单元重点知识整理 2025-2026学年译林版英语八年级下册

该初中英语知识清单系统梳理了译林版八年级下册两个模块八个单元的核心内容，涵盖重点词汇、关键句式及语法重点三大知识范畴，搭建了从基础词汇积累到句式功能运用再到语法体系构建的递进式学习支架。 清单通过分类呈现（词汇配例句、句式标功能、语法分时态）、分级解析（如现在完成时三用法）、关联对比（一般过去时与现在完成时对比例句）构建知识体系，体现完整性与条理性。设计“易混词汇辨析表”“写作常用表达库”等实用工具，如“have been to/have gone to”用法对比，培养学生语言能力和思维品质，助力学生自主复习，教师可据此优化教学环节。

译林版八年级下册英语 重点知识整理 Module 1 Travel in time and space Unit 1 Past and present 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 transport n. 交通；运输 different types of transport underground n. 地铁 = subway/Metro by underground coach n. 长途汽车；教练 by coach taxi n. 出租车 by taxi / take a taxi high-speed train n. 高铁 by high-speed train fishing village n. 渔村 develop from a fishing village pioneer n. 先驱；开拓者 a pioneer in reform and opening-up innovation n. 创新 lie at the heart of innovation tech giant n. 科技巨头 home to many tech giants cultural facility n. 文化设施 libraries, museums, theatres and art spaces greenway n. 绿道 more than 3,000 kilometres of greenways pioneering spirit n. 开拓精神 the key to success take place phr. 发生；举行 Great changes have taken place. used to do phr. 过去常常做 I used to go to school by bike. over the years phr. 多年来 China has changed a lot over the years. 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. How did you go to school when you were a student, Dad? → 询问过去做某事的方式（when引导时间状语从句） 2. When I was young, there were only a few buses, and they were always crowded. → when引导时间状语从句 + there be句型 3. In just over 40 years, Shenzhen... has developed from a fishing village into a top high-tech city. → develop from... into... 从……发展成为…… 4. Innovation lies at the heart of the city. → lie at the heart of... 是……的核心 5. It has risen to become an important centre for technology industries in the world. → rise to become... 崛起成为…… 6. Today, it is leading the move from "Made in China" to "Created in China". → lead the move from... to... 引领从……到……的转变 7. Since the late 1970s, Shenzhen has developed at an amazing speed and has become a symbol of China's development. → since + 时间点，主句用现在完成时 8. The city's pioneering spirit, together with the hard work and creativity of its citizens, is certainly the key to its success. → together with连接并列主语，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【现在完成时 Present Perfect Tense】 ▸ 构成：have/has + 过去分词 (p.p.) - 肯定：I/You/We/They have arrived. He/She/It has arrived. - 否定：have/has + not + p.p.（haven't / hasn't） - 疑问：Have/Has + 主语 + p.p.? ▸ 用法： ① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 → Transport has also improved a lot. ② 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态 → He's lived there since he finished college. ③ 表示到目前为止已经完成的动作次数 → I've only been there once. ▸ 规则动词过去分词变化： - 一般情况：+ ed（finish → finished） - 以e结尾：+ d（change → changed） - 辅音+y结尾：-y + ied（carry → carried） - 重读闭音节，双写尾字母+ed（stop → stopped） ▸ 常见不规则动词过去分词： come→come go→gone be→been have→had do→done see→seen find→found tell→told build→built fall→fallen Unit 2 Amazing China 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 ancient capital n. 古都 one of the ancient capitals of China the Bund n. 外滩（上海） visit the Bund Sun Moon Lake n. 日月潭 in Taiwan Kanas National Geopark n. 喀纳斯国家地质公园 in Xinjiang Hongcun Village n. 宏村 in Anhui Ocean Park n. 海洋公园 in Hong Kong the Potala Palace n. 布达拉宫 in Lhasa city wall n. 城墙 the best-protected city wall historic building n. 历史建筑 fantastic mountains and historic buildings Confucius Temple n. 孔庙/夫子庙 the highest educational body birthplace n. 发源地；出生地 the birthplace of Chinese culture dynasty n. 朝代 the seat of power of thirteen dynasties grotto n. 石窟 the Longmen Grottoes peony n. 牡丹 famous for its peonies must-see n. 必看景点 a must-see for any tourist well worth phr. 非常值得 well worth a visit date back to phr. 追溯到 dates back to the Tang Dynasty second to none phr. 首屈一指 the music scene is second to none a bit of everything phr. 应有尽有 this city has a bit of everything count down phr. 倒计时 count down to midnight 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. Have you been to Xinjiang, Millie? → Have you been to + 地点？（询问是否去过某地） 2. The colour of the water changes with the seasons and the weather. → change with... 随……变化 3. With all the trees around, the lake looks like a painting! → with + 名词 + 介词短语（with复合结构） 4. Nanjing, one of the ancient capitals of China, rests in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. → 同位语结构：one of... 作Nanjing的同位语 5. Rich in history and culture, Nanjing has long been a popular tourist attraction. → 形容词短语作状语（= Because it is rich in history...） 6. It is the best-protected and longest city wall in the world. → 形容词最高级 + 范围（in the world） 7. Why not take a boat trip along the nearby Qinhuai River at night? → Why not + 动词原形？（提建议） 8. It is one of the birthplaces of Chinese culture and used to be the seat of power of thirteen dynasties. → used to be... 过去曾经是…… 9. As the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, Xi'an is well worth a visit. → as 作为……；well worth + n./doing 非常值得…… 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【have/has been to 与 have/has gone to 的区别】 ▸ have/has been to + 地点：去过某地（已返回） → I've been there once.（我已经回来了） ▸ have/has gone to + 地点：去了某地（未返回，还在那里） → My dad has gone on a business trip.（爸爸还在出差） ▸ 【for 与 since 的用法】 - for + 时间段（表示持续多久） → My uncle has lived in Nanjing for years. - since + 时间点/从句（表示自从……以来） → He has been there since 1995. → I have not travelled anywhere since the beginning of this year. ▸ 注意：come, go, leave, buy, arrive 等瞬间动词 不能与 for/since 连用于肯定句，需转换为延续性表达： - leave → be away (from) - come/go/arrive → be in/at - marry → be married - borrow → keep - join → be in / be a member of - begin/start → be on Unit 3 The world at one click 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 at one click phr. 一键；点击一下 the world at one click online tour n. 在线游览 take an online tour website n. 网站 visit a travel website attraction n. 景点；吸引力 a popular tourist attraction the Sydney Opera House n. 悉尼歌剧院 in Australia Wulingyuan n. 武陵源 in Zhangjiajie, China Machu Picchu n. 马丘比丘 in Peru Yellowstone National Park n. 黄石国家公园 in the USA the Eiffel Tower n. 埃菲尔铁塔 in Paris, France the Pyramids of Giza n. 吉萨金字塔 in Egypt birthplace n. 发源地 the birthplace of the Beatles music scene n. 音乐界；音乐氛围 the music scene is second to none live music n. 现场音乐 enjoy live music football culture n. 足球文化 get a real taste of football culture museum n. 博物馆 the number of museums cultural building n. 文化建筑 museums and cultural buildings Times Square n. 时代广场 in New York Central Park n. 中央公园 in New York count down phr. 倒计时 count down to midnight glass ball n. 玻璃球 watch a huge glass ball drop a bit of everything phr. 应有尽有 this city has a bit of everything second to none phr. 首屈一指 the music scene is second to none truly adv. 真正地 truly the biggest city doubt n./v. 怀疑 there is no doubt that... without doubt phr. 毫无疑问 without doubt, a popular event 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. The internet enables us to learn about the outside world without leaving home. → enable sb to do sth. 使某人能够做某事 → without + doing sth. 没有做某事 2. Let's explore places around the world through online tours and share our findings. → let's + 动词原形（提建议） → through + 名词（通过某种方式） 3. A visit to this lively city is a must if you love music, sport and culture. → a must 必须做的事；必备之物 → if 引导条件状语从句 4. As the birthplace of the famous pop band, the Beatles, the city has always had a special place in British music history. → as 作为……（介词） → have a special place in... 在……中有特殊地位 5. Today, the music scene in Liverpool is still second to none. → second to none 首屈一指；无与伦比 6. As for the number of museums and cultural buildings, guess what? → as for... 至于……；关于…… → guess what? 你猜怎么着？（口语表达） 7. Liverpool only comes after London in the UK. → come after... 仅次于……；排在……之后 8. From famous buildings and bridges to museums and theatres to malls and restaurants, there is no doubt this city has a bit of everything. → from... to... to... 从……到……到…… → there is no doubt (that)... 毫无疑问…… 9. It is big, busy and bright. → 形容词并列描述（注意顺序：大小→状态→特征） 10. Every year, thousands of people come here on New Year's Eve. → on New Year's Eve 在新年夜（具体某天用on） 11. It is fun counting down to midnight and watching a huge glass ball drop from the sky! → It is fun doing sth. 做某事很有趣 → count down to... 倒计时到…… 12. This has been a tradition since 1907. → since + 年份，主句用现在完成时 13. A trip to New York would not be complete without a walk through Central Park. → would not be complete without... 没有……就不完整 → a walk through... 穿过……的散步 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【一般过去时 vs 现在完成时 Simple Past vs Present Perfect】 ▸ 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense） 【用法】表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，与现在无关 【标志词】yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020, the other day, just now 【例句】My family moved to Liverpool two years ago. Dad went to China last month. ▸ 现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense） 【用法①】过去发生的动作对现在造成影响 → Dad has just gone to work.（现在不在家） 【用法②】从过去持续到现在的动作或状态 → We've lived in a small flat since we arrived.（现在还住着） 【用法③】到目前为止完成的动作次数 → He's been to China three times so far. 【标志词】already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for, so far, up to now ▸ 对比例句： 一般过去时：He went to Beijing last year.（去年去过，现在不在北京） 现在完成时：He has gone to Beijing.（去了北京，现在还在那里） 现在完成时：He has been to Beijing.（去过北京，已经回来了） ▸ 时间轴图解： 一般过去时：●———————（过去某点，已结束） 现在完成时：●═══════════►（从过去延续到现在） Unit 4 A good read 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 recommend v. 推荐 recommend a book to sb novel n. 小说 write a novel classic n./adj. 经典作品；经典的 a classic novel adventure n. 冒险 an adventure story detective n./adj. 侦探；侦探的 a detective story science fiction n. 科幻小说 read science fiction fairy tale n. 童话 a fairy tale for children biography n. 传记 the biography of... autobiography n. 自传 write an autobiography author n. 作者 the author of the book writer n. 作家 a famous writer character n. 人物；角色 the main character hero n. 男主角；英雄 the hero of the story heroine n. 女主角 the heroine of the novel plot n. 情节 an exciting plot setting n. 背景；场景 the setting of the story theme n. 主题 the theme of love and friendship review n./v. 评论；书评 write a book review chapter n. 章节 Chapter One page-turner n. 引人入胜的书 The book is a real page-turner. can't put down phr. 爱不释手 I can't put it down. be based on phr. 以……为基础 based on a true story take place phr. 发生 The story takes place in... come out phr. 出版；发行 The book came out in 2020. in one's spare time phr. 在某人的空闲时间 read books in my spare time learn from phr. 向……学习；从……中学习 learn from the characters open one's mind phr. 开阔某人的眼界 Reading opens my mind. question word + to-infinitive n. 疑问词+不定式 what to read, how to do it must modal v. 必须 You must read this book. have to modal v. 不得不 I have to finish my homework. 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. I'm thinking about what to read next. → 疑问词 + to do（what to read / how to do / where to go） 2. Can you recommend a good book to me? → recommend sth. to sb. 向某人推荐某物 3. What kind of books do you like? → What kind of... 询问种类 4. I prefer detective stories because they are exciting. → prefer + n. 更喜欢…… → prefer... because... 表达偏好及原因 5. The story is set in London in the 19th century. → be set in... 以……为背景 6. It tells the story of a young man who goes on an amazing journey. → tell the story of... 讲述……的故事 → who 引导定语从句，修饰 a young man 7. I couldn't stop reading it until I finished it. → couldn't stop doing sth. 忍不住做某事 → not... until... 直到……才…… 8. The book is so interesting that I read it in one day. → so + adj. + that... 如此……以至于…… 9. I think everyone should read it. → I think (that) + 宾语从句 10. Reading helps me learn about different cultures and opens my mind. → 动名词作主语（Reading helps...） → help sb (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 11. I have learned a lot from the main character. → learn from... 从……中学习 12. You must read this book! → must 表示必须（主观看法） 13. I have to return the book to the library tomorrow. → have to 表示不得不（客观需要） 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【疑问词 + 不定式 Question words + to-infinitive】 ▸ 结构：疑问词（what, which, how, where, when, who）+ to do ▸ 用法：相当于一个宾语从句的简化形式 → I don't know what to read. = I don't know what I should read. ▸ 常见搭配： - what to do / what to read / what to choose - how to do it / how to get there - where to go / where to find it - when to start / when to leave - which one to buy / which book to choose - who to ask / who to talk to ▸ 注意：why 后不接 to do，接 do → Why not read this book? → Why do it this way? 【must 与 have to 的区别】 ▸ must（必须）—— 表示主观看法、义务或强烈建议 → You must read this book.（说话人认为有必要） → We must protect the environment.（主观责任） → Must I finish it today?（疑问句） → No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.（否定回答） Yes, you must.（肯定回答） ▸ have to（不得不）—— 表示客观需要或外界强制 → I have to go now.（客观条件迫使） → She has to wear glasses because of her poor eyesight. → Do you have to leave so soon? → No, I don't have to. ▸ 对比例句： I must stop smoking.（我自己认为必须戒） I have to stop smoking because of my illness.（因病不得不戒） ▸ 时态变化： must 无变化，have to 有各种时态 → will have to / had to / have had to Module 2 A better world Unit 5 Good manners 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 manners n. 礼仪；礼貌 good/bad manners polite adj. 有礼貌的 It is polite to... impolite adj. 不礼貌的 It is impolite to... rude adj. 粗鲁的 be rude to sb behave v. 表现；举止 behave well/badly behaviour n. 行为 good behaviour queue v./n. 排队 queue up / jump the queue push in phr. 插队 It is rude to push in. litter v./n. 乱扔垃圾；垃圾 drop litter everywhere drop v. 丢弃 drop rubbish offer v. 主动提出；提供 offer one's seat to sb elderly adj. 上了年纪的 the elderly（老年人，复数概念） pregnant adj. 怀孕的 a pregnant woman in public phr. 在公共场合 behave well in public keep one's voice down phr. 压低声音 Please keep your voice down. wait one's turn phr. 排队等候 wait your turn patiently say sorry phr. 道歉 remember to say sorry shake hands phr. 握手 shake hands with sb bow v./n. 鞠躬 bow to sb kiss v./n. 亲吻 kiss sb on the cheek greet v. 问候；打招呼 greet sb with a smile custom n. 风俗；习惯 different customs tradition n. 传统 follow the tradition 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. → 入乡随俗（谚语） 2. It is polite/impolite to do sth. → 做某事是有礼貌的/不礼貌的（it作形式主语） → It is polite to offer your seat to the elderly. 3. Remember to do sth. / Don't forget to do sth. → 记得做某事 / 别忘了做某事 4. You should/shouldn't do sth. → 你应该/不应该做某事（提建议） 5. We'd better (not) do sth. → 我们最好（不）做某事 6. It is + adj. + for sb + to do sth. → 对某人来说做某事是……的 → It is important for us to learn good manners. 7. enough + n. / adj./adv. + enough → 足够的…… / 足够…… → We have enough time. / The room is big enough. 8. too + adj./adv. + to do sth. → 太……而不能做某事 → He is too young to go to school. 9. too ... to ... 与 enough to ... 的转换 → He is too short to reach the shelf. = He is not tall enough to reach the shelf. 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【enough 与 too 的用法】 ▸ enough 的用法： ① enough + 名词（enough 作形容词，置于名词前） → We have enough money to buy the book. ② 形容词/副词 + enough（enough 作副词，置于形容词/副词后） → The boy is old enough to look after himself. ▸ too ... to ... 结构： too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth. → 太……而不能做某事（否定含义） → The box is too heavy for me to carry. ▸ 转换练习： too young to go to school = not old enough to go to school ▸ It is + adj. + for sb + to do sth. → It is necessary for us to learn about different customs. → It is rude to push in when others are waiting. Unit 6 Sunshine for all 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 volunteer v./n. 自愿做；志愿者 volunteer to do sth experience n. 经历；经验 a volunteering experience community n. 社区 in the local community disabled adj. 残疾的 the disabled（残疾人，复数概念） blind adj. 盲的 the blind deaf adj. 聋的 the deaf elderly adj. 上了年纪的 care for the elderly lonely adj. 孤独的 feel lonely cheer up phr. 使振作起来 cheer up the sick children raise money phr. 筹款 raise money for charity donate v. 捐赠 donate money/sth to sb collect v. 收集；募集 collect old clothes distribute v. 分发 distribute sth to sb meaningful adj. 有意义的 a meaningful experience satisfaction n. 满足感 get satisfaction from... give a helping hand phr. 伸出援助之手 give a helping hand to sb in need phr. 在困难中；需要帮助 people in need take part in phr. 参加 take part in volunteer activities care for phr. 照顾；关心 care for the elderly provide sth for sb phr. 为某人提供某物 provide help for people in need 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. It is + adj. + of sb + to do sth. → 某人做某事真是……（形容词描述人的品质） → It is kind of you to help me. 2. It is + adj. + for sb + to do sth. → 对某人来说做某事是……的（形容词描述事情的性质） → It is important for us to help people in need. 3. I spent some time (in) doing sth / on sth. → 我花费时间做某事 4. I got satisfaction from doing sth. → 我从做某事中获得满足感 5. I think it meaningful to do sth. → 我认为做某事是有意义的（it作形式宾语） 6. We should do what we can to help sb. → 我们应该尽我们所能去帮助某人 7. I plan to / I'd like to / I want to + do sth. → 表达计划和意愿 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【It is + adj. + of/for sb + to do sth.】 ▸ 用 of 的情况（形容词描述人的性格、品质）： kind, nice, good, clever, foolish, careless, polite, rude... → It is kind of you to help the old man. → It was foolish of him to do that. ▸ 用 for 的情况（形容词描述事情的性质）： important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, dangerous... → It is important for us to protect the environment. → It is dangerous for children to play in the street. ▸ 区别： It is kind of you. = You are kind.（形容词可作表语修饰人） It is important for you. ≠ You are important.（形容词不能修饰人） Unit 7 Charities 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 charity n. 慈善机构；慈善事业 raise money for charity UNICEF n. 联合国儿童基金会 work for UNICEF ORBIS n. 奥比斯（国际慈善机构） an ORBIS doctor patient n. 病人 treat patients treat v. 治疗；对待 treat eye problems operate v. 做手术；操作 operate on sb operation n. 手术 have an operation medicine n. 药；医学 take medicine medical adj. 医学的；医疗的 medical treatment training n. 培训 receive training local adj. 当地的 local doctors and nurses carry on phr. 继续 carry on with the work set up phr. 建立；创立 set up a charity be proud of phr. 为……感到骄傲 be proud of one's work make a difference phr. 有影响；起作用 make a difference to sb's life thanks to phr. 多亏；由于 thanks to the doctor's help because of phr. 因为；由于 because of the bad weather instead of phr. 代替；而不是 use email instead of letters passive voice n. 被动语态 in the simple present/past tenses 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. Dr Ma is used to working without a rest. → be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 2. He doesn't mind working long hours. → mind doing sth. 介意做某事 3. He is proud of his work because it helps people see again. → be proud of... 为……感到骄傲 4. Many patients are too poor to pay for the operations. → too... to... 太……而不能…… 5. ORBIS doctors are helped by nurses and local doctors. → 被动语态：be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者 6. Most operations are performed with the help of modern medicine. → be performed 被执行（被动语态） 7. Thanks to ORBIS, many people can see again. → Thanks to... 多亏…… 8. We should support their work by sending donations to ORBIS. → by + doing sth. 通过做某事（方式状语） 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【被动语态 Passive Voice（一般现在时和一般过去时）】 ▸ 构成：be + 过去分词 (p.p.) ▸ 一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are + p.p. → Many patients are treated by ORBIS doctors. → The charity is supported by people all over the world. ▸ 一般过去时的被动语态：was/were + p.p. → The hospital was set up in 1982. → Many blind people were helped last year. ▸ 主动语态变被动语态的方法： ① 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 ② 把谓语动词变为 "be + 过去分词"（时态与主动语态一致） ③ 把主动语态的主语变为 by 的宾语（可省略） 主动：ORBIS doctors treat many patients. 被动：Many patients are treated by ORBIS doctors. ▸ 常见被动语态句型： → sth. be made in + 地点（某物产于某地） → sth. be used for + doing（某物被用来做某事） → sth. be given to sb（某物被给予某人） Unit 8 A green world 一、重点词汇（Vocabulary） 单词/短语 词性/含义 例句/搭配 pollution n. 污染 air/water/noise pollution pollute v. 污染 pollute the river waste n./v. 废弃物；浪费 produce waste / waste water recycle v. 回收利用 recycle paper and glass reduce v. 减少 reduce air pollution reuse v. 再利用 reuse old things separate v. 分开；分类 separate waste into different groups environment n. 环境 protect the environment environmental adj. 环境的 environmental problems harm n./v. 伤害 do harm to... / be harmful to... cause v./n. 导致；原因 cause serious problems solve v. 解决 solve the problem action n. 行动 take action to do sth government n. 政府 the local government law n. 法律 make laws to protect... fine n./v. 罚款 be fined for doing sth plastic n./adj. 塑料；塑料的 plastic bags sort v./n. 分类；种类 sort rubbish step n. 步骤；措施 take steps to do sth make a difference phr. 有影响 Everyone can make a difference. in order to phr. 为了 in order to protect the environment 二、重点句式（Key Sentence Patterns） 1. We produce waste every day, and it does harm to our environment. → do harm to... = be harmful to... 对……有害 2. If we don't take action, there will be more pollution. → if 引导条件状语从句（主将从现） 3. We should separate waste into different groups so that it can be recycled. → so that 引导目的状语从句（为了……） 4. In order to reduce waste, we should use both sides of paper. → in order to do sth. 为了做某事（表目的） 5. Laws have been made to protect the environment. → 现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been + p.p. 6. People who break the laws should be fined. → who 引导定语从句；被动语态：should be + p.p. 7. It is our duty to protect the environment. → It is one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的职责 8. Small steps can make a big difference. → make a difference 有影响；起作用 三、语法重点（Grammar Focus） 【被动语态 Passive Voice（一般将来时）】 ▸ 一般将来时的被动语态：will be + 过去分词 → More trees will be planted next year. → The problem will be solved soon. ▸ 情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/should + be + p.p. → Waste should be separated into different groups. → Laws must be made to protect the environment. ▸ 现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been + p.p. → Laws have been made to protect the environment. → Much progress has been made so far. ▸ 被动语态中 by 短语的使用： - 动作执行者明确且重要时，用 by 短语 - 动作执行者不明确或不重要时，省略 by 短语 附录：全书语法体系总结 一、时态总结（Tenses） 1. 现在完成时 Present Perfect Tense 【构成】have/has + 过去分词 【用法】 ① 过去发生的动作对现在造成影响 → I have lost my key. (现在进不了门) ② 从过去持续到现在的动作或状态 → He has lived here since 2010. (现在还住在这里) ③ 到目前为止完成的动作次数 → I have been to Beijing three times. 【标志词】already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for, so far, up to now, in the past/last few years, over the years 【have been to / have gone to 区别】 - have been to: 去过某地（已回） - have gone to: 去了某地（未回） 2. 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时 【一般过去时】 - 表示过去某个时间发生的动作（与现在无关） - 标志词：yesterday, last week, ago, in 2020, the other day → He went to Shanghai last month. (现在已不在上海或不确定) 【现在完成时】 - 表示过去动作与现在的联系 - 标志词：already, yet, since, for, so far → He has gone to Shanghai. (现在还在上海) → He has been to Shanghai three times. (经验) 【对比例句】 I lived in Beijing for 3 years. (现在已不在北京) I have lived in Beijing for 3 years. (现在仍在北京) 3. 被动语态 Passive Voice 【构成】be + 过去分词 (时态变化体现在 be 动词上) 【各时态被动语态】 一般现在时：am/is/are + p.p. → English is spoken all over the world. 一般过去时：was/were + p.p. → The bridge was built in 1990. 一般将来时：will be + p.p. → The problem will be solved soon. 现在完成时：have/has been + p.p. → The work has been finished. 情态动词：can/may/must/should + be + p.p. → The book should be returned on time. 【主动变被动步骤】 ① 宾语变主语 ② 谓语变 be + p.p. ③ 主语变 by 宾语（可省） 二、重点句型结构（Sentence Patterns） 1. It is + adj. + for sb + to do sth. → It is important for us to learn English well. 2. It is + adj. + of sb + to do sth. → It is kind of you to help me. 3. too + adj./adv. + to do sth. → He is too young to go to school. 4. adj./adv. + enough + to do sth. → He is old enough to go to school. 5. so that / in order to（表目的） → He got up early so that he could catch the bus. → He got up early in order to catch the bus. 6. used to do sth.（过去常常） → I used to walk to school. 7. be used to doing sth.（习惯于） → I am used to getting up early. 8. be used to do sth.（被用来做） → Knives are used to cut things. 9. mind doing sth.（介意做某事） → Would you mind opening the window? 10. by + doing sth.（通过某种方式） → We learn English by listening to tapes. 11. 疑问词 + to do → I don't know what to read. 12. must / have to → You must read this.（主观必须） → I have to go now.（客观不得不） 三、易混淆词汇辨析（Confusable Words） 词汇 含义/用法 例句 alone / lonely alone独自（客观）；lonely孤独（主观情感） He lives alone but never feels lonely. elder / older elder年长的（仅作定语，用于家人）；older更老的 my elder brother / He is older than me. raise / rise raise举起；筹集（及物）；rise上升（不及物） raise money / The sun rises. take / spend / cost / pay 主语不同：人spend/pay；物cost/take I spent 10 yuan. / It cost me 10 yuan. borrow / lend borrow借入；lend借出 borrow from / lend to except / besides except除……之外（不包括）；besides除……还（包括） All except Tom. / Besides Tom, ... because / because of because+从句；because of+名词/代词/动名词 because it rained / because of the rain used to / be used to used to do过去常常；be used to doing习惯于 I used to swim. / I am used to swimming. must / have to must主观必须；have to客观不得不 You must try. / I have to leave. for / since for+时间段；since+时间点/从句 for 3 years / since 2020 四、写作常用表达（Writing Expressions） 【描述变化】 - Great changes have taken place in... over the last... years. - In the past, there were..., but now... - Back then, people..., but today... - Many years ago,... Today, however,... 【描述地点】 - ... is a popular attraction for visitors from home and abroad. - ... is well worth a visit. - ... is famous/known for... - ... dates back to... 【表达观点】 - In my opinion, ... - I think/believe (that)... - It is important/necessary for us to... 【提建议】 - We should/shouldn't... - We'd better (not)... - Why not...? / Why don't you...? - Remember to... / Don't forget to... 【文章结构连接词】 - 首先：First(ly), To begin with, - 其次：Second(ly), Besides, Moreover, What's more, - 最后：Finally, Last but not least, - 总结：In conclusion, All in all, In short, 第 1 页 共 34 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $