第09讲 Unit 2 Focusing culture（考点精讲精练）新九年级英语暑假预习讲义新教材沪教版

第09 Unit1 Focusing on culture （知识全梳理&考点精准练） 内容导航 01 预习航标→ 析目标·明方向：预习导航精准定向 02 教材全解 → 析教材·学新知：情境概念深度构 考点精讲：聚焦常考要点，讲清逻辑 例题精析：典型题目带路，学会解题思路 即练固基：趁热打铁练一练，巩固刚学内容 03过关检测 → 练考点·强落实：过关检测分层提 学习目标导航 关键词 学习目标导航 学习目标 阅读介绍中国道家创始人老子的文章，了解老子的核心思想内容和经典名言，以及老子的哲学思想对现在的影响。 学习重点和难点 能了解老子的核心思想内容和经典名言。 教材解析 Laozi and Daodejing Laozi was a scholar and wise man who lived in the late Spring and Autumn period. It is believed that he wrote Daodejing. It is one of the most important works in Chinese history and it has influenced ideas in China and the world for more than 2,000 years. Daodejing is a guide on how to think and act. The central idea in Daodejing is Dao, commonly translated as “Way”, and the title Daodejing is understood as "Way of nature as a whole”. To achieve what is good, men should respect the laws of nature. The idea is that we, as humans, should live a simple, peaceful and balanced life, respecting our place in nature. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of Laozi's famous sayings use nature to get the message across: “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive(奋斗). It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” This saying reflects Laozi's idea that Dao or "Way“ is everywhere (like water).We should not try to control things; we should accept what we have and thus allow ourselves to go with the way of nature—that is, to achieve the highest good. Daodejing has had a lasting impact on culture in China and beyond. Its ideas about living in harmony with nature have inspired people all over the world, and the book has also influenced philosophy, art and literature. Although Daodejing was written over 2,000 years ago, it is still widely read today because its ideas continue to have meaning in our modern lives. 【文章结构分析】 【文章理解】 2 Answer the questions below with the information from the article on page 30. (1)What is the central idea in Daodejing? The central idea in Daodejing is Dao, which is commonly translated as "Way". It means the way of nature as a whole. (2)According to Laozi, how can people achieve what is good? People should respect the laws of nature to achieve what is good. (3)According to Daodejing, how should humans live? Humans should live a simple, peaceful and balanced life and respect their place in nature. They should also accept what they have and go with the way of nature. (4)Why is Daodejing still popular today? Because its ideas about living in harmony with nature still have meaning in our modern lives, so it is still widely read today. 【重点难点句子解析】 要点1 【原句呈现】Daodejing is understood as "Way of nature as a whole”. 《道德经》可理解为 “道法自然”。 as a whole 作为整体；总的来说；整体上 consider...as a whole 从整体考虑 look at...as a whole 整体看待 The city as a whole is very beautiful. 这座城市整体而言十分优美。 Don't just focus on small details. Think about life as a whole. 不要只纠结细枝末节，要从整体看待生活。 The plan is good as a whole. 总的来说，这个方案很不错。 【典例分析】 1.我们必须从整体上来看这个问题。 We must ______ ________ the problem ______ ______ _________. 【答案】look at as a whole 要点2 balance 【原句呈现】The idea is that we, as humans, should live a simple, peaceful and balanced life, respecting our place in nature. 其中的思想是：人类应当过简朴、平和、均衡的生活，尊重自身在自然界中的位置。 balance 名词 n. 平衡；均衡 keep/lose balance 保持 / 失去平衡 动词 v. （使）平衡；权衡 We need a balance between study and play.（名） 我们需要做到劳逸结合。 You should balance work and rest.（动）你应当劳逸结合。 balanced adj. 均衡的；平衡的；和谐的 a balanced life 均衡安稳的生活 a balanced diet 均衡的饮食（中考高频） Eating more vegetables helps you keep a balanced diet. 多吃蔬菜有助于保持饮食均衡。 He has a balanced way of thinking. 他的思维很全面、不偏激。 【典例分析】 1.To keep healthy, we need to eat a ______ diet every day. A. balanced B. bored C. basic D. broken 【答案】A 【解析】句意：为了保持健康，我们每天需要均衡饮食。本题考查形容词词义辨析。A. balanced 均衡的；B. bored 感到无聊的（修饰人）；C. basic 基础的；D. broken 破碎的。固定搭配 a balanced diet 表示 “均衡的饮食”，符合保持健康的语境，其他单词代入句子语义不通，故选 A。 2.我们应该每天吃均衡的饮食来保持身体健康。 We should eat ____ ____ ____ to keep healthy every day. 【答案】a; balanced; diet 要点3 saying 【原句呈现】It is not surprising, therefore, that many of Laozi‘s famous sayings use nature to get the message across. 因此，老子的诸多名言都借助自然事物来传递思想，这也就不足为奇了 saying 名词 n. 谚语；格言；警句（最常用） 言论；话语 famous sayings 名言（课文高频） old sayings 谚语，老话 common saying 俗语 a saying goes (that...) 俗话说…… There is an old saying: Practice makes perfect. 有句老话：熟能生巧。 I like reading wise sayings. 我喜欢读至理名言。 As the saying goes, failure is the mother of success. 俗话说，失败是成功之母。 使（想法、信息、观点等）被理解；把某事讲清楚； get the message across 把主旨讲明白（课文原搭配） get one's idea across 表达清楚自己的想法 I hope I can get my idea across. 我希望我能把自己的想法讲清楚。 She spoke slowly to get her meaning across. 她放慢语速，好让大家听懂她的意思。 You should get it across that we need to live in harmony with nature. 你要讲明白，我们应当与自然和谐共处。 【典例分析】 1.As the ______ goes, no pains, no gains. A. story B. saying C. speech D. article 【答案】B 【解析】句意：正如谚语所说，不劳无获。本题考查名词词义辨析。A. story 故事；B. saying 谚语，俗语；C. speech 演讲；D. article 文章。固定搭配 as the saying goes 表示 “常言道、正如谚语所说”，是英语常用固定表达，只有 saying 能构成该搭配，其余单词无法使用，故选 B。 2.这位老师总能把知识点清晰地传达给学生。 The teacher can always ____ ____ knowledge points ____ students clearly. 【答案】get; across; to 要点4 【原句呈现】.“The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive(奋斗). It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” 上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。 give life to 赋予…生命 / 生机；使焕发生机；滋养 Water gives life to the ten thousand things. 水滋养世间万物。 Sunlight and water give life to plants. 阳光和水分让植物得以生长。 Warm smiles give life to the whole room.温暖的笑容让整个屋子充满活力。 reject 拒绝；摒弃；不接受；嫌弃 reject doing It flows in places men reject. 水流向人们嫌弃的地方。 He rejected my advice. 他拒绝了我的建议。 She rejected going out on rainy days. 下雨天她不愿出门。 The plan was rejected at last. 这个方案最终被否决了。 同义词辨析（中考高频：reject /refuse/turn down） refuse 拒绝 只接不定式 refuse to do sth He refused my gift. 他拒收我的礼物。 reject 语气比 refuse 强，强调彻底否决、嫌弃、摒弃 turn down专指拒绝邀请、提议、请求，语气委婉。 I had to turn down his invitation. 我不得不婉拒了他的邀请。 【典例分析】 1. The manager ______ his plan for lacking practical value. A. reduced B. rejected C. reviewed D. rewarded 【答案】B 【解析】句意：经理因为他的方案缺乏实用价值而否决了它。本题考查动词词义辨析。A. reduced 减少；B. rejected 驳回，否决；C. reviewed 复习，审阅；D. rewarded 奖励。方案缺少实用性，因此经理会拒绝、否决方案，reject 有驳回提议、计划的含义，其余词汇不符合该工作场景语境，故选 B。 2.She rejected ______ (take)part in the speech competition for lack of confidence. 【答案】 taking 【解析】句意：因为缺乏自信，她拒绝参加演讲比赛。本题考查 reject 后搭配动名词的固定语法规则。reject 意为 “拒绝”，其后作宾语的动词必须使用 doing 形式. 3. 温暖的灯光为整个舞台赋予活力。 The warm lights ____ ____ ____ the whole stage. 【答案】give life to 要点5 【原句呈现】we should accept what we have and thus allow ourselves to go with the way of nature—that is, to achieve the highest good. 我们应当接纳所拥有的一切，因此顺应自然规律，也就是达到至善的境界。 thus 因此；从而；于是（表因果、顺承） 偏书面语，比 so 正式；多用于书面文章、议论文。 He worked hard. Thus, he passed the exam.他学习努力，因此通过了考试。 Thus, we should follow nature. 因此，我们应当顺应自然。 Water is kind and thus is like the Dao. 水品性谦和，故而近于道。 thus + doing（表自然而然的结果，高频考点） He helped others, thus making many friends. 他乐于助人，因此交到了很多朋友。 易混辨析（中考区分：thus /so/therefore） So 连词，口语常用，位置灵活，可直接连接句子。 He was tired, so he went home. Thus 副词，偏书面，侧重 “由此、进而” 引出结果。 Therefore 副词，语气最强，侧重 “所以、因而”，正式文体。 go with 1.顺应；遵从；与…… 保持一致 We should go with the way of nature.我们应当顺应自然规律。 Try to go with the rules.请遵守规则。 2.与…… 相配；搭配（衣物、颜色、风格等，日常高频） This shirt doesn't go with your trousers.这件衬衫和你的裤子不搭。 3.伴随；连同…… 一起存在 Happiness often goes with kindness. 善良常常会带来快乐。 go with the flow 顺其自然（固定习语） 【典例分析】 1.He didn’t study hard. ______, he failed the final exam. A. Thus B. Though C. Unless D. Since 【答案】A 【解析】句意：他学习不努力，因此他期末考试不及格。本题考查连词 / 副词词义辨析。A. thus 副词，意为 “因此，从而”，用于引出前文行为带来的结果；B. though 虽然，引导让步关系；C. unless 除非，引导条件状语从句；D. since 自从，既然，表时间或原因。前后两句是因果关系，前半句为原因，后半句是结果，只有 thus 用来引出结果，其余词汇逻辑不符，故选 A。 2.The new bike saves much time, ______ making our daily trip easier. A. besides B. thus C. instead D. almost 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这辆新自行车节省很多时间，从而让我们日常出行更轻松。本题考查副词词义辨析。A. besides 此外，表补充说明；B. thus 因此、从而，后可接 doing 结构，表示自然而然产生的结果；C. instead 反而，代替；D. almost 几乎。骑车省时这件事直接带来出行便利的结果，thus doing 是固定用法表结果，其他副词不能构成该句式，故选 B。 3.这条蓝色领带很配你的白衬衫。 This blue tie ____ ____ your white shirt. 【答案】goes with 要点6 【原句呈现】Daodejing has had a lasting impact on culture in China and beyond. 《道德经》对中国乃至世界各地的文化都产生了深远影响。 lasting 持久的；长久的；永恒的 lasting impact 深远影响 lasting effect 持久效果 lasting friendship 长久的友谊 lasting memory 难忘的回忆 We hope for lasting peace. 我们期盼持久的和平。 It left a lasting memory in my mind. 这件事给我留下了难以磨灭的记忆。 have a lasting impact on对…… 产生深远 / 持久的影响 That experience had a lasting impact on his life. 那段经历对他的一生产生了深远影响。 【典例分析】 1.The trip left us ______ memories that we will never forget. A. lasting B. last C. lastly D. latest 【答案】A 【解析】句意：这次旅行给我们留下了难以磨灭的长久回忆。本题考查词义与词性辨析。A. lasting 形容词，意为持久的、长久的，用来修饰名词；B. last 可作动词（持续）、形容词（最后的），无 “长久留存” 的含义；C. lastly 副词，最后，只能修饰句子或动词，不能修饰名词 memories；D. latest 形容词，最新的，语义不符合 “永不忘记的回忆” 语境。空格修饰名词 memories，需要表达 “长久的”，只有 lasting 符合词性与句意，故选 A。 2.这位伟大作家的作品对无数读者产生了持久的影响。 The works of this great writer ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ countless readers. 【答案】have a lasting impact on 3.写出last的词性及意义。 （1）This is the last bus to the town. 【答案】句意：这是去往镇上的最后一班公交车。last 形容词，表示 “最后的” 之意。 （2）I met her last summer. 【答案】句意：我去年夏天见过她。last 形容词，表示 “刚过去的，上一个的” 之意。 （3）The bad weather will last another three days. 【答案】句意：恶劣的天气还会持续三天。last 动词，表示 “持续；延续” 之意。 （4）Who laughed last in the game? 【答案】句意：谁是游戏里笑到最后的人？last 副词，表示 “最后；最终” 之意。 （5）At last, we finished all the homework. 【答案】句意：终于，我们写完了所有作业。last 名词，固定搭配 at last，表示 “最后，终于” 之意。 （6） He was the last to hand in his paper. 【答案】句意：他是最后一个交试卷的人。last 形容词，表示 “最后的” 之意。 （7）The sports meeting lasts three whole days every year. 【答案】句意：运动会每年持续整整三天。last 动词，表示 “持续” 之意。 要点7 【原句呈现】Its ideas about living in harmony with nature have inspired people all over the world, 它的与自然和谐共处的理念，启迪了全世界的人们。 in harmony with 与…和谐相处；与…协调一致 live in harmony with 与……和睦共处（中考高频） be in harmony with 与……和谐 / 协调 We should live in harmony with animals. 我们应该和动物和谐共处。 Man must live in harmony with nature. 人类必须与自然和谐共生。 【典例分析】 1. 这座建筑和周围的环境相得益彰、和谐统一。 The building is ____ ____ ____ the surrounding environment. 【答案】in harmony with 2.每个人都希望和家人和睦相处。 Everyone wants to be____ _____ ________ their family. 【答案】in harmony with 过关练习 一、短语翻译 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1._____________________春秋末期 2. _____________________道法自然 3. _____________________自然规律 4. ____________________简朴、平和、平衡的生活 5. _____________________老子名言 6. _____________________把意思表达清楚 7. _____________________赋予…生机 8. _____________________顺应自然 9. _____________________也就是；即 10._____________________对…产生深远影响 11. _____________________与…和谐相处 12. _____________________全世界 世界各地 【答案】1.in the late Spring and Autumn period 2.Way of nature as a whole 3.the laws of nature 4.a simple, peaceful and balanced life 5.Laozi's famous sayings 6.get the message across 7.gives life to 8.go with the way of nature 9.that is 10.have a lasting impact on 11.in harmony with 12.all over the world 二、单项选择 1.The latest research results ______ his idea was correct. A. provide B. promise C. prove D. protect 【答案】C 【解析】句意：最新的研究结果证明他的观点是正确的。本题考查动词词义辨析。A. provide 提供；B. promise 承诺；C. prove 证明、证实；D. protect 保护。结合语境，研究结果用来印证观点的正误，四个词汇里只有 prove 有 “证明” 的含义，其余单词代入句子均不符合逻辑，故选 C。 2. I was so tired that I could ______ keep my eyes open. A. nearly B. hardly C. almost D. mostly 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我太累了，几乎睁不开眼睛。本题考查副词词义辨析。A. nearly 几乎，将近；B. hardly 几乎不，简直不，带有否定含义；C. almost 差不多，几乎；D. mostly 主要地，通常。结合语境 “太累了”，表达没办法睁开眼睛，需要使用否定含义的副词。nearly 和 almost 均为肯定含义，mostly 词义不符，只有 hardly 符合句意，故选 B。 3. The plan was well prepared. ______, everything went smoothly. A. however B. thus C. while D. since 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这份计划准备得很充分，因此一切进展顺利。本题考查连词与副词词义辨析。A. however 然而，表转折；B. thus 因此，表顺承与结果；C. while 当…… 时 / 然而，表时间或转折；D. since 自从 / 因为，表时间或原因。前后两句存在因果逻辑，计划准备充分带来了顺利开展的结果，结合词义用法，thus 用于引出结果，其余词汇逻辑不符，故选 B。 4. What you read can ______ your way of thinking greatly. A. introduce B. influence C. interview D. interrupt 【答案】B 【解析】句意：你阅读的内容会极大地影响你的思维方式。本题考查动词词义辨析。A. introduce 介绍，引进；B. influence 影响；C. interview 采访，面试；D. interrupt 打断，打扰。根据句意，阅读内容会作用于人的思维模式，四个单词中只有 influence 表示 “影响”，契合语境，其余词汇含义均不符合句子逻辑，故选 B。 5. The speaker tried his best to get his ideas ______ to all the listeners. A. along B. across C. away D. back 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这位演讲者尽全力把自己的想法传达给所有听众。本题考查动词短语辨析。A. get along 相处、进展；B. get...across 传达、使理解；C. get away 离开、逃脱；D. get back 返回、取回。根据主语 speaker（演讲者）和宾语 ideas（想法）可知，演讲的目的就是让听众理解观点，get...across 为固定搭配，贴合语境，其他短语代入句子逻辑不通，故选 B。 6. He had to ______ the invitation because he was too busy. A. relax B. realize C. record D. reject 【答案】D 【解析】句意：因为太忙了，他不得不拒绝这份邀请。本题考查动词词义辨析。A. reject 拒绝，回绝；B. realize 意识到，实现；C. record 记录，录制；D. relax 放松，休息。结合句中 invitation（邀请）和 too busy（太忙）的语境，此处表达推辞邀请，只有 reject 符合句意，其余单词代入后语义不通，故选 D。 7. The style of the house doesn't ______ its surroundings. A. go on B. go with C. go for D. go through 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这栋房子的风格和周边环境不协调。本题考查动词短语辨析。A. go on 继续、进行；B. go with 与…… 相配、协调；C. go for 选择、适用于；D. go through 经历、穿过。句子表达房屋风格和周围环境不搭，需要使用表示 “相配、协调” 的短语，go with 在此处适用，其他短语代入后语义不通，故选 B。 8. My grandma often tells me a wise ______ passed down from our ancestors. A. message B. notice C. saying D. notice 【答案】C 【解析】句意：我奶奶经常给我讲祖辈流传下来的至理名言。本题考查名词词义辨析。A. message 信息、口信；B. notice 通知、告示；C. saying 名言、谚语；D. notice 通知。结合 “祖辈流传、富有智慧” 这一语境，此处指广为流传的老话与格言，message 和 notice 均不符合该含义，只有 saying 可以表示名言、谚语，贴合句意，故选 C。 9. The bright window can ______ the light from outside clearly. A. receive B. reflect C. refuse D. realize 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这扇明亮的窗户可以清晰地反射室外的光线。本题考查动词词义辨析。A. receive 接收，收到；B. reflect 反射，映照；C. refuse 拒绝；D. realize 意识到，实现。句子描述窗户与光线的关系，光线照射在玻璃上会被反射，只有 reflect 符合这一语境，其他词汇代入后逻辑不通，故选 B。 10. We all hope to live in ______ with people around us. A. hobby B. happiness C. harmony D. holiday 【答案】C 【解析】句意：我们都希望与身边的人和睦相处。本题考查名词词义辨析。A. harmony 和谐，融洽，in harmony with 为固定搭配，意为 “与…… 和睦相处”；B. happiness 幸福；C. hobby 爱好；D. holiday 假期。结合句中搭配和语境，此处表达人与人相处融洽，只有 harmony 符合用法与句意，故选 C。 三、根据首字母提示完成单词 1.The facts can p______ his idea is right. 2. To keep healthy, we need a b______ diet with different vegetables and fruits. 3. He got up late. T______, he missed the early bus. 4. It is raining heavily, so I h______ go out these days. 5. We should live in h______ with our neighbours and nature. 6. When we travel in mountains, we need a g______ to lead the way. 7. If you are kind to others, you will win their r______. 8. There is an old s______: Practice makes perfect. 9. He didn't like the plan, so he decided to r______ it. 10. Good books can i______ our life and ideas greatly. 11. Look at the lake. It can r______ the blue sky and white clouds. 12. The brave hero can i______ us to be strong and brave. 【答案】1.prove 2.balanced 3.Thus 4.hardly 5.harmony 6.guide 7.respect 8.saying 9.reject 10.influence 11.reflect 12.inspire 四、用词的适当形式填空 1. Daodejing is a guide on how _________(think) and act 2. Eating more vegetables helps you keep a ________(balance) diet. 3. The warm friendship has left a _____(last) sweet memory in everyone's heart. 4. Hard work is the ______(centre) idea of this story 5. If you speak clearly, your ideas will easily _______by all listeners. (understand) 6. We all wish that people around the world can live a_______ (peace) life forever. 7. When I feel upset, I always remember this ______(say) to cheer myself up. 8. Wise students will never reject______ (take) useful advice from their teachers. 9. Taking part in_____(society)work will make your spare time more _________(mean). 10. He always treats everyone politely, thus _______(win) friendship from others. 【答案】1. to think 2.balanced 3.lasting 4. Central 5.be understood 6. peaceful 7. Saying 8. taking 9. social meaningful 10. winning 五、完成句子 1.万物都应遵循整体的自然之道，而自然也会赋予万物生机。 All things should follow the ____ ____ ____ ____ ____, and nature can ___ ___ ___ all living things. 2.我们应当遵守自然法则，学会顺应自然。 We should follow _____ ___ ____ ____ and learn to ___ ____ the way of nature 3.老子向往简朴、宁静且和谐的生活，那正是他思想的精髓。 Laozi looks forward to a simple, _____ ____ ____ _____ ____, _____ _____ the spirit of his thoughts. 4.这不足为奇，老子的思想对后世产生了深远影响。 ____ ___ ____ ____ that Laozi's ideas ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ future generations. 5. 我们尽力传达这个理念，并与自然和谐共处。 We try our best to____ the idea _____ and live _____ ____ ______nature. 【答案】1. way of nature as a whole give life to 2.the laws of nature go with 3.peaceful and balanced life that is 4.It is not surprising have a lasting impact on 5.get across in harmony with 六、短文填空 A短文填词 What is the best virtue (美德)? What can we learn from water? Laozi, a famous Chinese philosopher who lived around 2, 500 years ago, might give us an answer. “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men 1.r_________ and so is like the Dao.” Laozi tells us that the top character is just like water. All life in the world cannot live without water, but water 2.n________ asks for anything in return. It just keeps giving quietly. Also, water often stays where people don’t like, such as low-lying wetlands and deserted valleys (山谷). This kind of low profile (低调) makes water the closest to the law of the universe. It seems that we have always regarded bravery and strength as great virtues, but we should not 3.f________what water has taught us. In dealing with people, we can act as water. We are ready to help others and won't chase praise or fame because of our kindness. We should show 4.r________ to people around us and keep modest all the time. With water’s spirits in mind, we stay in 5.h________ with people around us. We keep calm in hard times and devote ourselves silently just like water. This noble behavior shapes our good personality, 6.t_______ improving our inner virtue greatly. This ancient 7.s__________also has a lasting positive 8.i__________ on our daily life and value views, guiding us to be selfless, gentle and peaceful people all the time. 【答案】1.reject 2.never 3. forget 4.respect 5.harmony 6.thus 7. saying 8. impact B 语法填空 Living in the late Spring and Autumn period, Laozi was a great ancient Chinese scholar and wise thinker. Usually, he 1._________(consider) the writer of Daodejing, a treasure of Chinese literature. As one of 2.___________ (value) classics in Chinese history, this great book 3.__________(shape) Chinese thoughts and even world ideas for over two thousand years. Serving as 4._________ practical guide for people’s thoughts and behaviors, Daodejing takes “Dao” as its core theme, which means the Way of nature as a whole. It tells people that humans ought to obey the laws of nature. Instead of chasing endless desires, we are supposed to keep a simple, peaceful and 5._________(balance) life and get along well with nature properly. Naturally, Laozi uses natural things to get his thoughts 6._________ in his famous sayings. The most well-known saying goes, “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” It clearly reflects his 7._________(believe) that Dao exists everywhere. We ought to give up forced control, accept real life and go with the way of nature 8.________( reach) the highest goodness. Undoubtedly, Daodejing has a 9.____________(last) impact on Chinese culture and global civilization. 10.___________(it) opinion of living in harmony with nature inspires countless people worldwide. Besides, it deeply influences traditional philosophy, art and literature. Even after 2,000 years, the book remains popular, for its wisdom still fits modern life perfectly. 【答案】1.is considered 2.the most valuable 3. has shaped 4.a 5.balanced 6.across 7.belief 8.to reach 9.lasting 10.Its 七、语法选择 March 22 is World Water Day. People think water is the source of all life. Water has been part of Chinese culture for ____1___ years. It affects not only the start of Chinese civilization but also many smart ideas in Chinese philosophy. Chinese civilization is one of the ancient river civilizations in the world. It ___2___many years ago along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. So, Chinese culture has been related to water from the very beginning.​ But the relationship ___3___ people and water has two sides. Water is very important for life and for growing things. But if we can't manage it well, it can bring big problems. Knowing ___4___ powerful water is, Chinese people have always tried to use it in the best way. For example, Yu, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty in stories, controlled floods. He changed and dug the waterways__5____the water could flow into the sea easily. The Dujiangyan irrigation (灌溉) system in Sichuan was built __6_____. It made full use of the natural features of the place without hurting the environment.​ Water also has philosophical meanings in China. These meanings___7____to teach people and help rule the country. According to Xunzi(《荀子》), Confucius often thought about water. He believed water had good qualities like fairness and courage. He once said, “Wise people like water; kind people like mountains (智者乐水，仁者乐山)..” So, Confucianism tells people ____8___ from water and develop their sense of right and wrong. Inspired by water, Laozi came up with the ideas of “using softness to beat hardness(以柔克刚)” and “doing nothing against nature”. These ideas later kept___9___ rulers to follow the laws of nature and respect what people want. Ancient Chinese philosopher Xunzi compared a ruler and his people to a boat and water. He said, “Water can carry a boat, ___10___it can also turn the boat over.”​ Water is everywhere in our daily life. It is a very important part of Chinese culture. It helps build Chinese civilization. 1.A. thousand B. thousand C. thousand of D. thousands of 2.A. start B. starts C. started D. has started 3.A. in B. on C. among D. between 4.A.what B. how C.which D.that 5.A.even if B. so that C.such that D. as if 6.A. cleverly B. clever C. cleverer D. more cleverly 7.A. use B. were using C.were used D. are used 8.A. learns B. learning C. to learn D. learnt 9.A. inspire B.to inspire C. inspired D. inspiring 10.A.thus B. but C.and D. or 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B 【解析】本文围绕世界水日展开，介绍了水与中华文明、中国哲学的深厚联系，讲述了古人治水的智慧，以及孔子、老子、荀子等思想家借水阐述的人生与治国道理。 1.D句意：数千年来，水一直是中国文化的一部分。 考查数词用法。thousand 前有具体数字时，用单数形式，后面不加 of；表示模糊的 “数千、成千上万” 时，要用 thousands of。本题无具体数字，表达概数，因此选 D。 2.C句意：中华文明多年前在黄河与长江流域兴起。 考查一般过去时。根据时间状语 many years ago（许多年前），可知句子要用一般过去时，动词 start 需变为过去式 started。A 是动词原形，B 是一般现在时第三人称单数，D 是现在完成时，均不符合时态要求，故选 C。 3.D句意：但是人与水之间的关系具有两面性。 考查介词辨析。between 用于两者之间；among 用于三者及以上之间。此处是 people 和 water 两者，固定搭配 between A and B 表示 “A 和 B 之间”。in（在…… 里）、on（在…… 上面）语义不符，故选 D。 4.B句意：深知水的力量有多强大，中国人一直尽力合理利用它。 考查感叹句作宾语从句。此处结构为 how + 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语，powerful 是形容词，要用 how 来修饰。what 修饰名词，which（哪一个）、that（无实义）不符合句式结构，故选 B。 5.B句意：他改造、开凿水道，以便水能顺利流入大海。 考查连词辨析。so that 引导目的状语从句，意为 “以便，为了”；even if（即使）引导让步状语从句；such that 结构错误；as if（好像）引导方式状语从句。本句开凿水道的目的是让水流向大海，表目的，故选 B。 6.A句意：四川的都江堰水利工程修建得十分巧妙。 考查副词用法。此处修饰动词 built（建造），需要使用副词。clever 是形容词，cleverer 是形容词比较级；本句无比较对象，不用比较级 more cleverly，因此用原级副词 cleverly，故选 A。 7.C句意：这些内涵过去被用来教化民众、辅助治国。 考查一般过去时的被动语态。主语 These meanings（这些内涵）和动词 use（使用）之间是被动关系，即 “内涵被使用”。结合上下文讲述古代内容，时态为一般过去时，一般过去时被动语态结构为 were/was + 过去分词，主语为复数，故用 were used。A 主动语态、B 过去进行时主动语态、D 一般现在时被动语态，均不符合，故选 C。 8.C句意：儒家思想告诫人们向水学习，树立是非观。 考查非谓语动词。固定搭配 tell sb. to do sth. 意为 “告诉 / 告诫某人做某事”，此处要用动词不定式 to learn。A 是动词第三人称单数，B 是动名词，D 是动词过去式 / 过去分词，均不匹配该固定用法，故选 C。 9.D句意：这些思想后来不断激励统治者遵循自然法则、顺应民心。 考查固定搭配。固定短语 keep doing sth. 表示 “持续不断做某事”，keep 后接动名词形式。inspire 动名词为 inspiring；A 动词原形、B 动词不定式、C 过去式 / 过去分词，都不能放在 keep 后，故选 D。 10.B句意：水能载舟，亦能覆舟。 考查连词辨析。前后两分句 “水能载船” 和 “水也能翻船” 是转折关系。but 表示转折；thus（因此）表结果，and（并且）表并列，or（或者 / 否则）表选择或条件，均不符合逻辑，故选 B。 八、完形填空 My wife and I seldom keep houseplants. Anything in pots gets either overwatered or underwatered. But after being told I had a serious brain disease, I wanted something green around. My friend gave me a lucky bamboo. I smiled when I looked at it each morning, so I decided to 1 the plant myself. As a doctor, I was used to providing care, not 2 it. I felt useless when my illness made everyday tasks difficult and forced me to 3 others. But watering the plant taught me I could still be a caregiver. This gave me a sense of 4 . Months later, I recovered (恢复) from the treatment. Even after I returned to work, I 5 to take care of the plant. Soon, it had nearly doubled in height and its leaves were shiny. Then, 6 , it began to show signs of stress. No matter what I did, the leaves kept dropping to the floor. I grew more and more 7 . “I can’t even care for a simple plant!” I shouted. “I’m failing!” “We’ve seen houseplants die before. Why do you care so much about this one?” My wife asked. “If my lucky bamboo dies,” I cried, “I might die too!” At first, I couldn’t shake the feeling that the plant had become a 8 of my health. I worried that it might show the 9 of my brain disease. Later, I realized that I had 10 connected the caring for the plant to my life. As my worries lessened, I began to work out how to save the plant. When it was back in the sunny window, we both began to grow well again. 1. A. pick off B. care for C. cut down D. dig up 2. A. receiving B. sharing C. bringing D. improving 3. A. argue with B. doubt about C. depend on D. laugh at 4. A. humour B. shame C. achievement D. loneliness 5. A. pretended B. regretted C. forgot D. continued 6. A. strangely B. certainly C. finally D. interestingly 7. A. excited B. upset C. embarrassed D. satisfied 8. A. report B. symbol C. secret D. risk 9. A. return B. cause C. cost D. history 10. A. magically B. surprisingly C. joyfully D. wrongly 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D 【解析】本文讲述了一位医生患病后，通过照料幸运竹走出心理困境，重新找回自我价值的故事。 1. 句意：每天早上看着它我都会微笑，所以我决定自己来照料这株植物。 根据上文朋友送了幸运竹，下文提到“watering the plant”可知，此处表示照料植物，care for意为照料，符合语境；pick off意为摘掉，cut down意为砍倒，dig up意为挖出，均与文意不符。 2. 句意：作为一名医生，我习惯了照顾别人，而不是接受照顾。 根据下文提到生病让日常事务变得困难可知，此处表示习惯了付出而非接受，receiving意为接受，符合语境；sharing意为分享，bringing意为带来，improving意为改善，均不符合文意。 3. 句意：当疾病让日常事务变得困难，迫使我依赖他人时，我感到很没用。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示不得不依靠别人，depend on意为依赖，符合语境；argue with意为与…争论，doubt about意为怀疑，laugh at意为嘲笑，均不符合语境。 4. 句意：但给植物浇水让我意识到自己仍然可以照顾别人，这给了我一种成就感。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示照顾植物带来的价值感，achievement意为成就，符合语境；humour意为幽默，shame意为羞愧，loneliness意为孤独，不符合文意。 5. 句意：几个月后，我康复了，甚至重返工作岗位，继续照料这株植物。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示康复后依然照顾植物，continued意为继续，符合语境；pretended意为假装，regretted意为后悔，forgot意为忘记，均与文意不符。 6. 句意：然后，奇怪的是，它开始表现出压力迹象。 根据下文叶子不断掉落可知，此处表示植物出现异常状态，strangely意为奇怪地，符合语境；certainly意为当然，finally意为最终，interestingly意为有趣的是，不符合语境。 7. 句意：无论我做什么，叶子还是不断掉落在地上，我变得越来越沮丧。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示因植物状态变差而情绪低落，upset意为沮丧的，符合语境；excited意为兴奋的，embarrassed意为尴尬的，satisfied意为满意的，均与文意相反。 8. 句意：起初，我无法摆脱这样一种感觉：这株植物已经成了我健康的象征。 根据下文担心植物状态反映自己的病情可知，此处表示植物是健康状况的象征，symbol意为象征，符合语境；report意为报告，secret意为秘密，risk意为风险，不符合文意。 9. 句意：我担心它可能会显示出我脑部疾病的复发。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示担心植物的状态反映疾病复发，return意为复发，符合语境；cause意为原因，cost意为代价，history意为历史，不符合语境。 10. 句意：后来，我意识到自己错误地将照料植物和我的生活联系在了一起。 根据上下文语境可知，此处表示之前错误地将植物与自己的健康绑定，wrongly意为错误地，符合语境；magically意为神奇地，surprisingly意为惊讶地，joyfully意为愉快地，均不符合文意。 九、阅读理解 A ①Confucius, who was born more than two thousand years ago, is one of the most important Chinese philosophers (哲学家). After all these years, his influence is still strong in modern times. ②Unlike the abstract (抽象的) philosophy of Laozi, Confucian ideas about right and wrong are easy to understand and connected to daily life. “It’s all about the everyday. It’s all about family,” Roger Ames, a Confucius expert at Peking University, told China Daily. ③For example, many Chinese learn at an early age to “be filial (孝顺的) to parents and respectful to brothers”. Confucius believed that if everyone knows how to love their families, they will know how to love others, love their country and love the world. ④“Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you” is the favorite Confucius idea of Guo Jiulin, a professor at Dalian Minzu University. “It reminds me that if a person wants to achieve his social dreams, he must first be strict with himself in words and behaviors,” he told China Daily. ⑤Another important Confucian idea is he, or harmony (和谐). Sun Yiting, a student from Zhejiang University, values it. “It reminds me to calm down when I get angry,” she told TEENS. “It reminds me to put oneself in others’ shoes. This way of thinking makes my life much happier.” ⑥Confucian ideas can even be connected to today’s global problems, according to Ames. ⑦“Confucius believed that the only way I can take my stand is by helping other people take theirs. If my neighbor does better, I do better. That’s the Confucian wisdom (智慧). This is really needed in the world today,” said Ames. ⑧“Global warming, food and water shortages, environmental problems, international terrorism (恐怖主义). We can solve these problems only if we work together.” 1. From the passage, we know that ________. A. Confucius asked people to be strict with others B. Confucian’s influence was only strong in ancient times C. Confucius encouraged people to love parents and respect brothers D. Confucian’s ideas about right and wrong are difficult to understand 2. According to Ames, which of Confucian’s ideas can be used to solve today’s global problems? A. He, or harmony B. Be filial to parents and respectful to brothers C. Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you D. The only way I can take my stand is by helping other people take theirs. 3. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A. put on others’ shoes B. ask for others’ advice C. think about things from others’ side D. work out the problems with others’ help 4. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Right and Wrong in Life B. Old Wisdom in A New Age C. Great Chinese Philosophers D. Dealing with World’s Problems 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了孔子的一些思想。 1. 推理判断题。根据“For example, many Chinese learn at an early age to ‘be filial (孝顺的) to parents and respectful to brothers’. Confucius believed that if everyone knows how to love their families, they will know how to love others, love their country and love the world.”可知，例如，许多中国人在很小的时候就学会“孝顺父母，尊重兄弟”。孔子认为，如果每个人都知道如何爱自己的家庭，他们就会知道如何爱别人，爱自己的国家和爱世界。由此推知，孔子鼓励人们孝顺父母，尊重兄弟。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据“Confucius believed that the only way I can take my stand is by helping other people take theirs. If my neighbor does better, I do better. That’s the Confucian wisdom (智慧). This is really needed in the world today”可知，孔子认为，我能坚持自己立场的唯一方法就是帮助别人坚持自己的立场。如果我的邻居做得更好，我也做得更好。这就是儒家的智慧。这是当今世界真正需要的。故选D。 3. 词句猜测题。根据“It reminds me to put oneself in others’ shoes.”可知，它提醒我要设身处地地为别人着想，也就是从别人的角度考虑问题。故选C。 4. 最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了孔子的一些思想。选项B“新时代的旧智慧”符合主题，故选B。 B There are many differences in ways of thinking between East and West. Many of them are reflected in daily behaviour. In particular, Chinese people sometimes attach more importance to their appearance and social status than to their inner qualities, while Westerners think the opposite. However, Socrates (Ancient Greek philosopher) and Confucius share significant similarities that are universal. Both philosophers share several teachings in common; for example, their understanding of the nature of knowledge and their opinions on education. Socrates believed “There is only one good, knowledge; and only one evil, ignorance.” Similarly, Confucius said, “Isn’t it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned?” But both also acknowledge the limits of knowledge. Socrates said: “All I know is that I know nothing.” Similarly, Confucius said, “When you know a thing, to hold you know it; when you don’t know a thing, to allow you don’t know it-this is knowledge.” However, there are important differences in their understanding of morality. Confucius believed each person should follow certain regulations according to virtue(德行). Everyone should play their role in a society where people are interdependent in order to achieve harmony in the whole society. For instance, when asked how to govern a country, Confucius stated “An emperor should act like an emperor, a subject should act like a subject.” Socrates, however, places self-knowledge over social knowledge. Another difference between them is their attitude towards political domination(支配). Confucius believed the best way to govern a country isn’t through legal system, but through virtue. Socrates, by contrast, declared that “nothing is more important than justice”. Why have East and West developed such different cultural values? A widely accepted theory holds that Eastern civilization was an agricultural civilization. Hence the need for a collective society and friendly relations with neighbors was strong. Western civilization, however, was nomadic(游牧的). Their mobility makes them less dependent on society after migration. In spite of their differences, the two cultures have more in common than differences. The shared concern for moral values in the teachings of Socrates and Confucius also shows us more fundamental similarities between Eastern and Western cultures in their pursuit of virtuous lives. 1. What do the two philosophers share about knowledge? A. The learning of knowledge is easy. B. The learning of knowledge is endless. C. A man without knowledge is foolish. D. A man shall not pretend to understand. 2. Which of the following reflects the thoughts of Confucius in terms of morality? A. Nothing is more important than a legal system. B. I am not a Chinese, but a citizen of the world. C. Not everyone should play his own role in society. D. A man does what is proper to the position he is in. 3. What is the root cause of the differences between Eastern and Western cultural values? A. The difference in political atmosphere. B. The difference in the length of history. C. The difference in economic development. D. The difference in levels of social dependency. 4. What is the passage mainly about? A. Reasons for similarities of Eastern and Western cultures. B. The introduction of great figures of two different cultures. C. Comparisons of the thoughts of the two great philosophers. D. The contributions of two great philosophers to civilization. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文本主要在对比东西方两位哲学家思想的不同与共同之处。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的“But both also acknowledge the limits of knowledge. Socrates said: “All I know is that I know nothing.” Similarly, Confucius said, “When you know a thing, to hold you know it; when you don’t know a thing, to allow you don’t know it-this is knowledge.”(但两者也都承认知识的局限性。苏格拉底说:“我所知道的就是我一无所知。”孔子也说过：“知其事，持其事；当你不知道一件事的时候，允许你不知道它——这就是知识。”)”可知，两个哲学家认为知识的学习是无止境的。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。从第三段的“Everyone should play their role in a society where people are interdependent in order to achieve harmony in the whole society. For instance, when asked how to govern a country, Confucius stated “An emperor should act like an emperor, a subject should act like a subject.”(每个人都应该在人与人相互依存的社会中发挥自己的作用，以实现整个社会的和谐。例如，当被问及如何治理一个国家时，孔子说:“皇帝应该像皇帝一样，臣民应该像臣民一样。”)”可知，孔子的思想即“君君臣臣，父父子子”，每个人根据自己所处的位置扮演好自己的角色。D项“A man does what is proper to the position he is in.(一个人会做与他所处的地位相称的事。)”合乎题意。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Why have East and West developed such different cultural values? A widely accepted theory holds that Eastern civilization was an agricultural civilization. Hence the need for a collective society and friendly relations with neighbors was strong. Western civilization, however, was nomadic(游牧的). Their mobility makes them less dependent on society after migration.(为什么东西方发展出如此不同的文化价值观?一个广为接受的理论认为东方文明是一种农业文明。因此，建立集体社会和与邻国建立友好关系的必要性非常强烈。然而，西方文明是游牧文明。他们的流动性使他们在移民后对社会的依赖程度降低。)”可知，东西方价值观的差异最本质的原因是社会依赖程度的不同。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“There are many differences in ways of thinking between East and West. Many of them are reflected in daily behaviour.(东西方在思维方式上有许多不同之处。其中许多都反映在日常行为中)”以及文章的最后一段“In spite of their differences, the two cultures have more in common than differences. The shared concern for moral values in the teachings of Socrates and Confucius also shows us more fundamental similarities between Eastern and Western cultures in their pursuit of virtuous lives.(尽管存在差异，但这两种文化的共同点多于不同点。苏格拉底和孔子的教义中对道德价值的共同关注也向我们展示了东西方文化在追求美德生活方面的更多基本相似之处。)”以及全文可知，文本主要在对比东西方两位哲学家思想的不同与共同之处。故选C。 C 阅读还原 The “Dao De Jing”, a key Daoist text, is believed to have been written by Laozi in the 6th century B. C. It starts with the idea that the true meaning of Dao (the way) is beyond words. The book, filled with mysteries and counterintuitive(违反常理的) ideas, is complex and hard to translate. 1 Despite this, it is one of the most translated books after the Bible, with numerous English versions. Over time, various scholars and translators have approached the text from different perspectives, leading to multiple interpretations. Recently, three new translations have come out. 2 In contrast, translators like poets Li-Young Lee, Yun Wang, and scholar J. H. Huang believe it was written by one person. These translations have very different meanings. Lee and Wang’s version focuses on improving oneself, while Ziporyn’s translation sees the text as supporting strict rule, emphasizing social order. Huang’s version, on the other side, stresses the importance of removing rewards to achieve peace. 3 4 Huang’s version is clear and comprehensive, supported by detailed explanations. Lee and Wang’s translation may appeal to those seeking deeper meanings. Ziporyn’s research-based translation encourages exploring multiple meanings. In a word, different translations offer various perspectives on the text’s meaning. 5 Thus, it can be understood in many ways depending on the reader’s viewpoint. A. This stresses the flexibility of “Dao De Jing”. B. Each translation has its special charm and value. C. It is a challenging text to translate into English. D. It explores themes like water wearing away rock. E. Professor Ziporyn views it as a collection of ideas. F. These different translations reflect the depth of the text. G. The book’s double meaning and character changes add translation challenges. 【答案】1. G 2. E 3. F 4. B 5. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了《道德经》是一部难以翻译的道家经典著作，不同的译者从不同的角度对其进行翻译，这些不同的翻译反映了文本的深度，也体现了《道德经》含义的灵活性。 1. 根据上文“The book, filled with mysteries and counterintuitive(违反常理的) ideas, is complex and hard to translate.(这本书充满了神秘和违反常理的思想，复杂且难以翻译)”可知，上文说的是这本书的翻译难度大，可推理出下文进一步解释说明这本书难翻译的具体原因，G项“The book’s double meaning and character changes add translation challenges(这本书的双重含义和文字变化增加了翻译的难度)”表达的含义符合语境，故选G项。 2. 根据下文“In contrast, translators like poets Li - Young Lee, Yun Wang, and scholar J. H. Huang believe it was written by one person(相反，像诗人李立扬、王云以及学者J. H. 黄等人认为它是由一个人所写)”可知，此处是在对比不同译者的观点，再根据“In contrast(对比之下)”可知，上文表达的内容与之形成对比，E项“Professor Ziporyn views it as a collection of ideas.(齐波林教授将其视为一系列思想的集合)”表达的含义符合语境，故选E项。 3. 根据上文“These translations have very different meanings. Lee and Wang’s version focuses on improving oneself, while Ziporyn’s translation sees the text as supporting strict rule, emphasizing social order. Huang’s version, on the other side, stresses the importance of removing rewards to achieve peace(这些翻译有非常不同的含义。李和王的版本侧重于自我提升，而齐波林的翻译将文本视为支持严格的规则，强调社会秩序。另一方面，黄的版本强调去除奖励以实现和平的重要性)”可知，上文说的是不同的翻译版本的特点，但尚未对这些特点进行总结，可推理出下文将对这些特点进行总结，F项“These different translations reflect the depth of the text.(这些不同的翻译反映了文本的深度)”表达的含义符合语境，故选F项。 4. 根据下文“Huang’s version is clear and comprehensive, supported by detailed explanations. Lee and Wang’s translation may appeal to those seeking deeper meanings. Ziporyn’s research - based translation encourages exploring multiple meanings.(黄的版本清晰全面，有详细的解释支持。李和王的翻译可能会吸引那些寻求更深层次意义的人。齐波林基于研究的翻译鼓励探索多种意义)”可知，下文说的是不同的人的翻译的特点，可推理出空白处应对这些不同的特点进行概括，B项“Each translation has its special charm and value.(每个翻译都有其独特的魅力和价值)”表达的含义符合语境，故选B项。 5. 根据上文“In a word, different translations offer various perspectives on the text’s meaning.(总之，不同的翻译对文本的意义提供了不同的视角)”以及下文“Thus, it can be understood in many ways depending on the reader’s viewpoint(因此，根据读者的观点，它可以有多种理解方式)”可知，空白处应承上启下，既总结上文不同翻译提供不同视角，又引出下文根据读者观点有多种理解方式，A项“This stresses the flexibility of “Dao De Jing”.(这强调了《道德经》的灵活性)”表达的含义符合语境，故选A项。 D阅读回答问题 Thomas Edison made more than 1,000 inventions in his life. Many of his inventions have changed the world. His first invention was a vote recorder (投票记录器) in 1869. The machine allowed people to place a vote by pressing a button. They didn’t need to say yes or no. However, American government officials did not like Edison's invention because they preferred to call out their votes. Edison learned that he would never again invent anything people did not want. Edison started a company with his friend, Franklin Pope. They made fire and burglar (盗窃) alarms. At this company, Edison was busy from early in the morning until late at night. He often said, “There’s no substitute (替代品) for hard work.” He invented a telegraph to print the price of gold and silver. He sold it to the West Union Company for $15,000. With some of this money Edison started his own company in 1868. Next he invented a stock ticker (证券报价机). This was a machine that recorded the price of stocks in New York. The West Union Company paid Edison $40,000 for this invention. Edison used the money to open a shop in Newark in the state of New Jersey. There he met a young woman, Mary Stilwell. Edison and Mary got married on Christmas Day in 1871. They had three children. In 1875, with his wife and young family, Edison moved to Menlo Park in the same state. There he built his own laboratory. In the laboratory were tables, science books, instruments and bottles of chemicals. His first success at Menlo Park was an improvement (改进) on the telephone that Alexander Graham Bell had just invented. 1. What did Edison learn from his first invention? 2. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean? 3. When did Edison have a company of his own? 4. Who moved to Menlo with Edison? 5. Do you dream of being an inventor? Why (not)? 【答案】1. Edison learned that he would never again invent anything people did not want. 2. Hard work is important. 3. In 1868. 4. His wife and young family. 5. Yes, because inventions can solve problems and improve people’s lives. 【解析】本文主要讲述了托马斯·爱迪生的生平发明经历，包括他的第一项发明、与朋友合作、成立自己的公司、发明证券报价机、建立实验室以及在门洛帕克的首次成功改进电话等，展现了爱迪生的发明才华和努力工作的精神。 1. 根据第一段最后一句“Edison learned that he would never again invent anything people did not want.”可知，爱迪生从他的第一项发明中学到了他再也不会发明人们不想要的东西。故填Edison learned that he would never again invent anything people did not want. 2. 根据第二段“At this company, Edison was busy from early in the morning until late at night. He often said, ‘There's no substitute (替代品) for hard work.’”可知，在这家公司，爱迪生从早到晚都很忙，他认为没有什么可以替代努力工作，即努力工作是很重要的。故填Hard work is important. 3. 根据第三段第一句“With some of this money Edison started his own company in 1868.”可知，爱迪生在1868年有了自己的公司。故填In 1868. 4. 根据第四段“In 1875, with his wife and young family, Edison moved to Menlo Park in the same state.”可知，爱迪生的妻子和年幼的孩子和他一起搬到了门洛帕克。故填His wife and young family. 5. 主观题，合理即可，故填Yes, because inventions can solve problems and improve people’s lives. $第09 Unit1 Focusing on culture （知识全梳理&考点精准练） 内容导航 01 预习航标→ 析目标·明方向：预习导航精准定向 02 教材全解 → 析教材·学新知：情境概念深度构 考点精讲：聚焦常考要点，讲清逻辑 例题精析：典型题目带路，学会解题思路 即练固基：趁热打铁练一练，巩固刚学内容 03过关检测 → 练考点·强落实：过关检测分层提 学习目标导航 关键词 学习目标导航 学习目标 阅读介绍中国道家创始人老子的文章，了解老子的核心思想内容和经典名言，以及老子的哲学思想对现在的影响。 学习重点和难点 能了解老子的核心思想内容和经典名言。 教材解析 Laozi and Daodejing Laozi was a scholar and wise man who lived in the late Spring and Autumn period. It is believed that he wrote Daodejing. It is one of the most important works in Chinese history and it has influenced ideas in China and the world for more than 2,000 years. Daodejing is a guide on how to think and act. The central idea in Daodejing is Dao, commonly translated as “Way”, and the title Daodejing is understood as "Way of nature as a whole”. To achieve what is good, men should respect the laws of nature. The idea is that we, as humans, should live a simple, peaceful and balanced life, respecting our place in nature. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of Laozi's famous sayings use nature to get the message across: “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive(奋斗). It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” This saying reflects Laozi's idea that Dao or "Way“ is everywhere (like water).We should not try to control things; we should accept what we have and thus allow ourselves to go with the way of nature—that is, to achieve the highest good. Daodejing has had a lasting impact on culture in China and beyond. Its ideas about living in harmony with nature have inspired people all over the world, and the book has also influenced philosophy, art and literature. Although Daodejing was written over 2,000 years ago, it is still widely read today because its ideas continue to have meaning in our modern lives. 【文章结构分析】 【文章理解】 2 Answer the questions below with the information from the article on page 30. (1)What is the central idea in Daodejing? (2)According to Laozi, how can people achieve what is good? (3)According to Daodejing, how should humans live? (4)Why is Daodejing still popular today? 【重点难点句子解析】 要点1 【原句呈现】Daodejing is understood as "Way of nature as a whole”. 《道德经》可理解为 “道法自然”。 as a whole 作为整体；总的来说；整体上 consider...as a whole 从整体考虑 look at...as a whole 整体看待 The city as a whole is very beautiful. 这座城市整体而言十分优美。 Don't just focus on small details. Think about life as a whole. 不要只纠结细枝末节，要从整体看待生活。 The plan is good as a whole. 总的来说，这个方案很不错。 【典例分析】 1.我们必须从整体上来看这个问题。 We must ______ ________ the problem ______ ______ _________. 要点2 balance 【原句呈现】The idea is that we, as humans, should live a simple, peaceful and balanced life, respecting our place in nature. 其中的思想是：人类应当过简朴、平和、均衡的生活，尊重自身在自然界中的位置。 balance 名词 n. 平衡；均衡 keep/lose balance 保持 / 失去平衡 动词 v. （使）平衡；权衡 We need a balance between study and play.（名） 我们需要做到劳逸结合。 You should balance work and rest.（动）你应当劳逸结合。 balanced adj. 均衡的；平衡的；和谐的 a balanced life 均衡安稳的生活 a balanced diet 均衡的饮食（中考高频） Eating more vegetables helps you keep a balanced diet. 多吃蔬菜有助于保持饮食均衡。 He has a balanced way of thinking. 他的思维很全面、不偏激。 【典例分析】 1.To keep healthy, we need to eat a ______ diet every day. A. balanced B. bored C. basic D. broken 2.我们应该每天吃均衡的饮食来保持身体健康。 We should eat ____ ____ ____ to keep healthy every day. 要点3 saying 【原句呈现】It is not surprising, therefore, that many of Laozi‘s famous sayings use nature to get the message across. 因此，老子的诸多名言都借助自然事物来传递思想，这也就不足为奇了 saying 名词 n. 谚语；格言；警句（最常用） 言论；话语 famous sayings 名言（课文高频） old sayings 谚语，老话 common saying 俗语 a saying goes (that...) 俗话说…… There is an old saying: Practice makes perfect. 有句老话：熟能生巧。 I like reading wise sayings. 我喜欢读至理名言。 As the saying goes, failure is the mother of success. 俗话说，失败是成功之母。 使（想法、信息、观点等）被理解；把某事讲清楚； get the message across 把主旨讲明白（课文原搭配） get one's idea across 表达清楚自己的想法 I hope I can get my idea across. 我希望我能把自己的想法讲清楚。 She spoke slowly to get her meaning across. 她放慢语速，好让大家听懂她的意思。 You should get it across that we need to live in harmony with nature. 你要讲明白，我们应当与自然和谐共处。 【典例分析】 1.As the ______ goes, no pains, no gains. A. story B. saying C. speech D. article 2.这位老师总能把知识点清晰地传达给学生。 The teacher can always ____ ____ knowledge points ____ students clearly. 要点4 【原句呈现】.“The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive(奋斗). It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” 上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。 give life to 赋予…生命 / 生机；使焕发生机；滋养 Water gives life to the ten thousand things. 水滋养世间万物。 Sunlight and water give life to plants. 阳光和水分让植物得以生长。 Warm smiles give life to the whole room.温暖的笑容让整个屋子充满活力。 reject 拒绝；摒弃；不接受；嫌弃 reject doing It flows in places men reject. 水流向人们嫌弃的地方。 He rejected my advice. 他拒绝了我的建议。 She rejected going out on rainy days. 下雨天她不愿出门。 The plan was rejected at last. 这个方案最终被否决了。 同义词辨析（中考高频：reject /refuse/turn down） refuse 拒绝 只接不定式 refuse to do sth He refused my gift. 他拒收我的礼物。 reject 语气比 refuse 强，强调彻底否决、嫌弃、摒弃 turn down专指拒绝邀请、提议、请求，语气委婉。 I had to turn down his invitation. 我不得不婉拒了他的邀请。 【典例分析】 1. The manager ______ his plan for lacking practical value. A. reduced B. rejected C. reviewed D. rewarded 2.She rejected ______ (take)part in the speech competition for lack of confidence. 3. 温暖的灯光为整个舞台赋予活力。 The warm lights ____ ____ ____ the whole stage. 要点5 【原句呈现】we should accept what we have and thus allow ourselves to go with the way of nature—that is, to achieve the highest good. 我们应当接纳所拥有的一切，因此顺应自然规律，也就是达到至善的境界。 thus 因此；从而；于是（表因果、顺承） 偏书面语，比 so 正式；多用于书面文章、议论文。 He worked hard. Thus, he passed the exam.他学习努力，因此通过了考试。 Thus, we should follow nature. 因此，我们应当顺应自然。 Water is kind and thus is like the Dao. 水品性谦和，故而近于道。 thus + doing（表自然而然的结果，高频考点） He helped others, thus making many friends. 他乐于助人，因此交到了很多朋友。 易混辨析（中考区分：thus /so/therefore） So 连词，口语常用，位置灵活，可直接连接句子。 He was tired, so he went home. Thus 副词，偏书面，侧重 “由此、进而” 引出结果。 Therefore 副词，语气最强，侧重 “所以、因而”，正式文体。 go with 1.顺应；遵从；与…… 保持一致 We should go with the way of nature.我们应当顺应自然规律。 Try to go with the rules.请遵守规则。 2.与…… 相配；搭配（衣物、颜色、风格等，日常高频） This shirt doesn't go with your trousers.这件衬衫和你的裤子不搭。 3.伴随；连同…… 一起存在 Happiness often goes with kindness. 善良常常会带来快乐。 go with the flow 顺其自然（固定习语） 【典例分析】 1.He didn’t study hard. ______, he failed the final exam. A. Thus B. Though C. Unless D. Since 2.The new bike saves much time, ______ making our daily trip easier. A. besides B. thus C. instead D. almost 3.这条蓝色领带很配你的白衬衫。 This blue tie ____ ____ your white shirt. 要点6 【原句呈现】Daodejing has had a lasting impact on culture in China and beyond. 《道德经》对中国乃至世界各地的文化都产生了深远影响。 lasting 持久的；长久的；永恒的 lasting impact 深远影响 lasting effect 持久效果 lasting friendship 长久的友谊 lasting memory 难忘的回忆 We hope for lasting peace. 我们期盼持久的和平。 It left a lasting memory in my mind. 这件事给我留下了难以磨灭的记忆。 have a lasting impact on对…… 产生深远 / 持久的影响 That experience had a lasting impact on his life. 那段经历对他的一生产生了深远影响。 【典例分析】 1.The trip left us ______ memories that we will never forget. A. lasting B. last C. lastly D. latest 2.这位伟大作家的作品对无数读者产生了持久的影响。 The works of this great writer ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ countless readers. 3.写出last的词性及意义。 （1）This is the last bus to the town. （2）I met her last summer. （3）The bad weather will last another three days. （4）Who laughed last in the game? （5）At last, we finished all the homework. （6） He was the last to hand in his paper. （7）The sports meeting lasts three whole days every year. 要点7 【原句呈现】Its ideas about living in harmony with nature have inspired people all over the world, 它的与自然和谐共处的理念，启迪了全世界的人们。 in harmony with 与…和谐相处；与…协调一致 live in harmony with 与……和睦共处（中考高频） be in harmony with 与……和谐 / 协调 We should live in harmony with animals. 我们应该和动物和谐共处。 Man must live in harmony with nature. 人类必须与自然和谐共生。 【典例分析】 1. 这座建筑和周围的环境相得益彰、和谐统一。 The building is ____ ____ ____ the surrounding environment. 2.每个人都希望和家人和睦相处。 Everyone wants to be____ _____ ________ their family. 过关练习 一、短语翻译 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1._____________________春秋末期 2. _____________________道法自然 3. _____________________自然规律 4. ____________________简朴、平和、平衡的生活 5. _____________________老子名言 6. _____________________把意思表达清楚 7. _____________________赋予…生机 8. _____________________顺应自然 9. _____________________也就是；即 10._____________________对…产生深远影响 11. _____________________与…和谐相处 12. _____________________全世界 世界各地 二、单项选择 1.The latest research results ______ his idea was correct. A. provide B. promise C. prove D. protect 2. I was so tired that I could ______ keep my eyes open. A. nearly B. hardly C. almost D. mostly 3. The plan was well prepared. ______, everything went smoothly. A. however B. thus C. while D. since 4. What you read can ______ your way of thinking greatly. A. introduce B. influence C. interview D. interrupt 5. The speaker tried his best to get his ideas ______ to all the listeners. A. along B. across C. away D. back 6. He had to ______ the invitation because he was too busy. A. relax B. realize C. record D. reject 7. The style of the house doesn't ______ its surroundings. A. go on B. go with C. go for D. go through 8. My grandma often tells me a wise ______ passed down from our ancestors. A. message B. notice C. saying D. notice 9. The bright window can ______ the light from outside clearly. A. receive B. reflect C. refuse D. realize 10. We all hope to live in ______ with people around us. A. hobby B. happiness C. harmony D. holiday 三、根据首字母提示完成单词 1.The facts can p______ his idea is right. 2. To keep healthy, we need a b______ diet with different vegetables and fruits. 3. He got up late. T______, he missed the early bus. 4. It is raining heavily, so I h______ go out these days. 5. We should live in h______ with our neighbours and nature. 6. When we travel in mountains, we need a g______ to lead the way. 7. If you are kind to others, you will win their r______. 8. There is an old s______: Practice makes perfect. 9. He didn't like the plan, so he decided to r______ it. 10. Good books can i______ our life and ideas greatly. 11. Look at the lake. It can r______ the blue sky and white clouds. 12. The brave hero can i______ us to be strong and brave. 四、用词的适当形式填空 1. Daodejing is a guide on how _________(think) and act 2. Eating more vegetables helps you keep a ________(balance) diet. 3. The warm friendship has left a _____(last) sweet memory in everyone's heart. 4. Hard work is the ______(centre) idea of this story 5. If you speak clearly, your ideas will easily _______by all listeners. (understand) 6. We all wish that people around the world can live a_______ (peace) life forever. 7. When I feel upset, I always remember this ______(say) to cheer myself up. 8. Wise students will never reject______ (take) useful advice from their teachers. 9. Taking part in_____(society)work will make your spare time more _________(mean). 10. He always treats everyone politely, thus _______(win) friendship from others. 五、完成句子 1.万物都应遵循整体的自然之道，而自然也会赋予万物生机。 All things should follow the ____ ____ ____ ____ ____, and nature can ___ ___ ___ all living things. 2.我们应当遵守自然法则，学会顺应自然。 We should follow _____ ___ ____ ____ and learn to ___ ____ the way of nature 3.老子向往简朴、宁静且和谐的生活，那正是他思想的精髓。 Laozi looks forward to a simple, _____ ____ ____ _____ ____, _____ _____ the spirit of his thoughts. 4.这不足为奇，老子的思想对后世产生了深远影响。 ____ ___ ____ ____ that Laozi's ideas ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ future generations. 5. 我们尽力传达这个理念，并与自然和谐共处。 We try our best to____ the idea _____ and live _____ ____ ______nature. 六、短文填空 A短文填词 What is the best virtue (美德)? What can we learn from water? Laozi, a famous Chinese philosopher who lived around 2, 500 years ago, might give us an answer. “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men 1.r_________ and so is like the Dao.” Laozi tells us that the top character is just like water. All life in the world cannot live without water, but water 2.n________ asks for anything in return. It just keeps giving quietly. Also, water often stays where people don’t like, such as low-lying wetlands and deserted valleys (山谷). This kind of low profile (低调) makes water the closest to the law of the universe. It seems that we have always regarded bravery and strength as great virtues, but we should not 3.f________what water has taught us. In dealing with people, we can act as water. We are ready to help others and won't chase praise or fame because of our kindness. We should show 4.r________ to people around us and keep modest all the time. With water’s spirits in mind, we stay in 5.h________ with people around us. We keep calm in hard times and devote ourselves silently just like water. This noble behavior shapes our good personality, 6.t_______ improving our inner virtue greatly. This ancient 7.s__________also has a lasting positive 8.i__________ on our daily life and value views, guiding us to be selfless, gentle and peaceful people all the time. B 语法填空 Living in the late Spring and Autumn period, Laozi was a great ancient Chinese scholar and wise thinker. Usually, he 1._________(consider) the writer of Daodejing, a treasure of Chinese literature. As one of 2.___________ (value) classics in Chinese history, this great book 3.__________(shape) Chinese thoughts and even world ideas for over two thousand years. Serving as 4._________ practical guide for people’s thoughts and behaviors, Daodejing takes “Dao” as its core theme, which means the Way of nature as a whole. It tells people that humans ought to obey the laws of nature. Instead of chasing endless desires, we are supposed to keep a simple, peaceful and 5._________(balance) life and get along well with nature properly. Naturally, Laozi uses natural things to get his thoughts 6._________ in his famous sayings. The most well-known saying goes, “The highest good is like water. Water gives life to the ten thousand things and does not strive. It flows in places men reject and so is like the Dao.” It clearly reflects his 7._________(believe) that Dao exists everywhere. We ought to give up forced control, accept real life and go with the way of nature 8.________( reach) the highest goodness. Undoubtedly, Daodejing has a 9.____________(last) impact on Chinese culture and global civilization. 10.___________(it) opinion of living in harmony with nature inspires countless people worldwide. Besides, it deeply influences traditional philosophy, art and literature. Even after 2,000 years, the book remains popular, for its wisdom still fits modern life perfectly. 七、语法选择 March 22 is World Water Day. People think water is the source of all life. Water has been part of Chinese culture for ____1___ years. It affects not only the start of Chinese civilization but also many smart ideas in Chinese philosophy. Chinese civilization is one of the ancient river civilizations in the world. It ___2___many years ago along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. So, Chinese culture has been related to water from the very beginning.​ But the relationship ___3___ people and water has two sides. Water is very important for life and for growing things. But if we can't manage it well, it can bring big problems. Knowing ___4___ powerful water is, Chinese people have always tried to use it in the best way. For example, Yu, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty in stories, controlled floods. He changed and dug the waterways__5____the water could flow into the sea easily. The Dujiangyan irrigation (灌溉) system in Sichuan was built __6_____. It made full use of the natural features of the place without hurting the environment.​ Water also has philosophical meanings in China. These meanings___7____to teach people and help rule the country. According to Xunzi(《荀子》), Confucius often thought about water. He believed water had good qualities like fairness and courage. He once said, “Wise people like water; kind people like mountains (智者乐水，仁者乐山)..” So, Confucianism tells people ____8___ from water and develop their sense of right and wrong. Inspired by water, Laozi came up with the ideas of “using softness to beat hardness(以柔克刚)” and “doing nothing against nature”. These ideas later kept___9___ rulers to follow the laws of nature and respect what people want. Ancient Chinese philosopher Xunzi compared a ruler and his people to a boat and water. He said, “Water can carry a boat, ___10___it can also turn the boat over.”​ Water is everywhere in our daily life. It is a very important part of Chinese culture. It helps build Chinese civilization. 1.A. thousand B. thousand C. thousand of D. thousands of 2.A. start B. starts C. started D. has started 3.A. in B. on C. among D. between 4.A.what B. how C. which D. that 5.A.even if B. so that C. such that D. as if 6.A. cleverly B. clever C. cleverer D. more cleverly 7.A. use B. were using C. were used D. are used 8.A. learns B. learning C. to learn D. learnt 9.A. inspire B.to inspire C. inspired D. inspiring 10.A.thus B. but C. and D. or 八、完形填空 My wife and I seldom keep houseplants. Anything in pots gets either overwatered or underwatered. But after being told I had a serious brain disease, I wanted something green around. My friend gave me a lucky bamboo. I smiled when I looked at it each morning, so I decided to 1 the plant myself. As a doctor, I was used to providing care, not 2 it. I felt useless when my illness made everyday tasks difficult and forced me to 3 others. But watering the plant taught me I could still be a caregiver. This gave me a sense of 4 . Months later, I recovered (恢复) from the treatment. Even after I returned to work, I 5 to take care of the plant. Soon, it had nearly doubled in height and its leaves were shiny. Then, 6 , it began to show signs of stress. No matter what I did, the leaves kept dropping to the floor. I grew more and more 7 . “I can’t even care for a simple plant!” I shouted. “I’m failing!” “We’ve seen houseplants die before. Why do you care so much about this one?” My wife asked. “If my lucky bamboo dies,” I cried, “I might die too!” At first, I couldn’t shake the feeling that the plant had become a 8 of my health. I worried that it might show the 9 of my brain disease. Later, I realized that I had 10 connected the caring for the plant to my life. As my worries lessened, I began to work out how to save the plant. When it was back in the sunny window, we both began to grow well again. 1. A. pick off B. care for C. cut down D. dig up 2. A. receiving B. sharing C. bringing D. improving 3. A. argue with B. doubt about C. depend on D. laugh at 4. A. humour B. shame C. achievement D. loneliness 5. A. pretended B. regretted C. forgot D. continued 6. A. strangely B. certainly C. finally D. interestingly 7. A. excited B. upset C. embarrassed D. satisfied 8. A. report B. symbol C. secret D. risk 9. A. return B. cause C. cost D. history 10. A. magically B. surprisingly C. joyfully D. wrongly 九、阅读理解 A ①Confucius, who was born more than two thousand years ago, is one of the most important Chinese philosophers (哲学家). After all these years, his influence is still strong in modern times. ②Unlike the abstract (抽象的) philosophy of Laozi, Confucian ideas about right and wrong are easy to understand and connected to daily life. “It’s all about the everyday. It’s all about family,” Roger Ames, a Confucius expert at Peking University, told China Daily. ③For example, many Chinese learn at an early age to “be filial (孝顺的) to parents and respectful to brothers”. Confucius believed that if everyone knows how to love their families, they will know how to love others, love their country and love the world. ④“Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you” is the favorite Confucius idea of Guo Jiulin, a professor at Dalian Minzu University. “It reminds me that if a person wants to achieve his social dreams, he must first be strict with himself in words and behaviors,” he told China Daily. ⑤Another important Confucian idea is he, or harmony (和谐). Sun Yiting, a student from Zhejiang University, values it. “It reminds me to calm down when I get angry,” she told TEENS. “It reminds me to put oneself in others’ shoes. This way of thinking makes my life much happier.” ⑥Confucian ideas can even be connected to today’s global problems, according to Ames. ⑦“Confucius believed that the only way I can take my stand is by helping other people take theirs. If my neighbor does better, I do better. That’s the Confucian wisdom (智慧). This is really needed in the world today,” said Ames. ⑧“Global warming, food and water shortages, environmental problems, international terrorism (恐怖主义). We can solve these problems only if we work together.” 1. From the passage, we know that ________. A. Confucius asked people to be strict with others B. Confucian’s influence was only strong in ancient times C. Confucius encouraged people to love parents and respect brothers D. Confucian’s ideas about right and wrong are difficult to understand 2. According to Ames, which of Confucian’s ideas can be used to solve today’s global problems? A. He, or harmony B. Be filial to parents and respectful to brothers C. Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you D. The only way I can take my stand is by helping other people take theirs. 3. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A. put on others’ shoes B. ask for others’ advice C. think about things from others’ side D. work out the problems with others’ help 4. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Right and Wrong in Life B. Old Wisdom in A New Age C. Great Chinese Philosophers D. Dealing with World’s Problems B There are many differences in ways of thinking between East and West. Many of them are reflected in daily behaviour. In particular, Chinese people sometimes attach more importance to their appearance and social status than to their inner qualities, while Westerners think the opposite. However, Socrates (Ancient Greek philosopher) and Confucius share significant similarities that are universal. Both philosophers share several teachings in common; for example, their understanding of the nature of knowledge and their opinions on education. Socrates believed “There is only one good, knowledge; and only one evil, ignorance.” Similarly, Confucius said, “Isn’t it a pleasure to study and practice what you have learned?” But both also acknowledge the limits of knowledge. Socrates said: “All I know is that I know nothing.” Similarly, Confucius said, “When you know a thing, to hold you know it; when you don’t know a thing, to allow you don’t know it-this is knowledge.” However, there are important differences in their understanding of morality. Confucius believed each person should follow certain regulations according to virtue(德行). Everyone should play their role in a society where people are interdependent in order to achieve harmony in the whole society. For instance, when asked how to govern a country, Confucius stated “An emperor should act like an emperor, a subject should act like a subject.” Socrates, however, places self-knowledge over social knowledge. Another difference between them is their attitude towards political domination(支配). Confucius believed the best way to govern a country isn’t through legal system, but through virtue. Socrates, by contrast, declared that “nothing is more important than justice”. Why have East and West developed such different cultural values? A widely accepted theory holds that Eastern civilization was an agricultural civilization. Hence the need for a collective society and friendly relations with neighbors was strong. Western civilization, however, was nomadic(游牧的). Their mobility makes them less dependent on society after migration. In spite of their differences, the two cultures have more in common than differences. The shared concern for moral values in the teachings of Socrates and Confucius also shows us more fundamental similarities between Eastern and Western cultures in their pursuit of virtuous lives. 1. What do the two philosophers share about knowledge? A. The learning of knowledge is easy. B. The learning of knowledge is endless. C. A man without knowledge is foolish. D. A man shall not pretend to understand. 2. Which of the following reflects the thoughts of Confucius in terms of morality? A. Nothing is more important than a legal system. B. I am not a Chinese, but a citizen of the world. C. Not everyone should play his own role in society. D. A man does what is proper to the position he is in. 3. What is the root cause of the differences between Eastern and Western cultural values? A. The difference in political atmosphere. B. The difference in the length of history. C. The difference in economic development. D. The difference in levels of social dependency. 4. What is the passage mainly about? A. Reasons for similarities of Eastern and Western cultures. B. The introduction of great figures of two different cultures. C. Comparisons of the thoughts of the two great philosophers. D. The contributions of two great philosophers to civilization. C 阅读还原 The “Dao De Jing”, a key Daoist text, is believed to have been written by Laozi in the 6th century B. C. It starts with the idea that the true meaning of Dao (the way) is beyond words. The book, filled with mysteries and counterintuitive(违反常理的) ideas, is complex and hard to translate. 1 Despite this, it is one of the most translated books after the Bible, with numerous English versions. Over time, various scholars and translators have approached the text from different perspectives, leading to multiple interpretations. Recently, three new translations have come out. 2 In contrast, translators like poets Li-Young Lee, Yun Wang, and scholar J. H. Huang believe it was written by one person. These translations have very different meanings. Lee and Wang’s version focuses on improving oneself, while Ziporyn’s translation sees the text as supporting strict rule, emphasizing social order. Huang’s version, on the other side, stresses the importance of removing rewards to achieve peace. 3 4 Huang’s version is clear and comprehensive, supported by detailed explanations. Lee and Wang’s translation may appeal to those seeking deeper meanings. Ziporyn’s research-based translation encourages exploring multiple meanings. In a word, different translations offer various perspectives on the text’s meaning. 5 Thus, it can be understood in many ways depending on the reader’s viewpoint. A. This stresses the flexibility of “Dao De Jing”. B. Each translation has its special charm and value. C. It is a challenging text to translate into English. D. It explores themes like water wearing away rock. E. Professor Ziporyn views it as a collection of ideas. F. These different translations reflect the depth of the text. G. The book’s double meaning and character changes add translation challenges. D阅读回答问题 Thomas Edison made more than 1,000 inventions in his life. Many of his inventions have changed the world. His first invention was a vote recorder (投票记录器) in 1869. The machine allowed people to place a vote by pressing a button. They didn’t need to say yes or no. However, American government officials did not like Edison's invention because they preferred to call out their votes. Edison learned that he would never again invent anything people did not want. Edison started a company with his friend, Franklin Pope. They made fire and burglar (盗窃) alarms. At this company, Edison was busy from early in the morning until late at night. He often said, “There’s no substitute (替代品) for hard work.” He invented a telegraph to print the price of gold and silver. He sold it to the West Union Company for $15,000. With some of this money Edison started his own company in 1868. Next he invented a stock ticker (证券报价机). This was a machine that recorded the price of stocks in New York. The West Union Company paid Edison $40,000 for this invention. Edison used the money to open a shop in Newark in the state of New Jersey. There he met a young woman, Mary Stilwell. Edison and Mary got married on Christmas Day in 1871. They had three children. In 1875, with his wife and young family, Edison moved to Menlo Park in the same state. There he built his own laboratory. In the laboratory were tables, science books, instruments and bottles of chemicals. His first success at Menlo Park was an improvement (改进) on the telephone that Alexander Graham Bell had just invented. 1. What did Edison learn from his first invention? 2. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean? 3. When did Edison have a company of his own? 4. Who moved to Menlo with Edison? 5. Do you dream of being an inventor? Why (not)? $