路促进了当地旅游业与经济发展。铁路2006年建成，影响持续到现在，强调过去动作延续至今的结果，用现在完成时；主语“the railway”单数，助动词用“has”，“increase”变为过去分词“increased”。 39．句意：修建这条铁路收获的经验，将帮助改善世界上其他相似区域的交通。固定短语“help (to) do sth.”，不定式符号“to”可省略，填“(to) improve”。 四、 Dear Smith, I am happy to hear that there is an empty area in our school. Among the three choices, I strongly suggest building a vegetable garden. Firstly, it offers us a chance to experience labour and learn about nature. It helps us understand where food comes from and learn to work hard. Secondly, we can grow fresh food and share it with teachers and classmates. This activity is not only relaxing but also educational. I hope my suggestion will be considered. I believe it will make our school life more colorful. Yours,   Li Hua 写作步骤 [第一步：审题立意] 确定文体：书信，以一般现在时为主 明确要点：选择所建方案、原因及期待 确定人称：第一人称 注意事项：词数80词左右 [第二步：构思布局] 三段式结构： 开头段：总起句，点明建一个蔬菜花园 主体段：选择的原因 结尾段：表达期待 [第三步：要点展开] 要点一：所建方案名称 名称选择：vegetable garden/reading corneroutdoor sports field/等 要点二：选择原因 原因一：offers us a chance to experience labour/get close to nature/learn about nature.等 原因二：we can grow fresh food/share it with teachers and classmates./share our fruits with classmates.等 要点三：表达期待 好处及期待：relaxing/educational./enjoy the joy of harvest/hope my suggestion will be considered/make our school life more colorful./hope we can learn useful skills and relax ourselves through this activity.等 ( 1 / 2 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026年暑假新高一英语衔接与突破（结构化知识+题型提升练） 专题10 人教版必修第一册Unit 2 Travelling Around新词预习+情态动词 目录 第一部分 必备知识结构化清单 梳理必备的语言知识点，夯实语言基础能力 第二部分 知识运用题型强化练 必备知识与能力提升练，提升语言运用能力 ◇Part 01 必备知识结构化清单 新｜词｜预｜习 背诵清单 Ⅰ.核心词汇 1.castle　n.城堡;堡垒 2.visa n.签证 3.rent vt.租用;出租 vi.租用;租金为n.租金 4.pack vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包;纸袋;大包 5.extremely adv.极其;非常 6.source n.来源;出处 7.narrow adj.狭窄的 vt.&vi.(使)变窄 8.flat adj.平坦的;扁平的 n.公寓;单元房 9.emperor n.皇帝 10.site n.地点;位置;现场 11.type n.类型; 种类 vi. & vt. 打字 12.flight n.空中航行;航班;航程 13.unique adj.唯一的;独特的;特有的 14.path n.小路;路线;道路 15.destination n.目的地;终点 16.civilisation　n.文明;文明世界 17.soldier n.士兵;军人 18.hike n.&v.徒步旅行;远足;去……远足 19.brochure n.资料(或广告)手册 20.package n. 包裹; 包装盒 vt. 将……包装好 21.contact vt.联络;联系n.联系;接触 22.credit n. 借款;信用; 称赞; 学分 23.request vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求;请求 n.(正式或礼貌的)要求;请求 24.view n.视野;景色;看法 25.sight n.景象;视野;视力 26.statue n.雕塑;雕像 27.tomb n.坟墓 28.unearth vt.挖掘;发掘 29.comment vi.&vt.发表意见;评论 n.议论;评论 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1.apply vi.&vt.申请;请求 vt.应用;涂(油漆、乳剂)→application n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用→applicant n.申请人 2.amaze vt.使吃惊;使惊异→ amazing adj.令人惊奇的;令人惊喜的→amazed adj.惊奇的;惊喜的→amazement n.惊奇 3.arrange vt.安排;筹备→arrangement n.安排;筹备 4.office n.办公室→ official adj.官方的;正式的;公务的 n.官员;要员 5.recognise vt.辨别出;承认;认可→recognition n.识别;承认,认出 6.accommodate vt.为(某人)提供住宿→accommodation n.住处;停留处;膳宿 7.admire vt.钦佩;赞赏→ admiration n.欣赏;敬佩→ admirable adj.令人敬佩的 8.architect n. 建筑设计师→architecture n. 建筑设计;建筑学 9.transport vt.运输;运送→transportation n.交通运输系统;运输业 10.economy n.经济;节约→economic adj.经济(上)的;经济学的→ economical adj.节约的 11.detail n.细节;详情;细微之处→detailed adj.详细的 Ⅲ.重点短语 1.apply for　　申请 2.take control of 控制;接管 3.other than 除……以外 4.package tour 包价旅游 5.make up 构成;形成 6.credit card 信用卡 7.check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记 8.check out 　　　结账离开(旅馆等) 9.get ready for 为……做好准备 10.in the middle of 在……的中心 11.on the way to... 在去往……的途中 12.look forward to 期盼 13.be known as 作为……而著名 14.right away 立刻 默写清单 Ⅰ.核心词汇 1._________　n.城堡;堡垒 2._________ n.签证 3._________ vt.租用;出租 vi.租用;租金为n.租金 4._________ vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包;纸袋;大包 5._________ adv.极其;非常 6._________ n.来源;出处 7._________ adj.狭窄的 vt.&vi.(使)变窄 8._________ adj.平坦的;扁平的 n.公寓;单元房 9._________ n.皇帝 10._________ n.地点;位置;现场 11._________ n.类型; 种类 vi. & vt. 打字 12._________ n.空中航行;航班;航程 13._________ adj.唯一的;独特的;特有的 14._________ n.小路;路线;道路 15._________ n.目的地;终点 16._________　n.文明;文明世界 17._________ n.士兵;军人 18._________ n.&v.徒步旅行;远足;去……远足 19._________ n.资料(或广告)手册 20._________ n. 包裹; 包装盒 vt. 将……包装好 21._________ vt.联络;联系n.联系;接触 22._________ n. 借款;信用; 称赞; 学分 23._________ vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求;请求 n.(正式或礼貌的)要求;请求 24._________ n.视野;景色;看法 25._________ n.景象;视野;视力 26._________ n.雕塑;雕像 27._________ n.坟墓 28._________ vt.挖掘;发掘 29._________ vi.&vt.发表意见;评论 n.议论;评论 Ⅱ.拓展词汇 1._________ vi.&vt.申请;请求 vt.应用;涂(油漆、乳剂)→_________ n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用→_________ n.申请人 2._________ vt.使吃惊;使惊异→ _________ adj.令人惊奇的;令人惊喜的→_________ adj.惊奇的;惊喜的→_________ n.惊奇 3._________ vt.安排;筹备→_________ n.安排;筹备 4._________ n.办公室→ _________ adj.官方的;正式的;公务的 n.官员;要员 5._________ vt.辨别出;承认;认可→_________ n.识别;承认,认出 6._________ vt.为(某人)提供住宿→_________ n.住处;停留处;膳宿 7._________ vt.钦佩;赞赏→ _________ n.欣赏;敬佩→ _________ adj.令人敬佩的 8._________ n. 建筑设计师→_________ n. 建筑设计;建筑学 9._________ vt.运输;运送→_________ n.交通运输系统;运输业 10._________ n.经济;节约→_________ adj.经济(上)的;经济学的→ _________ adj.节约的 11._________ n.细节;详情;细微之处→_________ adj.详细的 Ⅲ.重点短语 1._________　　申请 2._________ 控制;接管 3._________ 除……以外 4._________ 包价旅游 5._________ 构成;形成 6._________ 信用卡 7._________ (在旅馆、机场等)登记 8._________ 　　　结账离开(旅馆等) 9._________ 为……做好准备 10._________ 在……的中心 11._________ 在去往……的途中 12._________ 期盼 13._________ 作为……而著名 14._________ 立刻 知｜识｜回｜顾 一、情态动词 （一）情态动词的基本用法 1.can / could能够；可以 例句：I can finish my homework alone.（能力） Could you lend me your pen?（委婉请求） It can’t be Tom. He has gone abroad.（否定推测） 2.may / might可以（许可）；可能（推测） 例句：May I sit here?（许可） She may arrive late this afternoon.（现在推测） He might have missed the bus yesterday.（过去推测） 3.must / have to must：主观必须；肯定推测；否定禁止（mustn’t） have to：客观不得不，有时态变化 例句：You must follow the school rules.（主观要求） The light is on. He must be at home.（肯定推测） I had to get up early yesterday.（客观被迫） You mustn’t swim in the river.（禁止） 4.should / ought to应该；理应；竟然（惊讶） 例句：You should take exercise every day.（建议） It’s 10 o’clock. He ought to be here now.（理应） He should refuse such a good chance!（竟然） 5.need（需要） / dare（敢） 作情态动词：仅否定/疑问；无单数第三人称变化 作实义动词：有人称时态变化，后面接to do 例句：You needn’t worry about me.（情态动词） Do you dare speak in public?（情态动词） I don’t need to buy a new bag.（实义动词） 6.will / would will：将来意愿、请求；would：过去习惯、委婉请求 例句：I will help you whenever you need.（意愿） Would you open the window?（委婉） He would walk to school when he was young.（过去习惯） （二）情态动词表示推测 时间 肯定推测 否定推测 可能性强弱 现在/当下 must / may / might / could can’t / couldn’t must> may > might > could 过去 must/may/might/could + have done can’t/couldn’t + have done must> may > might > could 例句：The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.（过去肯定推测） He can’t have finished the task, it’s too difficult.（过去否定推测） Your pen might be in your schoolbag.（现在不确定推测） 1.must have done：过去一定做了（肯定推测） 例句：He must have known the truth. 2.may/might have done：过去可能做了（不确定） 例句：She might have forgotten our appointment. 3.can’t/couldn’t have done：过去不可能做 例句：They couldn’t have left so early. 4.should have done：本应该做（实际没做，含责备） 例句：You should have told me earlier. 5.shouldn’t have done：本不该做（实际做了） 例句：You shouldn’t have wasted so much time. 6.needn’t have done：本不必做（白做了） 例句：You needn’t have bought so much food. 7.could have done：本能够做（没做成，惋惜） 例句：You could have passed the exam if you worked harder. 二、虚拟语气 （一）if引导条件状语从句表示虚拟 1.与现在事实相反 从句：一般过去时（be动词统一用were） 主句：would/could/might/should + do 例句：If I were you, I would accept the offer.如果我是你，我会接受这份邀约。（事实：我不是你） 2.与过去事实相反 从句：had done 主句：would/could/might/should + have done 例句：If you had studied harder, you could have passed the exam.如果你当初更努力，本可以通过考试。（事实：当初没努力，没通过） 3.与将来事实相反（可能性极低） 从句三种形式：①一般过去 ；②should do； ③were to do 主句：would/could/might/should + do 例句：If it rained tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting. If you should meet him, tell him to call me. If I were to go abroad, I would visit Paris. 注意：省略if的虚拟 从句有 were / had / should，可省略if，主谓倒装 原句：If I had known the news, I would have told you. 倒装：Had I known the news, I would have told you. （二）含蓄虚拟（无if，介词/连词暗示虚拟） 1.without + 名词：若无…… 例句：Without your help, I would have failed. 若无你的帮助，我早已失败。 2.but for：要不是 例句：But for the rain, we would go hiking today. 3.or / otherwise：否则 例句：I was busy then, otherwise I would have helped you. （三）名词性从句中的虚拟语气 动词：insist(坚持)；order, command；suggest, advise, recommend 从句固定结构：(should) + 动词原形，should可省略 例句：The teacher suggested that we (should) read English every morning.（建议） He ordered that the work (should) be finished at once.（命令） 注意：insist表“坚持认为”（陈述事实）不用虚拟语气；表“坚决要求”才用虚拟语气 例句：He insisted that he was right.（陈述，真实语气） He insisted that he (should) be set free.（要求，虚拟） （四）表示虚拟语气的其他固定结构 1.wish 但愿……（难以实现） 对现在发生的事感到遗憾：wish + 过去时 I wish I had more free time. 对过去发生的事感到遗憾：wish + had done I wish I hadn’t said those words. 对将来的事的期盼：wish + would/could do I wish it would stop raining. 2.as if / as though 仿佛，好像 时态规则同与含有if的虚拟条件句相同 例句：He talks as if he knew everything.（与现在相反） She cried as if she had heard bad news.（与过去相反） 3.would rather 宁愿 例句：I’d rather you stayed at home tonight. I’d rather you hadn’t told him the secret. 4.It’s (high/about) time that… 该做某事了（从句只用一般过去时） 例句：It’s high time that we went home. 基｜础｜练｜习 一、根据语篇内容或所给的词的适当形式填空。 Peru is a country which is 1._________ the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas.Peru was the centre of the 2._________(power) ancient Inca Empire in the 1400s and 1500s.Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and 3._________(rule) until 1821.It is for this reason 4._________ Spanish is the main 5._________(office) language of Peru. 　　You can go from Cusco to the Amazon rainforest by plane.From there, you will spend one day 6._________(travel) by boat to your accommodation.Then you can spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique 7._________ the rainforest. It will take you four days 8._________(go) to the city of Machu Picchu on foot on amazing paths.Reach your destination 9._________ you will have a day to explore and be 10._________(amaze) by this ancient city.Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building.  二、根据上述语篇的内容，完成表格中对语篇中的相关句式的用法分析。 原句 句式类型 结构分析 使用规律 Peru is a country which is 1._________ the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas. 限制性定语从句（关系代词which引导） 主句：Peru is a country 定语从句：which is ... areas（修饰先行词a country，which在从句中作主语） 1. 先行词为表示事物的单数可数名词，关系代词which在从句充当主语，不可省略； 2. 定语从句紧跟被修饰名词，用于补充介绍国家、物品等事物的地理位置、特征； 3. 从句谓语单复数匹配先行词（country单数→is） It is for this reason 4._________ Spanish is the main 5._________(office) language of Peru. You can go from Cusco to the Amazon rainforest by plane. Then you can spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique 7._________ the rainforest. It will take you four days 8._________(go) to the city of Machu Picchu on foot on amazing paths. Reach your destination 9._________ you will have a day to explore and be 10._________(amaze) by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. ◇Part 02 知识运用题型强化练 一、阅读理解 1 When Krista Lawlor told her teenage son to be home at a “reasonable hour”, he immediately asked for a clearer explanation. To him, the word was frustratingly unclear—a term whose meaning seemed to change depending on who was speaking. This elusive quality is the central idea of Lawlor’s book Being Reasonable: The Case for a Misunderstood Virtue. Lawlor argues that being reasonable is not about following a strict set of rules: instead, it is about the ability to see what truly matters in the “greater picture of things”. Reasonableness forms the basis of the law system. In many countries, judges decide negligence (过失) through the “reasonable person standard (标准)”, asking whether a person acted with the same care and attention that a “reasonable” person would exercise in the same situation. Yet, as Lawlor discovered, even law experts struggle to define (定义) it. Take the case of Rudy Stanko, who was ticketed for driving 85 miles per hour on a frozen bent highway in Montana. At the time, Montana had no speed limit; the law simply required drivers to be “reasonable and careful”. Stanko argued against his ticket, saying that the law was too unclear to follow. After a heated debate, Montana finally agreed, deciding that the word “reasonable” provided no real guidance for drivers. Lawlor suggests that “reasonable” is often misunderstood because it is highly dependent on the situations. She also points out an important difference between being “reasonable” and being “rational”. To be rational often means acting only for one’s own benefit. A rational seller might put the bike online for the highest possible price, refusing to lower it by even a dollar because his goal is to get the most money for himself. Yet, a reasonable one might choose to sell the bike for a lower price to a neighbor’s child who really needs it. While the seller “loses” money, he is acting reasonably by recognizing that helping a neighbor and seeing the bike put to good use matters more in the long run than a small money gain. Because reasonableness is tied to values, reasonable people can—and often do—disagree. They may look at the same facts but reach different conclusions because they value different things. Lawlor notes that we truly understand what we value only when our beliefs are challenged by those different from our own. Drawing on the philosopher John Stuart Mill, she argues that we need different perspectives to sharpen our own thinking. In our modern, divided world, reasonableness is a necessary tool for productive discussion, helping us stay connected even when we see the world through different eyes. 1．What does the underlined word “elusive” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．False. B．Undefined. C．Ensured. D．Believable. 2．Which of the following is an example of “being reasonable”? A．A teenager works harder to enrich his mind. B．A teenager cares a lot about his own grades. C．A teenager takes time to help his classmates. D．A teenager discusses his problems with friends. 3．What does the writer most probably agree with? A．People learn to be reasonable by following a strict set of rules. B．“Reasonable person standard” provides clear guidance for law. C．Reasonableness helps people stay close despite different views. D．Disagreement happens when reasonableness is misunderstood. 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．What Does It Mean to Be Reasonable? B．Where Does Reasonableness Come From? C．Why Is Reasonableness Often Misunderstood? D．How Is “Reasonable” Different From “Rational”? 2 Many people wonder if there is a “best time” to exercise. A new study answers this question with a clear suggestion: instead of forcing yourself into a fixed schedule, you should match your workout with your own “chronotype”—your natural habit of sleeping or waking up at certain times. Whether you are a “lark” who wakes up early full of energy, or a “night owl” who feels more active later in the day, the key message is that exercise is most effective when it matches a person’s biological rhythm (韵律). Research shows that aligning (使一致) at least part of your workouts to your chronotype helps reduce risk factors for heart attacks and strokes, and it also improves sleep quality. But how do you know if you are a morning or evening person? Here is a simple test. After a long holiday over two weeks, do you still feel tired and hard to get up every morning? If yes, you are probably a night owl. Otherwise, you may be a lark. “A longer holiday gives us time to relax, catch up on sleep and return to natural sleep and wake times, so it can tell us a lot about our natural sleep-wake habits.” Dr Jeffrey Kelu says. If you are someone who wakes at 6 am ready to run, the best exercise time is between 7 am and 8 am. A study shows morning exercisers were 30 percent less likely to have type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) and 31 percent less likely to have heart disease. Besides doing morning workouts, early risers are also advised to add small strength training at home in the evening, like chair squats and leg moves. Owls can save strength training for the evening because most sports science studies suggest that muscle performance peaks (达到高峰) in the afternoon or evening. However, evening types should still spend a little time outdoors in the morning. A short walk of just a few minutes can fix their body clock and keep their daily sleep routine regular. There is no one-size-fits-all best time of day to exercise but you should pay attention to how you feel and how well you recover at different times of the day. Alignment with biological preference is more important than the exact clock time. So, do what feels right for you. 5．Why should we match our exercise with our chronotype? A．It helps us save time and develop good habits. B．It reduces some health risks and improves sleep. C．It makes us stay energetic in the day. D．It helps us get used to fixed schedules. 6．According to the passage, what is the best example of working with chronotype? A．Zhao Lei, a lark, does a lot of strength training in the evening. B．Li Hua, a lark, schedules his main workout between 9 pm and 10 pm. C．Wang Fang, a night owl, takes a 10-minute walk outside in the morning. D．Zhang Ming, a night owl, runs for 30 minutes at 6 am every day. 7．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to work out at a fixed time. B．To compare the differences between larks and owls. C．To advise people to follow their “clock” to exercise. D．To explain the proper time to change workout habits. 3 Climate change and biodiversity (生物多样性) loss are two of the most important and urgent problems that our world is facing right now. Climate change means Earth’s weather patterns are changing and the planet is getting warmer because of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels (化石燃料). It is also one of the biggest causes of biodiversity loss, which means that animals and plants are disappearing from the planet. So, it is key to find solutions that help us live in a sustainable (可持续的) way and protect nature. To prevent climate change from getting worse, people have started using more renewable energies from natural resources, like wind, sunlight, water, or Earth’s heat. They are cleaner than fossil fuels and unlimited! While renewable energy might be the best way to stop climate change, sometimes it can cause problems for nature. The structures needed to produce renewable energy (such as solar panels, wind turbines, or dams) can change how nature works, hurt animals and plants, or take up too much space, changing the land and causing animals to move away. For example, birds can be killed by wind turbines. Dams can harm local wildlife and block fish migration (迁徙). These problems worsen when the structures are built in areas already affected by deforestation, hunting, or pollution. Since animals are all connected, losing one harms the whole ecosystem (生态系统) — and humans are no exception. Luckily, there are ways to reduce these harmful effects. First, planners can choose the best places to build renewable energy structures, avoiding untouched habitats (栖息地), breeding (繁殖) areas, and migration routes. Good spots for solar panels include rooftops or already-damaged (已破坏的) land which is no longer home to many animals. Once the structures are built, planners can also protect animals. For example, they can paint turbine blades to help birds see them better and avoid them, or build fish passage systems to help fish swim through. Even if these protective measures do not work perfectly, planners can compensate (弥补) by improving other habitats to help protect animals — such as adding nest boxes for birds or reducing threats like hunting and deforestation in nearby areas. We need renewable energy to fight climate change while protecting wildlife and their habitats. With careful planning and science, we can meet energy needs and keep nature safe. 8．What problem can renewable energy cause? A．Using more fuels. B．Warming the planet. C．Affecting the ecosystem. D．Wasting natural resources. 9．What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A．Placing nest boxes can be an effective measure to protect birds. B．Painted wind turbines can attract birds to get closer to see them. C．Building fish passage systems helps fish change their habitats. D．Undamaged land is usually a good place to build solar panels. 10．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Live Sustainably by Reducing Gas Output. B．Power the Planet without Harming Nature. C．Stop Climate Change without Hurting Animals. D．Avoid Biodiversity Loss by Reducing Pollution. 4 Facial expressions are central to social life, yet scientists still don’t fully understand how the brain produces them. For many years, people thought that faces tell the truth about our feelings. But that view fails to explain why we often change our expressions to fit the moment. To find out what’s going on in the brain during facial expressions, researchers turned to monkeys. They recorded how the brain worked when the animals communicated with one another in the lab. The team’s results, published in Science, came as a surprise. The monkeys’ expressions, from a scary face to a friendly “lip-smacking”, were produced by both the medial cortex (内侧皮层) and lateral cortex (外侧皮层). These two brain areas were long thought to operate alone, but the study showed that both of them took part in the production of all kinds of facial expressions. The two areas did, however, run at different speeds. Activity in the lateral cortex changed quickly to control the fast facial movements that make for easy social connections. By comparison, things happened more slowly in the medial cortex, which may help it notice slow background changes that influence facial expressions. What’s more, both brain activities showed up before facial movements did, suggesting the brain prepares expressions ahead of time. This all raises a question: do monkeys plan the faces they make on purpose? That’s what experts explore in the new study. If facial expressions are partly controlled, they may not just show feelings. As researchers say, they might be tools to influence others. At the very least, they seem to result from complex (复杂的) connections between feelings and awareness. Alan Fridlund, an expert who was not part of this study, believes monkeys control their facial expressions carefully. But he doubts whether lab tests can fully show how monkeys communicate and the brain activity behind it. It is better to do future research in the monkeys’ natural environment. Still, Fridlund says, the new study “shows us more clearly how to learn about the brain science of facial expressions.” In general, it offers a new understanding of how facial expressions are made. 11．What does the study show about the medial cortex and lateral cortex? A．They operate at the same speed. B．They control fast facial movements. C．They both help produce facial expressions. D．They record brain activity during communication. 12．What can we learn from the study of monkeys’ facial expressions? A．Facial expressions depend on feelings. B．The brain prepares expressions beforehand. C．The study shows real monkey communication in nature. D．Scientists fully understand monkeys’ expression production. 13．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．Monkeys connect with others by making faces. B．Monkeys’ real feelings are shown through their faces. C．Monkeys may plan and control their expressions. D．Monkeys’ expressions depend on slow background changes. 14．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To stress connections between feelings and awareness. B．To explain why monkeys’ expressions differ from humans’. C．To suggest more research in the monkeys’ natural environment. D．To introduce a study on monkeys’ brain control of facial expressions. 二、完形填空 Last month, my class went hiking. At the 15 of the mountain, we saw two roads. One was wide and easy, covered with soft grass, with many people laughing along the way. The other was narrow (狭窄的) and rocky, with hard 16 and wild trees growing beside it. There were few visitors on that side, and it looked quiet and lonely. Most classmates 17 chose the easy road without much thought. But my friend Lily and I 18 each other and picked the hard one. Although it was tiring, we kept climbing 19 . We helped each other and shared water. And we stopped to 20 only when we felt really tired. On the way, we saw special flowers growing between the stones and 21 birds singing in the branches (枝条) above. The other group didn’t 22 because they were walking too fast on the easy road. When we finally got to the top, we were the 23 ones there! A cool wind blew against our hot faces. The view was amazing and we could see the whole village 24 , and the sky seemed so close. We felt so proud of what we had done. Soon, the others arrived, looking 25 to see us already sitting there. Later, our teacher smiled and told us a secret: “The road that most people avoided was actually the quickest way to the top.” We soon realized 26 fewer people chose this way it needed more hard work and a stronger will from the very beginning. This experience taught 27 a valuable lesson: hard roads have fewer people because not all of us dare to try. If we want to achieve our dreams, we shouldn’t give up easily. 28 , we should face challenges with courage and hope. Now, when I study 29 subjects, I always remember that every hard step will lead me closer to success. 15．A．foot B．top C．side D．back 16．A．birds B．stones C．insects D．flowers 17．A．slowly B．quickly C．suddenly D．carefully 18．A．laughed at B．shouted at C．looked at D．pointed at 19．A．one by one B．day by day C．word by word D．step by step 20．A．sleep B．talk C．rest D．breath 21．A．felt B．heard C．smelt D．touched 22．A．notice B．like C．need D．expect 23．A．first B．second C．third D．last 24．A．up B．above C．below D．inside 25．A．scared B．surprised C．interested D．disappointed 26．A．why B．how C．when D．what 27．A．him B．he C．us D．them 28．A．So B．And C．Because D．Instead 29．A．awful B．useful C．interesting D．difficult 三、语法填空 The Qinghai–Xizang Railway was completed in 2006. It 30 (connect) Xining to Lhasa, a huge distance of 1,956 kilometres, and it is the 31 (high) railway in the world, reaching 5,072 metres above sea level at Tanggula Pass. The building of the railway was a great challenge. Creative ideas 32 (need) to solve different problems. In summer, the top layer of the frozen ground would melt and become too soft to build on, so pipes 33 (use) to keep the ground hard. 34 , in some places, it was impossible to build the railway over the frozen ground, so tunnels had to 35 (create) instead. In some other places, bridges 36 (build) to keep the railway up above the ground. These bridges are animal-friendly and 37 (allow) animals to pass under the tracks. As an important and successful project, the railway 38 (increase) tourism and economic development in the area. The lessons learnt and experience gained from building this railway will help 39 (improve) transport in other similar places in the world. 四、书面表达 40．假如你是李华，外教Mr. Smith布置了社会实践调研作业：学校有一块闲置空地，打算修建一处学生课外活动场所，并提供了3个备选方案：小型读书角 (reading corner)、户外运动区 (outdoor sports field)、蔬菜园(vegetable garden)。请你给外教写一封英文信件，分享一下你的想法。 内容包含： 1. 你选择建什么？ 2. 选择的原因？ 3. 你的期待。 注意： 1. 词数为80左右，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 2. 文章不能出现真实姓名以及学校名称； 3. 短文开头已给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：build（v.修建）， relaxing（a.休闲的）， labour（n.劳动）， share（v.分享） Dear Smith, I am happy to hear that there is an empty area in our school. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua ( 1 / 2 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $