题型二 阅读理解 四、议论文-【真题分类卷】备战2026中考英语专题分类卷

四、议论文 Passage1(2025·北京)【社会热点】 People are talking a lot about artificial intelligence(Al),viewing it as a force that could reshape how society works.But there is something important missing from this discussion.It isn't enough to ask how it will change us.We also need to understand how we shape AI and what it can tell us about ourselves. Every AI model we develop mirrors our rules and expresses our beliefs.A few years ago,while looking for new workers,a famous company gave up an Al-powered tool after finding it unfavorable to women.The AI was not designed to behave this way;instead,it was influenced by the historical data (favoring men.Similarly,a recent study found that lending algorithms (often offer less favorable terms to colored people,worsening long-standing unfairness in money-lending business.In both cases,AI isn't creating new biases( )it is mirroring the ones that are already present. These reflections()give us an important chance to take a close look at ourselves.By making these problems seen and more pressing,AI challenges us to recognize and address what causes algorithmic bias.As AI continues to develop,we must ask ourselves how we as average people want to shape its role in society.We should not only improve AI models,but also make sure that AI is developed and used responsibly. A number of companies are already taking action.They are judging the data,rules,and beliefs that shape the behavior of AI models.Still, we cannot expect the companies to do all the work.As long as AI is trained on human data,it will reflect human behavior.That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world.I may value privacy,but if I give it up in a heartbeat to visit a website,the algorithms may make a very different judgment of what I really want and what is good for me.If I want meaningful human connections yet spend more time on social media and less time in the physical company of my friends,I am indirectly training AI models about the true nature of humanity. As AI becomes more powerful,we need to take increasing care to read our principles()into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge.Recognizing this allows us to make better decisions,but only when we are prepared to look closely and take responsibility for what we see. ()l.【新考法·行文目的】Why does the writer introduce the two examples in Paragraph 2? A.To suggest a solution.B.To stress a difference. C.To challenge a practice.D.To support a viewpoint. （)2.What does the word“diverge”in the last paragraph most probably mean? A.Improve.B.Appear.C.Separate.D.Repeat. ()3.According to the passage,what is a good example of shaping AI responsibility? A.Guarding one's privacy against AI models. B.Being mindful of our feeds into AI models. C.Training algorithms to favor the latest data. D.Designing algorithms to deal with unfairness. ()4.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A.AI Isn't the Problem;We Are B.AI:A Tool to Reshape Our Society C.More Open Algorithms for Better AI? D.Building Trust in Human-AI Relationships Passage2(2025·淅江) ①Life is full of moments,but some are“special'”and stay in our hearts forever.For example,the first time you rode a bike alone,a friend's hug when you were sad,or in the evening talking with family. These moments aren't always big,but they change how we feel about ourselves and the world. 2Special moments are like treasures.We don't need to write them down-our hearts remember them.A teacher might praise a shy student's drawing,making the child feel important.A parent could bake cookies with you on a rainy day,filling the kitchen with laughter. Even strangers can create them:a barista who knows your coffee order, or a neighbor who helps carry groceries.These small acts stay in our minds because they make us feel loved. 3Businesses also use special moments.A cafe might play soft music and serve warm cookies on cold days to make customers feel welcome.A bookstore could hold story time for kids every weekend, turning a visit into a happy memory.An ice-cream shop lets customers decorate their own cones(冰激凌蛋筒)一seeing a child smile while adding something is a moment everyone remembers. 4In the end,special moments are everywhere.They don't need money or planning-just a little care.A kind word,a smile,or a small surprise can make life richer.So take time to enjoy these moments- they make life worth living. ()1.What does the passage say about special moments? A.They are always big and exciting. B.We can keep the special things in mind. C.We need to write them down to remember. D.They have nothing to do with how we feel. ()2.What does the ice-cream shop probably do according to the passage? A.Sells the cheapest ice-cream B.Closes early on weekends. C.Refuses to let kids enter. D.Creates ice-cream moments for guests. ()3.【新考法·篇章结构】Which is the structure of this passage? Q ② ① ②③ ③ ③ ④ ②③④ ④ A. B C D ()4.What is the passage mainly about? A.How to use the power of the moment. B.Why people forget small moments. C.When to plan big and exciting events. D.Where to find the most expensive treasures. Passage3(2025·安徽) Relationships with your siblings(兄弟姐妹)can help you practice social skills.Having a good relationship with them can help you communicate with other people,and understand other people's feelings. You can even learn things when you don't get on with your siblings. When you have argued with them,you have to work out how to be in the same space as them.As a result,you often learn how to accept differences.It is very useful in the outside world. It's completely normal that sometimes you and your sibling won't see eye to eye."Have a good think about why the two of you don't get on.Try to talk when you both cool down,"says Dr Owen,a researcher in how children develop."Tell them how you feel.You could say,'It really hurts me when you make jokes about me.'If the trouble carries on,talk to a trusted adult." All families are different.What if you don't have siblings?That doesn't mean you won't experience the advantages people get from having a brother or sister.There are ways to help only children develop these skills too. ()1.What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A.Advantages of having siblings. B.Causes of arguing with others. C.Practices of accepting differences. D.Ways of building relationships. ()2.What do the underlined words"see eye to eye"in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Joke with each other.B.Hear from each other. C.Agree with each other.D.Learn from each other. ()3.【新考法·推断文章后续发展】What will probably be talked about next? A.Why all families are different. B.When we can talk to a trusted adult. C.What is important for communication. D.How only children develop social skills. Passage4(2025·长春) DYou may wonder how you can find beauty in the place you've known so well.People usually think only by going to places far away can they feel that.In fact,what you need to do is to explore() with fresh eyes. 2Imagining yourself as a guide is a good way.Where will you suggest visitors go if they come to Changchun?You can find some good places by answering it.A good option is a museum of cars,where you can learn about the history of the car industry,and know the development of different brands of cars. 3To find changes in your city,you can look up some information online.You may find Beijing West Street,which is a new cultural landmark in Changchun.It has become a hot topic.It used to be a common street.The buildings there have been rebuilt.Many drama festivals,street art shows and fairs of cultural products are held.The minute you arrive,you will be shocked by a rush of fresh energy in the busy air. 4 Going somewhere in person and watching,you will get something unexpected.When you visit Jingyue National Forest Park, nature seems the only thing to enjoy.But surprisingly,you'll also find so many people doing different outdoor activities,like walking,riding and camping.The beautiful scenes of human and nature will be printed in your mind,inspiring you to try something fantastic in no time. 5Exploring your city in a different light,you can know more about its history,culture and development.You will fall in love with where you live hundreds of times with a pair of admiring eyes. ()1.How can people feel beauty in the place they've known well? A.By driving a car. B.By imagining the future. C.By drawing pictures. D.By learning about it with fresh eyes. ()2.What does the underlined word "option"in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Rule. B.Business.C.Choice.D.Sign. ()3.Where can people get the information about street art shows? A.In the park. B.On the Internet. C.In the museum. D.On the radio. （）4.【新考法·篇章结构】Which is the right structure of the passage? (①=Paragraph1②=Paragraph2,..) ①②③④ ① ① ①②③④ ②③④ ⑤ ②③④⑤ ⑤ A. B. C. D. ()5.What is probably the best title for this passage? A.Finding Beauty Around B.Walking in Changes C.Going Deep into Nature D.Turning Old Street New Passage5(2025·泰安)【社会热点】 Nowadays,some companies around the world are now offering humanoid(human-like)robots.They are being designed to look as human as possible.These products of technology are at the center of a debate(辩论)：Should they be made to look like humans or just like what they are-machines? Robots are playing an increasingly bigger role in our lives.In some countries,robots have been entertaining kids and helping the elderly. Some experts say robots will be more effective at such jobs if they look like humans.Research has shown that people feel closer to human-like robots.Also,human-like robots suit environments that are designed for humans.After all,the world is full of stairs(楼梯)，hallways,shelves at shoulder height and sightlines at eye level. But other experts say robots don't need to look like humans. Humanoid robots also have disadvantages.If robots look like us,we may expect them to act like us.However,they may make us disappointed because they can't always do that yet.For example,they can't laugh at the right moments during a conversation.Many people also find human-like robots scary. I think the human body is not the best design for many of the jobs we want robots to do.Just think of small,flat robot vacuums(真空吸尘 )They can go under a sofa to pick up the dust balls.Can human- like robots also do this?Even if robots can be made into human-like ones,why do we limit()them to two legs and two arms?Why not four and six so they can pick up the elderly or sick people comfortably? And that super intelligent Al almost certainly wouldn't pick one body design to carry its mind around in.Why limit computational capacity (算力)to what fits inside a single head? What's your opinion about robots'shapes? ()1.According to the second paragraph,the reasons why robots should be designed to look like humans include DPeople feel closer to humanoid robots. 2Robots are widely used in the industrial field. 3Humanoid robots can serve the people effectively. 4Humanoid robots can suit human environments. A.①②④B.①③④C.②③④D.①②③ ()2.Other experts don't agree that robots are designed to look like humans because humanoid robots A.cost a lot B.can't cry or laugh C.can't have conversations with humans D.can't always behave like us as we expect ()3.【新考法·观点态度】What's the writer's opinion according to the fourth paragraph? A.Robots can't be made to look like humans. B.Humanoid design is still the best choice for robots. C.A robot should be designed with more arms,legs and heads. D.The design of a robot's shape should depend on its use. ()4.What's the best title of this passage? A.The Development of Humanoid Robots B.A Debate about Improving the Services of Robots C.Should Robots Look like Humans? D.Different Robots,Different Services正确顺序为④-①-②-③。故选C。 3.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“researchers tested the method on different plastics and found it worked on polyester plastic only.That meant they didn't need to separate different kinds of plastics”可知，该方法 仅适用于聚酯塑料，因此无需分离其他塑料。故 选D。 4.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It's a leap towards a cleaner,.greener future..”可知，他们认为该 技术有助于实现更清洁、更环保的未来。故选B。 5.C【解析】标题归纳题。通读全文可知，全文围绕塑 料回收新技术及其环保意义展开，选项C“回收塑料， 共创清洁未来”最能全面概括文章核心。故选C。 Passage28(2025·乐山) 【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了新型智能灌溉系统 GrowStream通过与植物“对话”实现按需供水，从而大幅 节水并提醒人们珍惜资源。 1.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Many people are not sure how often or how much they need to water their plants.”可知，许多人不确定他们需要给植物浇 水的频率或量，故推知，他们很难发现植物是否缺水。 故选B。 2.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“When the holes detect these chemicals,they will open.The plants then get water from these holes.As the plants 'drink' enough water,they stop releasing these chemicals. 知，当这些孔检测到这些化学物质时，它们就会打开， 然后，植物从这些洞里吸收水分，当植物“喝”了足够 的水，它们会停止释放这些化学物质，可见系统通过 检测植物释放的化学物质量来控制供水。故选D。 3.A解析】代词指代题。根据画线词前“As the plants ‘dink’enough water'”可知，“they”指代上文提到的 “植物”。故选A。 4.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“This system can help save 45 to 50 percent more water than common watering systems.”可知，该系统可以比普通灌溉系统 节省45%至50%的水。故选C。 5.D【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We want itto‘talk'to people,too.It‘says’two things:The earth's natural resources are not so much,and we should take better care of the planet through new technology. 知，它“说”两件事：地球的自然资源并不多，我们应该 通过新技术更好地保护地球，所以新技术能帮助我们 更好地保护地球有限的自然资源。故选D。 四、议论文 Passage1(2025·北京) 【语篇解读】本文主要讨论了人工智能如何反映出人类 社会中的偏见和不公平现象，并强调人类在塑造AI时 需要承担的责任。文章通过具体案例说明A[并非独立 产生偏见，而是反映了人类社会已有的问题，并呼吁人 们通过自身行为来影响AI的发展方向。 1.D【解析】行文目的题。根据第二段中“n both cases,Al isn't creating new biases,it is mirroring the ones that are already present.”可知，作者认为AI并没 有创造新的偏见，而是反映了已经存在的偏见。第二 段中提到招聘时由AI驱动的工具对女性更不利，贷 款算法对有色人种更为不利，这两个例子印证了作者 的观点，是为了支持“AI反映人类社会偏见”这一观 点。故选D。 2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据上文“we need to take increasing care to read our principles into the record of our actions rather than..”可知，画线词的意思与上文 相反，因此diverge意为“分歧，背离”，与Separate表达 的意思相近。故选C。 3.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中“As long as AI is trained on human data,it will reflect human behavior.That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world..”可知， 只要AI是基于人类数据训练的，它就会反映人类行 为。这意味着我们必须认真思考我们在世界上留下 的足迹。作者认为人类应谨慎对待自身行为对AI的 影响，即“注意我们对AI模型的输入”。故选B。 4.A【解析】标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章核心观 点是AI并非问题的根源，而是人类社会偏见的反映， 因此人类需要为AI的发展负责。选项A“AI Isn'tthe Problem;We Are”最贴合主旨。故选A。 Passage2(2025·浙江) 【语篇解读】本文探讨了生活中“特殊时刻”的意义，这 些时刻往往看似微小却能在我们心中留下深刻印记。 l.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Our hearts remember them”和“These small acts stay in our minds'” 可知，我们将那些特别的事铭记于心。故选B。 2.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“An ice- cream shop lets customers decorate their own cones- seeing a child smile while adding something is a moment everyone remembers.”可知，冰激凌店让顾客装饰冰激 凌蛋筒，创造快乐记忆。故选D。 3.D【解析】篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段引入 主题：第二段和第三段从个人和企业角度阐述特殊时 刻；最后一段总结概括。故选D。 4.A【解析】主旨大意题。全文围绕“特殊瞬间”展开， 强调它们带给人的温暖和美好，并说明哪些场合和方 式会产生这样的瞬间，核心主旨即在于如何看待并善 用这种“瞬间的力量”。故选A。 Passage3(2025·安徽) 【语篇解读】本文主要探讨了与兄弟姐妹相处对社交能 力的积极影响，包括沟通技巧、情感理解及解决冲突的 能力培养，并指出独生子女也可通过其他方式获得类似 发展机会。 1.A【解析】段落大意题。根据第一段中“Relationships with your siblings can help you practice social skills." 知第一段开篇提出核心观点，即“和兄弟姐妹的关系 可以帮助你练习社交技巧”，随后通过好关系和坏关 系的具体例子，集中阐述拥有兄弟姐妹在沟通能力、 理解他人及接受差异等方面的优势。由此可知，第一 段主要介绍了拥有兄弟姐妹的好处。故选A。 2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在句“It's completely normal that sometimes you and your sibling won't see eye to eye.”和下文“Have a good think about why the two of you don't get on.Try to talk when you both cool down”可知，此处指兄弟姐妹间的不合，即出 现不同意对方看法的情况。因此see eye to eye意为 “同意彼此的看法”。故选C。 3.D【解析】推断文章后续发展题。根据第三段中 "There are ways to help only children develop these skills to0.”可知，文章结尾明确指向独生子女发展社交技 能的方法，预示下文将展开此话题。故选D。 Passage4(2025·长春) 【语篇解读】本文主要探讨了如何通过新的视角重新发 现身边熟悉地方的美。 l.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“In fact,what you need to do is to explore with fresh eyes.”可知，人们 需要用全新的视角去探索熟悉的地方才能感受到美。 故选D。 2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据上文“Where will you suggest visitors go if they come to Changchun?You can find some good places by answering it.”和画线词后“a museum of cars...”可知，作者建议以导游的视角推荐 游玩的地方，汽车博物馆是一个好的选择，因此 “option'”意为“选择”。故选C。 3.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“To find changes in your city,you can look up some information online...Many drama festivals,street art shows and fairs of cultural products are held.”可知，人们可以在网上获 取关于街头艺术表演的信息。故选B。 4.C【解析】篇章结构题。文章第一段提出主题 用新的视角发现身边的美；第二至四段分别通过想 象、查找信息和亲身经历三个具体方法展开论述；第 五段总结全文，强调通过不同视角探索城市能让人更 加热爱生活的地方。选项C与文章结构相符。故 选C。 5.A【解析】标题归纳题。文章围绕“如何发现身边熟 悉地方的美”展开，强调通过探索和新的视角感受城 市之美。选项A“Finding Beauty Around”最能概括文 章主旨。故选A。 Passage5(2025·泰安) 【语篇解读】本文主要针对机器人是否应该被设计得看 3 起来像人类所展开讨论。 1.B【解析】细节组合题。根据第二段中“Research has shown that people feel closer to human--like robots.”对应 ①，“Some experts say robots will be more effective at such jobs if they look like humans.”对应③和“Also, human-like robots suit environments that are designed for humans.”对应④可知，①③④符合。故选B。 2.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“If robots look like us,we may expect them to act like us.”可知，如果 机器人长得和我们一样，那么我们可能会期望它们的 行为也会和我们一样。故选D。 3.D【解析】观点态度题。根据第四段内容可知，作者 的核心观点是机器人形状的设计应该取决于它的用 途。故选D。 4.C【解析】标题归纳题。根据第一段中“Should they be made to look like humans or just like what they are- machines??”可知，本文主要针对机器人是否应该被设 计得看起来像人类展开讨论。故选C。 题型三 阅读还原 一、五选五 Passage1(2025·福建) 【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了如何开始一个爱好。 l.A【解析】根据下文“Here are some suggestions from experts..”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了如何开始 一个爱好。选项A“但我们从哪里开始呢？”符合语境。 2.C【解析】根据下文“An expert suggests asking yourself how you want an activity to make you feel.”可知，一位 专家建议问问自己，你希望一项活动给你带来什么样 的感受。选项C“问问自己：我想要什么感觉？”作为 小标题符合语境。 3.E【解析】根据下文“Wait for a while to find out if it's right for you.You can always do more later.”可知，不要 花费太长时间，要等一会儿，看看它是否适合你。选 项E“不要一次性在新爱好上花费过多时间。”符合 语境。 4.D【解析】根据上文“If you don't want to do that,.just stop.”可知，如果你不想那样做，就停下来，毕竞要从 爱好中得到快乐。选项D“你从爱好中获得乐趣，而 不是压力。”符合语境。 5.B【解析】根据上文“Also,consider going back to school.”可知，考虑回学校。故此处内容与学校相关。 选项B“查看大学的课程。”符合语境。 Passage2(2025·河南) 【语篇解读】本文主要是给出一些关于解决拖延的建议。 1.D【解析】根据上文“Between schoolwork,after-school activities and everyday worries,there are too many things you have to deal with every day.”可知，每天你需要处 理的事情实在是太多了，如果拖延下去，事情只会越