专题04 2026全国一卷阅读D篇 (欣赏艺术美提升抽象思维能力) (解读+技巧+变式) 2026全国一卷英语真题完全解读与考后提升

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦2026全国一卷阅读D篇，围绕“欣赏艺术与抽象思维”学术类语篇，整合实验逻辑梳理、观点辨析、主旨归纳等核心考点，按“真题解读-词汇语法-难句分析-策略指导-真题训练”逻辑架构，通过考点梳理、方法指导、分层练习等环节，帮助学生突破学术语篇阅读难点。 资料以“解读+技巧+变式”为特色，结合艺术疗法等跨学科知识，通过单句填空、难句分析提升语言能力，依托五年真题和题型变式训练思维品质，如运用“题文同序”“同义替换”策略解析推理判断题，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，高效提升学生应考能力。

2026全国一卷英语真题完全解读与考后提升 专题04 2026全国一卷阅读D篇(欣赏艺术美提升抽象思维能力) (解读+技巧+变式) 解析版 权威评价 弘扬科学精神，培育探究能力 阅读理解D篇介绍了剑桥大学关于“欣赏艺术与抽象思维”的实验研究，阐述主动品鉴艺术对人的抽象思维、精神感受产生的影响。文本逻辑严密，实验流程、数据结论、专家观点层次分明，是典型的学术类语篇。题目聚焦实验目的、行为要求、数据对比、研究结论，侧重考查学生梳理实验逻辑、辨析观点、归纳主旨的高阶思维能力。该篇语料学术性较强，句式复杂、信息密度大，区分度突出，能够有效甄别学生深层次文本解读与逻辑思辨能力。 ---《教育部教育考试院：2026年高考英语全国卷试题评析》 文章出处 本文选自剑桥大学官网2025年 5月 7日名为 Pondering artistic beauty encourages ‘big picture’ thinking的文章。https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/artistic-beauty-abstract-thinking?ucam-ref=research-most-popular 真题再现 A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 权威解析 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. D 35. D 【解析】 【导语】主要介绍剑桥心理学家开展对照实验，对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影响，并解读实验结论：主动欣赏艺术之美能够促进抽象思维，让人跳出具体、狭隘的思维方式。 32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配对。)”可知，美感组要为每件作品打分评级。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group.(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”以及第四段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group.(在所有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的 “蜕变感与自我超越感”（诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪）平均水平，比对照组高出23%。)”可知，拥有艺术爱好的美感组成员测试平均分最高。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.(研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”（例如心生触动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受）平均分值，比对照组高出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照组更快乐。这就说明，是对美的感知体验影响了抽象思维能力，而非这段经历带来的整体积极情绪在起作用。)”可知，研究者通过检测情绪，排除了积极情绪干扰，找到了造成两组测试分数差距的真实原因，也就是确定测试结果背后的影响因素。 35.推理判断题。根据第一段的“A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is.(剑桥大学的一组心理学家进行了一项实验，旨在比较仅仅观看艺术作品与主动评判其美感所产生的认知效应。)”；第三段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking.(在所有参与者中，美感组的抽象思维平均分比对照组高出近 14%。)”以及第五段中的“Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.(欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想途径。)”可知，实验全程数据都体现出主动品鉴艺术美感可以提升抽象思维得分，研究者最终也证实欣赏艺术能够启动抽象认知过程，因此推断欣赏艺术之美促进抽象思维。 百科知识 艺术疗法：艺术疗法是一种心理治疗方法，通过绘画、音乐、舞蹈等艺术形式帮助人们表达情感、缓解压力、改善认知。研究表明，艺术疗法可以提高患者的创造力、想象力和抽象思维能力。 博物馆教育：许多博物馆和艺术机构都开展了教育项目，旨在通过艺术欣赏和创作活动，提高观众的认知能力和审美水平。例如，纽约现代艺术博物馆（MoMA）的教育项目包括导览、工作坊、讲座等，吸引了大量观众参与。 数字艺术与认知：随着数字技术的发展，数字艺术逐渐成为一种新的艺术形式。研究表明，数字艺术可以通过互动性和沉浸感，提高观众的注意力、记忆力和创造力。例如，虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）技术可以让观众身临其境地体验艺术作品，增强艺术欣赏的效果。 艺术与大脑：神经科学研究表明，艺术欣赏可以激活大脑的多个区域，包括视觉皮层、前额叶皮层、杏仁核等。这些区域与认知、情感、记忆等功能密切相关。因此，艺术欣赏可以促进大脑的发育和功能的提升。 障碍词汇 一、障碍单词 psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n. 心理学家 conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. 实施；开展（实验、研究） cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adj. 认知的 merely /ˈmɪəli/ adv. 仅仅；只不过 actively /ˈæktɪvli/ adv. 主动地；积极地 exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ n. 展览；展出 handmade /ˌhændˈmeɪd/ adj. 手工制作的 clay /kleɪ/ n. 黏土；陶土 participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ n. 参与者；受试者 randomly /ˈrændəmli/ adv. 随机地；随意地 rate /reɪt/ v. 评价；打分 n. 比率；等级 abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ adj. 抽象的 n. 摘要 practical /ˈpræktɪkl/ adj. 实际的；具象的；实用的 average /ˈævərɪdʒ/ adj. 平均的 n. 平均数 transformative /ˌtrænsˈfɔːmətɪv/ adj. 具有变革性的；带来改变的 enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ v. 启发；启迪 inspire /ɪnˈspaɪə(r)/ v. 激发；鼓舞；使产生灵感 engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ n. 参与；投入；互动 positivity /ˌpɒzəˈtɪvəti/ n. 积极情绪；乐观 concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ adj. 具体的；具象的（熟词生义） zone /zəʊn/ v. 走神；放空 n. 区域 initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ v. 启动；发起；开始 outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ n. 轮廓；外形 v. 勾勒轮廓 copy /ˈkɒpi/ n. 复制品 v. 复制；模仿 identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ v. 识别；确定；查明 factor /ˈfæktə(r)/ n. 因素；要素 appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. 欣赏；鉴赏 enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ v. 提升；增强 critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/ adj. 批判性的；关键的 二、障碍短语 compare...with 将…… 与…… 作比较 be divided into 被划分为 line drawing 线条画；素描 on average 平均来看 artistic hobby 艺术爱好 emotional state 情绪状态 self-transcendent feelings 自我超越的情感 think in...terms 从…… 角度看待 zone out 走神；思绪放空 let the mind wander 任由思绪漫游 broaden one’s mind 拓宽思维；开阔眼界 give a rating 打分；作出评价 test result 测试结果 thinking pattern 思维模式 behind the result 结果背后的原因 critical thinking 批判性思维 单句填空 1. A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment __________(compare) the cognitive (认知的) effects of __________(mere) seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. 2. In the study, 187 people __________(invite) to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. 3. Participants were __________(random) divided __________ two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, __________ the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. 4. All participants were then tested on __________ they process information, and whether it's in a more __________(practice) or abstract way. 5. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% __________(high) on average than the control group in abstract thinking. 6. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half __________(say) they had an artistic hobby. 7. Among those, the effect was greater: those with __________ artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking __________ those with an artistic hobby in the control group. 8. __________(emotion) states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while __________(complete) the gallery task. 9. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported __________ average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling __________(move), enlightened and inspired — than the control group. 10. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, __________(suggest) that it was the __________(engage) with beauty __________ influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 11. "We usually think in very concrete terms when __________(do) something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. 12. "It's becoming much rarer __________(zone) out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that __________(broad) our minds. 13. __________(admire) the beauty of art may be the ideal way __________(initiate) the abstract cognitive processes." 【答案】1. to compare, merely 2. were invited 3. randomly, into, while 4. how, practical 5. higher 6. saying 7. an, than 8. Emotional, completing 9. an, moved 10. suggesting, engagement, that/which 11. doing 12. to zone, broaden 13. Admiring, to initiate 全文翻译 A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. 剑桥大学的一组心理学家开展了一项实验，对比单纯欣赏艺术品与主动评判艺术品美感这两种行为对人认知能力产生的不同影响。 In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. 研究期间，187名受试者受邀参观凯特尔庭院美术馆，馆内当时正在举办手工陶土艺术品展览。受试者被随机分为两组：审美组需要主动思考每件展品的美感，并为其打分；而对照组仅需将展品的线条草图与实物进行配对。之后，所有受试者都接受了测试，检测他们处理信息的方式偏向实用性思维还是抽象性思维。 Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. 综合全体受试者的数据来看，审美组的抽象思维得分平均比对照组高出近14%。研究虽告知受试者实验围绕认知能力展开，但研究人员也询问了他们的兴趣爱好，约半数人表示自己有艺术类爱好。在这类人群中，实验效果更为明显：有艺术爱好的审美组成员，其抽象思维平均分比同样有艺术爱好的对照组成员高出25%以上。 Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 研究人员还通过询问受试者参观过程中的感受，来监测他们的情绪状态。整体而言，审美组受试者所产生的蜕变感与超然感（例如心生感动、豁然开朗、备受启发等情绪）平均比对照组高出23%。但值得注意的是，审美组并未表现得比对照组更快乐。这一结果表明，是对美的品鉴行为提升了抽象思维能力，而非体验过程中产生的愉悦情绪所致。 "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 该研究的资深作者西蒙娜・施纳尔表示：“我们面对电子屏幕做事时，思维往往十分具象。放空思绪、任由思绪漫游的情况如今变得越来越少，但恰恰是这种状态，能拓宽我们的思维视野。欣赏艺术之美，或许是激发抽象认知思维的最佳方式。” 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 32. 审美组被要求对这些陶土展品做什么？ A. 勾勒它们的轮廓。 B. 为每件作品打分。 C. 对比它们的价格。 D. 临摹每件作品。 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 33. 哪一组受试者在测试中平均分最高？ A. 有艺术爱好的审美组。 B. 无艺术爱好的审美组。 C. 有艺术爱好的对照组。 D. 无艺术爱好的对照组。 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 34. 哪一组受试者在测试中平均分最高？ A. 有艺术爱好的审美组。 B. 无艺术爱好的审美组。 C. 有艺术爱好的对照组。 D. 无艺术爱好的对照组。 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 35. 这项关于艺术欣赏的研究，主要结论是什么？ A. 它能增进情感联结。 B. 它需要批判性思维能力。 C. 它会产生积极情绪。 D. 它能激发抽象思维。 难句分析 1. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. 句意：参与者被随机分成两组：“审美”组被要求积极思考并对他们所看到的每件物品的美感进行评分，而对照组则只是将物品的线条画与艺术品本身进行匹配。 分析：本句是并列复合句。整体结构是由冒号连接两个并列部分，冒号前“Participants were randomly divided into two groups”是主句，采用了被动语态，主语是Participants，谓语是were divided；冒号后由while连接两个并列的句子，形成对比，“the 'beauty' group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed”中，the 'beauty' group是主语，was asked是谓语，to actively consider and then rate...是宾语补足语，they viewed是定语从句，修饰先行词object；“the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself”中，the control group是主语，matched是谓语，a line drawing of the object是宾语，with the artwork itself是状语。 2. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 句意：然而，重要的是，“审美”组并没有报告说比对照组更快乐，这表明是对美的参与影响了抽象思维，而不是这次经历带来的整体积极情绪。 分析：本句是复合句。“the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group”是主句，the beauty group是主语，did not report是谓语，feeling any happier than the control group是宾语；“suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience”是现在分词短语作结果状语，其中that引导宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中采用了强调句型it was...that...，强调的是主语the engagement with beauty，rather than连接两个并列的成分，作比较。 考点统计 2022-2026全国高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2026全国一卷C 311+134 人与自然 颠覆认知！纽约种树引发空气污染 30猜测词义题 2026全国一卷D 332+147 人与社会 主动评判美感带来认知能力提升 35推理判断题 2026全国二卷C 328+134 人与社会 书评：关于平均海平面历史的研究 31标题概括题 2026全国二卷D 313+124 人与自然 巴塞罗地铁实现绿色交通能源高效 34主旨大意题 2026浙江1月卷C 349+93 人与社会 人们难以识别虚假评价原因及对策 30推理判断题 2026浙江1月卷D 315+111 人与自然 AI辅助植物碳封存来增加碳储存量 35推理判断题 2025全国一卷C 323+113 人与社会 呼吁重新思考街道功能建宜居城市 31标题概括题 2025全国一卷D 331+135 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 32写作手法题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民们科学记录生物多样性 35建议推断题 2024浙江1月卷C 320+142 人与自然 人工降雨公司推出“冰雹计划”研究 28推理判断题 2024浙江1月卷D 338+149 人与社会 棉花糖测试抵制精神垃圾食品诱惑 35标题概括题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导人们过数字极简主义生活方式 29猜测词义题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍群体智慧效应的原理以及应用 31推理判断题 2023浙江1月卷C 314+132 人与社会 介绍在辩论中战胜人类的软件程序 27文章大意题 2023浙江1月卷D 318+149 人与自然 新型太阳能农场能够促进农业发展 35标题概括题 2022浙江6月卷B 306+105 人与自我 介绍世界各地“小森林”的兴起情况 25意图推断题 2022浙江6月卷C 302+144 人与自然 研究表明适度的工作会带来成果 29意图推断题 2022浙江1月卷B 354+112 人与自我 介绍一位自营宠物运输方面专家 22猜测词义题 2022浙江1月卷C 284+99 人与社会 讲述蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系 26文体推断题 满分策略 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 五年真题 01【2026浙江1月卷】 Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. B 31. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍关于虚假评论的一项研究，包括研究设计、结果发现以及AI生成虚假评论带来的识别难题等内容。 28.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study used a data set of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel.(该研究使用了芝加哥酒店的1600条评论作为数据集，其中一些是真实的，另一些是虚假的。这些评论被呈现给400名受试者，每位受试者要阅读8条评论：两组均衡的评论，包括2条虚假好评、2条真实好评、2条虚假差评和2条真实差评，以随机顺序呈现。这些评论由获得酒店相关信息的真实人员撰写。)”可知，第二段主要介绍了这项研究的数据集、受试者以及评论呈现方式等，即研究的设计情况。B项“它的发现”、C项“它的目的”、D项“它的意义”均未在第二段体现，故选A项。 29.词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short.(另一方面，冗长的好评被认为是可疑的，受试者往往更信任那些保持glowing评论简短的作者。)”可知，此处“glowing reviews”与前文“positive review（好评）”构成同义指代，由此猜测glowing意为“赞美的、表扬的”。A项“有趣的”、B项“辱骂的”、C项“有洞察力的”均不符合语境，故选D项。 30.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants.(一条包含大量信息的冗长酒店差评，往往更能让受试者信服。)”和“The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.(负面评论越冷静客观，就越有可能让读者相信。)”可知，读者最有可能相信的是冷静客观、不带强烈情绪的差评。A项“冗长的好评”与“冗长的好评被认为可疑”相悖；C项“简短的差评”与“冗长的差评更有说服力”不符；D项“热情洋溢的好评”与“情绪强烈的评论不被信任”相悖，故选B项。 31.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign.(为阿齐米的研究撰写的虚假评论是由人类编写的，但如今越来越多的虚假评论由人工智能生成，这使得它们看起来更真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来清除虚假评论，但阿齐米指出，这些机器是由人类编程的，而考虑到我们识别虚假评论的能力有限，这并不是一个好迹象。)”可推断，随着AI生成的虚假评论越来越逼真，未来识别虚假评论将会变得更加困难。A项“许多公司在生成虚假评论”文中未提及；B项“撰写虚假评论将被宣布为非法”文中未提及；C项“机器能准确检测虚假评论”与“算法由人类编程，识别能力有限”相悖，故选D项。 02【2025全国一卷】 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 29. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 03【2025全国二卷】 Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 35. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 32.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)”可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 33.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 34.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 04【2024新课标I卷】 Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说).” According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies – say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students’ attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 28.词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 29.推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 30.细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 05【2023新课标I卷】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 33.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选D。 34.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 题型变式 艺术、认知、批判思维能力说明文10篇 【01】（2026·江西吉安·模拟预测）Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 1．What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A．He considers his works truly original. B．He insists on pursuing original creation. C．He traces all photos to direct sources. D．He admits combining various influences. 2．What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Mixture. B．Share. C．Revision. D．Repetition. 3．Why does the author mention fashion brands in Paragraph 3 ? A．To prove fashion design is more creative than photography. B．To show people can create new things from old ideas. C．To criticize fashion for copying too many designs. D．To explain how to find the first original idea. 4．What might the author agree with? A．Authenticity stems from originality. B．There is no such thing as authenticity. C．Authenticity is defined by intentions. D．Originality rests on objective standards. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】文章探讨艺术原创本质，主张创作真实源于内心初衷。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences.(然而，我无法真正将我创作的任何作品归类为完全原创的，因为每幅作品最终都是由先前的视觉影响、来自外界的概念性输入以及丰富多样的个人生活经历所综合融合而成的)”可知，作者承认自己的作品融合了各类影响因素。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises.(如果我们遵循所有想法都是其他想法的hodgepodge这一原则，一个自然的问题就出现了)”结合下文“The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake.(第一个原创想法一定是第一个人的。自那以后，一切都成了一个大的仿制品)”以及第四段中“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. (我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图)”可知，作者认为所有的想法都是其他想法的副产品，是其他想法的混合，“hodgepodge”意为“混合物、大杂烩”，与mixture同义。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old.(所以，让我们停止寻找所谓的原创想法吧，无论它意味着什么。只需想想一些时尚品牌是如何每年推出两套全新的高级定制系列的。时尚已经掌握了将旧的东西呈现为新的，以及将新的东西呈现为旧的东西的技巧)”可知，作者举时尚品牌每年推出新品的例子，是为了说明艺术领域擅长旧元素新表达，从已有想法中创造出新的东西。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas.(我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图)”以及“But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. (但是，如果你的意图是复制罗丹的作品，因为那让他成为了著名的雕塑家，那么你的作品将几乎没有意义和真实性)”可知，作者认为真实性是由意图决定的。 【02】（2026·辽宁·模拟预测）For several years now, the countryside has no longer functioned merely as a picturesque counterpoint (对比物) to the city but has become an active laboratory for new relationships between the landscape and people. Trace of Land is one of the examples. Designers reinterpret the hay bale (干草捆) as spatial equipment that unfolds across the fields of Val Badia in the Italian Dolomites. Presented as part of the international open-air art event — SMACH 2026, the project transforms an agricultural object into a canopy-like (类顶篷的) structure that follows the landscape, offering places for shade, rest, and gatherings. The land art equipment is a continuous path made of unfolded hay bales. It moves with the outline of the Alpine landscape. Removed from its functional role in farming, the ha y bale becomes both sculptural and architectural, drawing attention to the relationship between human labor, tools, and the land. Often seen as typical parts of farm life, hay bales are in fact products of industrialized processes, stored and transported by machinery. In Trace of Land, this industrial form is loosened and reshaped, creating a structure that switches between lying on the ground and lifting lightly to form shaded passages. The result is a temporary canopy that strikes a balance between agricultural efficiency and the natural setting. In line with the theme of SMACH 2026, hay bales represent the reciprocal relationship between humans and the land, enhancing the dialog between people and the environment. Visitors are invited to walk along and beneath the structure, using box-shaped bales arranged as seating to pause and reflect. As time passes, the hay will naturally break down, returning to the soil and completing a cycle of use and renewal. 5．What role is given to the ha y bale in the project? A．A farming tool. B．A storage device. C．A relaxation zone. D．A cultural platform. 6．What does the underlined word “reciprocal” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Formal. B．Casual. C．Mutual. D．Distant. 7．What can we learn about the ha y bale structure from the text? A．It is a permanent architectural work for farming. B．It combines artistic value with practical functions. C．It aims to promote modern industrialized farming. D．It is designed to replace traditional agricultural tools. 8．Which column of a website might the text be taken from? A．Redesigning the countryside. B．Advocating farming techniques. C．Remodeling urban landscape. D．Talking with agriculturalists. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．B 8．A 【导语】本文介绍了意大利一项名为“土地之痕”的乡村大地艺术项目，该项目将干草捆重新设计改造，打造出兼具艺术与实用价值的景观设施，诠释了人与土地之间的联系。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Presented as part of the international open-air art event — SMACH 2026, the project transforms an agricultural object into a canopy-like (类顶篷的) structure that follows the landscape, offering places for shade, rest, and gatherings.(该项目是2026年SMACH国际露天艺术展的组成部分，它将传统农耕物品改造为贴合自然地貌的顶篷式建筑，为人们提供遮阳、休憩与聚会的场所。)”可知，该项目将干草捆改造为可供人休闲、休憩的区域。 6．词句猜测题。 根据第四段中的“hay bales represent the reciprocal relationship between humans and the land, enhancing the dialog between people and the environment.(干草捆代表了人与土地之间reciprocal的关系，加强了人与环境之间的对话)”可知，这种关系是指人与土地相互作用、相互影响的关系。“reciprocal”意为“相互的”，与“Mutual”意思相近。 7．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Removed from its functional role in farming, the hay bale becomes both sculptural and architectural, drawing attention to the relationship between human labor, tools, and the land.(干草捆脱离了原本的农耕用途，兼具雕塑艺术与建筑价值，让人们关注到人类劳动、生产工具与土地之间的关联。)”以及第二段提到的装置可遮阳、休憩的实用功能可知，该干草捆装置同时具备艺术价值与实用功能。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“For several years now, the countryside has no longer functioned merely as a picturesque counterpoint (对比物) to the city but has become an active laboratory for new relationships between the landscape and people.(多年来，乡村不再仅仅是城市风景优美的映衬，而是成为了探索人与自然、地貌与人之间全新关系的实践场地。)”可知，全文围绕乡村艺术改造、重塑乡村风貌展开，最符合“重塑乡村”的栏目主题。 【03】（2026·山西·二模）Generative AI technology is quickly entering the art world, challenging the age-old philosophical belief that artistic creation is an essentially human experience. This development is provoking (引发) both economic and inner anxieties among anyone who makes a living from creative work. If AI can make art, does human artwork still have value? Will human artists who earn income through their work lose their livelihoods? To address these questions, doctoral candidate C． Blaine Horton Jr. and Sheena S. Iyengar, the S. T. Lee Professor at Columbia Business School designed a series of experiments to measure how the source of an artwork — AI or human — influences a viewer’s appreciation of the creativity and skill behind the work, as well as its monetary value. Before conducting the experiments, the researchers selected 28 images: half of them were lesser-known works by artists such as Paul Gauguin and Andy Warhol and the other half were AI-generated to resemble those styles. In the first experiment, the researchers presented participants with human- and AI-generated art without origin labels. Images were left unlabeled to avoid guiding participants toward AI-related biases, thus establishing a control group. In subsequent experiments, the researchers varied the conditions, randomly assigning labels of AI-made, human-made, or collaboratively-made. They also changed the presentation order to minimize potential bias in participants’ judgments. The study found that participants were willing to admit that AI-generated art shows the same level of skill and detail as human-made art. But they were markedly biased against AI-generated art when it came to measures of creativity, the amount of labor involved, and monetary value. In fact, in one of the exercises, participants valued AI-labeled art 62 percent less than art identified as human-made. The participants’ bias didn’t surprise Iyengar. “Although AI may imitate a style, it can never capture the deep meaning created by human effort and intuition,” she says. “The labor, creativity, and passion that characterize human artistry provide each work with real value that a machine cannot achieve.” Although AI art may reduce the overall market value of artwork, Horton’s research suggests a hopeful outlook: artists who clearly stress their work is purely human-created, with no AI involvement, can often command higher prices. 9．What does the author mainly talk about in paragraph 1? A．The true value of AI-generated artwork. B．The influence of generative AI on the art world. C．The challenges artists face from generative AI. D．The rapid development of generative AI technology. 10．How did researchers avoid potential bias in the experiments? A．By informing participants of the real creators. B．By reducing the number of observed artworks. C．By randomizing labels and adjusting display order. D．By using only man-made artworks as control samples. 11．What leads to participants’ prejudice against AI art? A．Its lack of delicate skills and fine details. B．Its low popularity in the current art market. C．Its similarity to famous artists’ masterpieces. D．Its absence of deep human stories and feelings. 12．What can be inferred from the passage? A．AI art may lower the general market value of artworks. B．Artists are certain to lose their jobs due to AI-generated art. C．The public holds a completely positive attitude toward AI art. D．Bias against AI art can enhance perceptions of human creativity. 【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．D 【导语】本文通过介绍生成式AI技术进入艺术界后引发的经济和内心焦虑，以及研究者通过一系列实验发现人们对AI生成的艺术存在明显偏见，说明尽管AI可以模仿风格却无法捕捉人类努力与直觉所创造的深层意义，而明确强调纯人类创作且无AI参与的艺术作品往往能获得更高价格。 【详解】9．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Generative AI technology is quickly entering the art world, challenging the age-old philosophical belief that artistic creation is an essentially human experience. This development is provoking (引发) both economic and inner anxieties among anyone who makes a living from creative work.(生成式AI技术正快速进入艺术界，挑战着艺术创作本质上是人类体验这一古老的哲学信念。这一发展正在引发所有以创意工作为生之人的经济焦虑和内心焦虑。)”可知，本段主要介绍了生成式AI进入艺术界，挑战了艺术创作是人类体验这一信念，从而引发了艺术工作者的焦虑。故本段主要谈论生成式AI对艺术界的影响。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In the first experiment, the researchers presented participants with human- and AI-generated art without origin labels. Images were left unlabeled to avoid guiding participants toward AI-related biases, thus establishing a control group. In subsequent experiments, the researchers varied the conditions, randomly assigning labels of AI-made, human-made, or collaboratively-made. They also changed the presentation order to minimize potential bias in participants’ judgments.(在第一个实验中，研究人员向参与者展示人类创作和AI生成的艺术品时，不标注其来源。图像不加标签是为了避免引导参与者产生与AI相关的偏见，从而建立一个对照组。在后续实验中，研究人员改变条件，随机分配AI制作、人类制作或合作制作的标签，同时改变展示顺序以最小化参与者判断中的潜在偏见。)”可知，实验中，为了避免对AI作品的偏见，研究人员展示艺术作品时，不标注其来源，且随机分配标签，改变其展示顺序，即通过随机分配标签和调整展示顺序来避免偏见。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第五段““Although AI may imitate a style, it can never capture the deep meaning created by human effort and intuition,” she says. “The labor, creativity, and passion that characterize human artistry provide each work with real value that a machine cannot achieve.”(“尽管AI可以模仿某种风格，但它永远无法捕捉人类努力和直觉所创造的深层意义，”她说，“人类艺术创作所特有的劳动、创造力和激情赋予了每件作品真正价值，而这是机器无法实现的。”)”可知，AI无法捕捉到人类努力和直觉所创造的深层意义，由此可推知，参与者对AI艺术的偏见来源于它缺乏深层的人类故事和情感。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Although AI art may reduce the overall market value of artwork, Horton’s research suggests a hopeful outlook: artists who clearly stress their work is purely human-created, with no AI involvement, can often command higher prices.(尽管AI艺术可能会降低艺术品的整体市场价值，但Horton的研究提出了一个充满希望的前景：明确强调作品为纯人类创作且无AI参与的艺术家通常能获得更高的价格。)”可知，尽管AI艺术可能会降低艺术品的整体市场价值，但纯人类创作且无AI参与的艺术作品价格更高，故可推知这种对AI艺术的偏见实际上强化了人们心目中人类创造力的独特价值，即偏见本身使得人类创作的艺术在对比中赋予了更高的评价。 【04】（2026·内蒙古赤峰·三模）Great landscape art can take you into a world: the splendid hills of Georgia O’Keeffe’s Southwestern scenery; the nature-like calm of Monet’s water lilies. But for years, amateurs in cities have sketched (速写) everyday sights — buildings and sidewalks — and discovered beauty there. The idea of “urban sketchers” started almost 20 years ago. Gabriel Campanario had just moved to Seattle and was looking to get to know his new home. He started drawing, capturing passers-by, mountains and buildings. He posted his drawings online and invited other artists to join the online group, which led to face-to-face groups. And then more chapters, and then international gatherings. Urban Sketchers now reports more than 500 chapters in over 70 countries. Sketchers can meet up with groups in other towns. Even without a common language, they can still relate to one another through their sketchbooks. Urban Sketchers Portland, one of the earliest chapters, holds monthly meetups. Most participants are amateurs, with a few more-experienced artists. A former architect Bob Boileau appreciates that after a career spent drawing straight lines, it is nice to just get something irregular, put some color and draw how he feels. At a recent meetup at Portland’s Union Station, sketchers gathered around the train station, capturing its red bricks and tall clock tower with watercolors, pen and ink, or colored pencils. City scenes are arguably not as splendid as most rural landscapes, but Noor Alkurd noted the boxes and lines of cities are great for beginners. He also thought landscapes were overrated and found cityscapes fun, adding that drawing helped him notice urban scenes and everyday details he once took for granted. At the end of each sketch session, participants share and appreciate their works, with the main purpose of recording a special moment, learning from others’ views, and discovering more about their daily city. 13．Why did Gabriel Campanario start to draw Seattle? A．To familiarize himself with the city. B．To show his painting skills online. C．To attract more foreign sketchers. D．To build international art groups. 14．What can we know about Bob Boileau? A．He misses his former career. B．He sketches to impress others. C．He is fond of drawing straight lines. D．He enjoys the freedom of sketching. 15．How does urban sketching influence Noor Alkurd? A．It improves his painting speed. B．It teaches him to use different tools. C．It encourages him to draw landscapes. D．It sharpens his eyes for ordinary moments. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．Urban sketchers bond with each other. B．Urban sketchers find beauty in the city. C．Sketching meetups reshape modern art. D．Sketching becomes popular among artists. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．D 16．B 【导语】本文主要讲述普通爱好者在城市日常景观中速写发现美，并介绍了城市速写运动的发展，以及参与者的感受。 【详解】13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Gabriel Campanario had just moved to Seattle and was looking to get to know his new home. He started drawing, capturing passers-by, mountains and buildings.(Gabriel Campanario刚搬到西雅图，正试图熟悉这个新地方。他开始绘画，捕捉路人、山脉和建筑物的景象)”可知，Gabriel Campanario刚开始画画是为了了解、熟悉新城市。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A former architect Bob Boileau appreciates that after a career spent drawing straight lines, it is nice to just get something irregular, put some color and draw how he feels.(前建筑师Bob Boileau深感，在其职业生涯中一直致力于绘制直线之后，能创作出一些不规则的图形、添加色彩并按照自己的感受进行描绘，是一件很美妙的事情)”可知，Bob Boileau之前是建筑师，职业生涯一直画直线，现在速写可以随心所欲画不规则的内容，跟着自己的感觉创作，说明他享受速写带来的自由。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“City scenes are arguably not as splendid as most rural landscapes, but Noor Alkurd noted the boxes and lines of cities are great for beginners. He also thought landscapes were overrated and found cityscapes fun, adding that drawing helped him notice urban scenes and everyday details he once took for granted.(城市景象或许不如大多数乡村风景那样壮观，但Noor Alkurd指出，城市的方格和线条对初学者来说非常有用。他还认为风景画被过分推崇了，并觉得城市景观很有趣，还表示画画帮助他留意到以往习以为常的城市场景和日常细节)”可知，速写让Noor开始留意以前习以为常的日常细节，也就是让他对平凡日常更敏锐。 16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“But for years, amateurs in cities have sketched (速写) everyday sights — buildings and sidewalks — and discovered beauty there.(但多年来，城市里的业余爱好者们一直在描绘日常景象——建筑物和人行道——并从中发现了美)”可知，文章开头点明主题：普通爱好者在城市日常景观中速写发现美，之后介绍城市速写运动的发展，以及参与者的感受，核心就是城市速写者在城市中发现日常之美，对应B选项“城市速写者在城市中发现美”。 【05】（2026·浙江·二模）A new research confirmed that Shakespeare truly boosts children’s reading and writing skills and emotional intelligence provided that his works are acted out. “What we’ve learned is that the techniques actors use have a powerful effect on how children handle language and how they perceive themselves,” said Siri Lee of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils — aged nine and ten — at 45 primary schools that had not been “previously exposed to RSC teaching approach.” They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more complicated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express the character’s emotion”. The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “deserted island conventions” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions.” Siri Lee said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the target children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said. But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? Siri Lee said more research would be needed but suggested that the grammar school boy’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”. 17．Why were the pupils divided into two groups? A．To illustrate the popularity of RSC． B．To prove the advantage of acting-out. C．To measure their writing speed. D．To see their understandings of a drama. 18．What did control pupils’ reliance on “deserted island conventions” show? A．Their preference for big words. B．Their casual style of writing. C．Their weakness in description. D．Their ignorance of small details. 19．What can be inferred about Shakespeare’s use of words? A．It overshadows that of other dramatists. B．It is overly challenging to students. C．It enriches children’s daily vocabulary. D．It is definitely scholarship-oriented. 20．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Acting Out Shakespeare: A Stone, Two Birds B．Follow in Shakespeare’s Footsteps C．Shakespeare: Language Strugglers’ Cure-all D．Shakespeare: Easier Said Than Done 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．C 20．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了一项新研究证实通过戏剧表演演绎莎士比亚作品，能够有效提升孩子读写能力与情商，并借助分组对照试验的数据佐证该结论，同时探讨了莎士比亚丰富的词汇量对孩子语言学习的独特作用。 【详解】17．推理判断题。根据原文第一段“A new research confirmed that Shakespeare truly boosts children’s reading and writing skills and emotional intelligence provided that his works are acted out.(一项新研究证实：倘若通过戏剧表演的形式演绎莎士比亚的作品，就能切实提升孩子们的读写能力与情商。)”及第二段“They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage.(他们被分成实验组和对照组，比如要求学生扮演《暴风雨》中遭遇海难后的费迪南德写一封漂流瓶信件，实验组会配合课文开展三十分钟戏剧活动。)”可知，分组是为了对比验证实景演绎戏剧的好处。 18．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “deserted island conventions” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions.”(这项名为“行动时刻”的研究还发现，对照组学生只会套用棕榈树这类荒岛写作套路，实验组学生描写内容更丰富，能细致描绘天空、大海和环境氛围。)”可知，对照组拘泥固定套路，体现出他们在细节描写方面的短板。 19．推理判断题。根据原文最后一段“Siri Lee said more research would be needed but suggested that the grammar school boy’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”.(Siri Lee表示还需要更多研究，但提出莎士比亚拥有两万个词汇，远超日常两千常用词，极大拓展了孩子接触到的语言内容，还能配合肢体表演活化文字。)”可知，莎士比亚的用词丰富了孩子们的日常词汇储备。 20．主旨大意题。根据原文第一段“A new research confirmed that Shakespeare truly boosts children’s reading and writing skills and emotional intelligence provided that his works are acted out.(一项新研究证实，如果用表演形式演绎莎士比亚作品，能切实提升孩子的读写能力与情商。)”及全文内容可知，文章围绕表演莎翁作品同时提升读写与情商展开，最佳标题为“表演莎士比亚：一举两得” 。 【06】（2026·陕西西安·二模）A groundbreaking study reveals that simply observing visual art can significantly enhance well-being, with benefits extending beyond museums to hospitals and even virtual settings. Published in The Journal of Positive Psychology, the research synthesizes (综合) 38 studies involving 6,805 participants, offering the first comprehensive analysis of art’s therapeutic potential. Previous research has suggested that viewing art might influence mood or stress, but the research was limited and inconsistent, they say. This study examined decades of scattered (分散的) research, providing for the first time a clear and comprehensive overview of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being. Led by psychologists from the University of Vienna, Trinity College Dublin, and Humboldt University, the study highlights how artworks like The Starry Night and The Scream improve eudemonic well-being — linked to life meaning and personal growth. The effects were consistent across diverse formats, including paintings, sculptures, and digital displays. These benefits were observed in a variety of locations — in museums and galleries as well as clinics and hospital settings and also through the medium of virtual reality. A wide range of art types including figurative and abstract paintings, photography, and sculpture were found to improve well-being. “Art is often seen as a luxury,” notes lead author MacKenzie Trupp, at the University of Vienna, “but our findings position it as an accessible, low-cost well-being tool.” Claire Howlin, assistant professor of Trinity College, added, “While the benefits of creating art are well-documented, the impacts of viewing art have been overlooked despite its daily accessibility.” The World Health Organization’s 2019 recommendation to pair art with clinical care aligns (使一致) with these findings, as art addresses core human needs for meaning and identity. With European health departments seeking evidence-based art interventions, this review paves the way for large-scale implementation. From Van Gogh masterpieces to hospital corridor installations, art proves to be a universal resource for mental wellness. 21．Why does the author mention the previous research on appreciating art? A．To criticize its limitation. B．To highlight new findings. C．To prove art is inconsistent. D．To compare different studies. 22．What does the underlined word “eudemonic” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Right-based. B．Wealth-supported. C．Value-related. D．Passion-driven. 23．What can we learn from Claire Howlin’s words? A．Clinical care should replace art. B．Viewing art is undervalued. C．Art is hard to appreciate. D．Few people fully access art. 24．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Visual Art Is a Costly Luxury B．Creating Art Matters Much C．Art Can Give Meaning to Life D．Viewing Art Boosts Well-being 【答案】21．B 22．C 23．B 24．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新研究综合分析发现，观赏各类视觉艺术可显著提升幸福感，该方式低成本易获取，还可应用于医疗等领域，其价值此前常被忽视。 【详解】21．推理判断题。根据第二段“Previous research has suggested that viewing art might influence mood or stress, but the research was limited and inconsistent, they say. This study examined decades of scattered (分散的) research, providing for the first time a clear and comprehensive overview of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being.( 他们指出，此前的研究表明观赏艺术可能会影响情绪或压力，但这些研究存在局限性和不一致性。而此次研究则对数十年分散的调查进行了审查，首次提供了关于何时、何地以及为何观赏艺术能促进幸福感的清晰且全面的概述。)”可知，第二段指出，以往研究有限且结论不一致，而本次研究首次全面清晰地梳理了观赏艺术提升幸福感的相关结论。由此可知，提及旧研究是为了突出新研究的创新性与重要性。故选B项。 22．词句猜测题。根据破折号后解释：“linked to life meaning and personal growth(与人生意义、个人成长相关)”由此可知，这种幸福感与价值、意义相关。C选项Value-related“与价值相关的”符合语境。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Claire Howlin, assistant professor of Trinity College, added, “While the benefits of creating art are well-documented, the impacts of viewing art have been overlooked despite its daily accessibility.”(特里尼蒂学院的助理教授克莱尔·霍林补充道：“虽然创作艺术的好处已得到充分证实，但观赏艺术的影响却被忽视了，尽管它在日常生活中随处可见。”)”可知，从克莱尔·霍林的言论中，我们可以得出观赏艺术未得到足够的重视。故选B项。 24．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“A groundbreaking study reveals that simply observing visual art can significantly enhance well-being, with benefits extending beyond museums to hospitals and even virtual settings.( 一项开创性的研究表明，仅仅观赏视觉艺术就能显著提升幸福感，其益处不仅限于博物馆，还延伸至医院乃至虚拟环境。)”可知，原文核心为一项新研究证实：观赏视觉艺术能显著提升幸福感，且成本低、易实现，适用于多种场景。由此可知，这篇文章适合的标题是“观赏艺术能提升幸福感”。故选D项。 【07】（2026·四川绵阳·模拟预测）Many people believe that confidence comes from ability. In other words, if someone speaks with certainty, they must know what they are talking about. However, psychological research suggests that the opposite can also be true: individuals with limited ability may display surprisingly high levels of confidence while remaining largely unaware of their limitations. This phenomenon is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. People with this cognitive bias (偏见) tend to believe they are far more capable than they really are. Because they know little about a subject, they often mistake their limited understanding for real competence and remain unaware of how much they do not know. This idea was first examined by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. In a series of experiments, participants were asked to complete tests involving grammar, logical reasoning, and humor. After finishing the tasks, they were asked to estimate how well they had performed. To the researchers’ surprise, participants who scored in the lowest group consistently rated their performance much higher than it actually was. For example, those in the bottom 12% often believed they had performed above average. In contrast, participants who achieved high scores tended to underestimate their performance. According to researchers, this pattern can be explained by a “dual burden.” The skills needed to perform a task well are also required to judge one’s own performance. When people lack these skills, they not only make more mistakes but also fail to assess their performance accurately. The Dunning-Kruger effect has important real-world consequences, as it discourages individuals from seeking feedback or further study. To overcome this, one must understand that true confidence is built on accurate self-awareness. It is developed through continuous learning, actively seeking constructive criticism, and, most crucially, by grounding self-assessment in measurable standards, such as test scores, recorded progress, or expert feedback, rather than merely relying on subjective feelings. This practice not only clarifies what one knows but also sharpens one’s ability to judge that knowledge. 25．According to paragraph 3, what did participants who scored lowest on the tests do? A．Underestimated top participants’ ability. B．Overestimated their own performance. C．Thought they performed averagely. D．Doubted the reliability of the results. 26．Why does the author mention the term “dual burden”? A．To explain the underlying cause of overconfidence. B．To introduce a new method for psychological testing. C．To contrast the different burdens faced by participants. D．To emphasize the difficulty of performing complex tasks. 27．What does developing true confidence involve? A．Intense competition and high ambition. B．Powerful inspiration and active learning. C．Critical thinking and self-encouragement. D．Objective evaluation and honest reflection. 28．What might be the best title for the text? A．Self-Awareness Shapes Ability. B．Cognitive Bias Replaces Thinking. C．Confidence Outruns Competence. D．Overconfidence Can Be a Good Thing. 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D 28．C 【导语】文章主要介绍邓宁-克鲁格效应，即能力不足的人常会盲目高估自身水平；通过心理学家的相关实验印证该现象，用“双重负担”解释成因，并说明该效应的现实弊端以及培养真正自信的可行方法。 【详解】25．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“To the researchers’ surprise, participants who scored in the lowest group consistently rated their performance much higher than it actually was.(令研究人员意外的是，得分垫底的受试者总是高估自己的实际表现。)”可知，得分最低的受试者高估了自身表现。 26．推理判断题。根据原文第四段“According to researchers, this pattern can be explained by a “dual burden.” The skills needed to perform a task well are also required to judge one’s own performance.(研究人员表示，这种规律可以用“双重负担”理论来解释：出色完成一项任务所需的能力，同样也是评判自身表现所必备的能力。)”及“When people lack these skills, they not only make more mistakes but also fail to assess their performance accurately.(当人们缺少这类能力时，不仅更容易出错，也无法客观评判自身水平。)”可知，作者提出“双重负担”是为了解释过度自信的内在成因。 27．细节理解题。根据原文第五段“It is developed through continuous learning, actively seeking constructive criticism, and, most crucially, by grounding self-assessment in measurable standards, such as test scores, recorded progress, or expert feedback, rather than merely relying on subjective feelings.(真正的自信心依靠持续学习、主动寻求建设性的批评建议来养成，而最关键的是：依托考试分数、成长记录或专家反馈等可量化标准进行自我评价，而非单纯凭借主观感受。)”可知，培养真正的自信需要客观评估与诚恳反思。 28．主旨大意题。根据原文第一段“However, psychological research suggests that the opposite can also be true: individuals with limited ability may display surprisingly high levels of confidence while remaining largely unaware of their limitations. This phenomenon is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect.(然而心理学研究表明事实可能恰恰相反：一些能力有限的人却表现出超乎寻常的高度自信，并且大多意识不到自身的短板，该现象被称作邓宁-克鲁格效应。)”及全文内容可知，全文围绕邓宁-克鲁格效应展开，核心内容是部分人自信远超自身实际能力，因此最佳标题为“自信远超实力”。 【08】（2026·湖南长沙·模拟预测）There are some sounds most of us acknowledge are annoying — the crunching of crisps, the noise of an air conditioner or a screaming baby. These noises, for many people, act as a mere inconvenience that can distract us from the task at hand. However, there are some among us who have a much more severe response to these noises. The question we ask today is: Has a noise ever made you feel so angry that you could explode with rage? If the answer is yes, you may be suffering from misophonia. The word “misophonia” literally means “a hatred of sound” and is sometimes called selective sound sensitivity syndrome. There are some experts who doubt the existence of the condition. However, for those who claim to suffer from it, the experience can be traumatic. Certain sounds cause intense emotional or psychological responses that may seem over the top compared to a non-sufferer’s complaints. The sound of a loved one chewing their food could trigger a sufferer’s anxiety levels, or cause them to panic. It may even activate their fight-or-flight response, making them want to flee. In extreme cases, that feeling of panic may result in extreme anger and end up with sufferers going crazy. As a result, these conditions can lead to social isolation, and sufferers may feel cut off, according to James Cartreine, a clinical psychiatrist. Sadly, there’s no known cure. However, Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, which helps people tolerate noises, may aid sufferers, while cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling could also help people manage the condition. Sufferers use coping strategies that include avoiding places with lots of noises, like restaurants, or moving away when they feel like hitting someone due to their breathing. So, the next time you see someone fly into a rage because of a sound that is driving them crazy, it may be due to a difficult condition they are trying to manage, and not just because they hate a certain sound. 29．What can annoying sounds do to non-sufferers of misophonia? A．They lead to some complaints and an explosion of anger. B．They generate intense emotional responses among them. C．They make them doubt the presence of misophonia. D．They draw their attention away from what they’re doing. 30．What does the underlined word “traumatic” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Physically painful. B．Spiritually comforting. C．Emotionally disturbing. D．Mentally satisfying. 31．What can we learn about misophonia sufferers? A．They may use practical ways to handle it. B．They won’t be treated through medical treatments. C．They may be angered by the feeling of being cut off. D．They can fully cure their misophonia with therapy. 32．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A news report. B．A science-fiction story. C．A health magazine. D．A psychologist’s notebook. 【答案】29．D 30．C 31．A 32．C 【导语】文章主要介绍了什么是恐音症，恐音症患者的一些症状，以及目前对此的一些治疗方法。 【详解】29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“These noises, for many people, act as a mere inconvenience that can distract us from the task at hand.(对许多人来说，这些噪音仅仅是一种不方便，会分散我们对手头工作的注意力)”可知，对于非恐音症患者来说，恼人的声音会分散他们对正在做的事情的注意力。 30．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“However, for those who claim to suffer from it (然而，对于那些声称遭受痛苦的人)”和下文“Certain sounds cause intense emotional or psychological responses that may seem over the top compared to a non-sufferer’s complaints.(某些声音会引起强烈的情绪或心理反应，与非患者的抱怨相比，这些声音似乎有些过头了)”可知，对恐音症患者而言，这种经历会引起他们强烈的负面情绪或心理反应。由此可知，此处指这种经历会让人精神痛苦，traumatic意思应该是“（精神上）痛苦的，不愉快的”，与emotionally disturbing“情绪不安的”意思相近。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Sufferers use coping strategies that include avoiding places with lots of noises, like restaurants, or moving away when they feel like hitting someone due to their breathing.(患者会采用一些应对策略，包括避开嘈杂的地方，如餐厅，或者在因为呼吸问题而想要攻击他人时选择离开。)”可知，恐音症会采取一些实际方法处理问题。 32．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章围绕恐音症展开，第一段引出恐音症的话题，第二段解释恐音症的概念，第三段描述恐音症患者的一些症状，第四段介绍目前对此的一些治疗方法，最后一段简要总结。由此可知，文章是简要地科普恐音症的相关知识，与人的健康有关，但并非教科书上严谨详尽的讲解，应该是出自一本健康杂志。 【09】（2026·陕西西安·模拟预测）A recent study has revealed an uplifting connection between grandparents and their cognitive (认知) well-being. Lead researcher Chereches expressed the interest surrounding this vital question: “Many grandparents provide regular care for their grandchildren, but an open question is whether caregiving for grandchildren may also benefit grandparents themselves.” This research aimed to explore the potential health advantages for grandparents who dedicate time to their grandchildren, particularly in decelerating cognitive decline. Chereches and her team analyzed data from 2,887 grandparents in England. Participants answered survey questions and underwent cognitive assessments three times from 2016 to 2022. The survey inquired about the frequency of their caregiving — whether they were spending nights with grandchildren, caring for them during illness, engaging in play, assisting with homework, or even preparing meals. The results were heartening! Grandparents who actively participated in childcare, regardless of how often or in what capacity, performed better in memory and verbal fluency tests compared to those who did not engage in caregiving. Excitingly, grandmothers who provided care displayed a slower decline in cognitive performance throughout the study. “What stood out most to us was that being a caregiving grandparent seemed to matter more for cognitive functioning than how often grandparents provided care or what exactly they did with their grandchildren,” Chereches noted. This suggests that the joy and experience of being involved in caregiving may be more beneficial than the specifics of the activities undertaken. Age UK has highlighted the immense benefits of this so-called “gran-nannying,” which keeps older adults mentally and physically active while combating loneliness — as long as the caregiving experience remains enjoyable and fulfilling. This research illuminates the beautiful cycle of care and connection that exists within families, proving that the act of being a grandparent not only enriches the lives of grandchildren but also enhances the lives of grandparents, fostering happiness and vitality in their golden years. Let’s share this wonderful news, encouraging families to embrace the joys of grandparenting! 33．Which can replace the underlined word “decelerating” in paragraph 1? A．Facilitating. B．Slowing. C．Examining. D．Anticipating. 34．How did the study gather information from the grandparents? A．By conducting single interviews. B．By directly observing their caregiving. C．By analysing long-term health records. D．By surveying and assessing repeatedly. 35．What does the author want to emphasize in paragraph 4? A．Engagement matters more than details. B．Frequency has a decisive role. C．Specific activities make a difference. D．Emotional joy is more lasting. 36．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Grandparents: Best Caregivers for Kids B．How to Improve Grandparents’ Well-being C．Childcare Keeps Grandparents’ Minds Sharp D．The Rising Trend of Grandparent Caregiving 【答案】33．B 34．D 35．A 36．C 【导语】文章主要介绍一项研究发现祖父母照顾孙辈对自身认知健康有益，能减缓认知衰退，并阐述研究过程、结果及意义。 【详解】33．词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“This research aimed to explore the potential health advantages for grandparents who dedicate time to their grandchildren, particularly in decelerating cognitive decline.(这项研究旨在探索那些花时间陪伴孙辈的祖父母可能获得的潜在健康益处，尤其是在decelerating认知衰退方面)”可知，研究探索祖父母陪伴孙辈的健康益处，结合认知健康相关语境，此处指减缓认知衰退。由此猜测decelerating意为“减缓”，与slowing同义。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“Chereches and her team analyzed data from 2,887 grandparents in England. Participants answered survey questions and underwent cognitive assessments three times from 2016 to 2022.(Chereches和她的团队分析了来自英国2887名祖父母的数据。从2016年到2022年，参与者回答了调查问题，并接受了三次认知评估)”可知，研究通过反复调查和评估的方式从祖父母那里收集信息。 35．细节理解题。根据第四段“What stood out most to us was that being a caregiving grandparent seemed to matter more for cognitive functioning than how often grandparents provided care or what exactly they did with their grandchildren,” Chereches noted. This suggests that the joy and experience of being involved in caregiving may be more beneficial than the specifics of the activities undertaken.(Chereches指出：“最让我们印象深刻的是，成为照顾孙辈的祖父母似乎比照顾孙辈的频率或具体做什么对认知功能更重要。”这表明，参与照顾孙辈的快乐和经历可能比所进行活动的细节更有益)”可知，作者在第四段强调参与照顾这件事本身比具体细节更重要。 36．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“This research aimed to explore the potential health advantages for grandparents who dedicate time to their grandchildren, particularly in decelerating cognitive decline.(这项研究旨在探索那些花时间陪伴孙辈的祖父母可能获得的潜在健康益处，尤其是在减缓认知衰退方面)”可知，文章围绕一项研究展开，核心是祖父母照顾孙辈对自身认知健康有益，能减缓认知衰退、保持思维敏捷。C项“照顾孩子让祖父母思维敏捷”能概括文章主旨，适合作标题。 【10】（2026·江西宜春·模拟预测）Expert birdwatchers have changes in their brain structure compared with beginners, which probably help them better identify birds and may even protect against age-related cognitive (认知的) decline. When learning or practising a skill, the brain reorganises itself, strengthening and streamlining relevant pathways. This ability, known as neuroplasticity (神经可塑性), forms the basis of the development of expertise. It is why professional musicians show structural changes in brain regions involved in hearing. To understand whether birding also shapes the brain, Erik Wing at York University in Canada and his colleagues analyzed brain structure and function in 48 hobbyist birders, half experts and half novices (新手), as judged on a screening test. Participants were aged 22 to 79 and both groups were similar in terms of sex, age and education. During brain scans, the participants were shown a picture of a bird for less than 4 seconds. About 10 seconds later, they tried identifying the same bird in one of four images, each presenting a different species. The task was repeated 72 times using 18 bird species. As expected, expert birders performed much better. They correctly identified 83 percent of local birds and 61 percent of non-local ones, while beginners identified only 44 percent of both. When identifying non-local birds, expert birders showed increased activity in three brain regions involved in object recognition, visual processing, attention, and memory. These regions were also more structurally complex in experts, suggesting that building expertise in birding reshapes the brain. As people age, structural complexity and organization of the brain tend to decline. However, this decline was less noticeable in expert birdwatchers. This suggests that birding may help build cognitive reserve — the brain’s ability to defend itself from aging and adapt to damage. “It suggests that maintaining brain activity with some specialised abilities is also linked to reduced effects of aging,” says Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Canada. However, to really know whether the brain changes are due to birding, researchers would have to scan the brain multiple times over months to years, says Wing. 37．Which aspect of the research is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The major finding. B．The theoretical principle. C．The practical example. D．The potential significance. 38．How did researchers conduct the bird identification task? A．By giving participants unlimited time to respond. B．By requiring participants to memorize bird names. C．By showing participants the same bird image repeatedly. D．By asking participants to recognize the bird shown before. 39．What did Erik Wing’s study find? A．Birding may help resist brain aging. B．Novices have simpler brain activities. C．Birding cures age-related cognitive decline. D．Experts have more brain cells than novices. 40．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．How to Become An Expert Birdwatcher B．Why Experts Identify Birds More Accurately C．Neuroplasticity: The Key to Learning New Skills D．Birdwatching: A Hobby That Rewires Your Brain 【答案】37．B 38．D 39．A 40．D 【导语】主要探讨了与新手相比，专业观鸟者的大脑结构存在变化，这些变化可能有助于他们更好地识别鸟类，甚至可能抵御与年龄相关的认知衰退。 【详解】37．主旨大意题。根据第二段“When learning or practising a skill, the brain reorganises itself, strengthening and streamlining relevant pathways. This ability, known as neuroplasticity (神经可塑性), forms the basis of the development of expertise. It is why professional musicians show structural changes in brain regions involved in hearing.(当学习或练习一项技能时，大脑会自我重组，强化和简化相关的神经通路。这种能力，即神经可塑性，是专业技能发展的基础。这就是为什么专业音乐家在涉及听觉的大脑区域会出现结构变化)”可知，该段主要介绍了研究背后的理论原理，即神经可塑性是专业技能发展的基础。 38．细节理解题。根据第四段“During brain scans, the participants were shown a picture of a bird for less than 4 seconds. About 10 seconds later, they tried identifying the same bird in one of four images, each presenting a different species. The task was repeated 72 times using 18 bird species.(在脑部扫描过程中，向参与者展示一张鸟的图片，时间不到4秒。大约10秒后，他们尝试在四张图片中识别出之前展示的同一只鸟，每张图片展示的是不同的物种。这个任务使用18种鸟类重复了72次。）可知，研究人员通过让参与者识别之前展示过的鸟来进行鸟类识别任务。 39．细节理解题。根据第六段“As people age, structural complexity and organization of the brain tend to decline. However, this decline was less noticeable in expert birdwatchers. This suggests that birding may help build cognitive reserve — the brain’s ability to defend itself from aging and adapt to damage.(随着人们年龄的增长，大脑的结构复杂性和组织性往往会下降。然而，这种下降在专业观鸟者中不太明显。这表明观鸟可能有助于建立认知储备——大脑抵御衰老和适应损伤的能力)”可知，Erik Wing的研究发现观鸟可能有助于抵御大脑衰老。 40．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Expert birdwatchers have changes in their brain structure compared with beginners, which probably help them better identify birds and may even protect against age-related cognitive (认知的) decline.(资深观鸟爱好者的大脑结构和新手相比存在差异，这或许能帮助他们更好地辨识鸟类，甚至还有可能预防与年龄相关的认知衰退)”可知，文章围绕观鸟对大脑的影响展开，介绍了专业观鸟者大脑结构变化以及观鸟可能重塑大脑并抵御衰老，所以D选项“Birdwatching: A Hobby That Rewires Your Brain(观鸟：一种重塑你大脑的爱好)”最能概括文章主旨，为最佳标题。 34 / 44 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026全国一卷英语真题完全解读与考后提升 专题04 2026全国一卷阅读D篇(欣赏艺术美提升抽象思维能力) (解读+技巧+变式) 原卷版 权威评价 弘扬科学精神，培育探究能力 阅读理解D篇介绍了剑桥大学关于“欣赏艺术与抽象思维”的实验研究，阐述主动品鉴艺术对人的抽象思维、精神感受产生的影响。文本逻辑严密，实验流程、数据结论、专家观点层次分明，是典型的学术类语篇。题目聚焦实验目的、行为要求、数据对比、研究结论，侧重考查学生梳理实验逻辑、辨析观点、归纳主旨的高阶思维能力。该篇语料学术性较强，句式复杂、信息密度大，区分度突出，能够有效甄别学生深层次文本解读与逻辑思辨能力。 ---《教育部教育考试院：2026年高考英语全国卷试题评析》 文章出处 本文选自剑桥大学官网2025年 5月 7日名为 Pondering artistic beauty encourages ‘big picture’ thinking的文章。https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/artistic-beauty-abstract-thinking?ucam-ref=research-most-popular 真题再现 A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 权威解析 百科知识 艺术疗法：艺术疗法是一种心理治疗方法，通过绘画、音乐、舞蹈等艺术形式帮助人们表达情感、缓解压力、改善认知。研究表明，艺术疗法可以提高患者的创造力、想象力和抽象思维能力。 博物馆教育：许多博物馆和艺术机构都开展了教育项目，旨在通过艺术欣赏和创作活动，提高观众的认知能力和审美水平。例如，纽约现代艺术博物馆（MoMA）的教育项目包括导览、工作坊、讲座等，吸引了大量观众参与。 数字艺术与认知：随着数字技术的发展，数字艺术逐渐成为一种新的艺术形式。研究表明，数字艺术可以通过互动性和沉浸感，提高观众的注意力、记忆力和创造力。例如，虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）技术可以让观众身临其境地体验艺术作品，增强艺术欣赏的效果。 艺术与大脑：神经科学研究表明，艺术欣赏可以激活大脑的多个区域，包括视觉皮层、前额叶皮层、杏仁核等。这些区域与认知、情感、记忆等功能密切相关。因此，艺术欣赏可以促进大脑的发育和功能的提升。 障碍词汇 一、障碍单词 psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n. _________________ conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. _________________ cognitive /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adj. _________________ merely /ˈmɪəli/ adv. _________________ actively /ˈæktɪvli/ adv. _________________ exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ n. _________________ handmade /ˌhændˈmeɪd/ adj. _________________ clay /kleɪ/ n. _________________ participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ n. _________________ randomly /ˈrændəmli/ adv. _________________ rate /reɪt/ v. _________________ abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ adj. _________________ practical /ˈpræktɪkl/ adj. _________________ average /ˈævərɪdʒ/ adj. _________________ n. _________________ transformative /ˌtrænsˈfɔːmətɪv/ adj. _________________ enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ v. _________________ inspire /ɪnˈspaɪə(r)/ v. _________________ engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ n. _________________ positivity /ˌpɒzəˈtɪvəti/ n. _________________ concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ adj. _________________ zone /zəʊn/ v. _________________ n. _________________ initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ v. _________________ outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ n. _________________ v. _________________ copy /ˈkɒpi/ n. _________________ v. _________________ identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ v. _________________ factor /ˈfæktə(r)/ n. _________________ appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. _________________ enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ v. _________________ critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/ adj. _________________ 二、障碍短语 compare...with _________________ be divided into _________________ line drawing _________________ on average _________________ artistic hobby _________________ emotional state _________________ self-transcendent feelings _________________ think in...terms _________________ zone out _________________ let the mind wander _________________ broaden one’s mind _________________ give a rating _________________ test result _________________ thinking pattern _________________ behind the result _________________ critical thinking _________________ 单句填空 1. A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment __________(compare) the cognitive (认知的) effects of __________(mere) seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. 2. In the study, 187 people __________(invite) to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. 3. Participants were __________(random) divided __________ two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, __________ the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. 4. All participants were then tested on __________ they process information, and whether it's in a more __________(practice) or abstract way. 5. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% __________(high) on average than the control group in abstract thinking. 6. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half __________(say) they had an artistic hobby. 7. Among those, the effect was greater: those with __________ artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking __________ those with an artistic hobby in the control group. 8. __________(emotion) states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while __________(complete) the gallery task. 9. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported __________ average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling __________(move), enlightened and inspired — than the control group. 10. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, __________(suggest) that it was the __________(engage) with beauty __________ influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 11. "We usually think in very concrete terms when __________(do) something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. 12. "It's becoming much rarer __________(zone) out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that __________(broad) our minds. 13. __________(admire) the beauty of art may be the ideal way __________(initiate) the abstract cognitive processes." 全文翻译 A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. 剑桥大学的一组心理学家开展了一项实验，对比单纯欣赏艺术品与主动评判艺术品美感这两种行为对人认知能力产生的不同影响。 In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. 研究期间，187名受试者受邀参观凯特尔庭院美术馆，馆内当时正在举办手工陶土艺术品展览。受试者被随机分为两组：审美组需要主动思考每件展品的美感，并为其打分；而对照组仅需将展品的线条草图与实物进行配对。之后，所有受试者都接受了测试，检测他们处理信息的方式偏向实用性思维还是抽象性思维。 Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. 综合全体受试者的数据来看，审美组的抽象思维得分平均比对照组高出近14%。研究虽告知受试者实验围绕认知能力展开，但研究人员也询问了他们的兴趣爱好，约半数人表示自己有艺术类爱好。在这类人群中，实验效果更为明显：有艺术爱好的审美组成员，其抽象思维平均分比同样有艺术爱好的对照组成员高出25%以上。 Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 研究人员还通过询问受试者参观过程中的感受，来监测他们的情绪状态。整体而言，审美组受试者所产生的蜕变感与超然感（例如心生感动、豁然开朗、备受启发等情绪）平均比对照组高出23%。但值得注意的是，审美组并未表现得比对照组更快乐。这一结果表明，是对美的品鉴行为提升了抽象思维能力，而非体验过程中产生的愉悦情绪所致。 "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 该研究的资深作者西蒙娜・施纳尔表示：“我们面对电子屏幕做事时，思维往往十分具象。放空思绪、任由思绪漫游的情况如今变得越来越少，但恰恰是这种状态，能拓宽我们的思维视野。欣赏艺术之美，或许是激发抽象认知思维的最佳方式。” 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 32. 审美组被要求对这些陶土展品做什么？ A. 勾勒它们的轮廓。 B. 为每件作品打分。 C. 对比它们的价格。 D. 临摹每件作品。 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 33. 哪一组受试者在测试中平均分最高？ A. 有艺术爱好的审美组。 B. 无艺术爱好的审美组。 C. 有艺术爱好的对照组。 D. 无艺术爱好的对照组。 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 34. 哪一组受试者在测试中平均分最高？ A. 有艺术爱好的审美组。 B. 无艺术爱好的审美组。 C. 有艺术爱好的对照组。 D. 无艺术爱好的对照组。 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 35. 这项关于艺术欣赏的研究，主要结论是什么？ A. 它能增进情感联结。 B. 它需要批判性思维能力。 C. 它会产生积极情绪。 D. 它能激发抽象思维。 难句分析 1. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. 句意：参与者被随机分成两组：“审美”组被要求积极思考并对他们所看到的每件物品的美感进行评分，而对照组则只是将物品的线条画与艺术品本身进行匹配。 分析：本句是并列复合句。整体结构是由冒号连接两个并列部分，冒号前“Participants were randomly divided into two groups”是主句，采用了被动语态，主语是Participants，谓语是were divided；冒号后由while连接两个并列的句子，形成对比，“the 'beauty' group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed”中，the 'beauty' group是主语，was asked是谓语，to actively consider and then rate...是宾语补足语，they viewed是定语从句，修饰先行词object；“the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself”中，the control group是主语，matched是谓语，a line drawing of the object是宾语，with the artwork itself是状语。 2. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 句意：然而，重要的是，“审美”组并没有报告说比对照组更快乐，这表明是对美的参与影响了抽象思维，而不是这次经历带来的整体积极情绪。 分析：本句是复合句。“the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group”是主句，the beauty group是主语，did not report是谓语，feeling any happier than the control group是宾语；“suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience”是现在分词短语作结果状语，其中that引导宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中采用了强调句型it was...that...，强调的是主语the engagement with beauty，rather than连接两个并列的成分，作比较。 考点统计 2022-2026全国高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2026全国一卷C 311+134 人与自然 颠覆认知！纽约种树引发空气污染 30猜测词义题 2026全国一卷D 332+147 人与社会 主动评判美感带来认知能力提升 35推理判断题 2026全国二卷C 328+134 人与社会 书评：关于平均海平面历史的研究 31标题概括题 2026全国二卷D 313+124 人与自然 巴塞罗地铁实现绿色交通能源高效 34主旨大意题 2026浙江1月卷C 349+93 人与社会 人们难以识别虚假评价原因及对策 30推理判断题 2026浙江1月卷D 315+111 人与自然 AI辅助植物碳封存来增加碳储存量 35推理判断题 2025全国一卷C 323+113 人与社会 呼吁重新思考街道功能建宜居城市 31标题概括题 2025全国一卷D 331+135 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 32写作手法题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民们科学记录生物多样性 35建议推断题 2024浙江1月卷C 320+142 人与自然 人工降雨公司推出“冰雹计划”研究 28推理判断题 2024浙江1月卷D 338+149 人与社会 棉花糖测试抵制精神垃圾食品诱惑 35标题概括题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导人们过数字极简主义生活方式 29猜测词义题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍群体智慧效应的原理以及应用 31推理判断题 2023浙江1月卷C 314+132 人与社会 介绍在辩论中战胜人类的软件程序 27文章大意题 2023浙江1月卷D 318+149 人与自然 新型太阳能农场能够促进农业发展 35标题概括题 2022浙江6月卷B 306+105 人与自我 介绍世界各地“小森林”的兴起情况 25意图推断题 2022浙江6月卷C 302+144 人与自然 研究表明适度的工作会带来成果 29意图推断题 2022浙江1月卷B 354+112 人与自我 介绍一位自营宠物运输方面专家 22猜测词义题 2022浙江1月卷C 284+99 人与社会 讲述蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系 26文体推断题 满分策略 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 五年真题 01【2026浙江1月卷】 Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 02【2025全国一卷】 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 03【2025全国二卷】 Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 35. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 04【2024新课标I卷】 Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说).” According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies – say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students’ attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 05【2023新课标I卷】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 题型变式 艺术、认知、批判思维能力说明文10篇 【01】（2026·江西吉安·模拟预测）Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 1．What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A．He considers his works truly original. B．He insists on pursuing original creation. C．He traces all photos to direct sources. D．He admits combining various influences. 2．What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Mixture. B．Share. C．Revision. D．Repetition. 3．Why does the author mention fashion brands in Paragraph 3 ? A．To prove fashion design is more creative than photography. B．To show people can create new things from old ideas. C．To criticize fashion for copying too many designs. D．To explain how to find the first original idea. 4．What might the author agree with? A．Authenticity stems from originality. B．There is no such thing as authenticity. C．Authenticity is defined by intentions. D．Originality rests on objective standards. 【02】（2026·辽宁·模拟预测）For several years now, the countryside has no longer functioned merely as a picturesque counterpoint (对比物) to the city but has become an active laboratory for new relationships between the landscape and people. Trace of Land is one of the examples. Designers reinterpret the hay bale (干草捆) as spatial equipment that unfolds across the fields of Val Badia in the Italian Dolomites. Presented as part of the international open-air art event — SMACH 2026, the project transforms an agricultural object into a canopy-like (类顶篷的) structure that follows the landscape, offering places for shade, rest, and gatherings. The land art equipment is a continuous path made of unfolded hay bales. It moves with the outline of the Alpine landscape. Removed from its functional role in farming, the ha y bale becomes both sculptural and architectural, drawing attention to the relationship between human labor, tools, and the land. Often seen as typical parts of farm life, hay bales are in fact products of industrialized processes, stored and transported by machinery. In Trace of Land, this industrial form is loosened and reshaped, creating a structure that switches between lying on the ground and lifting lightly to form shaded passages. The result is a temporary canopy that strikes a balance between agricultural efficiency and the natural setting. In line with the theme of SMACH 2026, hay bales represent the reciprocal relationship between humans and the land, enhancing the dialog between people and the environment. Visitors are invited to walk along and beneath the structure, using box-shaped bales arranged as seating to pause and reflect. As time passes, the hay will naturally break down, returning to the soil and completing a cycle of use and renewal. 5．What role is given to the ha y bale in the project? A．A farming tool. B．A storage device. C．A relaxation zone. D．A cultural platform. 6．What does the underlined word “reciprocal” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Formal. B．Casual. C．Mutual. D．Distant. 7．What can we learn about the ha y bale structure from the text? A．It is a permanent architectural work for farming. B．It combines artistic value with practical functions. C．It aims to promote modern industrialized farming. D．It is designed to replace traditional agricultural tools. 8．Which column of a website might the text be taken from? A．Redesigning the countryside. B．Advocating farming techniques. C．Remodeling urban landscape. D．Talking with agriculturalists. 【03】（2026·山西·二模）Generative AI technology is quickly entering the art world, challenging the age-old philosophical belief that artistic creation is an essentially human experience. This development is provoking (引发) both economic and inner anxieties among anyone who makes a living from creative work. If AI can make art, does human artwork still have value? Will human artists who earn income through their work lose their livelihoods? To address these questions, doctoral candidate C． Blaine Horton Jr. and Sheena S. Iyengar, the S. T. Lee Professor at Columbia Business School designed a series of experiments to measure how the source of an artwork — AI or human — influences a viewer’s appreciation of the creativity and skill behind the work, as well as its monetary value. Before conducting the experiments, the researchers selected 28 images: half of them were lesser-known works by artists such as Paul Gauguin and Andy Warhol and the other half were AI-generated to resemble those styles. In the first experiment, the researchers presented participants with human- and AI-generated art without origin labels. Images were left unlabeled to avoid guiding participants toward AI-related biases, thus establishing a control group. In subsequent experiments, the researchers varied the conditions, randomly assigning labels of AI-made, human-made, or collaboratively-made. They also changed the presentation order to minimize potential bias in participants’ judgments. The study found that participants were willing to admit that AI-generated art shows the same level of skill and detail as human-made art. But they were markedly biased against AI-generated art when it came to measures of creativity, the amount of labor involved, and monetary value. In fact, in one of the exercises, participants valued AI-labeled art 62 percent less than art identified as human-made. The participants’ bias didn’t surprise Iyengar. “Although AI may imitate a style, it can never capture the deep meaning created by human effort and intuition,” she says. “The labor, creativity, and passion that characterize human artistry provide each work with real value that a machine cannot achieve.” Although AI art may reduce the overall market value of artwork, Horton’s research suggests a hopeful outlook: artists who clearly stress their work is purely human-created, with no AI involvement, can often command higher prices. 9．What does the author mainly talk about in paragraph 1? A．The true value of AI-generated artwork. B．The influence of generative AI on the art world. C．The challenges artists face from generative AI. D．The rapid development of generative AI technology. 10．How did researchers avoid potential bias in the experiments? A．By informing participants of the real creators. B．By reducing the number of observed artworks. C．By randomizing labels and adjusting display order. D．By using only man-made artworks as control samples. 11．What leads to participants’ prejudice against AI art? A．Its lack of delicate skills and fine details. B．Its low popularity in the current art market. C．Its similarity to famous artists’ masterpieces. D．Its absence of deep human stories and feelings. 12．What can be inferred from the passage? A．AI art may lower the general market value of artworks. B．Artists are certain to lose their jobs due to AI-generated art. C．The public holds a completely positive attitude toward AI art. D．Bias against AI art can enhance perceptions of human creativity. 【04】（2026·内蒙古赤峰·三模）Great landscape art can take you into a world: the splendid hills of Georgia O’Keeffe’s Southwestern scenery; the nature-like calm of Monet’s water lilies. But for years, amateurs in cities have sketched (速写) everyday sights — buildings and sidewalks — and discovered beauty there. The idea of “urban sketchers” started almost 20 years ago. Gabriel Campanario had just moved to Seattle and was looking to get to know his new home. He started drawing, capturing passers-by, mountains and buildings. He posted his drawings online and invited other artists to join the online group, which led to face-to-face groups. And then more chapters, and then international gatherings. Urban Sketchers now reports more than 500 chapters in over 70 countries. Sketchers can meet up with groups in other towns. Even without a common language, they can still relate to one another through their sketchbooks. Urban Sketchers Portland, one of the earliest chapters, holds monthly meetups. Most participants are amateurs, with a few more-experienced artists. A former architect Bob Boileau appreciates that after a career spent drawing straight lines, it is nice to just get something irregular, put some color and draw how he feels. At a recent meetup at Portland’s Union Station, sketchers gathered around the train station, capturing its red bricks and tall clock tower with watercolors, pen and ink, or colored pencils. City scenes are arguably not as splendid as most rural landscapes, but Noor Alkurd noted the boxes and lines of cities are great for beginners. He also thought landscapes were overrated and found cityscapes fun, adding that drawing helped him notice urban scenes and everyday details he once took for granted. At the end of each sketch session, participants share and appreciate their works, with the main purpose of recording a special moment, learning from others’ views, and discovering more about their daily city. 13．Why did Gabriel Campanario start to draw Seattle? A．To familiarize himself with the city. B．To show his painting skills online. C．To attract more foreign sketchers. D．To build international art groups. 14．What can we know about Bob Boileau? A．He misses his former career. B．He sketches to impress others. C．He is fond of drawing straight lines. D．He enjoys the freedom of sketching. 15．How does urban sketching influence Noor Alkurd? A．It improves his painting speed. B．It teaches him to use different tools. C．It encourages him to draw landscapes. D．It sharpens his eyes for ordinary moments. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．Urban sketchers bond with each other. B．Urban sketchers find beauty in the city. C．Sketching meetups reshape modern art. D．Sketching becomes popular among artists. 【05】（2026·浙江·二模）A new research confirmed that Shakespeare truly boosts children’s reading and writing skills and emotional intelligence provided that his works are acted out. “What we’ve learned is that the techniques actors use have a powerful effect on how children handle language and how they perceive themselves,” said Siri Lee of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils — aged nine and ten — at 45 primary schools that had not been “previously exposed to RSC teaching approach.” They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more complicated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express the character’s emotion”. The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “deserted island conventions” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions.” Siri Lee said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the target children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said. But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? Siri Lee said more research would be needed but suggested that the grammar school boy’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”. 17．Why were the pupils divided into two groups? A．To illustrate the popularity of RSC． B．To prove the advantage of acting-out. C．To measure their writing speed. D．To see their understandings of a drama. 18．What did control pupils’ reliance on “deserted island conventions” show? A．Their preference for big words. B．Their casual style of writing. C．Their weakness in description. D．Their ignorance of small details. 19．What can be inferred about Shakespeare’s use of words? A．It overshadows that of other dramatists. B．It is overly challenging to students. C．It enriches children’s daily vocabulary. D．It is definitely scholarship-oriented. 20．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Acting Out Shakespeare: A Stone, Two Birds B．Follow in Shakespeare’s Footsteps C．Shakespeare: Language Strugglers’ Cure-all D．Shakespeare: Easier Said Than Done 【06】（2026·陕西西安·二模）A groundbreaking study reveals that simply observing visual art can significantly enhance well-being, with benefits extending beyond museums to hospitals and even virtual settings. Published in The Journal of Positive Psychology, the research synthesizes (综合) 38 studies involving 6,805 participants, offering the first comprehensive analysis of art’s therapeutic potential. Previous research has suggested that viewing art might influence mood or stress, but the research was limited and inconsistent, they say. This study examined decades of scattered (分散的) research, providing for the first time a clear and comprehensive overview of when, where and why art viewing is used to promote well-being. Led by psychologists from the University of Vienna, Trinity College Dublin, and Humboldt University, the study highlights how artworks like The Starry Night and The Scream improve eudemonic well-being — linked to life meaning and personal growth. The effects were consistent across diverse formats, including paintings, sculptures, and digital displays. These benefits were observed in a variety of locations — in museums and galleries as well as clinics and hospital settings and also through the medium of virtual reality. A wide range of art types including figurative and abstract paintings, photography, and sculpture were found to improve well-being. “Art is often seen as a luxury,” notes lead author MacKenzie Trupp, at the University of Vienna, “but our findings position it as an accessible, low-cost well-being tool.” Claire Howlin, assistant professor of Trinity College, added, “While the benefits of creating art are well-documented, the impacts of viewing art have been overlooked despite its daily accessibility.” The World Health Organization’s 2019 recommendation to pair art with clinical care aligns (使一致) with these findings, as art addresses core human needs for meaning and identity. With European health departments seeking evidence-based art interventions, this review paves the way for large-scale implementation. From Van Gogh masterpieces to hospital corridor installations, art proves to be a universal resource for mental wellness. 21．Why does the author mention the previous research on appreciating art? A．To criticize its limitation. B．To highlight new findings. C．To prove art is inconsistent. D．To compare different studies. 22．What does the underlined word “eudemonic” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Right-based. B．Wealth-supported. C．Value-related. D．Passion-driven. 23．What can we learn from Claire Howlin’s words? A．Clinical care should replace art. B．Viewing art is undervalued. C．Art is hard to appreciate. D．Few people fully access art. 24．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Visual Art Is a Costly Luxury B．Creating Art Matters Much C．Art Can Give Meaning to Life D．Viewing Art Boosts Well-being 【07】（2026·四川绵阳·模拟预测）Many people believe that confidence comes from ability. In other words, if someone speaks with certainty, they must know what they are talking about. However, psychological research suggests that the opposite can also be true: individuals with limited ability may display surprisingly high levels of confidence while remaining largely unaware of their limitations. This phenomenon is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. People with this cognitive bias (偏见) tend to believe they are far more capable than they really are. Because they know little about a subject, they often mistake their limited understanding for real competence and remain unaware of how much they do not know. This idea was first examined by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. In a series of experiments, participants were asked to complete tests involving grammar, logical reasoning, and humor. After finishing the tasks, they were asked to estimate how well they had performed. To the researchers’ surprise, participants who scored in the lowest group consistently rated their performance much higher than it actually was. For example, those in the bottom 12% often believed they had performed above average. In contrast, participants who achieved high scores tended to underestimate their performance. According to researchers, this pattern can be explained by a “dual burden.” The skills needed to perform a task well are also required to judge one’s own performance. When people lack these skills, they not only make more mistakes but also fail to assess their performance accurately. The Dunning-Kruger effect has important real-world consequences, as it discourages individuals from seeking feedback or further study. To overcome this, one must understand that true confidence is built on accurate self-awareness. It is developed through continuous learning, actively seeking constructive criticism, and, most crucially, by grounding self-assessment in measurable standards, such as test scores, recorded progress, or expert feedback, rather than merely relying on subjective feelings. This practice not only clarifies what one knows but also sharpens one’s ability to judge that knowledge. 25．According to paragraph 3, what did participants who scored lowest on the tests do? A．Underestimated top participants’ ability. B．Overestimated their own performance. C．Thought they performed averagely. D．Doubted the reliability of the results. 26．Why does the author mention the term “dual burden”? A．To explain the underlying cause of overconfidence. B．To introduce a new method for psychological testing. C．To contrast the different burdens faced by participants. D．To emphasize the difficulty of performing complex tasks. 27．What does developing true confidence involve? A．Intense competition and high ambition. B．Powerful inspiration and active learning. C．Critical thinking and self-encouragement. D．Objective evaluation and honest reflection. 28．What might be the best title for the text? A．Self-Awareness Shapes Ability. B．Cognitive Bias Replaces Thinking. C．Confidence Outruns Competence. D．Overconfidence Can Be a Good Thing. 【08】（2026·湖南长沙·模拟预测）There are some sounds most of us acknowledge are annoying — the crunching of crisps, the noise of an air conditioner or a screaming baby. These noises, for many people, act as a mere inconvenience that can distract us from the task at hand. However, there are some among us who have a much more severe response to these noises. The question we ask today is: Has a noise ever made you feel so angry that you could explode with rage? If the answer is yes, you may be suffering from misophonia. The word “misophonia” literally means “a hatred of sound” and is sometimes called selective sound sensitivity syndrome. There are some experts who doubt the existence of the condition. However, for those who claim to suffer from it, the experience can be traumatic. Certain sounds cause intense emotional or psychological responses that may seem over the top compared to a non-sufferer’s complaints. The sound of a loved one chewing their food could trigger a sufferer’s anxiety levels, or cause them to panic. It may even activate their fight-or-flight response, making them want to flee. In extreme cases, that feeling of panic may result in extreme anger and end up with sufferers going crazy. As a result, these conditions can lead to social isolation, and sufferers may feel cut off, according to James Cartreine, a clinical psychiatrist. Sadly, there’s no known cure. However, Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, which helps people tolerate noises, may aid sufferers, while cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling could also help people manage the condition. Sufferers use coping strategies that include avoiding places with lots of noises, like restaurants, or moving away when they feel like hitting someone due to their breathing. So, the next time you see someone fly into a rage because of a sound that is driving them crazy, it may be due to a difficult condition they are trying to manage, and not just because they hate a certain sound. 29．What can annoying sounds do to non-sufferers of misophonia? A．They lead to some complaints and an explosion of anger. B．They generate intense emotional responses among them. C．They make them doubt the presence of misophonia. D．They draw their attention away from what they’re doing. 30．What does the underlined word “traumatic” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Physically painful. B．Spiritually comforting. C．Emotionally disturbing. D．Mentally satisfying. 31．What can we learn about misophonia sufferers? A．They may use practical ways to handle it. B．They won’t be treated through medical treatments. C．They may be angered by the feeling of being cut off. D．They can fully cure their misophonia with therapy. 32．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A news report. B．A science-fiction story. C．A health magazine. D．A psychologist’s notebook. 【09】（2026·陕西西安·模拟预测）A recent study has revealed an uplifting connection between grandparents and their cognitive (认知) well-being. Lead researcher Chereches expressed the interest surrounding this vital question: “Many grandparents provide regular care for their grandchildren, but an open question is whether caregiving for grandchildren may also benefit grandparents themselves.” This research aimed to explore the potential health advantages for grandparents who dedicate time to their grandchildren, particularly in decelerating cognitive decline. Chereches and her team analyzed data from 2,887 grandparents in England. Participants answered survey questions and underwent cognitive assessments three times from 2016 to 2022. The survey inquired about the frequency of their caregiving — whether they were spending nights with grandchildren, caring for them during illness, engaging in play, assisting with homework, or even preparing meals. The results were heartening! Grandparents who actively participated in childcare, regardless of how often or in what capacity, performed better in memory and verbal fluency tests compared to those who did not engage in caregiving. Excitingly, grandmothers who provided care displayed a slower decline in cognitive performance throughout the study. “What stood out most to us was that being a caregiving grandparent seemed to matter more for cognitive functioning than how often grandparents provided care or what exactly they did with their grandchildren,” Chereches noted. This suggests that the joy and experience of being involved in caregiving may be more beneficial than the specifics of the activities undertaken. Age UK has highlighted the immense benefits of this so-called “gran-nannying,” which keeps older adults mentally and physically active while combating loneliness — as long as the caregiving experience remains enjoyable and fulfilling. This research illuminates the beautiful cycle of care and connection that exists within families, proving that the act of being a grandparent not only enriches the lives of grandchildren but also enhances the lives of grandparents, fostering happiness and vitality in their golden years. Let’s share this wonderful news, encouraging families to embrace the joys of grandparenting! 33．Which can replace the underlined word “decelerating” in paragraph 1? A．Facilitating. B．Slowing. C．Examining. D．Anticipating. 34．How did the study gather information from the grandparents? A．By conducting single interviews. B．By directly observing their caregiving. C．By analysing long-term health records. D．By surveying and assessing repeatedly. 35．What does the author want to emphasize in paragraph 4? A．Engagement matters more than details. B．Frequency has a decisive role. C．Specific activities make a difference. D．Emotional joy is more lasting. 36．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Grandparents: Best Caregivers for Kids B．How to Improve Grandparents’ Well-being C．Childcare Keeps Grandparents’ Minds Sharp D．The Rising Trend of Grandparent Caregiving 【10】（2026·江西宜春·模拟预测）Expert birdwatchers have changes in their brain structure compared with beginners, which probably help them better identify birds and may even protect against age-related cognitive (认知的) decline. When learning or practising a skill, the brain reorganises itself, strengthening and streamlining relevant pathways. This ability, known as neuroplasticity (神经可塑性), forms the basis of the development of expertise. It is why professional musicians show structural changes in brain regions involved in hearing. To understand whether birding also shapes the brain, Erik Wing at York University in Canada and his colleagues analyzed brain structure and function in 48 hobbyist birders, half experts and half novices (新手), as judged on a screening test. Participants were aged 22 to 79 and both groups were similar in terms of sex, age and education. During brain scans, the participants were shown a picture of a bird for less than 4 seconds. About 10 seconds later, they tried identifying the same bird in one of four images, each presenting a different species. The task was repeated 72 times using 18 bird species. As expected, expert birders performed much better. They correctly identified 83 percent of local birds and 61 percent of non-local ones, while beginners identified only 44 percent of both. When identifying non-local birds, expert birders showed increased activity in three brain regions involved in object recognition, visual processing, attention, and memory. These regions were also more structurally complex in experts, suggesting that building expertise in birding reshapes the brain. As people age, structural complexity and organization of the brain tend to decline. However, this decline was less noticeable in expert birdwatchers. This suggests that birding may help build cognitive reserve — the brain’s ability to defend itself from aging and adapt to damage. “It suggests that maintaining brain activity with some specialised abilities is also linked to reduced effects of aging,” says Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Canada. However, to really know whether the brain changes are due to birding, researchers would have to scan the brain multiple times over months to years, says Wing. 37．Which aspect of the research is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The major finding. B．The theoretical principle. C．The practical example. D．The potential significance. 38．How did researchers conduct the bird identification task? A．By giving participants unlimited time to respond. B．By requiring participants to memorize bird names. C．By showing participants the same bird image repeatedly. D．By asking participants to recognize the bird shown before. 39．What did Erik Wing’s study find? A．Birding may help resist brain aging. B．Novices have simpler brain activities. C．Birding cures age-related cognitive decline. D．Experts have more brain cells than novices. 40．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．How to Become An Expert Birdwatcher B．Why Experts Identify Birds More Accurately C．Neuroplasticity: The Key to Learning New Skills D．Birdwatching: A Hobby That Rewires Your Brain 29 / 29 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $