摘要:
该初中英语中考复习讲义聚焦阅读理解D篇,覆盖中考核心考点如细节理解、主旨归纳、推理判断,考查学生语言理解与信息提取能力。按“词汇突破-长难句分析-段落主旨-题目精析”四层架构组织知识点,通过梳理高频词汇(如“facial expressions”“central to social life”)、指导长难句拆分技巧、结合二模真题详解,帮助学生系统突破阅读难点。
亮点在于“语境化词汇教学”和“逻辑推理训练”,如“produce”结合语境译为“生成表情”,引导学生理解一词多义;通过“内侧皮层与外侧皮层功能对比”实例,培养学生分析原文信息的思维品质。配套题目解析包含题干定位、选项排除策略,助力学生在有限时间内提升阅读效率,教师可据此精准把控复习节奏,增强备考针对性。
内容正文:
朝阳区初三二模 D篇详解
Facial expressions are central to social life, yet scientists still don't fully understand how the brain produces them. 面部表情是社交生活的核心,但科学家至今仍未完全弄清楚大脑是如何生成各类面部表情的。
· facial expressions n. 面部表情
· central to social life 社交生活中至关重要;居于社交生活的核心
· yet 连词,然而、可是(表转折)
· produce 此处不译作 “生产”,结合语境译为做出、生成、展现(表情)
For many years, people thought that faces tell the truth about our feelings. 长久以来,人们都认为面部神态能真实反映我们内心的情绪。
· for many years 多年来,长久以来
· tell the truth 道出实情、如实反映
· feelings n. 情绪,内心感受(区别于单纯的 feeling “感觉”)
But that view fails to explain why we often change our expressions to fit the moment.但这一观点无法解释为何我们常会变换表情来适配当下场景。
· view 名词,此处指观点、看法
· fail to do sth 固定搭配:没能做某事、无法做到某事
· change our expressions 变换面部表情
· fit the moment 贴合当下场合、适应此时此刻的情境
第一段:面部表情在社交中十分重要,但科学家尚未完全搞懂大脑如何产生表情,传统观点也无法解释人们会刻意改变表情来适配场景这一现象。
To find out what's going on in the brain during facial expressions, researchers turned to monkeys. 为了弄清楚人做出面部表情时大脑内部的活动机制,研究人员选择以猴子作为实验对象。
· find out 查明,弄清楚
· what's going on in the brain 大脑里发生了什么、大脑的运作情况
· turn to 求助于;选取…… 作为研究 / 实验对象
They recorded how the brain worked when the animals communicated with one another in the lab. 他们记录下这些动物在实验室里互相交流时大脑的运作状态。
· record /rɪˈkɔːd/v. 记录,监测记录
· communicate with one another 彼此交流、互相沟通
· when the animals communicated with one another in the lab 时间状语从句:当这些动物在实验室中相互交流的时候
The team's results, published in Science, came as a surprise. The monkeys' expressions, from a scary face to a friendly "lip-smacking", were produced by both the medial cortex (内侧层) and lateral cortex (外侧层). 该团队发表在《科学》期刊上的研究结果令人意外。猴子各式各样的面部表情,无论是威慑恐吓的凶脸,还是表示友善的咂嘴动作,都是由大脑内侧皮层与外侧皮层共同调控形成的。、
· published in Science 过去分词作后置定语,修饰 results;Science 是国际顶尖学术期刊《科学》
· come as a surprise 令人大吃一惊、出人意料
· scary face 带有威慑、恐吓意味的面部神态
· lip-smacking 咂嘴(猴子间表达友好、示好的典型动作)
· medial cortex / lateral cortex 内侧皮层 / 外侧皮层(大脑皮层分区)
· be produced by 由…… 生成、由…… 调控支配
These two brain areas were long thought to operate alone, but the study showed that both of them took part in the production of all kinds of facial expressions.长久以来,人们一直认为这两个大脑区域是各自独立运作的,但这项研究表明,二者都会参与所有类型面部表情的生成过程。
· were long thought to… 长期以来被认为……
· operate alone 独立运作、单独发挥作用
· take part in 参与
· the production of facial expressions 面部表情的产生 / 形成
第二段:研究人员以猴子为实验对象展开研究,结果发现猴子所有面部表情的产生,都同时依靠大脑内侧层和外侧层两个区域,打破了两大区域独立运作的固有认知。
The two areas did, however, run at different speeds. Activity in the lateral cortexchanged quickly to control the fast facial movements that make for easy social connection. 不过,这两个脑区的运作速度并不相同。外侧皮层的神经活动反应迅速,用以调控快速的面部动作,这类动作有助于顺畅地开展社交互动。
· did, however, run 此处 did 表强调,however 插入表转折;run 此处译为运作、运转
· run at different speeds 以不同速度运作
· Activity in the lateral cortex 外侧皮层的神经活动
· make for 促成;有利于
· easy social connection 轻松顺畅的社交沟通、人际互动
By comparison, things happened more slowly in the medial cortex, which may help it notice slow background changes that influence facial expressions. 相比之下,内侧皮层的反应速度更迟缓,这或许能让它捕捉到那些会影响面部表情、缓慢发生的环境背景变化。
· By comparison 相比之下,对比而言
· background changes 背景环境变化
· which 引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整句内侧皮层运作更慢这件事
· influence facial expressions 对面部表情产生影响
What's more, both brain activities showed up before facial movements did, suggesting the brain prepares expressions ahead of time.此外,两处脑区的神经活动都先于面部动作出现,这说明大脑会提前做好表情的调控准备。
· What's more 此外,而且(递进衔接)
· show up 显现,出现
· before facial movements did 省略句,完整为 before facial movements showed up,避免重复
· suggesting… 现在分词作结果状语,意为 “这表明……”
· ahead of time 提前,预先
第三段:大脑两个区域运转速度不同,外侧层管控快速面部动作,内侧层感知缓慢的环境变化,且大脑会在做出面部表情之前就提前产生神经活动。
This all raises a question; do monkeys plan the faces they make on purpose?这一切引出了一个问题:猴子做出的面部表情是刻意谋划好的吗?
· raise a question 引出、提出一个问题
· on purpose 故意地,有意地
· the faces they make 定语从句省略关系词,完整:the faces (that/which) they make,代指它们展露的面部表情
That's what experts explore in the new study. 这正是专家们在这项新研究中所要探究的内容。
· That's what… 表语从句结构,what 指代前文提出的疑问问题
· explore v. 探究、深入研究
· in the new study 在这项新研究当中
If facial expressions are partly controlled, they may not just show feelings. 倘若面部表情存在一部分可控性,那它们或许不只是内心情绪的外在流露。
· partly controlled 部分可控、有一部分是受主动控制的
· not just show feelings 不仅仅用来展现内心感受
As researchers say, they might be tools to influence others. 正如研究人员所言,面部表情或许是用来影响他人的一种手段。
· As researchers say 正如研究人员所说
· might be tools 可以作为工具、是一种手段
· influence others 影响其他人
At the very least, they seem to result from complex (复杂 )connections between feelings and awareness.至少可以确定的是,面部表情似乎源于情绪与自我意识之间复杂的神经联结。
· At the very least 至少,起码
· seem to result from 似乎由…… 产生、源于
· complex connections 复杂的关联 / 联结
· awareness n. 意识,主观觉知
第四段:该研究引出新疑问:猴子是否会刻意控制面部表情?研究认为表情不只是情绪的流露,还可能是影响他人的工具,源于情绪与意识的复杂关联。
Alan Fridlund, an expert who was not part of this study, believes monkeys control their facial expressions carefully. 并未参与本次研究的专家艾伦・弗里德伦德认为,猴子会有意识、细致地调控自身的面部表情。
· an expert who was not part of this study 同位语结构,修饰 Alan Fridlund;who 引导定语从句,译为 “未参与这项研究的一位专家”
· believe v. 认为,相信
· control...carefully 谨慎地、有意识地掌控
But he doubts whether lab tests can fully show how monkeys communicate and the brain activity behind it. 但他质疑实验室测试能否完整展现猴子的交流方式以及其背后对应的大脑活动情况。
· doubt whether… 怀疑是否……
· lab tests 实验室试验、实验检测
· fully show 完整、全面地呈现
· the brain activity behind it it 指代前文猴子沟通这件事,即交流行为背后的脑部活动
It is better to do future research in the monkeys' natural environment. Still, Fridlund says, the new study " shows us more clearly how to learn about the brain science of facial expressions. " 后续研究最好放到猴子的自然栖息环境中开展。尽管如此,弗里德伦德表示,这项新研究 “为我们更清晰地指明了研究面部表情脑科学的方向”。
· natural environment 自然栖息地、自然生存环境
· Still 副词,此处表转折:尽管如此、不过
· learn about 探究、了解、研究
· brain science of facial expressions 面部表情相关的脑科学
In general, it offers a new understanding of how facial expressions are made.总的来说,这项研究让人们对面部表情的生成机制有了全新认知。
· In general 总而言之,大体上
· offer a new understanding 带来全新理解、提供新认知
· how facial expressions are made 面部表情如何产生(被动句式)
(C)30. What does the study show about the medial cortex and lateral cortex?这项研究揭示了内侧皮层与外侧皮层的哪些特征?
A. They operate at the same speed.二者运作速度相同
B. They control fast facial movements.它们管控快速的面部动作
C. They both help produce facial expressions.两者都参与生成面部表情
D. They record brain activity during communication.它们记录交流过程中的大脑活动
(B)31. What can we learn from the study of monkeys' facial expressions?我们能从这项针对猴子面部表情的研究中得知什么?
A. Facial expressions depend on feelings.面部表情完全由情绪决定
B. The brain prepares expressions beforehand.大脑会提前酝酿准备表情
C. The study shows real monkey communication in nature.该研究展现了猴子在自然环境里真实的交流状态
D. Scientists fully understand monkeys' expression production.科学家已经完全弄懂猴子表情的产生机制
(C)32. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A. Monkeys connect with others by making faces.猴子通过做面部表情和同类建立交流
B. Monkeys' real feelings are shown through faces.猴子真实的情绪会通过面部展现出来
C. Monkeys may plan and control their expressions.猴子或许会刻意构思、控制自身的表情
D. Monkeys' expressions depend on slow background changes.猴子的表情受缓慢的环境变化影响
(D)33. What is the writer' s main purpose in writing the passage?作者写这篇文章的主要目的是什么?
A. To stress connections between feelings and awareness.强调情绪与意识之间的关联
B. To explain why monkeys' expressions differ from humans'.解释猴子的表情和人类表情存在差异的原因
C. To suggest more research in the monkeys' natural environment.提议在猴子的自然栖息环境中开展更多研究
D. To introduce a study on monkeys' brain control of facial expressions.介绍一项关于猴子大脑调控面部表情的研究
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$