黑龙江省哈尔滨市萧红中学2024-2025学年八年级上学期11月月考英语试题

萧红中学2024—2025学年度上学期 八学年上•英语•学科•阶梯作业 命题教师：Rita Song 审题教师：ZC 第一部分 听力部分 (共20分) I. 听句子，选出句子中所包含的信息 (共5小题；每小题0.5分，满分2.5分) 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. a scientist B. a driver C. a teacher 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. take lessons B. take photos C. take books 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. special hobbies B. good hobbies C. special meals 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She is a pilot now. B. She wants to be a pilot in the future. C. She hopes that her son will be a pilot in the future. 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Jack knows nothing about the plan. B. Jack doesn’t have anything to do with the plan. C. Jack doesn’t know how to make a plan. Ⅱ. 听句子，选出该句的最佳答语 (共5小题；每小题0.5分，满分2.5分) 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Yes, I did. B. Yes, I do. C. A book about animals. 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He’ll practice piano hard. B. Good idea! C. Thanks. 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Sally. B. She is kind. C. Because it’s relaxing. 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. A pilot. B. In a school. C. Yes, you are. 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Good luck. B. This term. C. Jack is smart. Ⅲ. 听对话和问题，选择正确答案 (共8小题；每小题1分，满分8分) 11. What do Molly’s parents want her to be in the future? 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. B. C. 12. Where is Amy going to study medicine? 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. B. C. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 13. What is Linda going to be in the future? A. A teacher. B. A computer programmer. C. A bank clerk. 14. Why is Linda going to get a part-time job? A. Because she likes the part-time job very much. B. Because she wants to save some money. C. Because she likes computers a lot. 15. What kind of job does Linda want to do? A. She wants to work with a computer. B. She wants to work with children. C. She wants to work with old people. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 16. What will Lucy want to learn? A. To play the piano. B. To play football. C. To play the erhu. 17. How will Bob get good grades? A. By studying hard. B. By doing homework every day. C. Both A and B. 18. What’s the probable relationship between them? A. Father and daughter. B. Classmates. C. Doctor and patient. V. 听短文和问题，选择正确答案 (共7小题；每小题1分，满分7分) 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 19. What is a resolution? A. A kind of game show. B. A kind of promise. C. A kind of exercise. 20. When is a good time to make resolutions? A. The start of the year. B. The end of the year. C. The start of the day. 21. Why do people make resolutions? A. Because they can bring good luck to people. B. Because they can make people feel happy. C. Because people hope to improve their lives. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 22. When will the speaker take up a new hobby? A. Next month. B. Next year. C. Next Sunday. 23. What does the speaker think of playing basketball? A. Boring but useful. B. Fun and healthy. C. Fun and relaxing. 24. How is the speaker’s English? A. Great. B. Not good. C. Just so-so. 25. How many resolutions are mentioned (涉及) in the passage? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. 第二部分 完型填空 (本题共10分，每小题1分) 阅读下列短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。 On Center Street, a new ice cream has recently become more and more popular. It was invented by Harbin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital. This kind of ice cream was made ____26____ traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There are many different ____27____ for you to choose from. Workers there said they use ice cream as the ____28____ part and add only some herbal ingredients (草本成分) to make it healthier. The TCM ice cream has become popular ____29____. If you’re interested in the information about it, you can find it on TikTok (抖音). Some people doubt (怀疑) if these ice creams can be mixed with traditional Chinese medicine because they don’t know if they are good ____30____ health. However, others show their ____31____. “I’m not scared of putting on some weight after eating this kind of ice cream because of probiotics. (益生菌)” a TikTok user said. TCM ice cream shows that traditional Chinese medicine has become the popular part of ____32____ foods. Today, young people pay more attention to ____33____ and cultural confidence (自信). ____34____, new combinations of traditional Chinese medicine with modern foods are becoming more and more popular in China. From herbal teas to these ice creams, traditional Chinese medicine is playing an important part in our ____35____ habits. 根据短文内容选择最佳内容。 26. A. by B. from C. in 27. A. prices B. tastes C. feelings 28. A. main B. inside C. outside 29. A. abroad B. online C. in the city 30. A. at B. for C. with 31. A. interest B. worries C. sadness 32. A. traditional B. modern C. unhealthy 33. A. health B. money C. power 34. A. As a result B. To our surprise C. At that moment 35. A. shopping B. eating C. working 第三部分 阅读理解 (本大题共25小题，每小题2分，共50分) 阅读下面五个语篇，根据要求做题。 (A) Ancient Chinese people were very clever. To relax, they invented many interesting games. Some of them had a long history. Chuiwan Chuiwan was one of the ball games in the past, which was very popular in the Song Dynasty. “Chui” means “hit”, and “wan” means “ball”. This ball game was similar to golf (高尔夫). In a large field, there were two teams. Usually, there were two to ten people in each team. Everyone had three chances to hit the ball into the hole with a stick. Only when three hits into the hole were achieved did the player win the point. Cuju Have you ever heard of cuju? “Cu” means playing with feet and “ju” is a ball made of leather (皮). Cuju was to play the ball with your feet. As a fun and relaxing game, cuju was used to train soldiers in the army. Its rules were similar to football’s. Each team usually had 12 to 16 players. No hands! They could only use feet and head. The ball should be hit into the opposite goal. It appeared 2,000 years ago. Cuju is known as the earliest form of football. Archery (射箭) In the Western Zhou Dynasty, archery was an important part of education for a gentleman. At the age of 15, they began learning shooting. The most famous competition was Grand Archery. It was held by the emperor. The competitors bowed before shooting and drank together after that. 根据语言材料内容选择最佳答案。 36. When was chuiwan popular? A. In the Song Dynasty. B. 2,000 years ago. C. In the Western Zhou Dynasty. 37. What sport was cuju similar to? A. Golf. B. Football. C. Baseball. 38. What kind of magazine is this chart most likely to appear in? A. Travel. B. Culture. C. Business. 39. Why did ancient Chinese people invent these interesting games? A. Because these sports were an important part of education. B. To train soldiers in the army. C. Because they wanted to relax. 40. Which of the following is TRUE according to the chart? A. Chuiwan was first recorded 2,000 years ago. B. We can’t use hands during the game of cuju. C. Players in archery competitions bowed after shooting. (B) Robots often appear in science stories. The robots in these stories can often think, listen, talk and walk easily with two legs. Although real robots are becoming more and more complex (复杂的), they’re still not like fictional robots. In real life, robots come in different shapes and sizes. They can be tall, short, thin or fat. Some robots have long legs and are able to walk. Others move on wheels. They can be very simple and can also be very complex. Many robots look like humans and some of them can even speak, but they’re different from us in lots of ways. They can’t see, hear or think by themselves. They can’t laugh or cry because they have no feelings. Scientists have to build them and decide what things they will be able to do. Thanks to robots, our lives are easier. They don’t mind doing dirty or difficult jobs, and can work long hours without getting tired or bored. Some robots work in dangerous places-under the sea or in space. Scientists are making better robots all the time. One day probably every home will have its own robot to tidy bedrooms, do the dishes or do anything you tell it! Do you believe so? 根据短文内容判断正 (A) 误 (B) 41. The passage is mainly about how robots help people do housework. 42. Robots in real life are the same as those in science fiction. 43. Scientists can’t make robots that can see, hear and think. 44. With the help of robots, our lives become easier. 45. We may read this passage in the science column (栏目) of the newspaper. (C) Tea has become one of the most popular drinks in the world. Different countries have their own tea cultures, like afternoon tea in England. The tradition of afternoon tea is a very special part of English culture. The custom of drinking tea became popular in England during the 1660s. It was not until the mid-19th century that the idea of “afternoon tea” first appeared. Afternoon tea is served in the mid-afternoon, between lunch and a late dinner. The idea came from Anna, the seventh Duchess (公爵夫人) of Bedford, in 1840. At the time, many families would eat a late dinner at about 8 p.m. , which was one of only two main meals each day, and the other was a mid-morning meal. With a long time between breakfast and dinner, Anna would become hungry around 4 o’clock in the afternoon. So she asked for some tea, bread, butter and cakes to be brought to her room during the late afternoon. This became a habit of hers and she began asking friends to join her. Later, Anna kept doing it, sending cards to her friends asking them to join her for “tea and a walking in the fields”. Others soon picked up on the idea. By the 1880s, afternoon tea became an important thing for many ladies. They would be dressed beautifully to be served in the sitting room between four and five o’clock, talking about the latest news, their daily life and fashion. Today’s afternoon tea is simpler than traditional afternoon tea. It is just some small cakes and a cup of tea. However, there is one thing that has never changed-the meaning of afternoon tea. 根据语篇内容，从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选择最佳答案。 46. When did the idea of “afternoon tea” first appear in England? A. In the 1660s. B. In the 1880s. C. In the mid-19th century. 47. In the third paragraph, what does the “two main meals” probably refer to (指)? A. A lunch and a late dinner. B. A breakfast and a mid-afternoon meal. C. A mid-morning meal and a late dinner. 48. Why did Anna ask for tea and cakes in the afternoon at first? A. Because she felt hungry. B. Because she loved drinking tea. C. Because she needed to meet her friends. 49. What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A. Afternoon tea comes from China. B. People drank tea more often than now. C. Afternoon tea gives people a chance to communicate. 50. What is the best title of the passage? A. Drinking Tea is good for ladies B. Development of Afternoon Tea C. Different Tea Cultures in the World (D) 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入文中空白处的最佳选项。(提示：每个选项只能用一次，选项中有一项为多余项) I’m a piano teacher. I can feel clearly how talent and hard work influence (影响) my students. In fact, not everybody was good at playing the piano when they came to the world. For example, some of my students just spent 2 or 3 months learning to play the piano well. ____51____. Many of my talented students learn faster than I did before, but talent doesn’t always bring a good result. When playing the piano seems easy to a student, he or she sometimes finds it boring and then gives up. ____52____ Some of my students work very hard. ____53____ I teach them again and again, and they practice for long. However, it just does not work for these students. In my eyes, it is not necessary to do everything very well. ____54____ Then you can choose what you are truly interested in or good at and put all your heart into it. ____55____ If you want to do the best, you need to follow your talents and work as hard as you can. Don’t give up halfway. A. If you really don’t have any talent for something, the best way is to give up. B. But other students need to learn for years. C. Both talent and hard work play important roles in learning. D. And talented students sometimes have other things they enjoy more, so they give up, too. E. If you don’t have any talent for something, you can still try your best to work hard. F. But they still can’t play the piano beautifully. (E) Life is full of unexpected surprises. Paul was 71 years old and came from England. He liked using a 3D printer to make models. One day, while Paul was searching for something online, he saw a red car on a website. It was his father’s favorite car made in the 1950s. He felt so shocked! The car brought Paul back to the “good old days”. When he was a child, his dad always drove him around London. He sat in the back seat of the red car excitedly. When he went abroad (国外) to work, this car took him away from home to say goodbye to his father. To his surprise, many years later, the car appeared online! Paul decided to buy the car. With his son’s help, he bought it. It was a really difficult job to repair the car because it was old and broken. But Paul didn’t give up. He spent a long time repairing it. After he tried many times, he finally made the car as good as it was before with the 3D printer. Paul drove it here and there. Paul said driving the red car made him think of his father. He saw the red car as a connection (联系) between his father and him. It was a gift for him from the past. 根据短文内容回答问题。(每小题答案不超过6个词) 56. How old was Paul? _________________________________________________ 57. Where did Paul see his father’s favorite car? _________________________________________________ 58. When did Paul’s dad always drive him around London? _________________________________________________ 59. Why was it a difficult job to repair the car? _________________________________________________ 60. What was the connection between Paul and his father? _________________________________________________ 第四部分 语言知识运用 (共20题；每小题1分，共20分) 第一节 选词填空 从方框中选择适当的词填空，使短文意思完整，每词限用一次。方框中有一个词为多余项。 join, truly, myself, talented, downs, first, easily, took part in, win, excited, difficulties Over the years, ____61____ Chinese players have been doing very well in table tennis. Now, young players are becoming the stars of the game. Sun Yingsha, a 24-year-old girl has been given the nickname (昵称) “Little Devil” by her fans. When Sun was little, she could hear the sound of a table tennis ball hitting the ground ____62____. “I felt I had some talent,” she told China Daily. When Sun first joined the reserve squad (预备队) of the national table tennis team, she was ____63____. Becoming a world top player like her idol (偶像) Zhang Yining has always been her dream. However, there were many ____64____ along the way. She ____65____ the Tokyo Olympics in 2021, and she was not successful at that time. “I was not good enough to ____66____ the gold medal in the women’s singles (女单),” Sun said. Sun believes that life is always full of ups and ____67____. “Resolution can make a good player,” she said. “What keeps me going are the goals and dreams I set for ____68____.” In 2023, Sun won the women’s singles, the women’s doubles (女双) and the mixed doubles (混双), becoming the ____69____ player to get three gold medals. When talking about younger table tennis players, Sun tells them to keep their love and keep going. “If you ____70____ love table tennis, I hope you can hold on to it,” she said. 第二节 语法填空 根据内容填写所缺单词或用所给单词的适当形式填空，使语篇意思完整。 The friendship between humans and dogs probably ____71____ (begin) 14,000 years ago. Here is ____72____ example of a dog’s life in the human world today. Jessie is Nancy’s pet dog. The dog is just ____73____ a member of Nancy’s family. Nancy looks after Jessie very ____74____ (care). Jessie can always find delicious food in its bowl when it is hungry. Every day, Nancy ____75____ (cook) meat and different kinds of vegetables for her pet dog. She even takes morning ____76____ (exercise) with Jessie after breakfast. Nancy’s husband is a famous doctor and ____77____ (they) only son is away in Beijing, ____78____ she has enough time and money to look after Jessie, and she really enjoys ____79____ (do) it. “I want to give my dog the healthiest and ____80____ (wonderful) life as long as possible!” she says. 第五部分 书面表达 (共10分) 81. 假如你是张铁，你的外国朋友Tom来信询问你和你同学的新年计划。请根据来信内容写一封回信。并说一说如何做才能实现这些决心？ Dear Zhang Tie: How are you doing? I knew you had a discussion about New Year’s resolutions. Could you tell me something about it? I really want to know how to make them come true? Yours Tom 提示： 1. 25%同学的决心是关于身体健康的。一半的同学的决心和自我提升有关。其余的同学决心要在学业上做地更好。 2. 谈谈你如何做才能实现这些决心。 Dear Tom, How are you doing? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Zhang Tie 萧红中学2024—2025学年度上学期 八学年上•英语•学科•阶梯作业 命题教师：Rita Song 审题教师：ZC 第一部分 听力部分 (共20分) I. 听句子，选出句子中所包含的信息 (共5小题；每小题0.5分，满分2.5分) 【1题答案】 【答案】B 【2题答案】 【答案】A 【3题答案】 【答案】A 【4题答案】 【答案】B 【5题答案】 【答案】B Ⅱ. 听句子，选出该句的最佳答语 (共5小题；每小题0.5分，满分2.5分) 【6题答案】 【答案】C 【7题答案】 【答案】A 【8题答案】 【答案】C 【9题答案】 【答案】B 【10题答案】 【答案】B Ⅲ. 听对话和问题，选择正确答案 (共8小题；每小题1分，满分8分) 【11题答案】 【答案】A 【12题答案】 【答案】B 【13~15题答案】 【答案】13. A 14. B 15. A 【16~18题答案】 【答案】16. A 17. C 18. B V. 听短文和问题，选择正确答案 (共7小题；每小题1分，满分7分) 【19~21题答案】 【答案】19. B 20. A 21. C 【22~25题答案】 【答案】22. B 23. C 24. B 25. B 第二部分 完型填空 (本题共10分，每小题1分) 【26~35题答案】 【答案】26. B 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. A 35. B 第三部分 阅读理解 (本大题共25小题，每小题2分，共50分) 阅读下面五个语篇，根据要求做题。 (A) 【36~40题答案】 【答案】36. A 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. B (B) 【41~45题答案】 【答案】41. B 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A (C) 【46~50题答案】 【答案】46. C 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. B (D) 【51~55题答案】 【答案】51. B 52. D 53. F 54. A 55. C (E) 【56~60题答案】 【答案】56. 71/71 years old. 57. Online./Paul saw it online./On a website. 58. When he was a child. 59. Because it was old and broken. 60. The red car. 第四部分 语言知识运用 (共20题；每小题1分，共20分) 第一节 选词填空 【61~70题答案】 【答案】61. talented 62. easily 63. excited 64. difficulties 65. took part in 66. win 67. downs 68. myself 69. first 70. truly 第二节 语法填空 【71~80题答案】 【答案】71. began 72. an 73. like 74. carefully 75. cooks 76. exercise 77. their 78. so 79. doing 80. most wonderful 第五部分 书面表达 (共10分) 【81题答案】 【答案】 Dear Tom, How are you doing? I’m glad to tell you our discussion about New Year’s resolutions. 25% of my classmates plan to keep healthy, like exercising every week and eating less junk food. Half of them want self-improvement, such as learning new hobbies and reading more books. The rest decide to get better grades at school. To make resolutions come true, first we should break big goals into small daily tasks. Second, never give up easily when meeting difficulties. We can also ask family or friends to encourage us and stick to our plans step by step. What’s your New Year’s resolution? Write to me soon. Yours, Zhang Tie 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit six i'm going to study computer science基础篇test。一听句子，选出句子中所包含的信息。下面你将听到五个句子，每个句子读两遍。请你听完句子的第二遍朗读后从各小题所给出的ABC3个选项中选出包含所听信息的选项。Number one. I want to . be a good driver. I want to be a good driver. Number two. we will take . singing lessons this afternoon. We will take singing lessons this afternoon. Number three. your hobby . are really special. Your hobby are really special. Number four. he hopes that . he can be a pilot in the future. SHE hopes that he can be a pilot in the future. Number five, jack has nothing to do with the plan. Jack has nothing to do with the plan. 2、听句子，选出该句的最佳答语。下面你将听到五个句子，每个句子读两遍。请你听完句子的第二遍朗读后从各小题所给出的ABC3个选项中选出该句的最佳答语。Number six, what are . you reading, bob? What are you . reading, bob? Number seven, how is he going to become a pianist? How is he going to become a pianist? Number eight. why do you . want to be a cook? Why do you want to be a cook? Number nine. where are . you going to work? Where are you going to work? Number ten. when are you . going to learn english? When are you going to learn english? 3、听对话和问题，选择正确答案。下面你将听到四组对话和8个问题，每组对话和问题读两遍。请你听完对话和问题的第二遍朗读后从各小题所给出的A、B、C三个选项中选出正确答案。请听第一组对话，回答。第十一题。What do you want to be in the future? Molly. my parents want me to be a dancer, but i'm not sure about that. Well, don't worry, not everyone knows what they want to be. Just make sure you try your best. What do you want to be in the future? Molly, my parents . want me to be a dancer, but i'm not sure about that. Well. don't worry, not everyone knows what they want to be. Just make sure you try your best. Question number eleven, what do male's parents want her to be in the future? What do malay's parents want her to be in the future? 请听第二组对话，回答第十二题。Amy, what do you want to be when . you grow up? I want to be a doctor. I'm going to study medicine . in london. Sounds great. Amy, what do you want to be when . you grow up? I want to be a doctor. I'm going to study medicine . in london. Sounds great. Question number twelve, where is amy going to study medicine? Where is amy going to study medicine? 请听第三组对话，回答第13至15题。Linda, what are you going to be . in the future? I'm going to be a teacher. What are you going to do this year? I'm going to work harder in school this year, and i'm going to get a part time job. Why are you going to get a part time job? I want to save some money. I'll need money for college. What kind of job do you want? I want to work with a computer. That sounds great. Good luck to you, Linda. What are you going to be . in the future? I'm going to be a teacher. What are you going to . do this year? I'm going to work harder in school this year, and i'm going to get a part time job. Why are you going to get a part time job? I want to save some money. I'll need money for college. What kind of job do you want? I want to work with a computer . that sounds great. Good luck to you. Question number thirteen, what is Linda going to be in the future? What is Linda going to be in the future? Question number fourteen, why is Linda going to get . a part time job? Why is Linda going to get a part time job? Question number fifteen, what kind of job does Linda want to do? What kind of job does Linda want to do? 请听第四组对话，回答第16至18题。Did you make a new year's resolution this year? Lucy, yes, bob, I did. What are you going to do? I'm going to learn to play the piano in our school music club. cool. How are you going to do that? I'm going . to take piano lessons. How about you? Well, my new year's resolution is to get good grades this term. How are you going to do that? I'm going to study hard and of course, do my homework every day. That sounds good. Let's work hard together and make them come true. No problem. Did you make a new year's resolution this year? Lucy, yes, bob, I did. What are you going to do? I'm going to learn to play the piano in our school music club. cool. How are you going to do that? I'm going to take piano lessons. How about you? Well, my new year's resolution is to get good grades this term. How are you going to do that? I'm going to study hard and of course, do my homework every day. That sounds good. Let's work card together and make them come true. No problem. Question number sixteen, what will Lucy want to learn? What will Lucy . want to learn? Question number, number seventeen, how will bob get good grades? How will bob get good grades? Question number eighteen, what's the probable relationship between them? What's the probable relationship between them? 4、听短文和问题，选择正确答案。下面你将听到两篇短文和七个问题，短文和问题读两遍。请你听完短文和问题的第二遍朗读后，根据所听内容，从各小题所给出的ABC3个选项中选出正确答案。请听第一篇短文，回答第19至21题。Do you know what a resolution is? It's a kind of promise. Most of the time, we make promises to other people. For example, you may say to your mother, mom, I promise i'm going to do my homework first when I get back from school. However, promises you make to yourself a resolutions, and the most common kind is new year's resolutions. The start of the year is often a good time for making resolutions. We hope that we are going to improve our lives with our resolutions. Do you know what a resolution is? Is a kind of promise. Most of the time, we make promises to other people. For example, you may say to your mother, a mom, I promise i'm going to do my homework first when I get back from school. However, promises you make to yourself a resolutions. And the most common kind is new year's resolutions. The start of the year is often a good time for making resolutions. We hope that we are going to improve our lives with our resolutions. Question number one, what is a resolution? What is a resolution? Question number twenty one is a good time to make resolutions. When is a good time to make resolutions? Question number twenty one, why do people make resolutions? Why do people make resolutions? 请听第二篇短文，回答第22至25题。Resolutions are promises to yourself. I'm going to make my resolutions. The first resolution is about my own personal improvement. Next year, I am going to take up a new hobby. I think playing basketball is a fun and relaxing activity, so I am going to practice IT more often. The second resolution is about my studies. My english is poor, so i'm going to come to english club and practice and more with this king, I hope I can get good grades in english tests next year. The last one is to eat less junk food and don't get fat. Resolutions are promises to yourself. I'm going to make my resolutions. The first resolution is about my own personal improvement. Next year, I am going to take up a new hobby. I think playing basketball is a fun and relaxing activity, so I am going to practice IT more often. The second resolution is about my studies. My english is poor, so i'm going to come to english club and practice IT more with miss king. I hope I can get good grades in english tests next year. The last one is to eat less junk food and don't get fat. Question number twenty two, when will the speaker take up a new hobby? When will the speaker take up a new hobby? Question number twenty three, what does the speaker think of playing basketball? What does the speaker think of playing . basketball? Question number twenty four, how is the speakers english? How is the speakers . english? Question number twenty five, how many resolutions are mentioned in the passage? How many resolutions are mentioned . in the passage?