八上预习作业13 构词法综合（新知精练）-2026年新八年级英语暑假预习作业（新教材译林版）

**基本信息** 以构词法规则（后缀/前缀/复合词）为核心，通过方法提炼（词义猜测/词汇拓展）和分层训练（基础-能力-拓展）构建系统性词汇突破体系，提升语言能力与学习能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |知识复盘|8类后缀+3类前缀+3类复合词|通过词缀含义推断词性词义；利用词根衍生扩大词汇量|从构词规则（含义-词性-例词）到运用方法，再到易错点辨析，形成“规则-应用-避错”递进链条| |基础过关|30词默写+10词运用|结合音标强化词形记忆；语境中运用词缀变化|聚焦核心词缀例词，夯实基础词汇的形义对应能力| |能力进阶|1完形+4阅读|在语篇中识别构词法线索（如un-表否定）|通过语篇综合考查构词法在阅读理解中的实际应用| |拓展培优|1短文填空|运用构词法完成语篇补全|整合构词知识解决语篇层面的词汇运用问题，提升语言综合能力|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业13 构词法综合 知识复盘 一、后缀（全册） 后缀 含义 词性 教材例词 -ful 充满…… 的 形容词 helpful 有帮助的; careful 小心的; useful 有用的; hopeful 有希望的 -less 没有…… 的 形容词 careless 粗心的; hopeless 无望的; useless 无用的; endless 无尽的 -y 有…… 的 形容词 windy 有风的; rainy 下雨的; sunny 晴朗的; cloudy 多云的; snowy 下雪的; foggy 有雾的 -er/or/ist 人 名词 teacher 老师; inventor 发明家; scientist 科学家; visitor 游客; writer 作家 -ion 动作 / 状态 名词 action 行动; invention 发明; protection 保护; attention 注意; suggestion 建议 -ness 性质 / 状态 名词 greatness 伟大; happiness 幸福; sadness 悲伤; illness 疾病 -ly …… 地 副词 quickly 快速地; carefully 小心地; slowly 慢慢地; easily 容易地 -ian/-ese …… 国家的 形容词 / 名词 Chinese 中国的 / 中国人; Japanese 日本的 / 日本人; Italian 意大利的 / 意大利人 二、前缀（全册） 前缀 含义 教材例词 un- 不、非 unhappy 不开心的; unlucky 不幸的; unusual 不寻常的; unfair 不公平的 im- 不、非（用于 b, p, m 开头的词） impossible 不可能的; impolite 不礼貌的; impatient 不耐心的 in- 不、非 incorrect 不正确的; inactive 不活跃的; inexpensive 便宜的 三、复合词（全册） 构成方式 教材例词 名词 + 名词 thunderstorm 雷暴; teamwork 团队合作; snowball 雪球; earthquake 地震; classroom 教室 动词 + 名词 playground 操场; passport 护照; driveway 车道 形容词 + 名词 whiteboard 白板; software 软件; blackboard 黑板; highway 公路 四、运用方法 1. 通过构词法可以快速猜测生词的词性和词义 2. 通过构词法可以扩大词汇量，记住一个词根可以衍生出多个单词 五、易错易混概念 1. 不是所有词都有对应词缀： careful 的反义词是 careless，不是 carefuless 2. 前缀 im - 的使用范围：只用于 b,p,m 开头的词，如 impossible, impolite, impatient 3. 复合词拼写错误： 错误 class room → 正确 classroom; 错误 black board → 正确 blackboard 4. -ly 结尾的词不一定是副词： friendly 友好的（形容词）; lovely 可爱的（形容词）; lively 活泼的（形容词） 实战巩固·基础过关 一、单词默写，根据音标，写出单词及中文释义： 音标 英文 中文 /ˈhelpfl/ /ˈkeəfl/ /ˈjuːsfl/ /ˈhəʊpfl/ /ˈkeələs/ /ˈhəʊpləs/ /ˈjuːsləs/ /ˈendləs/ /ˈwɪndi/ /ˈreɪni/ /ˈsʌni/ /ˈklaʊdi/ /ˈsnəʊi/ /ˈfɒɡi/ /ˈtiːtʃə(r)/ /ɪnˈventə(r)/ /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ /ˈvɪzɪtə(r)/ /ˈraɪtə(r)/ /ˈækʃn/ /ɪnˈvenʃn/ /prəˈtekʃn/ /əˈtenʃn/ /səˈdʒestʃən/ /ˈhæpinəs/ /ˈsædnəs/ /ˈɪlnəs/ /ˈkwɪkli/ /ˈkeəfəli/ /ˈiːzɪli/ 二、词汇运用： 根据句意和首字母提示，用知识复盘卡中单词的适当形式填空，每空一词 1. It's i______ to laugh at people who are in trouble. We should be polite to everyone. 2. The weather report says it will be r______ tomorrow. Don't forget to take an umbrella. 3. Our teacher gave us many useful s______ on how to learn English well. 4. You should pay more a______ to your spelling. You made too many mistakes in the exam. 5. Tom is a c______ boy. He always leaves his things at home. 6. It's u______ for us to finish the work in such a short time. We need more help. 7. The Great Wall is one of the greatest i______ in the world. 8. We should do something for the p______ of wild animals. They are in danger. 9. My sister is very h______ and she always helps others when they are in need. 10. The little girl looked at the sky with h______ eyes, waiting for her parents to come back. 实战巩固·能力进阶 一、完形填空： 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Our School Science Fair Last week, our school held a science fair. It was a great chance for students to show their inventions and learn from each other. All the students worked very hard and prepared their projects 1 . The fair took place in the school 2 . There were many interesting exhibits (展品) on show. Some students made models of 3 to show how the earth moves. Others made small machines that could clean the 4 in the classroom. My favorite project was made by Li Ming, a Grade 8 student. He invented a special umbrella that can tell us the weather. When it's going to be 5 , the umbrella will turn yellow. When it's going to rain, it will turn blue. It was really 6 ! Many 7 came to the fair. They were very surprised by the students' creativity. A famous 8 from the university gave a talk about science and technology. He said that all the inventions were very 9 and encouraged us to keep thinking and creating. The science fair was a great success. It taught us that teamwork is very important. With good 10 , we can do anything well. I hope we will have more activities like this in the future. 1. A. quickly B. carefully C. slowly D. easily 2. A. classroom B. playground C. highway D. driveway 3. A. earthquakes B. snowballs C. thunderstorms D. teamwork 4. A. whiteboard B. blackboard C. software D. passport 5. A. sunny B. rainy C. cloudy D. foggy 6. A. useless B. unusual C. hopeless D. careless 7. A. writers B. visitors C. teachers D. inventors 8. A. scientist B. teacher C. writer D. visitor 9. A. incorrect B. inactive C. useful D. inexpensive 10. A. action B. attention C. teamwork D. suggestion 二、阅读理解： 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A A Happy School Day Today is Monday. It's a sunny day. I get up early and go to school happily. When I arrive at school, I see my classmates are cleaning the classroom. Some are cleaning the blackboard, some are sweeping the floor, and others are cleaning the windows. Our first class is English. Our English teacher, Miss Wang, is very friendly. She always teaches us carefully and gives us many useful suggestions on how to learn English well. Today we learned about word formation (构词法). It's very interesting. We can guess the meaning of new words easily with the help of word formation. After class, we play on the playground. We play basketball and have a good time. At noon, we have lunch in the school dining hall. The food is delicious and inexpensive. In the afternoon, we have a science class. We learned about earthquakes. Our teacher told us that earthquakes are natural disasters (自然灾害) and we should know how to protect ourselves when an earthquake happens. What a happy day! I love my school life. 1. What's the weather like today? A. Rainy B. Sunny C. Cloudy D. Windy 2. What are the classmates doing when the writer arrives at school? A. Having breakfast B. Reading books C. Cleaning the classroom D. Playing basketball 3. What did they learn in English class today? A. How to protect themselves B. About earthquakes C. Word formation D. How to play basketball 4. What does the underlined word "inexpensive" mean in Chinese? A. 昂贵的 B. 便宜的 C. 难吃的 D. 好看的 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The writer's happy school day B. How to learn English well C. What to do in an earthquake D. The writer's favorite teacher B The Great Invention Thomas Edison was a great American inventor. He invented many things in his life. One of his most famous inventions is the electric light bulb (电灯泡). It changed people's lives greatly. Before the invention of the electric light bulb, people used candles or oil lamps to light their homes. It was not convenient and it was also dangerous. Edison wanted to invent a safe and useful light. He worked very hard and tried thousands of materials. He failed many times, but he never gave up. He was hopeful that he would succeed one day. Finally, in 1879, Edison invented the first practical electric light bulb. It could burn for 45 hours. Later, he improved it and it could burn for 1,200 hours. People could have light at night easily. Edison's invention is very important. It brings brightness to the world. He once said, "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration (汗水)." His story tells us that we should be patient and never give up when we face difficulties. 1. What was Thomas Edison? A. A scientist B. A teacher C. An inventor D. A writer 2. What did people use to light their homes before the electric light bulb? A. Candles and oil lamps B. Electric lights C. Flashlights D. The sun 3. Why did Edison want to invent the electric light bulb? A. Because he wanted to be famous B. Because he liked inventing things C. Because candles and oil lamps were not convenient and dangerous D. Because he needed money 4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Edison invented the electric light bulb in 1889 B. The first practical electric light bulb could burn for 1,200 hours C. Edison never failed when he invented the electric light bulb D. Edison's invention changed people's lives greatly 5. What can we learn from Edison's story? A. We should give up when we face difficulties B. We should be patient and never give up C. Invention is easy D. Genius is very important C Weather Report Here is the weather report for the next three days in Nanjing. Today is Tuesday. It will be cloudy in the morning. There will be a light wind in the afternoon. The highest temperature will be 28℃ and the lowest temperature will be 20℃. Tomorrow is Wednesday. It will be rainy. There will be a heavy rain in the morning. You should take an umbrella with you when you go out. The temperature will be between 18℃ and 24℃. Thursday will be sunny. It will be a fine day. The sun will shine brightly. The temperature will be between 21℃ and 29℃. It's a good day for outdoor activities. You can go to the park or play on the playground with your friends. Friday will be foggy in the morning. The fog will lift (消散) in the afternoon. The temperature will be between 20℃ and 27℃. Hope you have a good time! 1. What's the weather like on Tuesday morning? A. Sunny B. Rainy C. Cloudy D. Foggy 2. What should you take with you when you go out on Wednesday? A. A coat B. An umbrella C. A hat D. A pair of sunglasses 3. What day is good for outdoor activities? A. Tuesday B. Wednesday C. Thursday D. Friday 4. What will the weather be like on Friday morning? A. Foggy B. Sunny C. Rainy D. Windy 5. What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A. It will be very hot this week B. The temperature will be lower on Wednesday than on Tuesday C. It will snow on Thursday D. There will be a thunderstorm on Friday D Teamwork Is Important In our daily life, we need to work with others. Teamwork is very important for us. Good teamwork can help us finish our work easily and successfully. Last month, our class had a project about protecting the environment. Our teacher divided us into four groups. Each group had five students. My group's task was to make a poster about how to protect wild animals. At first, we didn't know what to do. We had different ideas and argued a lot. But soon we realized that teamwork was important. We decided to work together. Li Ming was good at drawing, so he drew the pictures. Wang Hong was good at writing, so she wrote the words. I was good at using the computer, so I designed the poster with the software. The other two students collected information about wild animals. We worked carefully and helped each other. Finally, we finished the poster on time. Our poster was very beautiful and won the first prize in the school competition. We were all very happy. From this experience, I learned that teamwork is very important. No one can do everything well by himself. When we work together, we can do better. 1. What was the class project about? A. Protecting the environment B. Making a poster about history C. Learning about earthquakes D. Having a sports meeting 2. How many students were there in each group? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six 3. What did the writer do in the group? A. Drew the pictures B. Wrote the words C. Collected information D. Designed the poster with the software 4. What prize did their poster win? A. The first prize B. The second prize C. The third prize D. No prize 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How to make a poster B. Teamwork is very important C. How to protect wild animals D. The writer's happy school life 实战巩固·拓展培优 一、短文填空： 阅读下面短文，根据上下文和首字母提示，用知识复盘卡中单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整、通顺。 Our School Project Last week, our school started a new project called "Green School". The aim of the project is to call on students to take 1 to protect the environment. All the students are very active and take part in it 2 . Our class decided to make a survey about the environment in our neighborhood. We worked in groups. With good 3 , we finished the survey quickly. We found that there were many problems. Some people threw rubbish everywhere. Some factories put waste water into the river. The river was very dirty and there were no fish in it. We also found that many people didn't know how to protect the environment. So we decided to give them some 4 . We made some posters and put them up on the wall. We also gave talks in the community center. We told people that the 5 of the environment is very important for our future. A famous 6 from the Green Club came to our school. He gave us a talk about environmental protection. He said that it was not 7 to protect the environment if everyone tried his best. He also encouraged us to be more active in environmental activities. Now, our neighborhood is becoming more and more beautiful. The river is clean again. People are more friendly to the environment. We are all very happy. We believe that if we keep doing this, our world will be a better place. We also learned a lot from this project. We know that we should pay more 8 to the environment around us. We should not be 9 and throw rubbish everywhere. We should be 10 and always be ready to help protect the environment. 3 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业13 构词法综合 知识复盘 一、后缀（全册） 后缀 含义 词性 教材例词 -ful 充满…… 的 形容词 helpful 有帮助的; careful 小心的; useful 有用的; hopeful 有希望的 -less 没有…… 的 形容词 careless 粗心的; hopeless 无望的; useless 无用的; endless 无尽的 -y 有…… 的 形容词 windy 有风的; rainy 下雨的; sunny 晴朗的; cloudy 多云的; snowy 下雪的; foggy 有雾的 -er/or/ist 人 名词 teacher 老师; inventor 发明家; scientist 科学家; visitor 游客; writer 作家 -ion 动作 / 状态 名词 action 行动; invention 发明; protection 保护; attention 注意; suggestion 建议 -ness 性质 / 状态 名词 greatness 伟大; happiness 幸福; sadness 悲伤; illness 疾病 -ly …… 地 副词 quickly 快速地; carefully 小心地; slowly 慢慢地; easily 容易地 -ian/-ese …… 国家的 形容词 / 名词 Chinese 中国的 / 中国人; Japanese 日本的 / 日本人; Italian 意大利的 / 意大利人 二、前缀（全册） 前缀 含义 教材例词 un- 不、非 unhappy 不开心的; unlucky 不幸的; unusual 不寻常的; unfair 不公平的 im- 不、非（用于 b, p, m 开头的词） impossible 不可能的; impolite 不礼貌的; impatient 不耐心的 in- 不、非 incorrect 不正确的; inactive 不活跃的; inexpensive 便宜的 三、复合词（全册） 构成方式 教材例词 名词 + 名词 thunderstorm 雷暴; teamwork 团队合作; snowball 雪球; earthquake 地震; classroom 教室 动词 + 名词 playground 操场; passport 护照; driveway 车道 形容词 + 名词 whiteboard 白板; software 软件; blackboard 黑板; highway 公路 四、运用方法 1. 通过构词法可以快速猜测生词的词性和词义 2. 通过构词法可以扩大词汇量，记住一个词根可以衍生出多个单词 五、易错易混概念 1. 不是所有词都有对应词缀： careful 的反义词是 careless，不是 carefuless 2. 前缀 im - 的使用范围：只用于 b,p,m 开头的词，如 impossible, impolite, impatient 3. 复合词拼写错误： 错误 class room → 正确 classroom; 错误 black board → 正确 blackboard 4. -ly 结尾的词不一定是副词： friendly 友好的（形容词）; lovely 可爱的（形容词）; lively 活泼的（形容词） 实战巩固·基础过关 一、单词默写，根据音标，写出单词及中文释义： 音标 英文 中文 /ˈhelpfl/ /ˈkeəfl/ /ˈjuːsfl/ /ˈhəʊpfl/ /ˈkeələs/ /ˈhəʊpləs/ /ˈjuːsləs/ /ˈendləs/ /ˈwɪndi/ /ˈreɪni/ /ˈsʌni/ /ˈklaʊdi/ /ˈsnəʊi/ /ˈfɒɡi/ /ˈtiːtʃə(r)/ /ɪnˈventə(r)/ /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ /ˈvɪzɪtə(r)/ /ˈraɪtə(r)/ /ˈækʃn/ /ɪnˈvenʃn/ /prəˈtekʃn/ /əˈtenʃn/ /səˈdʒestʃən/ /ˈhæpinəs/ /ˈsædnəs/ /ˈɪlnəs/ /ˈkwɪkli/ /ˈkeəfəli/ /ˈiːzɪli/ 【答案】 音标 英文 中文 /ˈhelpfl/ helpful 有帮助的；有益的 /ˈkeəfl/ careful 小心的；仔细的 /ˈjuːsfl/ useful 有用的；实用的 /ˈhəʊpfl/ hopeful 有希望的；满怀希望的 /ˈkeələs/ careless 粗心的；疏忽的 /ˈhəʊpləs/ hopeless 绝望的；无望的 /ˈjuːsləs/ useless 无用的；无效的 /ˈendləs/ endless 无止境的；无休止的 /ˈwɪndi/ windy 有风的；多风的 /ˈreɪni/ rainy 下雨的；多雨的 /ˈsʌni/ sunny 晴朗的；阳光充足的 /ˈklaʊdi/ cloudy 多云的；阴天的 /ˈsnəʊi/ snowy 下雪的；多雪的 /ˈfɒɡi/ foggy 有雾的；雾蒙蒙的 /ˈtiːtʃə(r)/ teacher 教师；老师 /ɪnˈventə(r)/ inventor 发明家；创造者 /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ scientist 科学家 /ˈvɪzɪtə(r)/ visitor 参观者；游客 /ˈraɪtə(r)/ writer 作家；作者 /ˈækʃn/ action 行动；行为 /ɪnˈvenʃn/ invention 发明；发明物 /prəˈtekʃn/ protection 保护；防卫 /əˈtenʃn/ attention 注意；注意力 /səˈdʒestʃən/ suggestion 建议；提议 /ˈhæpinəs/ happiness 幸福；快乐 /ˈsædnəs/ sadness 悲伤；难过 /ˈɪlnəs/ illness 疾病；生病 /ˈkwɪkli/ quickly 快速地；迅速地 /ˈkeəfəli/ carefully 小心地；仔细地 /ˈiːzɪli/ easily 容易地；轻易地 二、词汇运用： 根据句意和首字母提示，用知识复盘卡中单词的适当形式填空，每空一词 1. It's i______ to laugh at people who are in trouble. We should be polite to everyone. 【答案】impolite 【解析】句意：嘲笑处于困境中的人是不礼貌的。我们应该对每个人都有礼貌。根据后一句的 "polite（礼貌的）" 和首字母 i，填其反义词 impolite（不礼貌的），符合 "It's + 形容词 + to do sth" 固定句型。 2. The weather report says it will be r______ tomorrow. Don't forget to take an umbrella. 【答案】rainy 【解析】句意：天气预报说明天会下雨。别忘了带伞。根据 "take an umbrella（带伞）" 可知天气是下雨的，be 动词后需用形容词作表语，故填 rainy（下雨的）。 3. Our teacher gave us many useful s______ on how to learn English well. 【答案】suggestions 【解析】句意：我们的老师给了我们很多关于如何学好英语的有用建议。many 修饰可数名词复数，结合 "how to learn English well" 和首字母 s，填 suggestions（建议）。 4. You should pay more a______ to your spelling. You made too many mistakes in the exam. 【答案】attention 【解析】句意：你应该多注意你的拼写。你在考试中犯了太多错误。固定短语 "pay attention to" 意为 "注意"，结合语境填 attention。 5. Tom is a c______ boy. He always leaves his things at home. 【答案】careless 【解析】句意：汤姆是个粗心的男孩。他总是把东西落在家里。根据 "always leaves his things at home" 可知他很粗心，填 careless（粗心的）修饰名词 boy。 6. It's u______ for us to finish the work in such a short time. We need more help. 【答案】unfair 【解析】句意：对我们来说在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是不公平的。我们需要更多帮助。根据 "such a short time" 和 "need more help" 可知任务分配不合理，符合 "It's + 形容词 + for sb to do sth" 固定句型，填 unfair（不公平的）。 7. The Great Wall is one of the greatest i______ in the world. 【答案】inventions 【解析】句意：长城是世界上最伟大的发明之一。"one of+the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数" 是固定结构，意为 "最…… 之一"。结合首字母 i 和常识，长城是人类工程史上的伟大创造，填 inventions（发明）。 8. We should do something for the p______ of wild animals. They are in danger. 【答案】protection 【解析】句意：我们应该为保护野生动物做些事情。它们处于危险之中。根据 "in danger" 可知需要保护野生动物，"the + 名词 + of" 结构中填 protection（保护）。 9. My sister is very h______ and she always helps others when they are in need. 【答案】helpful 【解析】句意：我姐姐非常乐于助人，她总是在别人需要的时候帮助他们。根据 "always helps others" 可知她乐于助人，填 helpful（乐于助人的）作表语。 10. The little girl looked at the sky with h______ eyes, waiting for her parents to come back. 【答案】hopeful 【解析】句意：小女孩用充满希望的眼睛望着天空，等待着她的父母回来。根据 "waiting for her parents to come back" 可知她满怀希望，填 hopeful（充满希望的）修饰名词 eyes。 实战巩固·能力进阶 一、完形填空： 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Our School Science Fair Last week, our school held a science fair. It was a great chance for students to show their inventions and learn from each other. All the students worked very hard and prepared their projects 1 . The fair took place in the school 2 . There were many interesting exhibits (展品) on show. Some students made models of 3 to show how the earth moves. Others made small machines that could clean the 4 in the classroom. My favorite project was made by Li Ming, a Grade 8 student. He invented a special umbrella that can tell us the weather. When it's going to be 5 , the umbrella will turn yellow. When it's going to rain, it will turn blue. It was really 6 ! Many 7 came to the fair. They were very surprised by the students' creativity. A famous 8 from the university gave a talk about science and technology. He said that all the inventions were very 9 and encouraged us to keep thinking and creating. The science fair was a great success. It taught us that teamwork is very important. With good 10 , we can do anything well. I hope we will have more activities like this in the future. 1. A. quickly B. carefully C. slowly D. easily 2. A. classroom B. playground C. highway D. driveway 3. A. earthquakes B. snowballs C. thunderstorms D. teamwork 4. A. whiteboard B. blackboard C. software D. passport 5. A. sunny B. rainy C. cloudy D. foggy 6. A. useless B. unusual C. hopeless D. careless 7. A. writers B. visitors C. teachers D. inventors 8. A. scientist B. teacher C. writer D. visitor 9. A. incorrect B. inactive C. useful D. inexpensive 10. A. action B. attention C. teamwork D. suggestion 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C 【解析】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者学校上周举办的科学展的全过程，包括学生们精心准备的各类科技展品、作者最喜爱的发明项目、校外访客与科学家的参与，以及活动带给学生们关于团队合作与创新的重要启示。 1. 句意：所有学生都非常努力，仔细地准备了他们的项目。解析：前文提到 "worked very hard"（非常努力），与之匹配的准备态度是 "carefully"（仔细地），其他选项（快速地、慢慢地、容易地）均不符合努力准备的语境。 2. 句意：科学展在学校操场举行。解析：科学展需要容纳大量展品和人群，"playground"（操场）是学校里适合举办大型活动的场所；"classroom"（教室）空间太小，"highway"（高速公路）和 "driveway"（私人车道）均不属于学校合理的活动场地。 3. 句意：一些学生制作了地震模型来展示地球如何运动。解析：能直观展示 "how the earth moves"（地球如何运动）的模型是 "earthquakes"（地震）模型；雪球、雷暴、团队合作均与地球运动无关。 4. 句意：其他学生制作了可以清洁教室黑板的小型机器。解析：教室里需要清洁且适合用小型机器处理的物品是 "blackboard"（黑板）；"whiteboard"（白板）虽也可清洁，但 "clean the blackboard" 是更经典的固定搭配，且软件、护照与教室清洁无关。 5. 句意：当天气将要晴朗时，雨伞会变成黄色。解析：后文提到下雨时雨伞变蓝色，黄色通常对应 "sunny"（晴朗的）天气，符合天气与颜色的常规对应逻辑。 6. 句意：这真的很不寻常！解析：能根据天气变色的雨伞是新奇独特的发明，"unusual"（不寻常的）最能体现其特点；其他选项（无用的、无望的、粗心的）均为负面含义，与语境不符。 7. 句意：许多访客来到了科学展。解析：后文提到有来自大学的人员，说明除了本校师生还有校外人员，"visitors"（访客）涵盖了所有外来参与者；教师是学校内部人员，作家和发明家范围过窄。 8. 句意：一位来自大学的著名科学家做了关于科学技术的演讲。解析：能做 "science and technology"（科学技术）主题演讲的专业人士是 "scientist"（科学家）。 9. 句意：他说所有的发明都非常有用，并鼓励我们继续思考和创造。解析：科学家鼓励学生继续创造，说明他对发明持肯定态度，"useful"（有用的）是正面评价；其他选项（不正确的、不活跃的、便宜的）均不符合鼓励的语境。 10. 句意：有了良好的团队合作，我们可以做好任何事情。解析：前文明确提到 "It taught us that teamwork is very important"（它教会我们团队合作非常重要），此处是对前文观点的呼应。 二、阅读理解： 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A A Happy School Day Today is Monday. It's a sunny day. I get up early and go to school happily. When I arrive at school, I see my classmates are cleaning the classroom. Some are cleaning the blackboard, some are sweeping the floor, and others are cleaning the windows. Our first class is English. Our English teacher, Miss Wang, is very friendly. She always teaches us carefully and gives us many useful suggestions on how to learn English well. Today we learned about word formation (构词法). It's very interesting. We can guess the meaning of new words easily with the help of word formation. After class, we play on the playground. We play basketball and have a good time. At noon, we have lunch in the school dining hall. The food is delicious and inexpensive. In the afternoon, we have a science class. We learned about earthquakes. Our teacher told us that earthquakes are natural disasters (自然灾害) and we should know how to protect ourselves when an earthquake happens. What a happy day! I love my school life. 1. What's the weather like today? A. Rainy B. Sunny C. Cloudy D. Windy 2. What are the classmates doing when the writer arrives at school? A. Having breakfast B. Reading books C. Cleaning the classroom D. Playing basketball 3. What did they learn in English class today? A. How to protect themselves B. About earthquakes C. Word formation D. How to play basketball 4. What does the underlined word "inexpensive" mean in Chinese? A. 昂贵的 B. 便宜的 C. 难吃的 D. 好看的 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The writer's happy school day B. How to learn English well C. What to do in an earthquake D. The writer's favorite teacher 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章以第一人称视角，按照时间顺序（早上到校 - 上午英语课 - 课间活动 - 午餐 - 下午科学课），讲述了作者周一在学校度过的愉快一天，通过描写校园里的日常学习和活动场景，表达了作者对校园生活的热爱之情。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 “It's a sunny day.” 可知，今天的天气是晴朗的，故选 B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第一段第四句 “When I arrive at school, I see my classmates are cleaning the classroom.” 可知，作者到校时同学们正在打扫教室，故选 C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第二段第四句 “Today we learned about word formation (构词法).” 可知，今天英语课学习了构词法，故选 C。 4. 词义猜测题。根据前文 “The food is delicious”（食物很美味）以及并列连词 and 可推测，此处是对学校食堂食物的正面评价；同时 “inexpensive” 由否定前缀 “in-”+“expensive”（昂贵的）构成，意为 “不贵的、便宜的”，故选 B。 5. 主旨大意题。文章标题为 “A Happy School Day”，全文围绕作者周一的校园生活展开，结尾再次点题 “What a happy day! I love my school life.”，因此文章主旨是作者愉快的校园一天，故选 A。 B The Great Invention Thomas Edison was a great American inventor. He invented many things in his life. One of his most famous inventions is the electric light bulb (电灯泡). It changed people's lives greatly. Before the invention of the electric light bulb, people used candles or oil lamps to light their homes. It was not convenient and it was also dangerous. Edison wanted to invent a safe and useful light. He worked very hard and tried thousands of materials. He failed many times, but he never gave up. He was hopeful that he would succeed one day. Finally, in 1879, Edison invented the first practical electric light bulb. It could burn for 45 hours. Later, he improved it and it could burn for 1,200 hours. People could have light at night easily. Edison's invention is very important. It brings brightness to the world. He once said, "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration (汗水)." His story tells us that we should be patient and never give up when we face difficulties. 1. What was Thomas Edison? A. A scientist B. A teacher C. An inventor D. A writer 2. What did people use to light their homes before the electric light bulb? A. Candles and oil lamps B. Electric lights C. Flashlights D. The sun 3. Why did Edison want to invent the electric light bulb? A. Because he wanted to be famous B. Because he liked inventing things C. Because candles and oil lamps were not convenient and dangerous D. Because he needed money 4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Edison invented the electric light bulb in 1889 B. The first practical electric light bulb could burn for 1,200 hours C. Edison never failed when he invented the electric light bulb D. Edison's invention changed people's lives greatly 5. What can we learn from Edison's story? A. We should give up when we face difficulties B. We should be patient and never give up C. Invention is easy D. Genius is very important 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 【解析】这是一篇人物传记类记叙文。文章介绍了美国伟大发明家托马斯・爱迪生发明电灯泡的背景、艰辛过程以及这一发明的重大意义，通过爱迪生的故事告诉我们面对困难时应保持耐心、永不放弃的道理。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句 “Thomas Edison was a great American inventor.” 可知，托马斯・爱迪生是一位发明家，故选 C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句 “Before the invention of the electric light bulb, people used candles or oil lamps to light their homes.” 可知，电灯泡发明前人们用蜡烛和油灯照明，故选 A。 3. 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句 “It was not convenient and it was also dangerous. Edison wanted to invent a safe and useful light.” 可知，爱迪生发明电灯泡是因为蜡烛和油灯既不方便又危险，故选 C。 4. 细节判断题。根据第一段最后一句 “It changed people's lives greatly.” 可知 D 选项正确。A 选项错误，爱迪生在 1879 年发明电灯泡；B 选项错误，第一个实用电灯泡能燃烧 45 小时；C 选项错误，爱迪生发明过程中失败了很多次。故选 D。 5. 主旨推理题。根据最后一段最后一句 “His story tells us that we should be patient and never give up when we face difficulties.” 可知，我们能从爱迪生的故事中学到要耐心且永不放弃，故选 B。 C Weather Report Here is the weather report for the next three days in Nanjing. Today is Tuesday. It will be cloudy in the morning. There will be a light wind in the afternoon. The highest temperature will be 28℃ and the lowest temperature will be 20℃. Tomorrow is Wednesday. It will be rainy. There will be a heavy rain in the morning. You should take an umbrella with you when you go out. The temperature will be between 18℃ and 24℃. Thursday will be sunny. It will be a fine day. The sun will shine brightly. The temperature will be between 21℃ and 29℃. It's a good day for outdoor activities. You can go to the park or play on the playground with your friends. Friday will be foggy in the morning. The fog will lift (消散) in the afternoon. The temperature will be between 20℃ and 27℃. Hope you have a good time! 1. What's the weather like on Tuesday morning? A. Sunny B. Rainy C. Cloudy D. Foggy 2. What should you take with you when you go out on Wednesday? A. A coat B. An umbrella C. A hat D. A pair of sunglasses 3. What day is good for outdoor activities? A. Tuesday B. Wednesday C. Thursday D. Friday 4. What will the weather be like on Friday morning? A. Foggy B. Sunny C. Rainy D. Windy 5. What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A. It will be very hot this week B. The temperature will be lower on Wednesday than on Tuesday C. It will snow on Thursday D. There will be a thunderstorm on Friday 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 【解析】这是一篇实用类说明文（天气预报）。文章清晰介绍了南京未来四天（周二至周五）的天气情况，包括每日的天气变化、风力状况、气温区间，并针对不同天气给出了相应的出行和活动建议。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句 “It will be cloudy in the morning.” 可知，周二早上天气多云，故选 C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句 “You should take an umbrella with you when you go out.” 可知，周三出门应带雨伞，故选 B。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句 “Thursday will be sunny.” 和第四句 “It's a good day for outdoor activities.” 可知，周四适合户外活动，故选 C。 4. 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句 “Friday will be foggy in the morning.” 可知，周五早上有雾，故选 A。 5. 推理判断题。根据第二段 “最高 28℃，最低 20℃” 和第三段 “气温在 18℃至 24℃之间” 可推断，周三气温低于周二。A 选项 “非常热” 不符合文中最高 29℃的气温；C 选项周四下雪与原文 “晴天” 矛盾；D 选项周五雷暴在文中未提及。故选 B。 D Teamwork Is Important In our daily life, we need to work with others. Teamwork is very important for us. Good teamwork can help us finish our work easily and successfully. Last month, our class had a project about protecting the environment. Our teacher divided us into four groups. Each group had five students. My group's task was to make a poster about how to protect wild animals. At first, we didn't know what to do. We had different ideas and argued a lot. But soon we realized that teamwork was important. We decided to work together. Li Ming was good at drawing, so he drew the pictures. Wang Hong was good at writing, so she wrote the words. I was good at using the computer, so I designed the poster with the software. The other two students collected information about wild animals. We worked carefully and helped each other. Finally, we finished the poster on time. Our poster was very beautiful and won the first prize in the school competition. We were all very happy. From this experience, I learned that teamwork is very important. No one can do everything well by himself. When we work together, we can do better. 1. What was the class project about? A. Protecting the environment B. Making a poster about history C. Learning about earthquakes D. Having a sports meeting 2. How many students were there in each group? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six 3. What did the writer do in the group? A. Drew the pictures B. Wrote the words C. Collected information D. Designed the poster with the software 4. What prize did their poster win? A. The first prize B. The second prize C. The third prize D. No prize 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How to make a poster B. Teamwork is very important C. How to protect wild animals D. The writer's happy school life 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过作者所在班级完成环保主题项目、小组合作制作野生动物保护海报并获奖的亲身经历，阐述了团队合作的重要性，告诉我们没有人能独自做好所有事情，齐心协力才能取得更好的成果。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句 “Last month, our class had a project about protecting the environment.” 可知，班级项目是关于保护环境的，故选 A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句 “Each group had five students.” 可知，每个小组有五名学生，故选 C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句 “I was good at using the computer, so I designed the poster with the software.” 可知，作者负责用软件设计海报，故选 D。 4. 细节理解题。根据第四段第三句 “Our poster was very beautiful and won the first prize in the school competition.” 可知，他们的海报获得了一等奖，故选 A。 5. 主旨大意题。文章标题为 “Teamwork Is Important”，开头点明团队合作的重要性，中间通过具体事例展开，结尾再次升华主题 “From this experience, I learned that teamwork is very important.”，因此文章主旨是团队合作非常重要，故选 B。 实战巩固·拓展培优 一、短文填空： 阅读下面短文，根据上下文和首字母提示，用知识复盘卡中单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整、通顺。 Our School Project Last week, our school started a new project called "Green School". The aim of the project is to call on students to take 1 to protect the environment. All the students are very active and take part in it 2 . Our class decided to make a survey about the environment in our neighborhood. We worked in groups. With good 3 , we finished the survey quickly. We found that there were many problems. Some people threw rubbish everywhere. Some factories put waste water into the river. The river was very dirty and there were no fish in it. We also found that many people didn't know how to protect the environment. So we decided to give them some 4 . We made some posters and put them up on the wall. We also gave talks in the community center. We told people that the 5 of the environment is very important for our future. A famous 6 from the Green Club came to our school. He gave us a talk about environmental protection. He said that it was not 7 to protect the environment if everyone tried his best. He also encouraged us to be more active in environmental activities. Now, our neighborhood is becoming more and more beautiful. The river is clean again. People are more friendly to the environment. We are all very happy. We believe that if we keep doing this, our world will be a better place. We also learned a lot from this project. We know that we should pay more 8 to the environment around us. We should not be 9 and throw rubbish everywhere. We should be 10 and always be ready to help protect the environment. 【答案】1. action(s) 2. actively 3. teamwork 4. suggestions/advice 5. protection 6. expert/speaker 7. difficult/hard 8. attention 9. careless 10. responsible/active 【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者学校开展 "绿色学校" 环保项目的全过程，包括学生分组完成社区环境调查、向居民宣传环保知识、邀请环保专家讲座等活动，最终社区环境得到显著改善，学生们也深刻认识到了环境保护的重要性。 1. 句意：该项目的目的是号召学生们采取行动保护环境。根据固定搭配take action(s) to do sth（采取行动做某事），可知此处填 action (s)。 2. 句意：所有学生都非常积极，踊跃参加这个项目。根据前文 "All the students are very active"，此处用副词 actively 修饰动词短语 take part in，表示" 积极地参加 "。 3. 句意：凭借良好的团队合作，我们很快完成了调查。根据前文 "We worked in groups."（我们分组工作），可知是团队协作让调查高效完成，故填 teamwork。 4. 句意：所以我们决定给他们一些建议。根据前文 "We also found that many people didn't know how to protect the environment."（很多人不知道如何保护环境），可知我们需要提供指导建议，故填 suggestions/advice。 5. 句意：我们告诉人们，环境保护对我们的未来非常重要。根据上下文主题，此处指 "环境的保护"，用名词 protection 作主语，故填 protection。 6. 句意：一位来自绿色俱乐部的著名专家 / 演讲者来到我们学校。根据后文 "He gave us a talk about environmental protection."（他做了环保主题讲座），可知是环保领域的专家或演讲者，故填 expert/speaker。 7. 句意：他说，如果每个人都尽自己最大的努力，保护环境并不难。根据后文 "if everyone tried his best" 的条件，可推断出保护环境并非难事，故填 difficult/hard。 8. 句意：我们知道我们应该更加关注我们周围的环境。根据固定搭配pay attention to（关注、注意），可知此处填 attention。 9. 句意：我们不应该粗心大意，到处乱扔垃圾。根据后文 "throw rubbish everywhere"（随处乱扔垃圾）的行为，可知这是粗心不负责任的表现，故填 careless。 10. 句意：我们应该有责任心 / 积极主动，随时准备帮助保护环境。根据后文 "always be ready to help protect the environment"（时刻准备参与环保）的描述，可知我们应具备责任心或积极性，故填 responsible/active。 3 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $