专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，江苏专用）八年级英语下学期

**基本信息** 初中英语说明文阅读理解汇编，精选江苏多地期末真题，涵盖志愿服务、环保、中华文化、科技等主题，素材真实鲜活，问题设计梯度分明。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|每题2分，每篇3-5题|社会热点（如MSF医生）、文化传承（如中国扇）、科技前沿（如AI应用）、环保（如塑料污染）|情境真实（如Time Bank项目），层次分明（细节题如志愿服务例子、推理题如AI文本判断、结构题如文章框架）|

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——志愿服务 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京玄武区·期末）①Have you ever noticed you feel better and happier after helping someone else? Volunteering isn’t just great for the people you support, it can boost your well-being too. Volunteers’ Week takes place every year from 1 to 7 June and is a good opportunity to find out how helping others makes you feel better. ②What is volunteering? Volunteering means giving your time, energy or skills without expecting anything in return. Millions of people around the country volunteer every year, and there are lots of ways you can join them, including raising money for charity, helping in your local community garden or park; or even carrying a neighbour’s shopping home. The theme for this year’s Volunteers’ Week is Celebrate and Inspire, which highlights all the different people who take part in volunteering and the many ways they do it. ③How is volunteering good for me? According to Susan Albers, a psychologist (an expert in thoughts and feelings), volunteering has been shown to reduce stress and make you feel better about your life. This is because being kind and doing things for other people activates the reward part of the brain and releases feel-good chemicals like dopamine and serotonin (多巴胺和血清素). ________, such as feeling part of a community, making friends and learning skills. ④How can I become a volunteer? There are lots of ways you can volunteer. Albers recommends finding something that is meaningful to you. If you love sport, then ask if your club needs help teaching younger players. If you’re passionate about protecting the environment, organize a litter pick or beach clean. You could also ask at your local library, community centre or school for volunteering opportunities. Make sure you check with a parent or carer before you start, and see if friends or family want to join in. Albers says involving family or friends can be “a great way to boost your mental health. It’s free. It’s an activity that everyone can do. It doesn’t require a lot of skills or time”. 1．Which of the following shows an example of volunteering? ①Daniel helps sort books, reshelve books, and guide readers at the local library. ②Simon sells handicrafts to raise enough money and buy his mother a birthday present. ③Suzy becomes a member of the school club and learns more about different manners. ④Mike and his friends help with sorting garbage and cleaning public areas at the community. A．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．③④ 2．Which of the following sentence can be put in the blank in paragraph ③? A．There are different ways of volunteering B．Volunteering has many other advantages too C．On the other hand, there may be some disadvantages too D．You should pay attention to many things when volunteering 3．Which picture best shows the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁宿城区·期末）Chris used to work in a hospital, but now this French doctor works in the office of MSF. However, Chris’ job can be very exciting and dangerous. Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders (国界). Since 1971, MSF has sent trained (培训过的) doctors all over the world to help people from disasters, such as wars and illnesses. Chris is a doctor from France who has traveled to many places to organize programs that help people. At the moment, over 27,000 trained doctors have taken part in MSF projects. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and, of course, they should face difficulties. Most of MSF’s work is in Africa. When MSF chooses a doctor for a task, they have to go for at least six months. When doctors have finished a few tasks, they might finish an emergency (紧急的) task following a disaster, such as an earthquake. But why would doctors leave a comfortable life and a good pay to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience they have is a great help in their life. What’s more, they need to keep an open mind and learn to get on well with the people they meet. One thing that they can say at the end of any task is that they have made a real difference to people’s lives. 1．The work of the doctors in MSF is ________. A．tiring and boring B．peaceful and comfortable C．happy and relaxing D．exciting and dangerous 2．As a volunteer doctor for MSF, he or she ________. A．worked as a doctor for about six months in the past B．is ready to work for a task anywhere for half a year C．has to finish an emergency task after a disaster in Africa D．will travel to many places to find more doctors to join in 3．Many doctors like to join MSF because they can ________. A．get a good pay B．have a comfortable life C．help others and get experience D．travel abroad with their families 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Chris is a doctor who has organized programs to help people. B．MSF received the Nobel Peace Prize for helping poor countries. C．MSF offers medical help to people who get ill or hurt in disasters. D．How do volunteer doctors get on well with the people they meet? Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏常州·期末）“This lady is in her 60s, lives alone and often needs help,” said Chen, 45, a volunteer of “Time Bank”. The government in Haikou, Hainan has run the Time Bank programme for 3 years to help make the life of local elderly people easier. Time Bank collects the daily needs of the old in communities and then posts the orders on a programme online. Volunteers then take the orders and offer the services (服务) to those in need. Each volunteer can get the “time currency (货币)” for every hour of voluntary service they offer. They can use the currency to ask for the voluntary services when they grow old themselves, or give away their currency to others in need of elderly care. Wu Meiling helps with the monthly activities of the programme. “Most of the elderly people on the programme are those who live alone, or those in poor health. But the volunteers come from all walks of life, such as teachers, doctors and workers,” said Wu. “Time Bank provides a chance for volunteers to get to know each other and learn new skills from others. By exchanging time and skills, members can develop the spirit (精神) of mutual aid, save costs and build stronger communities.” “However, the Time Bank programme needs more changes,” said Li Jinling, a leader of the programme. “Many elderly people do not know about the programme or do not know how to order it online. We’ll go on working hard to get more people interested in it.” 1．Why does the local government run the programme? A．To raise money for the old. B．To help the poor in the city. C．To improve the life of the old. D．To offer jobs to young people. 2．What can the volunteers use their “time currency” to do? A．Buy gifts in shops. B．Save money in banks. C．Pay for online courses. D．Get free voluntary services. 3．What does the underlined words “mutual aid” mean? A．Helping each other. B．Respecting old people. C．Protecting the environment D．Loving our country. 4．What’s mainly talked about in the last paragraph? A．The ways to invite volunteers to Time Bank. B．The problems Time Bank meets at present. C．The changes Time Bank has already made. D．The activities Time Bank plans to organize. 5．What is the writer’s purpose of writing the article? A．To ask people to be kind to the elderly. B．To teach people to make money by doing good. C．To recommend people to save joy in Time Bank. D．To help people know about Time Bank programme. 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏苏州昆山、太仓、常熟、张家港四市·期末）Have you ever heard of upcycling? It is a way of turning old or unnecessary things into something useful and often beautiful. Is it the same as recycling? Recycling usually takes old things, like paper and glass, and breaks them down to make a new product (产品). When you upcycle an item, you are probably doing something different. You can just refashion it. For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt. Also, the upcycled item is usually of the same, or even better quality. Upcycling isn’t a new idea. Some of the best examples of modern-day upcycling come from the old times. In those days, things were repurposed over and over until they were not useful any more. Upcycling is a way of life. Things shouldn’t be just thrown away when they can-be saved and turned into something useful. It’s clear that upcycling is greener. Upcycling only needs your own ideas and work, but recycling needs energy or water to break down things. Grace, a young woman from the UK, takes used tea bags and turns them into dresses, shoes and even hats. Every day she drinks some tea, then dries out the tea bags with the tea still in them. When they’re dry, she takes the tea out and puts the bags together to make an item of clothing. This can take a long time, but Grace has made lots of artworks. Making items from old things or buying upcycled products? Both are great for the environment and give you cool and useful things. Give it a try! 1．What does the underlined word “refashion” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Recycling useless things. B．Reusing things directly. C．Repairing broken things. D．Repurposing for a new use. 2．How is upcycling different from recycling? A．Upcycling is a greener way of life. B．Upcycling is more useful. C．Upcycling needs more energy. D．Upcycling is new to the world. 3．How did people in the past use things? A．They used things once, then threw them away. B．They reused things until they were useless. C．They only used expensive things. D．They always bought new things. 4．What can we learn from Grace’s story about upcycling? A．Only skilled people can do it. B．It needs new ideas and takes time. C．It is simpler than recycling. D．It needs some special tools. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To tell people the past and future of upcycling. B．To introduce the history of upcycling. C．To spread the habit of upcycling in the daily life. D．To make people know the importance of recycling. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京建邺区新城中学·期末）Around the world, people are more and more worried about the environment. Many people now prefer products and companies that care about the earth and cause less pollution. This need for green products has led large companies to change their business. Before, customers used cheap plastic bags, and then threw them away. But now most supermarkets and stores usually provide reusable shopping bags for them. This causes less waste. They also offer more local products, because less energy is needed for carrying them from one place to another. To help lower air pollution, big car factories are looking for other ways to control the amount of oil. Cars that use much less oil are very popular. Many companies are also developing fully electric cars. They produce no air pollution at all. Both kinds of cars have another advantage: They are cheaper to run and people don’t need to worry about oil prices. The airline companies face an even greater green challenge. Airplanes use much more oil than cars. So many airlines are now developing planes that can run on some other kinds of oil. They create less pollution and cost less. The companies are also developing a new kind of planes, and some of them use only solar panels (太阳能板) to fly! Green businesses used to be popular with only a small group of people. But now, more and more companies have to show they care about the environment. Many products are marked “green” in order to look nice. However, people still have to be careful when choosing green products. It’s important to make sure the products are as good as the businessmen say. 1．What does the word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Local products. B．Green products. C．Cheap plastic bags. D．Reusable shopping bags. 2．What are the advantages of electric cars according to the passage? a. Using cheap oil.        b. Making little noise. c. Running at low costs.        d. Producing no air pollution. A．a and b B．c and d C．a and d D．b and c 3．The last sentence of the passage is written to _________. A．show the green products are healthy B．encourage people to buy green products C．tell people to choose green products carefully D．explain the importance of the environment 4．Which is the right structure of the passage? (①= Paragraph 1  ②= Paragraph 2…) A． B． C． D． Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）When plastic was first made around 1870, people thought it was amazing and called it an “environmental hero”! It was light, long-lasting and cheap. It quickly replaced (取代) wood and other natural materials. Not surprisingly, plastic has now filled our lives, too. We can find it in bags, toothbrushes, mobile phones, houses... It certainly has thousands of uses. But slowly and silently, plastic has shown its dark side. Plastic waste has become a danger to sea animals. Some animals like whales eat it by mistake and die. The “hero” of the past now kills over 100,000 sea animals each year. By 2050, there could be even more plastic in the sea than fish. Plastic also causes problems on land. Birds’ wings get tied in plastic lines. Bears’ heads get stuck in plastic bins. Even humans are eating plastic waste! On average (平均来看), we eat five grams of plastic a week. That’s a whole bank card! Tiny pieces of plastic are found in the air. There is even plastic “snow” at the South and North Poles (南北极). On “Earth Plastic”, nowhere is safe from plastic. Moreover, getting free of plastic waste isn’t easy. It may take thousands of years to break down. So hiding the waste in the ground doesn’t help. Burning it also produces thick smoke and causes air pollution. Plastic is not just causing an environmental problem. It means life and death for humans and for the future of the Earth. Everyone knows there is only one Earth. So let’s live without plastic! 1．What did people think of plastic when it first appeared? A．It was a great material. B．It was bad for the environment. C．It was too heavy to use. D．It could be used for a short time. 2．What is the main idea of paragraphs 2~3? A．Sea animals can’t avoid eating plastic. B．There will be less plastic in the sea. C．Bears often look for food in plastic bins. D．Plastic waste harms the environment. 3．Why is it hard to get free of plastic waste? A．It takes a long time to break down. B．Hiding the waste needs much space. C．It costs the government too much money. D．Burning plastic causes water pollution. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce different uses of plastic. B．To ask people to stop using plastic. C．To explain why we need another Earth. D．To show plastic makes our life easier. 主题03 人与自我——中华文化 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁宿豫区·期末） Friends are important in our lives, but we sometimes have to separate from our friends. “A Farewell (告别) Song” is about saying goodbye to a friend. It is a famous poem by Wang Wei, a great poet, who lived in Tang Dynasty. He is good at writing poems and drawing. When talking about Wang Wei, people often say there are pictures in his poems and there are poems in his pictures. His poems are full of beauty and imagination. “No dust is raised on the road wet with morning rain”, “The willows (柳树) by the hotel look so fresh and green”, a picture of silence and peace gets into our eyes. After a morning rain in spring, the road, the willows and the hotel are completely different. The hotel looks green. The willows look fresh. Everything is nice, gentle and silent. Willow branches are considered as a typical symbol of farewell in China. In ancient times, Chinese people often used them as gifts when they said goodbye to their friends. “I invite you to drink a cup of wine again” is the poet’s warm and real way of not wanting to say goodbye to his friends. Having another drink together is like a symbol of their goodbye. Lastly, “West of the sunny pass no more friends will be seen” shows the feeling of being alone and missing someone. It also shows his sincere love and care for his friend. “A Farewell Song” creates a feeling of quiet sadness. It mixes beautiful pictures and human feelings to deeply express the common experience of saying goodbye. 1．Who is the writer of this poem? A．李白 B．王维 C．杜甫 D．陆游 2．When did Wang Wei’s friend leave? A．In spring. B．In summer. C．In autumn. D．In winter. 3．What is considered as a typical symbol of farewell? A．Wine. B．Willow. C．Rain. D．Dust. 4．What’s the feeling does the poet want to express for this poem? A．To show his joy before separating from his friends. B．To show his excitement after seeing his old friends. C．To show his sadness before farewell. D．To show his anger (愤怒) before farewell. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末） From different TV dramas or books, we can often hear titles like quanzi, taoli and kaimo. In fact, they are part of Chinese history and culture. In China, it’s a modest (谦虚的)way for Chinese parents to introduce their sons by calling quanzi while they use linglang to show respect for others’. Although their children are successful, they don’t usually talk about this in public. Instead, they try to play it down. This is similar to Hanshe that Chinese people may call their big houses. There is another Chinese expression taoli mantianxia, which means a teacher has lots of students across the country, like trees full of peaches and plums (桃和李). It comes from a story about Zizhi. As a teacher, Zizhi was kind and strict. He often pointed at the peach or plum trees in his yard to ask his students to work hard.“ You should try to be a successful person in your fields, just as the peach and plum trees,” he said. Keeping these words in mind, many of his students did as he said and made it. In Chinese, kaimo means “role model”. Both words have a “木” on their left side. People believe that kai and mo might be two kinds of trees in ancient China. It was said that there were many kai trees growing near Confucius’ tomb (孔子墓). These trees were so straight that they made people think of Confucius’ quality-straight and honest. The mo trees were said to grow near the tomb of the Duke of Zhou. The straightness and the leaves’ pure color of trees were like his wonderful quality. Since kai and mo trees grew near the tombs of two great people, kaimo was then used to stand for role models. 1．According to paragraph 2, Chinese play it down by ________. A．inviting friends to visit their Hanshe B．calling others’ sons linglang C．wanting their children to be successful D．calling their own sons quanzi 2．Taoli is used to refer to ________ from paragraph 3. A．peach and plum trees B．hard-working teachers C．flowers and fruit of trees D．successful students in their fields 3．What do kai and mo trees have in common (共同点) from the last paragraph? A．They are both straight. B．They have pure leaves. C．They are planted in the same place. D．Their names both have a “木”on the right side. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．It tells us how to be a good teacher like Zizhi. B．It shows us different ways Chinese people respect others. C．It introduces some Chinese words about history and culture. D．It explains why Chinese people like to plant trees near tombs. 5．Which is the right structure of this passage? A．①②/③④ B．①/②③④ C．①②③/④ D．①/②③/④ Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南通·期末） In summer, people wave their fans to keep cool. But the traditional Chinese fan is not just a tool for cooling down. It’s an important part of Chinese culture. The history of the Chinese fan dates back to over 3,000 years ago, around the time of the Shang Dynasty. One of the earliest known “fans” were named shanhan. They weren’t like the fans we see today. These were tied to a horse-drawn carriage (马车) to prevent the heat (热) of the sun and shelter passengers from the rain. The shanhan then developed into a long-handled fan called zhangshan. This type of fan was made of silk or bird feathers and was mainly used by the emperor’s honor guard (仪仗队) for decoration. It wasn’t until the Zhou Dynasty that people started using folding fans (折叠扇) to cool down. During the Han Dynasty, the fan became popular among common people. This was because more affordable bamboo fans had been invented. The popularity of these fans continued until the Tang and Song Dynasties. Around the same time, a new type of silk fan was also introduced. Loved by young women, the silk fans were round to resemble the moon. They were also called “round fans,” or  tuanshan. Later, this moon-shaped fan took on many other shapes. The ribs (扇骨) of these silk round fans were traditionally made from bamboo or animal bones. The handles were usually decorated with different designs. The main “face” of the fan was often hand-painted with calligraphy and scenes such as mountains or flowers. Folding fans were mainly made up of panels and ribs. For the ribs, people used different kinds of materials, including wood, bones and bamboo. The panels of the folding fan were usually made of paper, silk or other materials. They formed an empty space for artists to use as a canvas. Their calligraphy work and painted scenes added color to the fans. From the Song Dynasty on, fan painting became an art form of its own. Works of art featuring birds and flowers were popular among young women. Men, however, preferred fans decorated with calligraphy. Mythical creatures were also popular choices. Dragons were often painted onto men’s fans while ladies usually preferred phoenixes. 1．When were fans used to beat the heat? A．In the Tang Dynasty. B．In the Han Dynasty. C．In the Zhou Dynasty. D．In the Song Dynasty. 2．Why did fans become popular among common people? A．Cheaper bamboo fans were invented. B．People want to cool down in summer. C．More people learned to make fans. D．A new type of silk fan was invented. 3．What is the underlined word “resemble” in the third paragraph similar to? A．cut out B．look like C．turn into D．depend on 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Materials of Chinese Fans B．Importance of Chinese Fans C．Development of Chinese Fans D．History and Culture of Chinese Fans 主题04 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏连云港·期末）Scientists have found a new way to study the health of soil—by listening to it. They think their way could help people monitor (监测) and improve soil around the world. All living things — animals, insects, and even plants — make sounds, and by listening we can study those noises. The way has been used to watch bats, birds and sea animals. Scientists in Australia wanted to see if they could use listening to check how healthy soil was. Soil can be filled with many living things, and the greater the variety (多样性) of living things, the healthier the soil. For example, animals without backbones like ants and worms help nutrients (营养) and water pass through soil. However, the change of the environment and human activities have reduced the variety of living things in soil. “It’s very important to monitor the variety of living things in soil,” Robinson said. For the study, the scientists first put special microphones (麦克风) into the soil and then moved away and stood silently. Next, they collected many hours of recordings from the Mount Bold area of Australia. Finally, they took some to check soil health. The recordings showed the different sounds living things make underground. The study found that more different kinds of sounds suggested healthier soil. It also showed that listening is a good way to test soil health. It costs less and causes less loss than other ways, such as digging up soil and testing it. In the future, Robinson said, “Everyone can just buy their own little microphone and hear the sounds of soil.” 1．What did scientists in Australia want to use listening for? A．Checking the health of soil. B．Studying living things’ noises. C．Watching some living things. D．Making some animals’ sounds. 2．What can we learn about ants and worms from Paragraph 3? A．It’s necessary to monitor them. B．It’s natural for them to live in soil. C．They are helpful to the health of soil. D．They add to the variety of living things. 3．Paragraph 4 mainly talks about the study’s ________. A．steps B．tools C．result D．purpose 4．According to Robinson, what’s the future of listening to soil like? A．It will be used in other fields. B．It can be used by more people. C．It can dig up life underground. D．It will bring more living things. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁·期末）AI is shaking up the world now. It has been widely used in many different fields. AI in Communication Chatbots (聊天机器人), a kind of AI-driven tool, have become a necessary part of modern communication. They can understand and reply to users at once. Whether it’s on websites or mobile apps, chatbots can offer support in real time. Besides, AI users can control smart home tools through voice orders. AI is reshaping (重塑) the way we communicate in our daily lives. AI in Transportation AI makes a big difference to traffic. For example, some ride-sharing platforms (拼车平台) depend heavily on AI. They use AI to match passengers with drivers and provide better transportation services. And self-driving cars are a main example of AI’s use in transportation, too. With the help of AI, they can reduce accidents and help those unable to drive. AI in Education AI provides a smart way to education. It changes the way teachers teach and students learn. AI in classrooms can make teaching and learning more interesting, which helps students focus more on their studies. AI can also offer students support outside classrooms. For example, it can help with homework, answer questions, and provide explanations. By analyzing (分析) students’advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them. This can help students achieve their learning goals easier. All in all, AI is shaping and will continue to shape our everyday experiences. 1．How do the AI users control smart home tools? A．Through mobile phone. B．Through internet. C．Through website. D．Through voice orders. 2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Research on AI in transportation. B．Suggestions on AI in transportation. C．Problems of AI in transportation. D．Advantages of AI in transportation. 3．What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．New. B．Proper (合适的). C．Simple. D．Different. 4．Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the passage? A．①/②③④⑤ B．①/②③④/⑤ C．①②③④/⑤ D．①/②/③④⑤ Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Can a machine think? Can a computer answer questions in a human-like way? How can you tell if you are talking to a computer? New computer programs called language models have been very good at copying people. These artificial intelligence (AI) programs analyze (分析) millions of sentences from books and websites to learn hidden patterns in language. It’s exciting to see AI making realistic sentences. But there are also problems with AI-made texts. People have used AI-made texts to cheat on tests. We wanted to learn more about AI. So we called up 4,600 participants (参与者) for a study. We told the participants that they were using a website where some people wrote their own biographies (传记), and some people used AI to write theirs. Each participant rated (评分) 16 texts, half of which were AI-made. They then rated each text on a 5-point scale (评分等级) from “definitely (确定) AI” to “definitely human”. The participants were largely unable to tell whether they were people-made or AI-made. Their answers were wrong about 49% of the time. We found that people were following a few rules of thumb (经验规则). When people saw a meaningless or repetitive (重复的) text, they were more likely to say it came from AI. Truly, an AI text was more likely to have these qualities. But some rules of thumb gave wrong answers! People thought bad grammar and unusual word choices appeared in an AI text, but they were actually more likely to come from human-made text. And when people saw contractions (like “don’t” or “won’t”), they thought it was a sign of a human writer, but actually, AI was more likely to use such words. These are often wrong, which means that people are likely to be cheated. A person sends emails to people pretending (假装) to be someone you believe in. The email might say, “Hi, I work for your bank! You need to log in and fix something in your account.” With AI, the person could make different emails to try to pretend one that’s very believable. There is a lot of useful information online, and a lot of fun things, too. But there are also a lot of ways to get in trouble. We can never know who is on the other side when talking to someone on the Internet—it may not even be a human! That’s why it’s important not to just rely on (依赖) your feeling, but check the website URL and author information. If something seems strange, tell your parents or a responsible adult about it! 1．The researchers did the study to find out ________. A．who can write biographies faster, human or AI B．whether AI can answer questions in a human-like way C．which biographies were better, the human-made or the AI-made D．whether we can tell the human-made biographies from the AI-made 2．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Answers. B．Websites. C．Biographies. D．Participants. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Engineers are developing AI’s copying skills. B．The participants use a website to write their biographies. C．There are more wrong sentence structures in AI-made texts. D．AI-made texts are likely to choose the same words to express. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To compare (比较) AI’s writing with humans’. B．To study the reasons of the popularity of AI use. C．To improve our judgment (判断) online in the age of AI. D．To discuss the main characteristics (特征) of AI-made writing. 5．From the passage, we can infer (推断) that ________. A．AI language models will replace human writers in the future B．people are becoming more and more skilled at using AI C．AI-made texts are completely the same as human-made ones D．being careful is necessary when dealing with online information 主题01 人与自我——方法/策略 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Everyone may feel angry at any time. It’s a common feeling. Some people cry when they feel angry and some may shout. Unluckily, many of us have been used to hiding anger. A study suggests that this can have long-term bad influences on our health. Is it better to cry or break things whenever something makes us angry? The study points out that when we show our anger in this way, we can’t probably get on well with our friends or our family. The more time we keep being angry, the worse result we’ll get. So how can we deal with our feeling of anger in a right way? First, know what anger is. Anger is often caused by feelings of being too afraid, disappointment (失望) and so on. Also, care more about those everyday things that will make us angry. For example, we may get angry in a long line at the store. Take a step back and think that it isn’t personal. Everyone in the line has dinner to make, just like us. Then we’ll feel better. Another way of dealing with anger is to talk about it. The study has shown that if we name our feelings, we can slowly calm ourselves down. Besides, take a deep breath or find helpful exercise to do. Exercise helps deal with anger. Remember that how we act when we are angry can make things better or worse. If we learn to deal with anger, we will be happier and healthier. 1．How does the writer lead into the topic in Paragraph 2? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By giving an example. D．By using an old saying. 2．Which picture can show the relationship between anger and time? (x=the time you keep angry, y=the bad influences it will have) A． B． C． D． 3．Which can help deal with the feeling of anger according to the text? a. Taking some exercise.    b. Eating delicious food.    c. Talking about anger.    d. Taking a deep breath. A．abc. B．abd. C．acd. D．bcd. 4．What is the most suitable structure of the text? (P=Paragraph) A． B． C． D． 5．What’s the best title for the text? A．What Makes You Angry? B．Why Are You Angry? C．When to Deal with Anger? D．How to Deal with Anger? Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Is there anybody you dislike? Well, maybe you don’t really dislike them. But you get really angry every time you think of them. If you don’t let this anger (怒气) go, it can turn into bitterness (痛苦). Bitterness appears when we can’t forgive (原谅) someone who has hurt us or made us angry. Someone might say or do something that hurts us. But instead of controlling the anger, we keep it deep inside. Before long, a bitter feeling begins to grow. We may think we’re hurting that person by criticizing (指责) him or her often, but we’re really only hurting ourselves. Bitterness cannot only lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, but also hurt our relationships (关系) with friends and relatives. No one enjoys being around an angry person for very long. If you see bitterness in your life, here are some ways to deal with (处理) it. Accept it Instead of trying to deny (否认) your anger, make it clear to yourself and accept it. See your anger for what it is and quickly deal with it. Don’t make excuses for it any more You may feel you have a right to be angry. You may think you’re right and the other person is wrong. You may even secretly enjoy making the other person look bad. But in the end, bitterness hurts you much more than the other person. The bitterness will hold you back, and the other person will go on with his or her life. Forgive and forget it You probably can’t completely put the anger out of your mind. But you can decide to forgive the others. Forget it and move on. You’ll enjoy better health and peace of mind. 1．Where does bitterness come from according to the passage? A．Our health problems like heart disease. B．Our relationships with friends and relatives. C．The anger that lives deep inside our mind. D．The person who says something hurtful. 2．What does the underlined word “it” in the fourth paragraph mean? A．bitterness B．anger C．health D．excuse 3．Which is the best way to deal with the bitterness? A．Make the person who hurts us look bad. B．Hate the person who hurts us very often. C．Accept that you have the right to be angry. D．Forgive the person who hurts us and forget it. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．We should enjoy bitterness when we are angry. B．Bitterness is good for our relationships with others. C．Denying anger helps us deal with bitterness better. D．Letting go of anger can improve our physical and mental health. 5．What does the writer wants to tell us? A．How to stay away from others. B．How to deal with bitterness. C．How to accept the anger. D．How to forgive others. Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末） Most people who move to a foreign country may experience a period of time when they feel very homesick and have a lot of worries. This feeling is often called “culture shock (冲击)”. It is important to understand it and learn what to do with it if you want to adapt to your new home’s culture successfully. Generally speaking, there are four stages (阶段) that you will experience after you move to a foreign country. The first stage is usually called the “excitement” stage. When arriving in a new environment, you’ll be interested in the new culture. Everything will seem exciting and everyone will seem friendly. But it won’t be long before you move from the “excitement” stage to the second stage. The excitement you felt before changes to worries. It seems that everything is difficult. The language is hard to learn, friends are difficult to make, and even simple things like shopping have become a difficult problem. It is at this “stress” stage that you may feel worried and homesick: This is the stage which is called “culture shock”. However, culture shock doesn’t last for very long. If you are one of those who manage to get through it, you will move to the “recovery (恢复) stage”. At this stage, you start to understand and accept the way things are done and the way people behave in your new environment. The last stage is the “home” stage. This is the stage when you start to feel at home in the new culture. You start to learn from your new home and to like some ways of the new culture better. Culture shock is common. Everyone in a new situation will go through it. Continue to be brave! And getting through culture shock will be a piece of cake. 1．Among the four stages, which stage can explain how “culture shock” happen? A．The recovery stage. B．The stress stage. C．The excitement stage. D．The home stage. 2．What does the underlined word “adapt to” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．get used to B．get tired of C．have trouble with D．look forward to 3．Jane went to study in Germany for the first time last year. What might be the correct order according to the passage? ①Jane couldn’t understand German very well in class. ②After half a year’s hard work, Jane had no language problems. ③Everything in the college was so fresh. ④Jane enjoyed spending good time with her German friends. A．①②③④ B．③①②④ C．②④③① D．③①④② 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末）It appears that few young people read for fun these days in the UK. in a 2024 survey, almost one in four people aged 16-24 in the country said they didn’t read regularly. What does it mean? What kind of brain structure do good readers actually have? New research published in the journal Neuroimage studied data from more than 1,000 people. The result shows differences in two parts of the brain’s left temporal lobe (左颞叶), which sits behind the left ear. One is the lobe’s front part known as the temporal pole (颞极) that helps connect and sort different information. For example, to understand the word “leg”, this brain region links how legs look, feel, and move. In people who read well, the left temporal pole is thinner than the right. The other is the Heschl’s gyrus (赫氏回). There lies the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) that processes (处理) sounds. Reading is not only mainly a visual skill. To match letters with speech sounds, we first need to notice the sounds of the spoken language. This phonological awareness (语音意识) has been known to make children’s reading development possible. A thinner Heschl’s gyrus has been related to dyslexia, which makes reading very difficult. However, the difference in thickness isn’t just about dyslexia. It is also true that having a thicker auditory cortex is related to being better at reading. Clearly, the structure of the brain can tell us a lot about reading skills. But it’s important to know that the brain changes when we learn something new or practice a skill we have had. For example, for young adults who studied languages a lot, the thickness of brain areas related to language increased. Similarly, reading is likely to shape the structure of the left Heschl’s gyrus. It’s necessary to consider what might happen to us if less attention is paid to reading. In other words, that cozy moment with a book in your armchair may not just be personal. 1．What do we know about the study published in Neuroimage? A．It studied people aged 16-24 in the UK. B．It studied people with reading problems. C．It studied the ear structure of people who read. D．It studied the brains of a large number of people. 2．What does the temporal pole do in the brain? A．It links different body parts. B．It connects and sorts information C．It helps analyze words. D．It supports visual processing. 3．Why is the auditory cortex considered important for reading? A．It builds awareness of speech sounds. B．It controls how fast we read words. C．It supports building reading habits. D．It helps turn letters into images. 4．According to the study, what kind of structure may be found in a good reader’s brain? A．A thinner left temporal pole and a thicker auditory cortex. B．A thinner left temporal pole and a thinner auditory cortex. C．A thicker left temporal pole and a thicker auditory cortex. D．A thicker left temporal pole and a thinner auditory cortex. 5．Which of the following ideas does the result of the study support? A．Less attention should be paid to skills like reading B．The structure of the brain decides reading skills. C．Reading can change some parts of the brain. D．Language learning strengthens the brain. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Did you take part in any tree-planting activities this past March 12? Or maybe you went to check out the little tree you planted a few years ago? Standing beside it, you might have been amazed at how much it has changed. It’s really great to watch a tree grow year by year. Even the tallest ones of them grow from tiny seeds. Have you ever wondered how? A full-grown tree may drop hundreds or even thousands of seeds (种子) a year. Inside each seed is something called embryo (胚). Think of it as a small group of cells (细胞). These cells are ready to form roots, stem (茎), and first leaves. Once the covering around the seed gets wet, the embryo cells, which have been patiently waiting, suddenly come to life. They start to grow and break out. This is called germination. First, the roots develop and push out and down into the soil. This makes sure the new plant can get water from the soil. Then the stem grows up and makes the first leaves. As these leaves produce “food” in the sunlight, the plant gets the energy to grow more new leaves. Let’s imagine you drive a nail (钉子) into a tree at one meter above the ground. What will you see when you come back in ten years? The tree will be much taller, but the nail will still be only one meter above the ground. That’s because trees get taller by growing upwards from the top. At the same time, their trunk gets thicker by growing outwards. It is like the tree has two different ways of growing at the same time. The upward growth is like a race towards the sky, reaching for more sunlight, while the outward growth of the trunk is like adding more and more rings of protection and support. As trees get older, they continue to grow taller and thicker. Guess how tall the world’s tallest living tree is? Over 110 meters! That’s as tall as a 30-floor building! Isn’t it amazing? 1．Why does the writer use the example of driving a nail into a tree in Paragraph 4? A．To explain why people put nails in trees. B．To help readers understand how trees grow taller. C．To show that nails don’t stop trees from growing. D．To teach readers a way to record the growth of trees. 2．If a tree trunk gets thicker over time, what will happen to a metal ring (金属环) put around the bottom of the trunk after 10 years? A．The metal ring will go into the soil. B．The metal ring will be higher off the ground. C．The metal ring will move up and down along the trunk. D．The metal ring will stay at the same height but may embed (嵌入) in the tree. 3．Which one of the pictures show the stage of germination? A． B． C． D． 4．From the article, we can find the answer to the question “________” ①How do trees get water from the soil? ②Why does a nail in a tree trunk stay at the same height over time? ③How many seeds does a full-grown tree drop in its lifetime? ④How tall can the tallest trees in the world grow? ⑤How long does a seed take to grow leaves? A．①③④ B．①②③ C．②④⑤ D．①②④ 5．Which of the following best represents the structure of the passage? A．Tell stories→ List facts→ Give a warning B．Ask questions→ Explain steps→ Share a fact C．List problems→ Study reasons→ Offer advice D．Share→ experiences → Show examples→ Introduce features Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末） Fake news refers to false or misleading information that is shown as if it were true news. While fake news has many forms, it can be divided into two types: misinformation and disinformation. Misinformation is when false information is shared by someone who believes that information to be true. Normally it isn’t done on purpose. Disinformation is when misleading or even false information is shared to deceive others on purpose. There are lots of reasons why people share fake news. Often the person sharing it doesn’t realize that it’s fake. Sometimes it’s done to advertise a service or product, so that someone can make money. It could even be to make people laugh. False news can also be shared by someone who wants others to hear their own personal opinions and be affected by them. Still, fake news is shared to influence the opinions and beliefs of others about organizations and businesses. Fake news? Question it! To work out whether the “news” we are reading is fake, we can use our critical thinking (批判性思考) skills to ask ourselves the following questions. ● Is it a mistake or just a joke? People sometimes share information, believing that it’s true, because they don’t realize that it’s a joke. ① ● Are there lots of spelling and grammar mistakes? If yes, it’s a sign that no one is checking the content. This could mean that those writing the content are not professional writers or journalists and the news content is untrustworthy (不可靠的). ② ● Is the article advertising something? Sometimes a news article can influence us to buy something. Companies will often pay a news organization to talk about their product as if it’s “news” to encourage people to buy it. ③ ● Is the headline believable? Sensational (耸人听闻的) headlines encourage us to click on a story because they catch our attention. Some people get paid for every click, so before clicking, ask yourself, does the story sound made-up, or even impossible? ④ ● Is there bias (偏见)? Sometimes certain facts have been left out of a story because the writer wants the readers to believe it. Bias is an underlying (隐含的) opinion that guides our actions. See if you can fact-check the story with another news source if you’re unsure. When fake news causes stress or hurt to people, those who have helped spread it will say they were not to blame. However, sharing fake news is just like adding fuel (燃料) to a fire. If the false information doesn’t get shared, it doesn’t get seen and cannot achieve its purpose. When it comes to fake news, it’s not enough to not write something, we must refuse to share it, too. 1．What is the writing purpose of paragraph 1? A．To explain how to fight fake news. B．To ask questions about fake news. C．To express the writer’s mixed feelings. D．To introduce the topic of the passage. 2．The underlined word “deceive” in Paragraph 1 means to make someone ________. A．be guided by others B．be laughed at by others C．believe untrue things D．believe unknown things 3．Where can we put “It might even be April Fools’ Day”? A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 4．According to the passage, how can we work out whether the “news” we are reading is fake? A．By checking the story with another news source if we are not sure. B．By checking its writer to see if he or she is a famous writer or journalist. C．By paying a news organization which discusses the product to check if it is fake. D．By checking on it and then asking ourselves if the story sounds made-up or impossible. 5．In the last paragraph, why does the writer say “sharing fake news is just like adding fuel to a fire”? A．To express the writer’s surprise and worry. B．To explain why it is difficult to control a fire. C．To encourage more people to share fake news. D．To show sharing fake news makes the problem worse. 主题03 人与自然——航天与航空 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏无锡·期末）So far, China has successfully sent many satellites (卫星) and spaceships into space. Space scientists have been inspired (赋予灵感) by the old stories and ancient famous people when giving them names. Since thousands of years ago, Chinese people have dreamed of going to the moon. Chang’e Flies to the Moon is one of the most popular stories. As you can see, China’s first man-made satellite to the moon was named Chang’e I. More interestingly, the moon rover (探测器) was named after the Jade Rabbit, who is the partner of Chang’e in the story. These old stories carry people’s best wishes and dreams. With the development of science and technology, our scientists have made them come true. Kua Fu Runs After the Sun is another old folk story. Now, Kua Fu is going with the scientists to “visit” the sun, because we have a space project called Kua Fu Mission. Besides the ancient stories, space scientists also get ideas from ancient famous people. For example, Mozi, an ancient scientist, found that light travels in a straight line over 2,000 years ago. What he found made space study take a big step at that time. So, China’s first quantum (量子) science satellite was named Mozi, making China the first country in the world to achieve quantum communication between satellites and the ground. From such simple things as giving names to the satellites, we can see how great our traditional culture is and what influence (影响) it has on our modern science and technology. 1．How many old stories in China are mentioned in the passage? A．1. B．3. C．2. D．4. 2．Which is the right structure of the passage? (①= Paragraph 1 ②= Paragraph 2, …) A．①//②③④//⑤ B．①//②//③④⑤ C．①//②③④⑤ D．①//②③//④⑤ 3．What’s the writer’s main purpose of writing the passage? A．To spread traditional Chinese culture. B．To explain how our scientists develop the space industry. C．To introduce the achievements in our science and technology. D．To tell how traditional Chinese culture influences our space science. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）Are you looking for a special place for your holiday? How about having fun in space? Lucky for you. A US company is going to build a space hotel to give you a new choice! The Orbital Assembly Company, a science company in California, will start the work in 2025 and open the hotel in 2027. It will be able to hold about 400 people at the same time. The hotel will look like the London Eye, a large circle with 24 space pods (太空舱) around it. Each pod is 24 meters long and 12 meters wide. The company will plan everything for the tourists. The pods will be used for restaurants, sports halls, movie theaters, and so on. There will be space for people to grow vegetables for their daily use. Besides, there are even some rooms for people to buy. But the company hasn’t decided the price for them yet. The space hotel will allow you to enjoy 1/6 of the Earth’s gravity (重力). When you are there, something fun can really happen, like jumping higher, carrying heavier things, and playing basketball in a new way. “In the future, going to space will be another choice for holidays, just like going to Disneyland,” says the CEO of the company. “We are trying our best to build a dream place for more people to have fun.” Are you ready to try the space hotel? Let’s wait and see. 1．How does the writer begin the text? A．By telling stories. B．By giving facts. C．By using numbers. D．By asking questions. 2．According to the text, what can you do in the space hotel? ①Watch movies.    ②Do some sports.    ③Go fishing.    ④Enjoy delicious food. A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②④ 3．What does the word “them” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Pods. B．Vegetables. C．Rooms. D．People. 4．Which of the following is TRUE about the space hotel? A．It is big enough for 400 people to live in. B．People have to buy vegetables for daily use. C．It is fun to live there with 1/3 of the earth’s gravity. D．There will be some Disneyland parks in the hotel. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The Orbital Assembly Company. B．A new choice for holidays. C．Ways to enjoy sports in Space. D．How to grow vegetables in Space. Passage 3 （23-24九年级下·辽宁鞍山·阶段检测）Many people know that rubbish is a big problem on planet Earth. What many people don’t know is that junk (垃圾) has become a problem in outer space too. According to BBC News, there are more than 22,000 pieces of space junk floating around the earth.And these are just the things that we can see from the surface of the earth by telescopes (望远镜). There are also millions of smaller pieces of junk that we can’t see. Objects (物体), like bits of old space rockets or satellites, move around the planet at very high speeds. They are so fast that even a very small piece can break important satellites or become a danger to astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk crashed into a spaceship, it could damage the spaceship. To make things worse, when two objects in space crash, they break into many smaller pieces. For, example, when a U.S. satellite hit an old Russian rocket in 2009, it broke into more than 2,000 pieces , increasing the amount of space junk. To reduce additional space junk, countries have agreed that all new space tools can only stay in space for 25 years at most. Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth’s atmosphere (大气层) after that time. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, it will burn up. Many scientists are also suggesting different ways to clean up space junk. In England scientists are testing a metal net that can be fired into space junk. The net catches the junk and then pulls it into the earth’s atmosphere to burn up. The Germans are building robots that can collect pieces of space junk and bring them back to Earth to be safely destroyed. “The problem is becoming more challenging because we’re sending more objects into space to help people use their mobile phones and computers,” says Marco Castronuovo, an Italian space researcher. “The time to act is now. The longer we leave the problem, the bigger it will become,” he says. 1．What does the underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Telescopes. B．Satellites. C．Pieces of space junk. D．BBC News reports. 2．Why is space junk considered a problem? A．It burns up after it reenters the atmosphere. B．It often stops the view of telescopes on Earth. C．It could force (迫使) new space tools to travel at slower speeds D．It may crash into other space tools causing damage or death. 3．Countries want future space tools to be able to fall back into the earth’s atmosphere so that ________. A．the tools can be reused later B．the tools don’t become space junk C．the earth’s atmosphere can stay clean D．the effects of space flight can be studied 4．How do the Germans plan to deal with space junk? A．Catch it with nets. B．Use robots to collect it. C．Burn it ‘in the earth’s atmosphere. D．Send it further away from the earth. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——志愿服务 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京玄武区·期末）①Have you ever noticed you feel better and happier after helping someone else? Volunteering isn’t just great for the people you support, it can boost your well-being too. Volunteers’ Week takes place every year from 1 to 7 June and is a good opportunity to find out how helping others makes you feel better. ②What is volunteering? Volunteering means giving your time, energy or skills without expecting anything in return. Millions of people around the country volunteer every year, and there are lots of ways you can join them, including raising money for charity, helping in your local community garden or park; or even carrying a neighbour’s shopping home. The theme for this year’s Volunteers’ Week is Celebrate and Inspire, which highlights all the different people who take part in volunteering and the many ways they do it. ③How is volunteering good for me? According to Susan Albers, a psychologist (an expert in thoughts and feelings), volunteering has been shown to reduce stress and make you feel better about your life. This is because being kind and doing things for other people activates the reward part of the brain and releases feel-good chemicals like dopamine and serotonin (多巴胺和血清素). ________, such as feeling part of a community, making friends and learning skills. ④How can I become a volunteer? There are lots of ways you can volunteer. Albers recommends finding something that is meaningful to you. If you love sport, then ask if your club needs help teaching younger players. If you’re passionate about protecting the environment, organize a litter pick or beach clean. You could also ask at your local library, community centre or school for volunteering opportunities. Make sure you check with a parent or carer before you start, and see if friends or family want to join in. Albers says involving family or friends can be “a great way to boost your mental health. It’s free. It’s an activity that everyone can do. It doesn’t require a lot of skills or time”. 1．Which of the following shows an example of volunteering? ①Daniel helps sort books, reshelve books, and guide readers at the local library. ②Simon sells handicrafts to raise enough money and buy his mother a birthday present. ③Suzy becomes a member of the school club and learns more about different manners. ④Mike and his friends help with sorting garbage and cleaning public areas at the community. A．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．③④ 2．Which of the following sentence can be put in the blank in paragraph ③? A．There are different ways of volunteering B．Volunteering has many other advantages too C．On the other hand, there may be some disadvantages too D．You should pay attention to many things when volunteering 3．Which picture best shows the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了志愿服务的好处以及如何参与志愿服务。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Volunteering means giving your time, energy or skills without expecting anything in return.”可知，志愿服务是指无偿付出时间、精力或技能的行为。由此推知，丹尼尔在当地图书馆帮助分类书籍，重新上架书籍，并引导读者以及迈克和他的朋友在社区帮助分类垃圾和打扫公共区域都属于志愿服务。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“volunteering has been shown to reduce stress and make you feel better about your life...such as feeling part of a community, making friends and learning skills.”可知，空处之前提到志愿服务可以减轻压力，让人对生活感觉更好；空处之后列举了志愿服务的其他好处，因此，选项B“志愿服务还有许多其他好处”符合语境。故选B。 3．篇章结构题。第一段通过提问引出志愿服务的话题，并介绍了志愿周的时间和意义；第二段解释了志愿服务的定义和今年志愿周的主题；第三段阐述了志愿服务对个人的好处；第四段提供了成为志愿者的方法和建议。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁宿城区·期末）Chris used to work in a hospital, but now this French doctor works in the office of MSF. However, Chris’ job can be very exciting and dangerous. Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders (国界). Since 1971, MSF has sent trained (培训过的) doctors all over the world to help people from disasters, such as wars and illnesses. Chris is a doctor from France who has traveled to many places to organize programs that help people. At the moment, over 27,000 trained doctors have taken part in MSF projects. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and, of course, they should face difficulties. Most of MSF’s work is in Africa. When MSF chooses a doctor for a task, they have to go for at least six months. When doctors have finished a few tasks, they might finish an emergency (紧急的) task following a disaster, such as an earthquake. But why would doctors leave a comfortable life and a good pay to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience they have is a great help in their life. What’s more, they need to keep an open mind and learn to get on well with the people they meet. One thing that they can say at the end of any task is that they have made a real difference to people’s lives. 1．The work of the doctors in MSF is ________. A．tiring and boring B．peaceful and comfortable C．happy and relaxing D．exciting and dangerous 2．As a volunteer doctor for MSF, he or she ________. A．worked as a doctor for about six months in the past B．is ready to work for a task anywhere for half a year C．has to finish an emergency task after a disaster in Africa D．will travel to many places to find more doctors to join in 3．Many doctors like to join MSF because they can ________. A．get a good pay B．have a comfortable life C．help others and get experience D．travel abroad with their families 4．What is the main idea of this passage? A．Chris is a doctor who has organized programs to help people. B．MSF received the Nobel Peace Prize for helping poor countries. C．MSF offers medical help to people who get ill or hurt in disasters. D．How do volunteer doctors get on well with the people they meet? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了Chris在MSF的工作，以及MSF如何帮助世界各地的人们。 1．细节理解题。根据“However, Chris’ job can be very exciting and dangerous.”可知，Chris工作既令人兴奋又是危险的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“When MSF chooses a doctor for a task, they have to go for at least six months.”可知，当MSF为一项任务选择一名医生时，他们至少要待上6个月。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“According to Chris, the experience they have is a great help in their life. What’s more, they need to keep an open mind and learn to get on well with the people they meet. One thing that they can say at the end of any task is that they have made a real difference to people’s lives.”可知，他们能帮助他人同时也获得了经验。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了Chris在MSF的工作，以及MSF如何帮助世界各地的人们。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏常州·期末）“This lady is in her 60s, lives alone and often needs help,” said Chen, 45, a volunteer of “Time Bank”. The government in Haikou, Hainan has run the Time Bank programme for 3 years to help make the life of local elderly people easier. Time Bank collects the daily needs of the old in communities and then posts the orders on a programme online. Volunteers then take the orders and offer the services (服务) to those in need. Each volunteer can get the “time currency (货币)” for every hour of voluntary service they offer. They can use the currency to ask for the voluntary services when they grow old themselves, or give away their currency to others in need of elderly care. Wu Meiling helps with the monthly activities of the programme. “Most of the elderly people on the programme are those who live alone, or those in poor health. But the volunteers come from all walks of life, such as teachers, doctors and workers,” said Wu. “Time Bank provides a chance for volunteers to get to know each other and learn new skills from others. By exchanging time and skills, members can develop the spirit (精神) of mutual aid, save costs and build stronger communities.” “However, the Time Bank programme needs more changes,” said Li Jinling, a leader of the programme. “Many elderly people do not know about the programme or do not know how to order it online. We’ll go on working hard to get more people interested in it.” 1．Why does the local government run the programme? A．To raise money for the old. B．To help the poor in the city. C．To improve the life of the old. D．To offer jobs to young people. 2．What can the volunteers use their “time currency” to do? A．Buy gifts in shops. B．Save money in banks. C．Pay for online courses. D．Get free voluntary services. 3．What does the underlined words “mutual aid” mean? A．Helping each other. B．Respecting old people. C．Protecting the environment D．Loving our country. 4．What’s mainly talked about in the last paragraph? A．The ways to invite volunteers to Time Bank. B．The problems Time Bank meets at present. C．The changes Time Bank has already made. D．The activities Time Bank plans to organize. 5．What is the writer’s purpose of writing the article? A．To ask people to be kind to the elderly. B．To teach people to make money by doing good. C．To recommend people to save joy in Time Bank. D．To help people know about Time Bank programme. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了海南海口“时间银行”项目的开展目的、运作方式、意义及现存问题，旨在让人们了解该项目。 1．细节理解题。根据“The government in Haikou, Hainan has run the Time Bank programme for 3 years to help make the life of local elderly people easier.”可知，当地政府开展这个项目是为了改善老年人的生活。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Each volunteer can get the ‘time currency’... They can use the currency to ask for the voluntary services when they grow old themselves, or give away their currency to others in need of elderly care.”可知，志愿者可以用“时间货币”获得免费的志愿服务。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Time Bank provides a chance for volunteers to get to know each other and learn new skills from others. By exchanging time and skills, members can develop the spirit of mutual aid”可知，通过交换时间和技能，成员们能培养互助精神，“mutual aid”意为“互相帮助”。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据“However, the Time Bank programme needs more changes... Many elderly people do not know about the programme or do not know how to order it online.”可知，最后一段主要讲了时间银行目前遇到的问题。故选B。 5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章围绕海南海口的“时间银行”项目，介绍了其开展目的、运作方式、意义及目前存在的问题，目的是帮助人们了解这个项目。故选D。 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏苏州昆山、太仓、常熟、张家港四市·期末）Have you ever heard of upcycling? It is a way of turning old or unnecessary things into something useful and often beautiful. Is it the same as recycling? Recycling usually takes old things, like paper and glass, and breaks them down to make a new product (产品). When you upcycle an item, you are probably doing something different. You can just refashion it. For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt. Also, the upcycled item is usually of the same, or even better quality. Upcycling isn’t a new idea. Some of the best examples of modern-day upcycling come from the old times. In those days, things were repurposed over and over until they were not useful any more. Upcycling is a way of life. Things shouldn’t be just thrown away when they can-be saved and turned into something useful. It’s clear that upcycling is greener. Upcycling only needs your own ideas and work, but recycling needs energy or water to break down things. Grace, a young woman from the UK, takes used tea bags and turns them into dresses, shoes and even hats. Every day she drinks some tea, then dries out the tea bags with the tea still in them. When they’re dry, she takes the tea out and puts the bags together to make an item of clothing. This can take a long time, but Grace has made lots of artworks. Making items from old things or buying upcycled products? Both are great for the environment and give you cool and useful things. Give it a try! 1．What does the underlined word “refashion” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Recycling useless things. B．Reusing things directly. C．Repairing broken things. D．Repurposing for a new use. 2．How is upcycling different from recycling? A．Upcycling is a greener way of life. B．Upcycling is more useful. C．Upcycling needs more energy. D．Upcycling is new to the world. 3．How did people in the past use things? A．They used things once, then threw them away. B．They reused things until they were useless. C．They only used expensive things. D．They always bought new things. 4．What can we learn from Grace’s story about upcycling? A．Only skilled people can do it. B．It needs new ideas and takes time. C．It is simpler than recycling. D．It needs some special tools. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To tell people the past and future of upcycling. B．To introduce the history of upcycling. C．To spread the habit of upcycling in the daily life. D．To make people know the importance of recycling. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文介绍了升级改造的概念、历史、环保优势，并举例说明。 1．词句猜测题。根据“You can just refashion it. For example, you might make a bag out of an old T-shirt.”可知，升级改造是直接改造物品用途，如将旧T恤改造成包，因此划线词指的是“为新的用途而重新利用”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Upcycling only needs your own ideas and work, but recycling needs energy or water to break down things.”可知，升级改造仅需创意和手工，而回收需消耗能源或者水来分解物品，因此升级回收是一种更环保的生活方式。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“In those days, things were repurposed over and over until they were not useful any more.”可知，过去人们会将物品反复改造直至完全无用，故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据“Every day she drinks some tea, then dries out the tea bags with the tea still in them…This can take a long time, but Grace has made lots of artworks.”可知，Grace每天收集茶包并干燥，耗时但成果丰富，“需创意且耗时”准确概括了其核心特点。故选B。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了升级改造的概念、历史、环保优势，并举例说明，最终呼吁人们“尝试升级改造”，选项C“推广该生活习惯”是核心目的。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京建邺区新城中学·期末）Around the world, people are more and more worried about the environment. Many people now prefer products and companies that care about the earth and cause less pollution. This need for green products has led large companies to change their business. Before, customers used cheap plastic bags, and then threw them away. But now most supermarkets and stores usually provide reusable shopping bags for them. This causes less waste. They also offer more local products, because less energy is needed for carrying them from one place to another. To help lower air pollution, big car factories are looking for other ways to control the amount of oil. Cars that use much less oil are very popular. Many companies are also developing fully electric cars. They produce no air pollution at all. Both kinds of cars have another advantage: They are cheaper to run and people don’t need to worry about oil prices. The airline companies face an even greater green challenge. Airplanes use much more oil than cars. So many airlines are now developing planes that can run on some other kinds of oil. They create less pollution and cost less. The companies are also developing a new kind of planes, and some of them use only solar panels (太阳能板) to fly! Green businesses used to be popular with only a small group of people. But now, more and more companies have to show they care about the environment. Many products are marked “green” in order to look nice. However, people still have to be careful when choosing green products. It’s important to make sure the products are as good as the businessmen say. 1．What does the word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Local products. B．Green products. C．Cheap plastic bags. D．Reusable shopping bags. 2．What are the advantages of electric cars according to the passage? a. Using cheap oil.        b. Making little noise. c. Running at low costs.        d. Producing no air pollution. A．a and b B．c and d C．a and d D．b and c 3．The last sentence of the passage is written to _________. A．show the green products are healthy B．encourage people to buy green products C．tell people to choose green products carefully D．explain the importance of the environment 4．Which is the right structure of the passage? (①= Paragraph 1  ②= Paragraph 2…) A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了全球范围内环保意识增强，促使企业和产品向绿色转型的趋势。 【详解】210．词义猜测题。根据“Before, customers used cheap plastic bags, and then threw them away”可知“them”指的是前文提到的“cheap plastic bags”，故选C。 1．细节理解题。根据“They produce no air pollution at all”和“They are cheaper to run”可知电动车优势是零污染和低成本，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一句“It’s important to make sure the products are as good as the businessmen say”可知意思是：确保产品和商人所说的同样好是非常重要的。作者意在提醒消费者谨慎选择绿色产品，故选C。 3．篇章结构题。文章结构为：①提出问题（环保需求）→②③④分述超市、汽车、航空业的绿色转型→⑤总结提醒，是总分总结构，故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）When plastic was first made around 1870, people thought it was amazing and called it an “environmental hero”! It was light, long-lasting and cheap. It quickly replaced (取代) wood and other natural materials. Not surprisingly, plastic has now filled our lives, too. We can find it in bags, toothbrushes, mobile phones, houses... It certainly has thousands of uses. But slowly and silently, plastic has shown its dark side. Plastic waste has become a danger to sea animals. Some animals like whales eat it by mistake and die. The “hero” of the past now kills over 100,000 sea animals each year. By 2050, there could be even more plastic in the sea than fish. Plastic also causes problems on land. Birds’ wings get tied in plastic lines. Bears’ heads get stuck in plastic bins. Even humans are eating plastic waste! On average (平均来看), we eat five grams of plastic a week. That’s a whole bank card! Tiny pieces of plastic are found in the air. There is even plastic “snow” at the South and North Poles (南北极). On “Earth Plastic”, nowhere is safe from plastic. Moreover, getting free of plastic waste isn’t easy. It may take thousands of years to break down. So hiding the waste in the ground doesn’t help. Burning it also produces thick smoke and causes air pollution. Plastic is not just causing an environmental problem. It means life and death for humans and for the future of the Earth. Everyone knows there is only one Earth. So let’s live without plastic! 1．What did people think of plastic when it first appeared? A．It was a great material. B．It was bad for the environment. C．It was too heavy to use. D．It could be used for a short time. 2．What is the main idea of paragraphs 2~3? A．Sea animals can’t avoid eating plastic. B．There will be less plastic in the sea. C．Bears often look for food in plastic bins. D．Plastic waste harms the environment. 3．Why is it hard to get free of plastic waste? A．It takes a long time to break down. B．Hiding the waste needs much space. C．It costs the government too much money. D．Burning plastic causes water pollution. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce different uses of plastic. B．To ask people to stop using plastic. C．To explain why we need another Earth. D．To show plastic makes our life easier. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了塑料从1870年左右被视为“环保英雄”到如今因难以降解、危害动植物和人类健康且焚烧污染空气而被呼吁抵制的过程。 1．细节理解题。根据“When plastic was first made around 1870, people thought it was amazing and called it an ‘environmental hero’! It was light, long-lasting and cheap. It quickly replaced (取代) wood and other natural materials.”可知，在1870年塑料刚被发明时，人们认为它不可思议，称其为“环保英雄”！它轻便、耐用又廉价，迅速取代了木材和其他天然材料。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“But slowly and silently, plastic has shown its dark side. Plastic waste has become a danger to sea animals. ”和第三段“Plastic also causes problems on land. ”可知，第二段和第三段主要讲述了塑料带来的危害。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“It may take thousands of years to break down.”可知，塑料可能需要数千年才能分解。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Plastic is not just causing an environmental problem. It means life and death for humans and for the future of the Earth. Everyone knows there is only one Earth. So let’s live without plastic!”可知，塑料不仅引发环境问题，更关系到人类生死与地球的未来。人人皆知地球只有一个，让我们践行无塑生活吧！推测作者的写作目的是呼吁大家停止使用塑料。故选B。 主题03 人与自我——中华文化 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁宿豫区·期末） Friends are important in our lives, but we sometimes have to separate from our friends. “A Farewell (告别) Song” is about saying goodbye to a friend. It is a famous poem by Wang Wei, a great poet, who lived in Tang Dynasty. He is good at writing poems and drawing. When talking about Wang Wei, people often say there are pictures in his poems and there are poems in his pictures. His poems are full of beauty and imagination. “No dust is raised on the road wet with morning rain”, “The willows (柳树) by the hotel look so fresh and green”, a picture of silence and peace gets into our eyes. After a morning rain in spring, the road, the willows and the hotel are completely different. The hotel looks green. The willows look fresh. Everything is nice, gentle and silent. Willow branches are considered as a typical symbol of farewell in China. In ancient times, Chinese people often used them as gifts when they said goodbye to their friends. “I invite you to drink a cup of wine again” is the poet’s warm and real way of not wanting to say goodbye to his friends. Having another drink together is like a symbol of their goodbye. Lastly, “West of the sunny pass no more friends will be seen” shows the feeling of being alone and missing someone. It also shows his sincere love and care for his friend. “A Farewell Song” creates a feeling of quiet sadness. It mixes beautiful pictures and human feelings to deeply express the common experience of saying goodbye. 1．Who is the writer of this poem? A．李白 B．王维 C．杜甫 D．陆游 2．When did Wang Wei’s friend leave? A．In spring. B．In summer. C．In autumn. D．In winter. 3．What is considered as a typical symbol of farewell? A．Wine. B．Willow. C．Rain. D．Dust. 4．What’s the feeling does the poet want to express for this poem? A．To show his joy before separating from his friends. B．To show his excitement after seeing his old friends. C．To show his sadness before farewell. D．To show his anger (愤怒) before farewell. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了王维所写的《送元二使安西》这首诗。 1．细节理解题。根据“‘A Farewell (告别) Song’ is about saying goodbye to a friend. It is a famous poem by Wang Wei”可知，这首诗的作者是王维。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“After a morning rain in spring”可知，王维的朋友在春天离开。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“Willow branches are considered as a typical symbol of farewell in China.”可知，在中国，柳枝被认为是送别的象征。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据“‘A Farewell Song’ creates a feeling of quiet sadness.”可知，诗人想表达离别前的悲伤之情。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末） From different TV dramas or books, we can often hear titles like quanzi, taoli and kaimo. In fact, they are part of Chinese history and culture. In China, it’s a modest (谦虚的)way for Chinese parents to introduce their sons by calling quanzi while they use linglang to show respect for others’. Although their children are successful, they don’t usually talk about this in public. Instead, they try to play it down. This is similar to Hanshe that Chinese people may call their big houses. There is another Chinese expression taoli mantianxia, which means a teacher has lots of students across the country, like trees full of peaches and plums (桃和李). It comes from a story about Zizhi. As a teacher, Zizhi was kind and strict. He often pointed at the peach or plum trees in his yard to ask his students to work hard.“ You should try to be a successful person in your fields, just as the peach and plum trees,” he said. Keeping these words in mind, many of his students did as he said and made it. In Chinese, kaimo means “role model”. Both words have a “木” on their left side. People believe that kai and mo might be two kinds of trees in ancient China. It was said that there were many kai trees growing near Confucius’ tomb (孔子墓). These trees were so straight that they made people think of Confucius’ quality-straight and honest. The mo trees were said to grow near the tomb of the Duke of Zhou. The straightness and the leaves’ pure color of trees were like his wonderful quality. Since kai and mo trees grew near the tombs of two great people, kaimo was then used to stand for role models. 1．According to paragraph 2, Chinese play it down by ________. A．inviting friends to visit their Hanshe B．calling others’ sons linglang C．wanting their children to be successful D．calling their own sons quanzi 2．Taoli is used to refer to ________ from paragraph 3. A．peach and plum trees B．hard-working teachers C．flowers and fruit of trees D．successful students in their fields 3．What do kai and mo trees have in common (共同点) from the last paragraph? A．They are both straight. B．They have pure leaves. C．They are planted in the same place. D．Their names both have a “木”on the right side. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．It tells us how to be a good teacher like Zizhi. B．It shows us different ways Chinese people respect others. C．It introduces some Chinese words about history and culture. D．It explains why Chinese people like to plant trees near tombs. 5．Which is the right structure of this passage? A．①②/③④ B．①/②③④ C．①②③/④ D．①/②③/④ 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是说明文，介绍“犬子、桃李、楷模”等文化相关中文词汇。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In China, it’s a modest (谦虚的) way for Chinese parents to introduce their sons by calling quanzi while they use linglang to show respect for others’. Although their children are successful, they don’t usually talk about this in public. Instead, they try to play it down.”可知，中国人通过称自己的儿子为“犬子”来表现得低调谦虚。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“There is another Chinese expression taoli mantianxia,…many of his students did as he said and made it.”可知，“桃李满天下”指老师培养的众多在各自领域成功的学生，“taoli”指代这些学生。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“These trees were so straight that they made people think of Confucius’ quality-straight and honest.”以及“The straightness and the leaves’ pure color of trees were like his wonderful quality.”可知，楷树和模树都具有笔直的特点。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。文章介绍了“quanzi（犬子）”体现中国人的谦虚，“kaimo（楷模）”与古代树木及伟人相关的文化含义等，整体是在介绍一些与历史文化相关的中文词汇。故选C。 5．篇章结构题。第一段总起，引出与文化相关的词汇；第二、三、四段分别介绍不同词汇，结构是①/②③④。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南通·期末） In summer, people wave their fans to keep cool. But the traditional Chinese fan is not just a tool for cooling down. It’s an important part of Chinese culture. The history of the Chinese fan dates back to over 3,000 years ago, around the time of the Shang Dynasty. One of the earliest known “fans” were named shanhan. They weren’t like the fans we see today. These were tied to a horse-drawn carriage (马车) to prevent the heat (热) of the sun and shelter passengers from the rain. The shanhan then developed into a long-handled fan called zhangshan. This type of fan was made of silk or bird feathers and was mainly used by the emperor’s honor guard (仪仗队) for decoration. It wasn’t until the Zhou Dynasty that people started using folding fans (折叠扇) to cool down. During the Han Dynasty, the fan became popular among common people. This was because more affordable bamboo fans had been invented. The popularity of these fans continued until the Tang and Song Dynasties. Around the same time, a new type of silk fan was also introduced. Loved by young women, the silk fans were round to resemble the moon. They were also called “round fans,” or  tuanshan. Later, this moon-shaped fan took on many other shapes. The ribs (扇骨) of these silk round fans were traditionally made from bamboo or animal bones. The handles were usually decorated with different designs. The main “face” of the fan was often hand-painted with calligraphy and scenes such as mountains or flowers. Folding fans were mainly made up of panels and ribs. For the ribs, people used different kinds of materials, including wood, bones and bamboo. The panels of the folding fan were usually made of paper, silk or other materials. They formed an empty space for artists to use as a canvas. Their calligraphy work and painted scenes added color to the fans. From the Song Dynasty on, fan painting became an art form of its own. Works of art featuring birds and flowers were popular among young women. Men, however, preferred fans decorated with calligraphy. Mythical creatures were also popular choices. Dragons were often painted onto men’s fans while ladies usually preferred phoenixes. 1．When were fans used to beat the heat? A．In the Tang Dynasty. B．In the Han Dynasty. C．In the Zhou Dynasty. D．In the Song Dynasty. 2．Why did fans become popular among common people? A．Cheaper bamboo fans were invented. B．People want to cool down in summer. C．More people learned to make fans. D．A new type of silk fan was invented. 3．What is the underlined word “resemble” in the third paragraph similar to? A．cut out B．look like C．turn into D．depend on 4．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Materials of Chinese Fans B．Importance of Chinese Fans C．Development of Chinese Fans D．History and Culture of Chinese Fans 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国扇子的历史和文化意义，从商朝到宋朝的发展历程，以及不同时期扇子的材质、用途和艺术价值。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“It wasn’t until the Zhou Dynasty that people started using folding fans to cool down.”可知，扇子用于降温始于周朝。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This was because more affordable bamboo fans had been invented.”可知，扇子在普通人中流行的原因是更便宜的竹扇被发明。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“the silk fans were round to resemble the moon”可知，“resemble”意为“看起来像”。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。文章主要介绍了中国扇子的历史发展（从商朝到宋朝）及其文化意义（材质、用途、艺术价值），因此最佳标题应涵盖历史和文化两方面。D项“History and Culture of Chinese Fans”最全面。故选D。 主题04 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏连云港·期末）Scientists have found a new way to study the health of soil—by listening to it. They think their way could help people monitor (监测) and improve soil around the world. All living things — animals, insects, and even plants — make sounds, and by listening we can study those noises. The way has been used to watch bats, birds and sea animals. Scientists in Australia wanted to see if they could use listening to check how healthy soil was. Soil can be filled with many living things, and the greater the variety (多样性) of living things, the healthier the soil. For example, animals without backbones like ants and worms help nutrients (营养) and water pass through soil. However, the change of the environment and human activities have reduced the variety of living things in soil. “It’s very important to monitor the variety of living things in soil,” Robinson said. For the study, the scientists first put special microphones (麦克风) into the soil and then moved away and stood silently. Next, they collected many hours of recordings from the Mount Bold area of Australia. Finally, they took some to check soil health. The recordings showed the different sounds living things make underground. The study found that more different kinds of sounds suggested healthier soil. It also showed that listening is a good way to test soil health. It costs less and causes less loss than other ways, such as digging up soil and testing it. In the future, Robinson said, “Everyone can just buy their own little microphone and hear the sounds of soil.” 1．What did scientists in Australia want to use listening for? A．Checking the health of soil. B．Studying living things’ noises. C．Watching some living things. D．Making some animals’ sounds. 2．What can we learn about ants and worms from Paragraph 3? A．It’s necessary to monitor them. B．It’s natural for them to live in soil. C．They are helpful to the health of soil. D．They add to the variety of living things. 3．Paragraph 4 mainly talks about the study’s ________. A．steps B．tools C．result D．purpose 4．According to Robinson, what’s the future of listening to soil like? A．It will be used in other fields. B．It can be used by more people. C．It can dig up life underground. D．It will bring more living things. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了科学家通过聆听土壤中的声音来监测和评估土壤健康的新方法。 1．细节理解题。根据“Scientists in Australia wanted to see if they could use listening to check how healthy soil was.”可知科学家们想通过聆听来检查土壤的健康状况。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“animals without backbones like ants and worms help nutrients (营养) and water pass through soil”可知像蚂蚁和蠕虫这样的无脊椎动物有助于营养和水通过土壤，即它们对土壤的健康有帮助。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据“For the study, the scientists first put special microphones (麦克风) into the soil and then moved away and stood silently...”可知第四段主要描述了科学家进行研究的具体步骤。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Everyone can just buy their own little microphone and hear the sounds of soil.”可知未来每个人都可以买自己的小麦克风来听土壤的声音，即听土壤这种方式可以被更多人使用。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏宿迁·期末）AI is shaking up the world now. It has been widely used in many different fields. AI in Communication Chatbots (聊天机器人), a kind of AI-driven tool, have become a necessary part of modern communication. They can understand and reply to users at once. Whether it’s on websites or mobile apps, chatbots can offer support in real time. Besides, AI users can control smart home tools through voice orders. AI is reshaping (重塑) the way we communicate in our daily lives. AI in Transportation AI makes a big difference to traffic. For example, some ride-sharing platforms (拼车平台) depend heavily on AI. They use AI to match passengers with drivers and provide better transportation services. And self-driving cars are a main example of AI’s use in transportation, too. With the help of AI, they can reduce accidents and help those unable to drive. AI in Education AI provides a smart way to education. It changes the way teachers teach and students learn. AI in classrooms can make teaching and learning more interesting, which helps students focus more on their studies. AI can also offer students support outside classrooms. For example, it can help with homework, answer questions, and provide explanations. By analyzing (分析) students’advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them. This can help students achieve their learning goals easier. All in all, AI is shaping and will continue to shape our everyday experiences. 1．How do the AI users control smart home tools? A．Through mobile phone. B．Through internet. C．Through website. D．Through voice orders. 2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Research on AI in transportation. B．Suggestions on AI in transportation. C．Problems of AI in transportation. D．Advantages of AI in transportation. 3．What does the underlined word “suitable” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．New. B．Proper (合适的). C．Simple. D．Different. 4．Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the passage? A．①/②③④⑤ B．①/②③④/⑤ C．①②③④/⑤ D．①/②/③④⑤ 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文介绍了AI 在通信聊天机器人、语音控制智能家居、交通拼车平台、自动驾驶、教育领域改变教学模式、定制学习计划领域应用，展现其对生活的辅助作用。 【详解】94．细节理解题。根据“Besides, AI users can control smart home tools through voice orders.”可知，人工智能用户通过语音指令控制智能家庭工具。故填D。 1．主旨大意题。根据“AI makes a big difference to traffic. For example...AI’s use in transportation, too. With the help of AI, they can reduce accidents and help those unable to drive.”可知，第三段主要讲人工智能在交通领域的优势。故填D。 2．词义猜测题。根据“By analyzing (分析) students’ advantages, weaknesses and learning needs, AI can make suitable study plans for them.”可知，通过分析学生的优缺点和学习需求，人工智能能制定合适的学习计划，“suitable”意思是“合适的”。故填B。 3．篇章结构题。第一段总述人工智能在很多领域广泛应用；第二、三、四段分别讲人工智能在通信、交通、教育领域的应用；第五段总结人工智能塑造并将继续塑造我们的日常体验。结构是①/②③④/⑤。故填B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Can a machine think? Can a computer answer questions in a human-like way? How can you tell if you are talking to a computer? New computer programs called language models have been very good at copying people. These artificial intelligence (AI) programs analyze (分析) millions of sentences from books and websites to learn hidden patterns in language. It’s exciting to see AI making realistic sentences. But there are also problems with AI-made texts. People have used AI-made texts to cheat on tests. We wanted to learn more about AI. So we called up 4,600 participants (参与者) for a study. We told the participants that they were using a website where some people wrote their own biographies (传记), and some people used AI to write theirs. Each participant rated (评分) 16 texts, half of which were AI-made. They then rated each text on a 5-point scale (评分等级) from “definitely (确定) AI” to “definitely human”. The participants were largely unable to tell whether they were people-made or AI-made. Their answers were wrong about 49% of the time. We found that people were following a few rules of thumb (经验规则). When people saw a meaningless or repetitive (重复的) text, they were more likely to say it came from AI. Truly, an AI text was more likely to have these qualities. But some rules of thumb gave wrong answers! People thought bad grammar and unusual word choices appeared in an AI text, but they were actually more likely to come from human-made text. And when people saw contractions (like “don’t” or “won’t”), they thought it was a sign of a human writer, but actually, AI was more likely to use such words. These are often wrong, which means that people are likely to be cheated. A person sends emails to people pretending (假装) to be someone you believe in. The email might say, “Hi, I work for your bank! You need to log in and fix something in your account.” With AI, the person could make different emails to try to pretend one that’s very believable. There is a lot of useful information online, and a lot of fun things, too. But there are also a lot of ways to get in trouble. We can never know who is on the other side when talking to someone on the Internet—it may not even be a human! That’s why it’s important not to just rely on (依赖) your feeling, but check the website URL and author information. If something seems strange, tell your parents or a responsible adult about it! 1．The researchers did the study to find out ________. A．who can write biographies faster, human or AI B．whether AI can answer questions in a human-like way C．which biographies were better, the human-made or the AI-made D．whether we can tell the human-made biographies from the AI-made 2．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Answers. B．Websites. C．Biographies. D．Participants. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Engineers are developing AI’s copying skills. B．The participants use a website to write their biographies. C．There are more wrong sentence structures in AI-made texts. D．AI-made texts are likely to choose the same words to express. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To compare (比较) AI’s writing with humans’. B．To study the reasons of the popularity of AI use. C．To improve our judgment (判断) online in the age of AI. D．To discuss the main characteristics (特征) of AI-made writing. 5．From the passage, we can infer (推断) that ________. A．AI language models will replace human writers in the future B．people are becoming more and more skilled at using AI C．AI-made texts are completely the same as human-made ones D．being careful is necessary when dealing with online information 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了人工智能生成的文本与人类写作的区别，以及人们如何辨别人工智能文本的挑战，并提醒读者在网络时代需谨慎判断信息。 【详解】98．细节理解题。根据“We told the participants that they were using a website where some people wrote their own biographies (传记), and some people used AI to write theirs.”可知，此处指让参与者判断文本是人写的还是人工智能生成的，即研究目的是辨别人类与人工智能生成的传记。故选D。 1．词句猜测题。根据“We told the participants that they were using a website where some people wrote their own biographies (传记), and some people used AI to write theirs.”可知，此研究是让参与者区分人写的传记和人工智能写的传记，然而参与者基本上无法判断传记文本是人为制造的还是人工智能制造的。“they”指代前文提到的“biographies”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“When people saw a meaningless or repetitive (重复的) text, they were more likely to say it came from AI. Truly, an AI text was more likely to have these qualities.”可知，人工智能文本更可能重复用词，即人工智能文本很可能会选择相同的单词来表达。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据“We can never know who is on the other side when talking to someone on the Internet—it may not even be a human! That’s why it’s important not to just rely on (依赖) your feeling, but check the website URL and author information. If something seems strange, tell your parents or a responsible adult about it!”可知，作者强调需谨慎判断网络信息，即作者的目的是提升读者在人工智能时代的判断力。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据“We can never know who is on the other side when talking to someone on the Internet—it may not even be a human!”和“If something seems strange, tell your parents or a responsible adult about it!”可知，当我们在网上与某人交谈时，我们永远不知道对方是谁，因此处理网络信息时必须保持警惕。故选D。 主题01 人与自我——方法/策略 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Everyone may feel angry at any time. It’s a common feeling. Some people cry when they feel angry and some may shout. Unluckily, many of us have been used to hiding anger. A study suggests that this can have long-term bad influences on our health. Is it better to cry or break things whenever something makes us angry? The study points out that when we show our anger in this way, we can’t probably get on well with our friends or our family. The more time we keep being angry, the worse result we’ll get. So how can we deal with our feeling of anger in a right way? First, know what anger is. Anger is often caused by feelings of being too afraid, disappointment (失望) and so on. Also, care more about those everyday things that will make us angry. For example, we may get angry in a long line at the store. Take a step back and think that it isn’t personal. Everyone in the line has dinner to make, just like us. Then we’ll feel better. Another way of dealing with anger is to talk about it. The study has shown that if we name our feelings, we can slowly calm ourselves down. Besides, take a deep breath or find helpful exercise to do. Exercise helps deal with anger. Remember that how we act when we are angry can make things better or worse. If we learn to deal with anger, we will be happier and healthier. 1．How does the writer lead into the topic in Paragraph 2? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By giving an example. D．By using an old saying. 2．Which picture can show the relationship between anger and time? (x=the time you keep angry, y=the bad influences it will have) A． B． C． D． 3．Which can help deal with the feeling of anger according to the text? a. Taking some exercise.    b. Eating delicious food.    c. Talking about anger.    d. Taking a deep breath. A．abc. B．abd. C．acd. D．bcd. 4．What is the most suitable structure of the text? (P=Paragraph) A． B． C． D． 5．What’s the best title for the text? A．What Makes You Angry? B．Why Are You Angry? C．When to Deal with Anger? D．How to Deal with Anger? 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述愤怒是常见情绪，以及如何正确处理愤怒情绪。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第2段“Is it better to cry or break things whenever something makes us angry?”可知，作者通过提出问题引入话题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第2段“The more time we keep being angry, the worse result we’ll get.”可知，即生气时间（x）越长，不良影响（y）越大，A 图符合此关系。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第4段“Another way of dealing with anger is to talk about it.”、第5段“Besides, take a deep breath or find helpful exercise to do.”可知，“锻炼”、“谈论愤怒”、“深呼吸”能应对愤怒，“吃美食”未提及。故选C。 4．篇章结构题。文章第1段引出愤怒话题，第2段提出如何正确处理愤怒的问题，第3-5段讲处理愤怒的方法，第6段总结处理愤怒的重要性。结构为“总-分-总”，与 A 图结构一致。故选A。 5．最佳标题。文章主要围绕如何处理愤怒情绪展开，“How to Deal with Anger?”符合文意。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Is there anybody you dislike? Well, maybe you don’t really dislike them. But you get really angry every time you think of them. If you don’t let this anger (怒气) go, it can turn into bitterness (痛苦). Bitterness appears when we can’t forgive (原谅) someone who has hurt us or made us angry. Someone might say or do something that hurts us. But instead of controlling the anger, we keep it deep inside. Before long, a bitter feeling begins to grow. We may think we’re hurting that person by criticizing (指责) him or her often, but we’re really only hurting ourselves. Bitterness cannot only lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, but also hurt our relationships (关系) with friends and relatives. No one enjoys being around an angry person for very long. If you see bitterness in your life, here are some ways to deal with (处理) it. Accept it Instead of trying to deny (否认) your anger, make it clear to yourself and accept it. See your anger for what it is and quickly deal with it. Don’t make excuses for it any more You may feel you have a right to be angry. You may think you’re right and the other person is wrong. You may even secretly enjoy making the other person look bad. But in the end, bitterness hurts you much more than the other person. The bitterness will hold you back, and the other person will go on with his or her life. Forgive and forget it You probably can’t completely put the anger out of your mind. But you can decide to forgive the others. Forget it and move on. You’ll enjoy better health and peace of mind. 1．Where does bitterness come from according to the passage? A．Our health problems like heart disease. B．Our relationships with friends and relatives. C．The anger that lives deep inside our mind. D．The person who says something hurtful. 2．What does the underlined word “it” in the fourth paragraph mean? A．bitterness B．anger C．health D．excuse 3．Which is the best way to deal with the bitterness? A．Make the person who hurts us look bad. B．Hate the person who hurts us very often. C．Accept that you have the right to be angry. D．Forgive the person who hurts us and forget it. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．We should enjoy bitterness when we are angry. B．Bitterness is good for our relationships with others. C．Denying anger helps us deal with bitterness better. D．Letting go of anger can improve our physical and mental health. 5．What does the writer wants to tell us? A．How to stay away from others. B．How to deal with bitterness. C．How to accept the anger. D．How to forgive others. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了“怨恨”（bitterness）的成因、危害及应对方法，文章指出，怨恨源于未化解的愤怒，长期积累会损害健康与人际关系，并提出三种处理方式：接纳愤怒、停止找借口、选择宽恕与遗忘。 【详解】108．细节理解题。根据“Bitterness appears when we can’t forgive (原谅) someone who has hurt us or made us angry.”以及“we keep it deep inside”可知，怨恨来自内心压抑的愤怒。 故选C。 1．词句猜测题。根据“If you see bitterness in your life, here are some ways to deal with (处理) it.”可知， 此处指应对怨恨的方法，所以划线部分指代的是“bitterness”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Forget it and move on. You’ll enjoy better health and peace of mind.”可知，最佳方法是宽恕。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据“Forget it and move on. You’ll enjoy better health and peace of mind.”可推知，释放愤怒对身心有益。 故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要探讨了“怨恨”（bitterness）的成因、危害及应对方法，B项符合。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末） Most people who move to a foreign country may experience a period of time when they feel very homesick and have a lot of worries. This feeling is often called “culture shock (冲击)”. It is important to understand it and learn what to do with it if you want to adapt to your new home’s culture successfully. Generally speaking, there are four stages (阶段) that you will experience after you move to a foreign country. The first stage is usually called the “excitement” stage. When arriving in a new environment, you’ll be interested in the new culture. Everything will seem exciting and everyone will seem friendly. But it won’t be long before you move from the “excitement” stage to the second stage. The excitement you felt before changes to worries. It seems that everything is difficult. The language is hard to learn, friends are difficult to make, and even simple things like shopping have become a difficult problem. It is at this “stress” stage that you may feel worried and homesick: This is the stage which is called “culture shock”. However, culture shock doesn’t last for very long. If you are one of those who manage to get through it, you will move to the “recovery (恢复) stage”. At this stage, you start to understand and accept the way things are done and the way people behave in your new environment. The last stage is the “home” stage. This is the stage when you start to feel at home in the new culture. You start to learn from your new home and to like some ways of the new culture better. Culture shock is common. Everyone in a new situation will go through it. Continue to be brave! And getting through culture shock will be a piece of cake. 1．Among the four stages, which stage can explain how “culture shock” happen? A．The recovery stage. B．The stress stage. C．The excitement stage. D．The home stage. 2．What does the underlined word “adapt to” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．get used to B．get tired of C．have trouble with D．look forward to 3．Jane went to study in Germany for the first time last year. What might be the correct order according to the passage? ①Jane couldn’t understand German very well in class. ②After half a year’s hard work, Jane had no language problems. ③Everything in the college was so fresh. ④Jane enjoyed spending good time with her German friends. A．①②③④ B．③①②④ C．②④③① D．③①④② 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了文化冲击的四个阶段。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“It is at this ‘stress’ stage that you may feel worried and homesick: This is the stage which is called ‘culture shock’.”可知，文化冲击发生在压力期，故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段“if you want to adapt to your new home’s culture successfully”可知，adapt to 指“成功适应新文化”，与“get used to”（习惯、适应）同义，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章四个阶段的描述：③对应兴奋期（fresh）；①对应压力期（语言困难）；②对应恢复期（语言问题解决）；④对应居家期（与朋友相处愉快）。正确顺序为③①②④。故选B。 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末）It appears that few young people read for fun these days in the UK. in a 2024 survey, almost one in four people aged 16-24 in the country said they didn’t read regularly. What does it mean? What kind of brain structure do good readers actually have? New research published in the journal Neuroimage studied data from more than 1,000 people. The result shows differences in two parts of the brain’s left temporal lobe (左颞叶), which sits behind the left ear. One is the lobe’s front part known as the temporal pole (颞极) that helps connect and sort different information. For example, to understand the word “leg”, this brain region links how legs look, feel, and move. In people who read well, the left temporal pole is thinner than the right. The other is the Heschl’s gyrus (赫氏回). There lies the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) that processes (处理) sounds. Reading is not only mainly a visual skill. To match letters with speech sounds, we first need to notice the sounds of the spoken language. This phonological awareness (语音意识) has been known to make children’s reading development possible. A thinner Heschl’s gyrus has been related to dyslexia, which makes reading very difficult. However, the difference in thickness isn’t just about dyslexia. It is also true that having a thicker auditory cortex is related to being better at reading. Clearly, the structure of the brain can tell us a lot about reading skills. But it’s important to know that the brain changes when we learn something new or practice a skill we have had. For example, for young adults who studied languages a lot, the thickness of brain areas related to language increased. Similarly, reading is likely to shape the structure of the left Heschl’s gyrus. It’s necessary to consider what might happen to us if less attention is paid to reading. In other words, that cozy moment with a book in your armchair may not just be personal. 1．What do we know about the study published in Neuroimage? A．It studied people aged 16-24 in the UK. B．It studied people with reading problems. C．It studied the ear structure of people who read. D．It studied the brains of a large number of people. 2．What does the temporal pole do in the brain? A．It links different body parts. B．It connects and sorts information C．It helps analyze words. D．It supports visual processing. 3．Why is the auditory cortex considered important for reading? A．It builds awareness of speech sounds. B．It controls how fast we read words. C．It supports building reading habits. D．It helps turn letters into images. 4．According to the study, what kind of structure may be found in a good reader’s brain? A．A thinner left temporal pole and a thicker auditory cortex. B．A thinner left temporal pole and a thinner auditory cortex. C．A thicker left temporal pole and a thicker auditory cortex. D．A thicker left temporal pole and a thinner auditory cortex. 5．Which of the following ideas does the result of the study support? A．Less attention should be paid to skills like reading B．The structure of the brain decides reading skills. C．Reading can change some parts of the brain. D．Language learning strengthens the brain. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文介绍了一项研究，指出大脑结构与阅读能力有关，阅读可能改变大脑结构，强调忽视阅读的潜在影响。 1．细节理解题。根据“New research published in the journal Neuroimage studied data from more than 1,000 people.”可知，发表在《神经图像》杂志上的这项研究研究了大量人的大脑，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“One is the lobe’s front part known as the temporal pole (颞极) that helps connect and sort different information.”可知，颞极的作用是连接和分类不同的信息，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“To match letters with speech sounds, we first need to notice the sounds of the spoken language. This phonological awareness (语音意识) has been known to make children’s reading development possible.”可知，听觉皮层对阅读很重要是因为它建立了对语音的意识，故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据“In people who read well, the left temporal pole is thinner than the right. ”以及“having a thicker auditory cortex is related to being better at reading.”可知，一个阅读能力好的人的大脑结构可能是左颞极更薄，听觉皮层更厚，故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据“Similarly, reading is likely to shape the structure of the left Heschl’s gyrus.”可知，阅读可以改变大脑的一些部分，故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏泰州·期末）Did you take part in any tree-planting activities this past March 12? Or maybe you went to check out the little tree you planted a few years ago? Standing beside it, you might have been amazed at how much it has changed. It’s really great to watch a tree grow year by year. Even the tallest ones of them grow from tiny seeds. Have you ever wondered how? A full-grown tree may drop hundreds or even thousands of seeds (种子) a year. Inside each seed is something called embryo (胚). Think of it as a small group of cells (细胞). These cells are ready to form roots, stem (茎), and first leaves. Once the covering around the seed gets wet, the embryo cells, which have been patiently waiting, suddenly come to life. They start to grow and break out. This is called germination. First, the roots develop and push out and down into the soil. This makes sure the new plant can get water from the soil. Then the stem grows up and makes the first leaves. As these leaves produce “food” in the sunlight, the plant gets the energy to grow more new leaves. Let’s imagine you drive a nail (钉子) into a tree at one meter above the ground. What will you see when you come back in ten years? The tree will be much taller, but the nail will still be only one meter above the ground. That’s because trees get taller by growing upwards from the top. At the same time, their trunk gets thicker by growing outwards. It is like the tree has two different ways of growing at the same time. The upward growth is like a race towards the sky, reaching for more sunlight, while the outward growth of the trunk is like adding more and more rings of protection and support. As trees get older, they continue to grow taller and thicker. Guess how tall the world’s tallest living tree is? Over 110 meters! That’s as tall as a 30-floor building! Isn’t it amazing? 1．Why does the writer use the example of driving a nail into a tree in Paragraph 4? A．To explain why people put nails in trees. B．To help readers understand how trees grow taller. C．To show that nails don’t stop trees from growing. D．To teach readers a way to record the growth of trees. 2．If a tree trunk gets thicker over time, what will happen to a metal ring (金属环) put around the bottom of the trunk after 10 years? A．The metal ring will go into the soil. B．The metal ring will be higher off the ground. C．The metal ring will move up and down along the trunk. D．The metal ring will stay at the same height but may embed (嵌入) in the tree. 3．Which one of the pictures show the stage of germination? A． B． C． D． 4．From the article, we can find the answer to the question “________” ①How do trees get water from the soil? ②Why does a nail in a tree trunk stay at the same height over time? ③How many seeds does a full-grown tree drop in its lifetime? ④How tall can the tallest trees in the world grow? ⑤How long does a seed take to grow leaves? A．①③④ B．①②③ C．②④⑤ D．①②④ 5．Which of the following best represents the structure of the passage? A．Tell stories→ List facts→ Give a warning B．Ask questions→ Explain steps→ Share a fact C．List problems→ Study reasons→ Offer advice D．Share→ experiences → Show examples→ Introduce features 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，通过提问和举例的方式，生动地解释了树木的生长过程，包括种子发芽、树木长高和长粗的机制，以及世界上最高树木的高度。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第4段“The tree will be much taller, but the nail will still be only one meter above the ground. That’s because trees get taller by growing upwards from the top.”（树会变得更高，但钉子仍会离地面一米。这是因为树木是通过顶端向上生长的。）可推知，作者用钉子的例子是为了帮助读者理解树木如何长高。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第4段“their trunk gets thicker by growing outwards…while the outward growth of the trunk is like adding more and more rings of protection and support.”（树干通过向外生长变粗……而树干的向外生长就像增加越来越多的保护和支持环。）可推知，金属环会因树干变粗而嵌入树中，但高度不变。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第3段“First, the roots develop and push out and down into the soil…Then the stem grows up and makes the first leaves.”（首先，根发育并向下扎入土壤……然后茎向上生长并长出第一片叶子。）可推知，发芽阶段是根和茎刚开始生长的阶段。图片A最符合这一描述。故选A。 4．细节理解题。①根据第3段“the roots develop…This makes sure the new plant can get water from the soil.”（根发育……确保新植物能从土壤中获取水分。）可回答；②根据第4段钉子例子可回答；④根据最后一段“Guess how tall the world’s tallest living tree is? Over 110 meters!”（猜猜世界上最高的树有多高？超过110米！）可回答。其他问题文中未提及。故选D。 5．篇章结构题。文章结构为：开头提问（如“Have you ever wondered how?”）→解释步骤（如种子发芽、树木生长机制）→分享事实（如最高树木的高度）。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·江苏南京·期末） Fake news refers to false or misleading information that is shown as if it were true news. While fake news has many forms, it can be divided into two types: misinformation and disinformation. Misinformation is when false information is shared by someone who believes that information to be true. Normally it isn’t done on purpose. Disinformation is when misleading or even false information is shared to deceive others on purpose. There are lots of reasons why people share fake news. Often the person sharing it doesn’t realize that it’s fake. Sometimes it’s done to advertise a service or product, so that someone can make money. It could even be to make people laugh. False news can also be shared by someone who wants others to hear their own personal opinions and be affected by them. Still, fake news is shared to influence the opinions and beliefs of others about organizations and businesses. Fake news? Question it! To work out whether the “news” we are reading is fake, we can use our critical thinking (批判性思考) skills to ask ourselves the following questions. ● Is it a mistake or just a joke? People sometimes share information, believing that it’s true, because they don’t realize that it’s a joke. ① ● Are there lots of spelling and grammar mistakes? If yes, it’s a sign that no one is checking the content. This could mean that those writing the content are not professional writers or journalists and the news content is untrustworthy (不可靠的). ② ● Is the article advertising something? Sometimes a news article can influence us to buy something. Companies will often pay a news organization to talk about their product as if it’s “news” to encourage people to buy it. ③ ● Is the headline believable? Sensational (耸人听闻的) headlines encourage us to click on a story because they catch our attention. Some people get paid for every click, so before clicking, ask yourself, does the story sound made-up, or even impossible? ④ ● Is there bias (偏见)? Sometimes certain facts have been left out of a story because the writer wants the readers to believe it. Bias is an underlying (隐含的) opinion that guides our actions. See if you can fact-check the story with another news source if you’re unsure. When fake news causes stress or hurt to people, those who have helped spread it will say they were not to blame. However, sharing fake news is just like adding fuel (燃料) to a fire. If the false information doesn’t get shared, it doesn’t get seen and cannot achieve its purpose. When it comes to fake news, it’s not enough to not write something, we must refuse to share it, too. 1．What is the writing purpose of paragraph 1? A．To explain how to fight fake news. B．To ask questions about fake news. C．To express the writer’s mixed feelings. D．To introduce the topic of the passage. 2．The underlined word “deceive” in Paragraph 1 means to make someone ________. A．be guided by others B．be laughed at by others C．believe untrue things D．believe unknown things 3．Where can we put “It might even be April Fools’ Day”? A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 4．According to the passage, how can we work out whether the “news” we are reading is fake? A．By checking the story with another news source if we are not sure. B．By checking its writer to see if he or she is a famous writer or journalist. C．By paying a news organization which discusses the product to check if it is fake. D．By checking on it and then asking ourselves if the story sounds made-up or impossible. 5．In the last paragraph, why does the writer say “sharing fake news is just like adding fuel to a fire”? A．To express the writer’s surprise and worry. B．To explain why it is difficult to control a fire. C．To encourage more people to share fake news. D．To show sharing fake news makes the problem worse. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了虚假新闻的定义、分类、传播原因以及辨别方法，强调不应传播虚假新闻。 【详解】126．推理判断题。根据第一段“Fake news refers to false or misleading information that is shown as if it were true news. While fake news has many forms, it can be divided into two types: misinformation and disinformation.”可知，第一段主要解释了什么是虚假新闻，并将其分为两种类型，由此推知，第一段的目的是引出文章的主题。故选D。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“Disinformation is when misleading or even false information is shared to deceive others on purpose.”可知，虚假信息是指故意传播误导性甚至虚假的信息以使他人相信不真实的事情，由此推知，deceive意为believe untrue things“相信不真实的事情”。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“People sometimes share information, believing that it’s true, because they don’t realize that it’s a joke.”和题干中的“It might even be April Fools’ Day”可知，这两句都是关于“新闻可能是玩笑”的内容，所以此句应放在①处。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“See if you can fact-check the story with another news source if you’re unsure.”可知，如果我们不确定所阅读的“新闻”是否属实，可以通过与其他新闻来源核实来确认。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“sharing fake news is just like adding fuel (燃料) to a fire”可知，分享虚假新闻就像火上浇油，这形象地说明了传播虚假新闻会让虚假新闻带来的问题更严重，因为虚假新闻一旦被传播，就会被更多人看到，从而达到其不良目的。故选D。 主题03 人与自然——航天与航空 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·江苏无锡·期末）So far, China has successfully sent many satellites (卫星) and spaceships into space. Space scientists have been inspired (赋予灵感) by the old stories and ancient famous people when giving them names. Since thousands of years ago, Chinese people have dreamed of going to the moon. Chang’e Flies to the Moon is one of the most popular stories. As you can see, China’s first man-made satellite to the moon was named Chang’e I. More interestingly, the moon rover (探测器) was named after the Jade Rabbit, who is the partner of Chang’e in the story. These old stories carry people’s best wishes and dreams. With the development of science and technology, our scientists have made them come true. Kua Fu Runs After the Sun is another old folk story. Now, Kua Fu is going with the scientists to “visit” the sun, because we have a space project called Kua Fu Mission. Besides the ancient stories, space scientists also get ideas from ancient famous people. For example, Mozi, an ancient scientist, found that light travels in a straight line over 2,000 years ago. What he found made space study take a big step at that time. So, China’s first quantum (量子) science satellite was named Mozi, making China the first country in the world to achieve quantum communication between satellites and the ground. From such simple things as giving names to the satellites, we can see how great our traditional culture is and what influence (影响) it has on our modern science and technology. 1．How many old stories in China are mentioned in the passage? A．1. B．3. C．2. D．4. 2．Which is the right structure of the passage? (①= Paragraph 1 ②= Paragraph 2, …) A．①//②③④//⑤ B．①//②//③④⑤ C．①//②③④⑤ D．①//②③//④⑤ 3．What’s the writer’s main purpose of writing the passage? A．To spread traditional Chinese culture. B．To explain how our scientists develop the space industry. C．To introduce the achievements in our science and technology. D．To tell how traditional Chinese culture influences our space science. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 【导语】本文讲述中国航天卫星、飞船命名受古代故事和名人启发，如以“嫦娥奔月”、“夸父追日”故事及古代科学家墨子命名，展现传统文化对现代航天科技的影响，体现传统文化的价值与作用。 【详解】131．细节理解题。根据“Chang’e Flies to the Moon”和“Kua Fu Runs After the Sun”可知，提到了嫦娥奔月和夸父追日两个神话故事。故选C。 1．篇章结构题。通读原文可知，①段总述中国航天命名受古代故事、名人启发；②③④段分别讲“嫦娥奔月”、“夸父追日”、“墨子”命名案例。⑤段总结传统文化对现代科技的影响。结构为“总-分-总”，即①//②③④//⑤。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据“From such simple things as giving names to the satellites, we can see how great our traditional culture is and what influence (影响) it has on our modern science and technology.”可知，作者通过讲述卫星命名，展现传统文化对现代科技的影响。D选项“讲中国传统文化如何影响航天科学”符合题意。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·江苏盐城·期末）Are you looking for a special place for your holiday? How about having fun in space? Lucky for you. A US company is going to build a space hotel to give you a new choice! The Orbital Assembly Company, a science company in California, will start the work in 2025 and open the hotel in 2027. It will be able to hold about 400 people at the same time. The hotel will look like the London Eye, a large circle with 24 space pods (太空舱) around it. Each pod is 24 meters long and 12 meters wide. The company will plan everything for the tourists. The pods will be used for restaurants, sports halls, movie theaters, and so on. There will be space for people to grow vegetables for their daily use. Besides, there are even some rooms for people to buy. But the company hasn’t decided the price for them yet. The space hotel will allow you to enjoy 1/6 of the Earth’s gravity (重力). When you are there, something fun can really happen, like jumping higher, carrying heavier things, and playing basketball in a new way. “In the future, going to space will be another choice for holidays, just like going to Disneyland,” says the CEO of the company. “We are trying our best to build a dream place for more people to have fun.” Are you ready to try the space hotel? Let’s wait and see. 1．How does the writer begin the text? A．By telling stories. B．By giving facts. C．By using numbers. D．By asking questions. 2．According to the text, what can you do in the space hotel? ①Watch movies.    ②Do some sports.    ③Go fishing.    ④Enjoy delicious food. A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②④ 3．What does the word “them” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Pods. B．Vegetables. C．Rooms. D．People. 4．Which of the following is TRUE about the space hotel? A．It is big enough for 400 people to live in. B．People have to buy vegetables for daily use. C．It is fun to live there with 1/3 of the earth’s gravity. D．There will be some Disneyland parks in the hotel. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The Orbital Assembly Company. B．A new choice for holidays. C．Ways to enjoy sports in Space. D．How to grow vegetables in Space. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了美国一家公司正在建造的太空酒店，并详细介绍了酒店的设施和功能。 1．细节理解题。根据“Are you looking for a special place for your holiday? How about having fun in space?”可知，作者以提问的方式开始这篇文章。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“The pods will be used for restaurants, sports halls, movie theaters, and so on.”可知，在太空酒店里可以看电影、享受美味的食物、做运动等，未提及钓鱼。故选D。 3．代词指代题。根据“Besides, there are even some rooms for people to buy. But the company hasn’t decided the price for them yet”可知，太空酒店甚至有一些房间供人们购买，但是公司还没决定它们的价格，所以此处them指代前句中可购买的rooms。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“It will be able to hold about 400 people at the same time.”可知，太空酒店可以同时容纳400人居住。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。根据“A US company is going to build a space hotel to give you a new choice!”及下文内容可知，全文围绕太空酒店作为新型度假选择展开，详细介绍了酒店的设施和功能，B选项符合文章主旨概括。故选B。 Passage 3 （23-24九年级下·辽宁鞍山·阶段检测）Many people know that rubbish is a big problem on planet Earth. What many people don’t know is that junk (垃圾) has become a problem in outer space too. According to BBC News, there are more than 22,000 pieces of space junk floating around the earth.And these are just the things that we can see from the surface of the earth by telescopes (望远镜). There are also millions of smaller pieces of junk that we can’t see. Objects (物体), like bits of old space rockets or satellites, move around the planet at very high speeds. They are so fast that even a very small piece can break important satellites or become a danger to astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk crashed into a spaceship, it could damage the spaceship. To make things worse, when two objects in space crash, they break into many smaller pieces. For, example, when a U.S. satellite hit an old Russian rocket in 2009, it broke into more than 2,000 pieces , increasing the amount of space junk. To reduce additional space junk, countries have agreed that all new space tools can only stay in space for 25 years at most. Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth’s atmosphere (大气层) after that time. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, it will burn up. Many scientists are also suggesting different ways to clean up space junk. In England scientists are testing a metal net that can be fired into space junk. The net catches the junk and then pulls it into the earth’s atmosphere to burn up. The Germans are building robots that can collect pieces of space junk and bring them back to Earth to be safely destroyed. “The problem is becoming more challenging because we’re sending more objects into space to help people use their mobile phones and computers,” says Marco Castronuovo, an Italian space researcher. “The time to act is now. The longer we leave the problem, the bigger it will become,” he says. 1．What does the underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Telescopes. B．Satellites. C．Pieces of space junk. D．BBC News reports. 2．Why is space junk considered a problem? A．It burns up after it reenters the atmosphere. B．It often stops the view of telescopes on Earth. C．It could force (迫使) new space tools to travel at slower speeds D．It may crash into other space tools causing damage or death. 3．Countries want future space tools to be able to fall back into the earth’s atmosphere so that ________. A．the tools can be reused later B．the tools don’t become space junk C．the earth’s atmosphere can stay clean D．the effects of space flight can be studied 4．How do the Germans plan to deal with space junk? A．Catch it with nets. B．Use robots to collect it. C．Burn it ‘in the earth’s atmosphere. D．Send it further away from the earth. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文讲述太空有许多垃圾，这给航天器和宇航员带来了严重的安全隐患，为此各国正在想办法采取措施清理太空垃圾。 1．词句猜测题。根据“According to BBC News, there are more than 22,000 pieces of space junk floating around the earth.And these are just the things that we can see from the surface of the earth by telescopes (望远镜).”可知，目前有超过22000块太空垃圾碎片漂浮在地球周围，这些只是我们可以通过望远镜从地球表面看到的；“these”指的是“太空垃圾碎片”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“They are so fast that even a very small piece can break important satellites or become a danger to astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk crashed into a spaceship, it could damage the spaceship.”可知，太空垃圾可能与其他太空工具（如卫星、宇宙飞船等）相撞，造成损坏或死亡。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据“Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth’s atmosphere (大气层) after that time. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, it will burn up.”可知，每种太空工具工作25年后，安全地落入地球大气层，并在大气层的上层燃烧殆尽，这样就不会变成太空垃圾。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据“The Germans are building robots that can collect pieces of space junk and bring them back to Earth to be safely destroyed.”可知，德国人计划用机器人来收集太空垃圾。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 主题01 人与社会——志愿服务 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．D Passage 2：1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C Passage 3：1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．D 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1：1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．C Passage 2：1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B Passage 3：1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 主题03 人与社会——中华文化 Passage 1：1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C Passage 2：1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B Passage 3：1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 主题04 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1：1．A 2．C 3．A 4．B Passage 2：1．D 2．D 3．B 4．B Passage 3：1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C 5．D 主题01 人与自我——方法/策略 Passage 1：1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．D Passage 2：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 5．B Passage 3：1．B 2．A 3．B 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．C Passage 2：1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．B Passage 3：1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 5．D 主题03 人与自然——航天与航空 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．D Passage 2：1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B Passage 3：1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $