暑假作业04 阅读理解（调查研究类说明文）（巩固培优）高二英语人教版

**基本信息** 聚焦社科类阅读理解，构建“考情-命题-解题”三维体系，通过文本结构模板与语言特征提炼，培养学生数据分析与辩证思维能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |考情分析|5点考情+3点预测|总结高频题材（青少年心理/社会热点）与题型占比|从考频数据到命题趋势，建立“考什么-怎么考”关联| |命题规律|3类文本特征|文本结构（问题-调研-结论）、语言标志（对比逻辑词/调研术语）|从结构模板到语言特征，形成“文本解码”路径| |典例训练|3篇原创+6篇真题|细节题数据定位、推理题逻辑分析、词义题术语积累|题型与方法一一对应，通过真题验证方法迁移性|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业04阅读理解（调查研究类说明文） 历年考情 1. 篇章位置：阅读 C/D、七选五高频选材，词数 300–370，中等偏难 2. 题材范围：青少年心理、校园行为、健康作息、消费习惯、环境认知、职场压力、社交媒体影响、跨文化行为调研 3. 文本来源：外文高校期刊、社会科学科普、权威机构调查报告 4. 题型分值：阅读单篇 4；细节题占比最高，推理、词义猜测、主旨配套考查 5. 考查频次：每年全国多套试卷至少 1 篇，近三年占阅读科普类 30% 左右 命题规律 （1） 文本结构模板 开篇：提出社会 / 青少年问题，引出调研目的 中段：调研对象、方式、数据结果、对比分组实验 结尾：专家解读、局限性、改进建议、辩证结论（无绝对定论） （2） 语言特征 多数据表达、对比逻辑（while/however/in contrast）；长难句集中在数据解读段 社科高频熟词生义，调研类固定术语（survey, sample, data, participant, factor） （3） 价值导向 聚焦青少年成长、社会现实，引导理性看待行为习惯、数字生活利弊 考向预测 （1） 选材主题 青少年：短视频沉迷、碎片化阅读、运动缺失、校园社交内耗、线上学习效率调研 社会热点：低碳生活践行度、年轻人消费观、代际观念差异 跨学科：心理健康 + 行为科学、数字媒介认知调研 新增方向：国产青年群体调研、劳动教育认知、AI 使用对专注力影响 （2） 文本变化 双组对照实验类文本增多，数据分层更复杂 增设研究局限性段落，强化批判性阅读考查 （3） 核心考查倾向 强化数据分析能力与辩证思辨，贴合新课标 “人与自我、人与社会” 主题语境 Passage 1 Researchers from the University of Buenos Aires have successfully used a robotic tutor to teach the male chingolo, a kind of small bird in South America, a song that was once part of the species’ culture but had been lost for more than half a century. Male chingolos learn their unique, two-second melody from adult males. “It is a distinctive song — like a fingerprint, but learned,” says one of the researchers. “It serves to attract females and protect territory. It is the bird’s way of saying, “This is me, and here I am.” However, urbanization and habitat loss have broken this learning chain, causing local song “dialects” to disappear. Driven by this problem, researchers took on a pioneering task: bringing back a song that had disappeared from the wild — known only from a musical record made in the 1960s — to a population of chingolos. Using physics-based modeling of the bird’s vocal tract (声道) , the team first created an accurate artificial version of the lost song. They then engineered this model into a physical device designed to broadcast the forgotten melody — a “robotic tutor.” This artificial song was introduced to the chingolos in the park during their critical learning period from October to February. The sessions took place during peak singing hours and were limited to a maximum of eight hours. There were random pauses (停顿) in between so that the birds interpreted the playback from the three devices placed in the area as a real exchange, as if these devices were responding to each other. This stimulated the birds’ vocal responses. The results were impressive. Young chingolos learned and adopted the song, though they added their own population’s “accent” to the final trill (颤音) , which showed that their singing is shaped by learned behaviors and inborn characteristics. “This is about preserving not just genetic, but cultural biodiversity,” says another researcher. The team is now developing AI systems to automatically identify individual bird songs and planning to study cultural spread in bird populations to ensure that bird culture is not lost again. 1．Why did the researchers teach the birds the song? A．To save an endangered species. B．To study the birds’ brain structure. C．To develop new robotic devices. D．To preserve the birds’ cultural heritage. 2．What is a role of chingolos’ song? A．It keeps hunters away from them. B．It helps them adapt to urban growth. C．It functions as their social identity. D．It makes them remember their habitat. 3．What is the purpose of the random pauses? A．To protect the birds’ vocal tract. B．To test the birds’ reaction speed. C．To push the birds to catch the beat. D．To trick the birds into interaction. 4．What can we learn from chingolos’ learning results? A．The song has spread to other bird species. B．Their singing shows special vocal features. C．Their response to the song needs improving. D．The effectiveness depends on their population. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了布宜诺斯艾利斯大学的研究人员成功利用机器人导师，让一种南美小鸟——雄性红领带鹀重新学会了一首曾是该物种文化一部分，但已消失半个多世纪的歌曲，以及研究过程、结果和意义。 【解析】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers from the University of Buenos Aires have successfully used a robotic tutor to teach the male chingolo, a kind of small bird in South America, a song that was once part of the species’ culture but had been lost for more than half a century.(布宜诺斯艾利斯大学的研究人员已成功使用机器人导师，教南美一种小型鸟类 —— 雄性红领带鹀 学习一首曾属于该物种文化、但已消失半个多世纪的鸣唱)”以及最后一段“This is about preserving not just genetic, but cultural biodiversity (这不仅是为了保护遗传多样性，也是为了保护文化多样性)”可知，研究人员教鸟儿这首歌是为了保护鸟类的文化遗产。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“It serves to attract females and protect territory. It is the bird’s way of saying, “This is me, and here I am.” (它用来吸引雌鸟和保护领地。这是鸟儿表达“这就是我，我就在这里”的方式。)”可知，红领带鹀的歌声是它们的社会身份标识。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“There were random pauses (停顿) in between so that the birds interpreted the playback from the three devices placed in the area as a real exchange, as if these devices were responding to each other. This stimulated the birds’ vocal responses. (中间有随机停顿，这样鸟儿就会把放置在该区域的三个设备播放的声音当作真实的交流，就好像这些设备在互相回应一样。这刺激了鸟类的发声反应。)”可知，随机停顿的目的是诱使鸟儿进行互动。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Young chingolos learned and adopted the song, though they added their own population’s “accent” to the final trill (颤音) , which showed that their singing is shaped by learned behaviors and inborn characteristics. (年轻的红领带鹀学习并采用了这首歌，尽管它们在最后的颤音中加入了自己种群的“口音”，这表明它们的歌声是由习得行为和先天特征共同塑造的。)”可知，从红领带鹀的学习结果中我们可以了解到它们的歌声表现出特殊的发声特征。故选B项。 Passage 2 Chinese scientists have developed a new refrigeration method that solves a long-standing challenge in cooling technology. Published in Nature, the study responds to rising energy demands in applications ranging from food preservation to data center cooling. Traditional vapor-compression systems consume vast amounts of electricity and rely on harmful refrigerants. In China, refrigeration accounts for nearly 20% of the nation’s electricity use and 7.8% of its carbon emissions (碳排放). While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application. Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow. They used a common, non-toxic salt whose dissolution (溶解) in water absorbs large amounts of heat. Conversely, applying pressure causes the salt to come out and release heat. Cycling this pressure achieves continuous cooling. “Unlike traditional solid methods, where heat moves slowly, our system integrates the refrigerant and heat-transfer medium into a single liquid,” Li said. “This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.” Lab tests showed a temperature drop of nearly 30°C in just 20 seconds at room temperature, and up to 54°C at higher temperatures — significantly outperforming existing solid coolers. A prototype cycle achieved a cooling capacity of 67 joules per gram with nearly 77% efficiency. The system also proved stable, reversible, and instantly responsive to pressure changes. “This technology moves beyond traditional refrigeration principles,” Li added. “By turning the coolant into a fluid, it opens the door to high-performance, zero-emission cooling for homes and industry.” He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities. While engineering challenges remain, especially in achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles, the principle could be adapted to other materials for diverse cooling needs. 5．What is the main problem with traditional solid-state cooling systems? A．They transfer heat poorly. B．They produce harmful gases. C．They fail at high temperature. D．They use too much electricity. 6．What is the key innovation of the new cooling method? A．Using salt instead of chemical refrigerants. B．Increasing pressure inside traditional systems. C．Replacing pressure cycles with continuous flow. D．Combining solid cooling with liquid heat transfer. 7．Why does the author mention the “impossible triangle” in the text? A．To highlight the value of the new system. B．To illustrate the design of the new system. C．To explain why old systems are still in use. D．To show the limitations of previous systems. 8．What does Li Bing see as a promising application of the new technology? A．Preserving food in supply chains. B．Replacing traditional home refrigerators. C．Cooling future AI data centers. D．Achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles. 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．A 8．C 【导语】文章主要讲的是中国科学家开发出一种结合固体冷却效应与液体流动的新型制冷方法，解决了传统固态制冷技术传热效率低的核心难题，实现了低污染、强冷却和快速传热的平衡，并在实验室测试中展现出显著的温降性能与高能效比。 【解析】5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application. (虽然固态冷却避免了有害气体的排放，但其传热效果不佳，限制了其在实际应用中的推广。)”可知，传统固态冷却系统的主要问题是它们散热效果不佳。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow. (由中国科学院的李兵教授领导的研究团队通过将固态冷却效果与液体流动相结合克服了这一难题。)”和第四段““Unlike traditional solid methods, where heat moves slowly, our system integrates the refrigerant and heat-transfer medium into a single liquid,” Li said. (李教授表示：“与传统的固态方法不同，我们的系统将制冷剂和传热介质整合到了一种单一的液体中，这样热量的传递就变得迅速得多。”)”可知，创新在于将固态冷却效应与液态传热结合。 7．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once. (这解决了‘不可能的三角形’问题——同时实现低污染、强冷却和快速散热。)”可知，此处引用这一概念是为了凸显新系统同时兼顾了以往技术难以兼得的三个优势，从而突出其创新价值与突破性。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities. (他指出，该方法在高温方面的出色表现使其成为下一代人工智能计算设施中热管理的理想选择。)”可知，这项新技术可以冷却未来的人工智能数据中心。 Passage 3 Scientists looking to tackle our ongoing obesity crisis have made an important discovery: Intermittent (间歇的) calorie restriction leads to significant changes both in the gut (肠道) and the brain, which may open up new options for maintaining a healthy weight. Researchers from China studied 25 volunteers classed as obese over a period of 62 days, during which they took part in an intermittent energy restriction (IER) program, a method that involves careful control of calorie intake and eating little or no food on some days. Not only did the participants in the study lose weight — 7.6 kilograms or 7.8 percent of their body weight on average — but there was evidence of shifts in the activity of obesity-related regions of the brain, and in the makeup of gut bacteria (细菌). It’s not clear what causes these changes, or whether the gut is influencing the brain or the brain is influencing the gut. However, we do know that the gut and the brain are closely linked, so treating certain regions of the brain could be a way to control food intake. The changes in brain activity were in regions known to be important in the regulation of appetite and addiction — including the inferior frontal orbital gyrus. What’s more, the gut microbiome (微生物组) changes were linked to particular brain regions. More than a billion people worldwide are estimated to have obesity, which leads to an increased risk for a host of different health issues, from cancer to heart disease. Knowing more about how our brains and guts are dependent on each other could make a huge difference in effectively preventing and reducing obesity. “The next question to be answered is the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in obese people, including those who are losing weight,” said Wang, a biomedical scientist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “What specific gut microbiome and brain regions are critical for successful weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight?” 9．What does the study find about intermittent calorie restriction? A．It influences brain microbiome. B．It works mainly by reducing appetite. C．It affects both the gut and the brain. D．It effectively reduces the gut bacteria. 10．What did the 62-day study reveal regarding the participants? A．They ate little food on most days. B．Their brain and gut activities changed. C．Their calorie intake increased greatly. D．They lost over 8% of their body weight. 11．What is Wang’s statement about? A．The choice of new research methods. B．The need to involve more researchers. C．The possible direction for further study. D．The potential application of the findings. 12．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The New Discovery Will Help End Obesity B．The Gut-Brain Link May Aid Weight Control C．The Gut-Brain Link May Reveal a Secret of Fat D．The Gut Microbiome Will Have a Hidden Effect 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．C 12．B 【导语】文章主要说明了研究发现间歇热量限制可改变肥胖人群肠道与大脑状态，肠脑联系紧密。探明二者互动机制，有望为预防、改善肥胖问题提供全新解决思路与办法。 【解析】9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Intermittent (间歇的) calorie restriction leads to significant changes both in the gut (肠道) and the brain, which may open up new options for maintaining a healthy weight.(间歇性的热量限制会对肠道和大脑产生显著影响，这或许为保持健康体重提供了新的可能性)”可知，这项研究发现间歇性节食对肠道和大脑都有影响。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“Not only did the participants in the study lose weight — 7.6 kilograms or 7.8 percent of their body weight on average — but there was evidence of shifts in the activity of obesity-related regions of the brain, and in the makeup of gut bacteria (细菌).(参与研究的人员不仅成功减重——平均减重7.6公斤，即体重的7.8%——而且还有证据表明，与肥胖相关的大脑区域的活动发生了变化，肠道细菌的构成也发生了改变)”可知，这项为期62天的研究对参与者大脑和肠道活动发生了变化。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段““The next question to be answered is the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in obese people, including those who are losing weight,” said Wang, a biomedical scientist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “What specific gut microbiome and brain regions are critical for successful weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight?”(“接下来需要解答的问题是，在肥胖人群中（包括那些正在减肥的人），肠道微生物群与大脑之间进行信息交流的确切机制是怎样的。”中国科学院的生物医学科学家王博士说道。“哪些特定的肠道微生物群和大脑区域对于成功减肥以及保持健康体重至关重要呢？”)”可知，王的陈述关于进一步研究的可能方向。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists looking to tackle our ongoing obesity crisis have made an important discovery: Intermittent (间歇的) calorie restriction leads to significant changes both in the gut (肠道) and the brain, which may open up new options for maintaining a healthy weight.(科学家们为应对当前的肥胖问题而努力探索，他们取得了一项重要发现：间歇性限制热量摄入会对肠道和大脑产生显著影响，这或许为保持健康体重提供了新的可能性)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现间歇热量限制可改变肥胖人群肠道与大脑状态，肠脑联系紧密。探明二者互动机制，有望为预防、改善肥胖问题提供全新解决思路与办法。可知，B选项“肠脑联系或许有助于控制体重”最符合文章标题。 Passage 1 （2025·浙江·高考真题）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 2．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 3．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 【解析】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 2． 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 5．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 6．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 7．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】5．D 6．D 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 【解析】5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 3 （2026·浙江·高考真题）Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a data set of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 9．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Its design. B．Its findings. C．Its purposes. D．Its significance. 10．What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Funny. B．Abusive. C．Insightful. D．Praising. 11．What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A．A long, positive one. B．An unemotional, negative one. C．A short, negative one. D．An enthusiastic, positive one. 12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Many companies are producing fake reviews. B．Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C．Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D．It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 【答案】9．A 10．D 11．B 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍关于虚假评论的一项研究，包括研究设计、结果发现以及AI生成虚假评论带来的识别难题等内容。 【解析】9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study used a data set of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel.(该研究使用了芝加哥酒店的1600条评论作为数据集，其中一些是真实的，另一些是虚假的。这些评论被呈现给400名受试者，每位受试者要阅读8条评论：两组均衡的评论，包括2条虚假好评、2条真实好评、2条虚假差评和2条真实差评，以随机顺序呈现。这些评论由获得酒店相关信息的真实人员撰写。)”可知，第二段主要介绍了这项研究的数据集、受试者以及评论呈现方式等，即研究的设计情况。B项“它的发现”、C项“它的目的”、D项“它的意义”均未在第二段体现，故选A项。 10．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short.(另一方面，冗长的好评被认为是可疑的，受试者往往更信任那些保持glowing评论简短的作者。)”可知，此处“glowing reviews”与前文“positive review（好评）”构成同义指代，由此猜测glowing意为“赞美的、表扬的”。A项“有趣的”、B项“辱骂的”、C项“有洞察力的”均不符合语境，故选D项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants.(一条包含大量信息的冗长酒店差评，往往更能让受试者信服。)”和“The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.(负面评论越冷静客观，就越有可能让读者相信。)”可知，读者最有可能相信的是冷静客观、不带强烈情绪的差评。A项“冗长的好评”与“冗长的好评被认为可疑”相悖；C项“简短的差评”与“冗长的差评更有说服力”不符；D项“热情洋溢的好评”与“情绪强烈的评论不被信任”相悖，故选B项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign.(为阿齐米的研究撰写的虚假评论是由人类编写的，但如今越来越多的虚假评论由人工智能生成，这使得它们看起来更真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来清除虚假评论，但阿齐米指出，这些机器是由人类编程的，而考虑到我们识别虚假评论的能力有限，这并不是一个好迹象。)”可推断，随着AI生成的虚假评论越来越逼真，未来识别虚假评论将会变得更加困难。A项“许多公司在生成虚假评论”文中未提及；B项“撰写虚假评论将被宣布为非法”文中未提及；C项“机器能准确检测虚假评论”与“算法由人类编程，识别能力有限”相悖，故选D项。 Passage 1 （2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 【解析】1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业04阅读理解（调查研究类说明文） 历年考情 1. 篇章位置：阅读 C/D、七选五高频选材，词数 300–370，中等偏难 2. 题材范围：青少年心理、校园行为、健康作息、消费习惯、环境认知、职场压力、社交媒体影响、跨文化行为调研 3. 文本来源：外文高校期刊、社会科学科普、权威机构调查报告 4. 题型分值：阅读单篇 4；细节题占比最高，推理、词义猜测、主旨配套考查 5. 考查频次：每年全国多套试卷至少 1 篇，近三年占阅读科普类 30% 左右 命题规律 （1） 文本结构模板 开篇：提出社会 / 青少年问题，引出调研目的 中段：调研对象、方式、数据结果、对比分组实验 结尾：专家解读、局限性、改进建议、辩证结论（无绝对定论） （2） 语言特征 多数据表达、对比逻辑（while/however/in contrast）；长难句集中在数据解读段 社科高频熟词生义，调研类固定术语（survey, sample, data, participant, factor） （3） 价值导向 聚焦青少年成长、社会现实，引导理性看待行为习惯、数字生活利弊 考向预测 （1） 选材主题 青少年：短视频沉迷、碎片化阅读、运动缺失、校园社交内耗、线上学习效率调研 社会热点：低碳生活践行度、年轻人消费观、代际观念差异 跨学科：心理健康 + 行为科学、数字媒介认知调研 新增方向：国产青年群体调研、劳动教育认知、AI 使用对专注力影响 （2） 文本变化 双组对照实验类文本增多，数据分层更复杂 增设研究局限性段落，强化批判性阅读考查 （3） 核心考查倾向 强化数据分析能力与辩证思辨，贴合新课标 “人与自我、人与社会” 主题语境 Passage 1 Researchers from the University of Buenos Aires have successfully used a robotic tutor to teach the male chingolo, a kind of small bird in South America, a song that was once part of the species’ culture but had been lost for more than half a century. Male chingolos learn their unique, two-second melody from adult males. “It is a distinctive song — like a fingerprint, but learned,” says one of the researchers. “It serves to attract females and protect territory. It is the bird’s way of saying, “This is me, and here I am.” However, urbanization and habitat loss have broken this learning chain, causing local song “dialects” to disappear. Driven by this problem, researchers took on a pioneering task: bringing back a song that had disappeared from the wild — known only from a musical record made in the 1960s — to a population of chingolos. Using physics-based modeling of the bird’s vocal tract (声道) , the team first created an accurate artificial version of the lost song. They then engineered this model into a physical device designed to broadcast the forgotten melody — a “robotic tutor.” This artificial song was introduced to the chingolos in the park during their critical learning period from October to February. The sessions took place during peak singing hours and were limited to a maximum of eight hours. There were random pauses (停顿) in between so that the birds interpreted the playback from the three devices placed in the area as a real exchange, as if these devices were responding to each other. This stimulated the birds’ vocal responses. The results were impressive. Young chingolos learned and adopted the song, though they added their own population’s “accent” to the final trill (颤音) , which showed that their singing is shaped by learned behaviors and inborn characteristics. “This is about preserving not just genetic, but cultural biodiversity,” says another researcher. The team is now developing AI systems to automatically identify individual bird songs and planning to study cultural spread in bird populations to ensure that bird culture is not lost again. 1．Why did the researchers teach the birds the song? A．To save an endangered species. B．To study the birds’ brain structure. C．To develop new robotic devices. D．To preserve the birds’ cultural heritage. 2．What is a role of chingolos’ song? A．It keeps hunters away from them. B．It helps them adapt to urban growth. C．It functions as their social identity. D．It makes them remember their habitat. 3．What is the purpose of the random pauses? A．To protect the birds’ vocal tract. B．To test the birds’ reaction speed. C．To push the birds to catch the beat. D．To trick the birds into interaction. 4．What can we learn from chingolos’ learning results? A．The song has spread to other bird species. B．Their singing shows special vocal features. C．Their response to the song needs improving. D．The effectiveness depends on their population. Passage 2 Chinese scientists have developed a new refrigeration method that solves a long-standing challenge in cooling technology. Published in Nature, the study responds to rising energy demands in applications ranging from food preservation to data center cooling. Traditional vapor-compression systems consume vast amounts of electricity and rely on harmful refrigerants. In China, refrigeration accounts for nearly 20% of the nation’s electricity use and 7.8% of its carbon emissions (碳排放). While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application. Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow. They used a common, non-toxic salt whose dissolution (溶解) in water absorbs large amounts of heat. Conversely, applying pressure causes the salt to come out and release heat. Cycling this pressure achieves continuous cooling. “Unlike traditional solid methods, where heat moves slowly, our system integrates the refrigerant and heat-transfer medium into a single liquid,” Li said. “This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.” Lab tests showed a temperature drop of nearly 30°C in just 20 seconds at room temperature, and up to 54°C at higher temperatures — significantly outperforming existing solid coolers. A prototype cycle achieved a cooling capacity of 67 joules per gram with nearly 77% efficiency. The system also proved stable, reversible, and instantly responsive to pressure changes. “This technology moves beyond traditional refrigeration principles,” Li added. “By turning the coolant into a fluid, it opens the door to high-performance, zero-emission cooling for homes and industry.” He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities. While engineering challenges remain, especially in achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles, the principle could be adapted to other materials for diverse cooling needs. 5．What is the main problem with traditional solid-state cooling systems? A．They transfer heat poorly. B．They produce harmful gases. C．They fail at high temperature. D．They use too much electricity. 6．What is the key innovation of the new cooling method? A．Using salt instead of chemical refrigerants. B．Increasing pressure inside traditional systems. C．Replacing pressure cycles with continuous flow. D．Combining solid cooling with liquid heat transfer. 7．Why does the author mention the “impossible triangle” in the text? A．To highlight the value of the new system. B．To illustrate the design of the new system. C．To explain why old systems are still in use. D．To show the limitations of previous systems. 8．What does Li Bing see as a promising application of the new technology? A．Preserving food in supply chains. B．Replacing traditional home refrigerators. C．Cooling future AI data centers. D．Achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles. Passage 3 Scientists looking to tackle our ongoing obesity crisis have made an important discovery: Intermittent (间歇的) calorie restriction leads to significant changes both in the gut (肠道) and the brain, which may open up new options for maintaining a healthy weight. Researchers from China studied 25 volunteers classed as obese over a period of 62 days, during which they took part in an intermittent energy restriction (IER) program, a method that involves careful control of calorie intake and eating little or no food on some days. Not only did the participants in the study lose weight — 7.6 kilograms or 7.8 percent of their body weight on average — but there was evidence of shifts in the activity of obesity-related regions of the brain, and in the makeup of gut bacteria (细菌). It’s not clear what causes these changes, or whether the gut is influencing the brain or the brain is influencing the gut. However, we do know that the gut and the brain are closely linked, so treating certain regions of the brain could be a way to control food intake. The changes in brain activity were in regions known to be important in the regulation of appetite and addiction — including the inferior frontal orbital gyrus. What’s more, the gut microbiome (微生物组) changes were linked to particular brain regions. More than a billion people worldwide are estimated to have obesity, which leads to an increased risk for a host of different health issues, from cancer to heart disease. Knowing more about how our brains and guts are dependent on each other could make a huge difference in effectively preventing and reducing obesity. “The next question to be answered is the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in obese people, including those who are losing weight,” said Wang, a biomedical scientist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “What specific gut microbiome and brain regions are critical for successful weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight?” 9．What does the study find about intermittent calorie restriction? A．It influences brain microbiome. B．It works mainly by reducing appetite. C．It affects both the gut and the brain. D．It effectively reduces the gut bacteria. 10．What did the 62-day study reveal regarding the participants? A．They ate little food on most days. B．Their brain and gut activities changed. C．Their calorie intake increased greatly. D．They lost over 8% of their body weight. 11．What is Wang’s statement about? A．The choice of new research methods. B．The need to involve more researchers. C．The possible direction for further study. D．The potential application of the findings. 12．Which can be the best title for the text? A．The New Discovery Will Help End Obesity B．The Gut-Brain Link May Aid Weight Control C．The Gut-Brain Link May Reveal a Secret of Fat D．The Gut Microbiome Will Have a Hidden Effect Passage 1 （2025·浙江·高考真题）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 2．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 3．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. Passage 2 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 5．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 6．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 7．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 3 （2026·浙江·高考真题）Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a data set of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 9．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Its design. B．Its findings. C．Its purposes. D．Its significance. 10．What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Funny. B．Abusive. C．Insightful. D．Praising. 11．What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A．A long, positive one. B．An unemotional, negative one. C．A short, negative one. D．An enthusiastic, positive one. 12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Many companies are producing fake reviews. B．Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C．Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D．It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. Passage 1 （2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $