暑假作业10 阅读理解（说明文）（巩固培优）高二英语外研版

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读理解高频题型，通过推理判断“据文推理”法则与主旨大意“选项特征对比法”构建系统解题体系，强化语言理解与逻辑思维，提升跨文本分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |推理判断题|多主题文本（海洋保护/梦境研究等）|整体把握语篇→架起表面与隐含意义桥梁→据文推理四维度（结论/深层/言外/背景）|从题型能力要求到推断路径，结合实例强化“避免主观臆断”原则| |主旨大意题|跨领域文本（机器翻译/月球城市等）|正确选项三特征（涵盖性/范围恰当/精确性）+干扰项四类型（笼统/偏概全/偷换概念/无中生有）|从试题分类（标题/文章/段落）到选项甄别，形成“提炼-概括-排除”逻辑链|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 暑假作业10 阅读理解（说明文） 推理判断题 解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。 推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。 主旨大意题 该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 （1） （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）In 1973, when Melissa Greene was in 6th grade, her parents bought the first flat on Hutchinson Island. The first time she ran down to the wild shore, she was shocked by the contrast to their earlier beach trips to Daytona, a people-packed spectacle of cars. On Hutchinson, the spectacle was the seashells (海贝). Today, on the same stretch of beach, she rarely finds large whole shells. Among the most amazing natural objects, seashells represent both the surprise and wonder still promised by a trip to the beach - and the major changes underway on our coasts. Many of the largest and best-known marine mollusks (海洋软体动物) - the animal architects that build seashells - have declined under fishing pressure. They are also harmed by rising ocean temperatures, and by pollution and runoff from the land. And they can be displaced by the severe erosion (侵蚀) caused by inlets - a growing problem on Hutchinson Island - as well as efforts to repair eroded beaches by recovering lost sand. Twenty-five years ago, Sanibel Island became the first city in the U. S. to ban (禁止) “live shelling”, the practice of collecting and killing mollusks for their shells. The move to protect the individual lives of soft-bodied mollusks seems almost strange given ocean warming and other “tough realities of the changing world,” acknowledges José H. Leal, science director at Sanibel’s Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum. But helping beach goers appreciate the animals inside the shell as much as the shiny exterior turns out to be a crucial step toward helping them understand what’s happening in the sea, Leal says. “If people understand the complexity of these animals and their importance, they will also realize the need to protect marine environments.” Delaware Seashore State Park is taking so-called low-impact beach combing (赶海) a step further: asking visitors to leave empty shells alone, too. At the park, signs advise visitors to leave shells where they lie or take a photo of a marine creature in the sand. After all, the point of enjoying nature is that it is in a natural state. 1．What impressed Melissa Greene on Hutchinson Island when she was young? A．The seashells. B．The tourists. C．The flats. D．The cars. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The dangers marine mollusks face. B．The changes seashells have experienced. C．The efforts made to save marine mollusks. D．The current situation of Hutchinson Island. 3．What does José H. Leal think of banning “live shelling”? A．It slows down ocean warming. B．It keeps people away from beaches. C．It popularizes the collecting of seashells. D．It raises people’s awareness of ocean protection. 4．What is the purpose of Delaware Seashore State Park’s advice? A．To provide habitat for small creatures. B．To protect visitors from being harmed. C．To attract marine creatures to the beach. D．To preserve the natural state of the beach. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了海贝壳的现状及其面临的威胁，并探讨了保护海贝壳的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The first time she ran down to the wild shore, she was shocked by the contrast to their earlier beach trips to Daytona, a people-packed spectacle of cars. On Hutchinson, the spectacle was the seashells (海贝). (当她第一次跑到荒凉的海岸时，她被与他们之前去代托纳海滩旅行的对比所震惊，那里挤满了人，到处都是汽车。在哈钦森岛上，最引人注目的是海贝。)”可知，当Melissa Greene第一次跑到哈钦森岛的野生海岸时，让她印象深刻的是那里的海贝。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Many of the largest and best-known marine mollusks (海洋软体动物) - the animal architects that build seashells - have declined under fishing pressure. They are also harmed by rising ocean temperatures, and by pollution and runoff from the land. And they can be displaced by the severe erosion (侵蚀) caused by inlets - a growing problem on Hutchinson Island - as well as efforts to repair eroded beaches by recovering lost sand. (许多最大和最著名的海洋软体动物——建造贝壳的动物建筑师——在捕捞压力下数量减少了。它们还受到海洋温度上升、污染和陆地径流的伤害。他们可能会因为进水口造成的严重侵蚀而流离失所——这是哈钦森岛日益严重的问题——以及通过回收流失的沙子来修复被侵蚀的海滩的努力。)”可知，许多大型且知名的海洋软体动物在捕鱼压力下数量减少，还受到海洋温度上升、陆地污染和径流的伤害，以及因海湾造成的严重侵蚀和修复侵蚀海滩的措施的影响，所以第三段主要讲的是海洋软体动物面临的危险（The dangers marine mollusks face）。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“But helping beach goers appreciate the animals inside the shell as much as the shiny exterior turns out to be a crucial step toward helping them understand what’s happening in the sea, Leal says. “If people understand the complexity of these animals and their importance, they will also realize the need to protect marine environments.” (但Leal说，帮助海滩游客欣赏贝壳里的动物，就像欣赏闪亮的外表一样，是帮助他们了解海洋中正在发生的事情的关键一步。“如果人们了解这些动物的复杂性和它们的重要性，他们也会意识到保护海洋环境的必要性。”)”可知，José H. Leal认为禁止 “活贝壳采集” 能帮助海滩游客像欣赏贝壳闪亮的外表一样欣赏里面的动物，这是帮助他们了解海洋中正在发生的事情的关键一步，如果人们了解这些动物的复杂性和重要性，他们就会意识到保护海洋环境的必要性，所以他认为禁止 “活贝壳采集” 能提高人们的海洋保护意识（It raises people’s awareness of ocean protection）。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Delaware Seashore State Park is taking so-called low-impact beach combing (赶海) a step further: asking visitors to leave empty shells alone, too. At the park, signs advise visitors to leave shells where they lie or take a photo of a marine creature in the sand. After all, the point of enjoying nature is that it is in a natural state. (特拉华海岸州立公园（Delaware Seashore State Park）正在对所谓的低影响海滩进行更深入的梳理：要求游客也不要碰空贝壳。在公园里，指示牌建议游客把贝壳留在原地，或者给沙滩上的海洋生物拍照。毕竟，享受自然的意义在于它处于一种自然的状态。)”可知，特拉华州海滨州立公园让游客留下空贝壳，建议游客让贝壳留在原地或给沙滩上的海洋生物拍照，因为享受自然的关键是它处于自然状态，所以该公园建议的目的是保护海滩的自然状态（To preserve the natural state of the beach）。故选D项。 （2） （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）Dreams are pure emotional and cognitive gold. Those often super-realistic, broken images and plot lines that can instantly disappear when we open our eyes, allow us not only to explore the themes and challenges of our day, but to step into the what-ifs of tomorrow. Whether we remember our dreams or not, our brain and dreams are multi-tasking to the maximum extent while we sleep. Together, they are weakening negative ones, improving our stress recovery ability, cognitive function, problem-solving capabilities and our mental health, all of which explain the emotional rollercoaster that can come with sleep deprivation (剥夺). When we don’t get enough sleep, we’re robbed of those invaluable sleep-dependent advantages that give us a depth of insight and emotional processing. Not all dreams are made equal. It’s the vivid dreams that take place during our rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, in the second half of the night, that really deliver when it comes to building our emotional recovery ability. The less vivid, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) dreams that occur when we first go to sleep have their own vital learning and memory-consolidating role to play, too. But if we haven’t had enough sleep, we’re likely to be short of REM, with consequences that can carry into our day. According to dream theorists Robert Stickgold and Antonio Zadra, there are two standout benefits we get from our dream life. First, the narratives we create that allow us to travel in time — “to experience the thoughts, sensations and emotions generated by those narratives” — effectively rehearsing (排练) and actually experiencing the what-ifs of our life. And second, the space that dreams create where we can not only imagine possible events, but where we’re free “to plan, to plot, to explore”. In our virtual REM world, our brain searches through memories, making connections to help process daily worries and find solutions, so that once we’ve “slept on it”, we can definitely have a much deeper and greater perspective. 1．Why does the author mention “emotional rollercoaster” in paragraph 2? A．To describe the fun of dreaming vividly. B．To show why people enjoy rollercoasters. C．To highlight the risks of inadequate sleep. D．To explain how dreams process daily worries. 2．What happens if REM sleep is reduced? A．More vivid NREM dreams. B．Worse daytime emotions. C．Faster memory formation. D．Longer deep sleep time. 3．What do dreams help us do according to Stickgold? A．Forget bad experiences. B．Make memories stronger. C．Increase sleep time. D．Practice future situations. 4．What message does the author mainly convey? A．Nightmares harm mental health. B．Dreams strengthen mind and emotions. C．REM sleep is the key to emotional balance. D．Eight hours’ sleep is needed to improve health. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了梦通过REM和NREM睡眠增强情绪调节、认知能力和心理韧性，并帮助人们预演未来情境，睡眠不足则会损害这些益处。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Together, they are weakening negative ones, improving our stress recovery ability, cognitive function, problem-solving capabilities and our mental health, all of which explain the emotional rollercoaster that can come with sleep deprivation (剥夺). (它们共同作用，削弱负面情绪，提升我们的压力恢复能力、认知功能、解决问题的能力和心理健康——这一切都解释了为什么睡眠不足会让人情绪像坐过山车一样起伏不定)”可知，睡眠不足会剥夺睡眠给我们带来的各种益处，导致情绪波动。由此推知，作者提到“情绪过山车”来强调睡眠不足的危害。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It’s the vivid dreams that take place during our rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, in the second half of the night, that really deliver when it comes to building our emotional recovery ability. (真正能提升我们情绪恢复能力的，是发生在后半夜快速眼动(REM)睡眠阶段的那些生动梦境)”和“But if we haven’t had enough sleep, we’re likely to be short of REM, with consequences that can carry into our day. (但如果我们睡眠不足，就可能缺乏REM睡眠，这种影响会持续到我们白天的状态)”可知，REM睡眠对情绪恢复至关重要，其减少会导致白天的情绪问题。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“First, the narratives we create that allow us to travel in time — “to experience the thoughts, sensations and emotions generated by those narratives” — effectively rehearsing (排练) and actually experiencing the what-ifs of our life. (首先，我们构建的这些叙事让我们得以穿越时空——“体验这些叙事所产生的思想、感知和情绪”——这实际上就是在预演和真实体验我们人生中的各种可能性)”可知，Stickgold认为梦帮助人们练习未来情境。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Dreams are pure emotional and cognitive gold. Those often super-realistic, broken images and plot lines that can instantly disappear when we open our eyes, allow us not only to explore the themes and challenges of our day, but to step into the what-ifs of tomorrow. (梦境是纯粹的情感和认知宝藏。那些常常超现实、支离破碎的画面和情节，在我们睁眼瞬间就会消失，却不仅能让我们探索白天的主题与挑战，更能让我们踏入未来的种种可能性)”可知，文章主要说明梦对情绪恢复、认知功能和心理健康至关重要，且能帮助预演未来，睡眠不足则会损害这些益处。因此，作者主要传达了“梦强化心智和情绪”。故选B项。 （3） （23-24高二下·吉林·期末）For most ordinary purposes, machine translation (MT) has got a lot better in the past years. The biggest source of improvement has been the adoption of “deep learning” in training translating systems. But improvement has also come about through the expansion of clever companies solving individual tasks. Some have created specialist dictionaries so that important terms can be translated accurately and consistently. Other inventions combine MT with a human translator’s editing tools, which means translators spend most of their time checking and perfecting MT output, rather than doing the work of the translating themselves. For some translators, being a machine’s editor may sound depressing. This can be seen the other way around, however. A human repeatedly translating identical formulae can get bored. Allowing the machine to do these boring jobs frees the translator to apply specialized knowledge, solving more intellectually satisfying problems. What are those problems? One Madrid-based translator for a big law firm describes a recent task. It involved making a critical distinction in a legal document: a Spanish word (dolo) that’s properly translated as “wilful misconduct” was translated only as “misconduct” by software. Since the law requires considerably severer punishment when the misconduct is “wilful”, the omission (省略) was potentially disastrous. Today, many translation firms are proud of using MT, not as a crutch (依赖) but as a means to cut costs and turnaround times. Part of their job becomes knowing what can be automated and what cannot. Instruction manuals can be left to MT while others like a novel legal argument cannot. The bad news for some translators is that a tap of repeatable, easy work is being turned off. The good news is that what remains will be brain-challenging stuff for people who know a language and something else. Tales of artificial intelligence usually test humans against machines. But the translators of the future will be neither entirely human nor machine. They will be human beings with mechanical enhancements. 1．What can we learn about machine translation from paragraph 1? A．It has been mostly used by specialists. B．Lots of efforts have been made to improve it. C．Some clever companies have made a fortune from it. D．It has replaced human translators in some simple tasks. 2．What can be inferred from the case mentioned by the Madrid-based translator? A．Experienced translators are hard to find. B．Machine translation can be inaccurate. C．Machine translation has led to many misjudgments. D．It is difficult for translators to tell“wilful misconduct”from“misconduct”. 3．What is many translation firms’ attitude towards using machine translation today? A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uninterested. D．Doubtful. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Technology contributes to productive translators B．Translation is faced with a great technical challenge C．The translator of the future is a human-machine hybrid D．Career opportunities in the field of translation are increasing 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着科技的发展，机器翻译的质量也在不断提升，作者认为未来的翻译工作需要靠人和机器共同来完成。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“For most ordinary purposes, machine translation (MT) has got a lot better in the past years. (对于大多数普通用途，机器翻译(MT)在过去几年中有了很大的进步。)”等内容可知，人们已经为提高机器翻译的质量做出了很多努力。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“It involved making a critical distinction in a legal document: a Spanish word (dolo) that’s properly translated as ‘wilful misconduct’ was translated only as ‘misconduct’ by software. Since the law requires considerably severer punishment when the misconduct is ‘wilful’, the omission (省略) was potentially disastrous. (它涉及到在一份法律文件中做出一个关键的区分：一个西班牙语单词(dolo)，正确地翻译为‘故意的不当行为’，被软件翻译成‘不当行为’。由于法律要求对‘故意’的不当行为进行相当严厉的惩罚，因此这一疏忽可能是灾难性的。)”可知，机器翻译有时可能不准确。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Today, many translation firms are proud of using MT, not as a crutch (依赖) but as a means to cut costs and turnaround times. (今天，许多翻译公司对使用机器翻译感到自豪，不是作为拐杖，而是作为削减成本和周转时间的一种手段。)”可知，今天许多翻译公司对使用机器翻译的态度是积极的。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据最后一段中“Tales of artificial intelligence usually test humans against machines. But the translators of the future will be neither entirely human nor machine. They will be human beings with mechanical enhancements. (人工智能的故事通常是人类与机器的较量。但未来的翻译人员既不是完全由人类也不是完全由机器完成的。他们将是具有机械增强功能的人类。)”可知，最后一段点明本文主旨：未来的翻译工作既不会全靠人力，也不会全靠机器，而是要靠人与机器共同完成。C项“未来的翻译器是人机的混合体”符合主题，故选C项。 （1） （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末）While the idea of living on the moon was once a thing of science fiction, several space agencies including NASA and Roscosmos are racing to make it a reality. Now, one scientist has revealed what he thinks the lunar cities could look like in the next 150 years, in a project named “Moontopia”. Professor Lewis Dartnell, a science communication expert at the University of Westminster, has teamed up with Hillarys to bring his vision to light. He said: “As our understanding of space advances, the opportunity to start a new world becomes ever more possible. Moving home or to another country is already incredibly exciting, imagine what it would be like to move to an entirely different environment. The challenges and problems would be new and hard but the mind boggles at what the human race could achieve if we take this next step.” Professor Dartnell predicts that homes in Moontopia will be built in lava tubes, and that settlers will travel around using bikes or on foot. Moontopia would also include an airlock that would keep the city pressurized, meaning people could walk around freely without spacesuits. The lunar city could have lakes, parks and basketball courts. While this sounds pretty great so far, if you’re used to eating what you want, when you want it, living in Moontopia could be a struggle. Other key challenges would include adapting to the temperatures on the Moon. In direct sunlight, the temperatures can reach up to 100℃, while at night, they can drop to -170℃! Thankfully, the temperature inside lava tubes would be easily controlled. While Professor Dartnell’s vision is merely based on predictions, lunar cities could become a reality in the not-so-distant future. In 2016, Russia announced plans to build a human settlement on the Moon by 2030, while NASA plans to establish a lunar outpost in 2028. 1．What do we know about Moontopia from the text? A．Moontopia will be highly liveable. B．People can travel freely in Moontopia. C．People can choose whatever to cat in Moontopia. D．Moontopia is a project about doing research on the moon. 2．What do the underlined words “the mind boggles at” probably mean? A．We may be worried about. B．We may be puzzled at. C．We may hesitate about. D．We may be amazed at. 3．What conclusion can we draw from the text? A．It is extremely cold in Moontopia. B．Living on the moon is on its way. C．Professor Dartnell carried out the research alone. D．NASA has built a lunar settlement earlier than Russia. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Finding out whether lunar cities can exist. B．Exploring the weather condition on the moon. C．Predicting what lunar cities will be like. D．Offering the opportunity to move to the moon. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了月球城市从科幻设想逐步迈向现实的相关情况，让读者看到月球城市在未来成为现实的可能性 。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Moontopia would also include an airlock that would keep the city pressurized, meaning people could walk around freely without spacesuits. The lunar city could have lakes, parks and basketball courts.(月球乌托邦还将设有气闸，以维持城市内部的气压，这意味着人们无需穿宇航服就能自由活动。这座月球城市可能会有湖泊、公园和篮球场。)”可推测，月球乌托邦会有气闸使城市保持加压状态，这意味着人们不用穿宇航服就能自由走动，而且这座月球城市可能会有湖泊、公园和篮球场，这些都表明月球乌托邦将非常宜居。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“He said: “As our understanding of space advances, the opportunity to start a new world becomes ever more possible. Moving home or to another country is already incredibly exciting, imagine what it would be like to move to an entirely different environment. The challenges and problems would be new and hard but the mind boggles at what the human race could achieve if we take this next step.”(他表示：“随着我们对太空的认知不断深入，开拓一个新世界的机会变得越来越大。搬到另一个城市或国家居住已经足够令人兴奋了，想象一下搬到一个完全不同的环境中会是什么样子。其中的挑战和问题将是全新且艰巨的，但如果我们迈出这一步，人类所能取得的成就会……。”)”可知，虽然在月球生活的挑战艰巨，但人类迈出这一步后所能取得的成就会让人有某种感受。结合语境，“but”表转折，前面讲挑战艰巨，后面应强调成就的惊人之处。“the mind boggles at”字面意为“头脑对…… 感到吃惊”，结合上下文，此处指人类可能取得的成就会让人惊叹。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“While Professor Dartnell’s vision is merely based on predictions, lunar cities could become a reality in the not-so-distant future. In 2016, Russia announced plans to build a human settlement on the Moon by 2030, while NASA plans to establish a lunar outpost in 2028.(尽管Dartnell教授的愿景仅仅是预测，但月球城市有望在不远的将来成为现实。2016年，俄罗斯宣布计划在2030年前在月球上建立人类定居点，而美国国家航空航天局则计划在2028年建立一个月球前哨站。)”可知，月球城市有望在不远的将来成为现实，且俄罗斯和NASA都有明确的月球定居计划，由此可得出“在月球上生活正在逐步实现”这一结论。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，全文围绕月球乌托邦这一项目展开，主要介绍了科学家刘易斯・达特内尔对未来150年月球城市模样的预测，包括住宅（熔岩管）、出行方式（自行车或步行）、设施（气闸、湖泊、公园等）以及面临的挑战（饮食、温度等），同时提及各国的月球定居计划。选项C“Predicting what lunar cities will be like.(预测月球城市将会是什么样子)”准确概括了文章对月球城市的构想和描述，符合主旨。故选C。 （2） （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末）Modern ecology has revolutionized our understanding of forests. No longer seen as passive collections of trees, they are now recognized as dynamic communities connected by vast underground fungal (真菌的) networks called the “Wood Wide Web”. These complex mycorrhizal (菌根) systems enable trees to exchange nutrients, transmit danger signals, recognize relationship, and even pass on survival strategies — capabilities that redefine traditional concepts of plant behavior. The most convincing evidence comes from a 2022 Nature study in British Columbia’s ancient forests. Researchers discovered that “mother trees” — mature Douglas firs — prioritize their own seedlings, directing 15% more carbon to them than to unrelated young trees. When beetles attack, the affected trees release chemical signals through the fungal network, reminding neighboring trees within 30 meters to activate defensive responses within two days — a process notably similar to immune reactions in animals. Remarkably, these fungal networks may also help trees “remember” past experiences. Trees that survive droughts “teach” their offspring through the fungal connections, resulting in subsequent generations developing deeper roots and more efficient water conservation methods. This cross-generational memory, encoded in exchanged proteins and chemical signals, represents a form of collective intelligence. However, this delicate communication system faces serious threats. Industrial logging destroys fungal networks, with studies showing cleared areas need 15 years to recover to reestablish 60% of original network density. Furthermore, climate change aggravates the damage: rising temperatures in Alberta have reduced mycorrhizal diversity by 30% since 2000. “We’re not just losing trees individually, but we’re destroying an ancient biological internet severely,” warns University of British Columbia ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard, whose 30-year research supports these findings. These discoveries are changing how we view forests. Some scientists argue they show a form of “plant intelligence”, while legal experts debate giving forests special protections. Sweden has already taken action, requiring loggers to protect key “mother trees” to preserve the network. 1．Why do the trees give off chemical signals when attacked? A．To identify genetic relationships. B．To store drought survival strategies. C．To inform neighbors of defensive preparations. D．To speed up the carbon transfer among the trees. 2．What can we learn about the “cross-generational memory” from Paragraph 3? A．It fades in a short time. B．It leads to protein exchange. C．It relies on root-to-root contact. D．It helps pass down survival skills. 3．What does the underlined word “aggravates” mean in paragraph 4? A．Analyzes. B．Worsens. C．Records. D．Relieves. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The intelligent network among trees. B．The emerging threats to forest ecosystems. C．The destructive effects of climate on forests. D．The important role of mother trees in forests. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了现代生态学揭示森林是通过真菌网络连接的动态群落，其能交流、传递记忆，但该系统受工业伐木和气候变化威胁。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When beetles attack, the affected trees release chemical signals through the fungal network, reminding neighboring trees within 30 meters to activate defensive responses within two days — a process notably similar to immune reactions in animals.(当出现虫害时，受影响的树木会通过真菌网络释放化学信号，提醒30米范围内的相邻树木在两天内启动防御反应——这一过程与动物的免疫反应极为相似)”可知，树木在受到攻击时释放化学信号是为了通知相邻树木做好防御准备。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Remarkably, these fungal networks may also help trees “remember” past experiences. Trees that survive droughts “teach” their offspring through the fungal connections, resulting in subsequent generations developing deeper roots and more efficient water conservation methods. This cross-generational memory, encoded in exchanged proteins and chemical signals, represents a form of collective intelligence.(值得注意的是，这些真菌网络或许还能帮助树木“铭记”过往经验。熬过干旱的树木会通过菌丝网络向后代“传授”生存之道，促使新生代树木发展出更深的根系与更高效的水分保持机制。这种通过交换蛋白质和化学信号形成的“跨代记忆”，展现了一种群体智慧形态)”可知，“跨代记忆”有助于传承生存技能。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Industrial logging destroys fungal networks, with studies showing cleared areas need 15 years to recover to reestablish 60% of original network density.(工业性伐木会破坏菌类网络结构，研究表明，被砍伐的区域需要 15 年的时间才能恢复到能够重建原始网络密度 60%的状态)”以及后文“rising temperatures in Alberta have reduced mycorrhizal diversity by 30% since 2000.(自2000年以来，艾伯塔省不断上升的气温使菌根多样性减少了30%)”可知，气候变化让这种破坏变得更糟了。故划线词aggravates意思是“变得更糟”，与B项“Worsens”同义。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Modern ecology has revolutionized our understanding of forests. No longer seen as passive collections of trees, they are now recognized as dynamic communities connected by vast underground fungal (真菌的) networks called the “Wood Wide Web”. These complex mycorrhizal (菌根) systems enable trees to exchange nutrients, transmit danger signals, recognize relationship, and even pass on survival strategies — capabilities that redefine traditional concepts of plant behavior.(它们不再被视为单纯的树木集合体，而是被视作相互关联的动态群体，这些群体通过名为“森林广域网”的庞大地下真菌网络相连。这些复杂的菌根系统使树木能够交换养分、传递危险信号、识别彼此的关系，并甚至传递生存策略——这些能力彻底改变了人们对植物行为的传统认知)”后文可知，文章主要说明了现代生态学揭示森林是通过真菌网络连接的动态群落，其能交流、传递记忆，但该系统受工业伐木和气候变化威胁，所以，这篇文章的主旨是树木之间的智能网络。故选A。 （3） （24-25高二下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）Jennifer Brophy, a professor of Stanford, is working on methods that she hopes will be used to improve commercial plant species so that they can survive harsh conditions. Initially, she studied green architecture in her undergraduate years. Once she started taking architecture classes, she realized it wasn’t her passion — but when she encountered an article about a company that creates biofuels (生物燃料) from bacteria, something clicked. “I thought that was just the coolest thing. It got me really interested in pursuing bioengineering,” she says. Today, Brophy is developing new genetic engineering techniques that can help plants grow in various conditions. By changing the genome (基因组) of both commercial crops and soil bacteria, she thinks it’s possible to help plants survive droughts. Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are triggered. If the plant senses a specific sugar, it can express one protein; if it senses another signal, it’ll express a different protein. If both signals are there, the plant may be able to express something else entirely. ”Using circuits to all these different inputs,“ she says. “A plant doesn’t necessarily know what’s coming. It just knows whether it’s hot or temperate right now,” says Brophy. This can lead to problems when weather becomes erratic. A plant that usually flowers in spring may flower in winter if there’re a few unseasonably warm days. When temperatures fall again, the flowers die, which ruins a year of crops. “It’d be great to be able to communicate with plants to tell them, ‘Hey, you should wait on that flowering,’” she adds. Brophy is still testing the concept in the lab using a small weedy plant called Arabidopsis. She notes engineering crops in the future may also involve genetically modifying soil bacteria. As the bacteria’s surroundings change, they could potentially send out chemical signals that tell nearby plants to shift their growth accordingly. Brophy thinks engineering crops could benefit farmers and society at large. 1．What made Brophy interested in bioengineering? A．Her undergraduate education. B．Her visit to a company. C．Her exposure to a related article. D．Her curiosity about biofuels. 2．The method of “genetic circuits” is designed to _____________. A．create better biofuels from soil bacteria B．monitor the proteins within plant cells C．preserve species of commercial crops D．promote plants to respond to surroundings 3．What does the underlined word “erratic” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Unpleasant. B．Unstable. C．Unbearable. D．Unaffected. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Jennifer Brophy, a brilliant bioengineering scientist. B．Climate change, a tough problem around the world. C．Genetic circuits, a smart method to help crops survive. D．Genetic engineering, a new technique to produce crops. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了斯坦福大学教授Jennifer Brophy正在研究一种方法，她希望这种方法能用于改善商业植物物种，使它们能在恶劣的环境中生存。这种方法叫做“基因回路”，介绍了其背后的原理以及应用。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Once she started taking architecture classes, she realized it wasn’t her passion — but when she encountered an article about a company that creates biofuels (生物燃料) from bacteria, something clicked. “I thought that was just the coolest thing. It got me really interested in pursuing bioengineering,” she says.(当她开始上建筑课时，她意识到这不是她的兴趣所在，但当她看到一篇关于一家公司用细菌制造生物燃料的文章时，她突然灵机一转。她说：“我认为这是最酷的事情。这让我对生物工程产生了浓厚的兴趣。”)”可知，对相关文章的接触让Brophy对生物工程感兴趣。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are triggered. If the plant senses a specific sugar, it can express one protein; if it senses another signal, it’ll express a different protein.( Brophy正在构建她所谓的“基因回路”。除了改变植物细胞内的基因，这种方法还改变了这些基因被触发的方式和时间。如果植物感知到一种特定的糖，它就能表达一种蛋白质；如果它感知到另一个信号，它就会表达一种不同的蛋白质)”可知，“遗传回路”的方法旨在促进植物对环境做出反应。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“This can lead to problems when weather becomes”以及后文“A plant that usually flowers in spring may flower in winter if there’re a few unseasonably warm days. When temperatures fall again, the flowers die, which ruins a year of crops.”可知，一种通常在春天开花的植物，如果有几天反常的温暖，可能会在冬天开花。当气温再次下降时，花就会死亡，这就毁掉了一年的作物。这说明当天气变得不稳定时，这就会导致问题。故画线词意思是“不稳定的”。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Jennifer Brophy, a professor of Stanford, is working on methods that she hopes will be used to improve commercial plant species so that they can survive harsh conditions.(斯坦福大学教授Jennifer Brophy正在研究一种方法，她希望这种方法能用于改善商业植物物种，使它们能在恶劣的环境中生存)”以及第三段“Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are triggered.( Brophy正在构建她所谓的“基因回路”。除了改变植物细胞内的基因，这种方法还改变了这些基因被触发的方式和时间)”结合文章还说明了这种方法叫做“基因回路”，介绍了其背后的原理以及应用。可知，C选项“基因回路，一种帮助作物生存的聪明方法”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （4） （24-25高二下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）In many science labs, animals like mice or rabbits are often used to study diseases, test new drugs, and check chemical safety. However, new technology is changing that. Scientists are now building new ways to do research without using animals. These new methods can be more kind to animals, faster, and more correct. One exciting tool is the organ-on-a-chip. These are very small devices that mimic (模仿) human organs such as the heart, lungs, or liver. Scientists grow real human cells on these chips so they work like real organs. Instead of testing a drug on a mouse, scientists can watch how human tissue reacts. Another approach uses computer models and artificial intelligence (AI). These smart programs can look at lots of data and guess how drugs will act in the human body. AI can also help spot toxic (有毒的) effects and side effects before real tests begin. A third method is 3D cell cultures. These grow in three dimensions and are called “mini-organs.” They are more like real human tissues and help doctors understand how diseases grow and how drugs work inside the body. Why are these new tools so important? Testing on animals is often expensive, takes a lot of time, and is sometimes not correct. Also, animals are not the same as humans. So, results from animals may not work for people. Many people also believe it is wrong to hurt animals for science if there are better ways. Scientists think that one day labs will use chips, AI, and 3D models together to build a “virtual human body”. This could help test new drugs, understand new viruses, and guess health results — all without using any animals. In short, science is moving forward. With new technology, we may no longer need animals to understand medical problems. These tools are helping us move to a future where research is smarter, faster, and more fair. 1．What can we learn about an “organ-on-a-chip”? A．A 3D printed human organ. B．An animal cell used for testing. C．A computer model of a body part. D．A mimic human organ using real cells. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．AI strategies applied in the labs. B．Purposes of the medical experiments. C．Reasons for abandoning animal testing. D．Tips on putting new tools into practice. 3．What can we infer about future research from the text? A．New drugs will no longer need any testing. B．Combined models with hi-tech will be applied. C．Animal testing will become more popular again. D．Scientists will focus less on ethical (伦理的) issues. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Free Lab Animals Into Wild B．A call for Innovative Science C．Moving Beyond Animal Tests D．New Drugs Created by AI 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了器官芯片、AI模型、3D细胞培养等替代动物实验的新技术，说明其优势及重要性，展望未来无需动物实验的科研前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“One exciting tool is the organ-on-a-chip. These are very small devices that mimic (模仿) human organs such as the heart, lungs, or liver. Scientists grow real human cells on these chips so they work like real organs.(有一种令人兴奋的工具叫做“芯片器官”。这些是非常小的装置，能够模拟人体器官，比如心脏、肺部或肝脏。科学家们将真正的人体细胞培养在这些芯片上，使它们能够像真正的器官一样运作)”可知，“芯片式器官”是用真实细胞构建出一个模拟人体器官的模型。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Why are these new tools so important? Testing on animals is often expensive, takes a lot of time, and is sometimes not correct. Also, animals are not the same as humans. So, results from animals may not work for people. Many people also believe it is wrong to hurt animals for science if there are better ways.(为什么这些新工具如此重要呢？对动物进行测试往往成本高昂、耗时甚长，而且有时结果也不准确。此外，动物与人类并不相同。所以，动物实验的结果可能并不适用于人类。还有很多人认为，如果存在更好的方法，那么为了科学研究而伤害动物是不正确的)”可知，第三段主要讲的是放弃动物实验的原因。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Scientists think that one day labs will use chips, Al, and 3D models together to build a “virtual human body”.(科学家们认为，将来实验室将会使用芯片、人工智能和三维模型相结合的方式来构建一个“虚拟人体”)”可知，未来研究将采用结合高科技的综合模型。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In many science labs, animals like mice or rabbits are often used to study diseases, test new drugs, and check chemical safety. However, new technology is changing that. Scientists are now building new ways to do research without using animals. These new methods can be more kind to animals, faster, and more correct.(在许多科学实验室中，诸如老鼠或兔子之类的动物常被用于研究疾病、测试新药物以及检验化学物质的安全性。然而，新技术正在改变这一状况。如今，科学家们正在探索新的方法来进行研究，而不再使用动物。这些新方法对动物更为友善、效率更高且结果更准确)”结合文章介绍了器官芯片、AI模型、3D细胞培养等替代动物实验的新技术，说明其优势及重要性，展望未来无需动物实验的科研前景可知，C选项“超越动物实验的新方法”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （1） （24-25高二下·陕西西安·期末）You can talk to an AI chatbot about pretty much anything, from help with daily tasks to the problems you may need to solve. Its answers reflect the human data that taught it how to act like a person; but how human-like are the latest chatbots, really? As people turn to AI chatbots for more of their Internet needs, and the bots get incorporated into more applications from shopping to health care, a team of researchers sought to understand how AI chatbots reproduce human empathy, which is the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings. A study led by UC Santa Cruz Professor Magy Seif El-Nasr and Stanford University Researcher Mahnaz Roshanaei, explores how AI chatbots evaluate and perform empathy. To do so, the researchers asked both a group of humans and AI chatbots to read short stories of human positive and negative, and rate their empathy toward each story on a scale of 1 to 5, and compared the responses. The stories came from real human experiences, which were made completely anonymous (匿名的). They also had AI chatbots perform the same rating task after being informed about a set of features including gender, perspective, or similarity of experiences. Overall, the researchers found that when it comes to offering an emotional response, AI chatbots are overly empathetic, particularly in response to sad stories. “They are very emotional in terms of negative feelings, and they try to be very nice,” Roshanaei said. “But when a person talks about very positive events happening to them, AI chatbots don’t seem to care.” This over-empathizing situation was also present when they are told that the person they were chatting to was a female. “It’s happening because the data comes from humans, and humans have biases toward other humans,” Roshanaei explained. This acts as a warning that the technology is not quite ready to be used with sensitive populations such as teenagers, or those with mental health conditions. “This shows that even though AI is amazing, it still has a lot of big gaps in comparison to humans,” Roshanaei said. 1．Why did the researchers conduct the study? A．To test the reliability of AI chatbots. B．To explore the potential of AI chatbots. C．To figure out how understanding AI chatbots are. D．To compare the intelligence of AI chatbots and humans. 2．How may AI chatbots most likely respond to an uplifting story? A．Express intense excitement. B．Call the story’s realness into question. C．Display minimal emotional engagement. D．Ask follow-up questions about specific details. 3．What is Roshanaei’s attitude toward current AI technology? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Optimistic. D．Unconcerned. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Emotional AI Begins to Catch on. B．AI Chatbots Struggle with Empathy. C．How AI Chatbots Reform Healthcare. D．Why AI Chatbots Surpass Humans in Empathy. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项关于人工智能聊天机器人在共情能力方面表现的研究。研究结果表明，当前AI在情感理解上仍存在明显不足，尤其不适合用于需要高度敏感性的场景。这反映出AI虽然技术先进，但在情感智能方面仍有很大差距。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“a team of researchers sought to understand how AI chatbots reproduce human empathy, which is the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings. (一组研究人员试图了解人工智能聊天机器人如何再现人类的同理心，即理解和分享他人感受的能力。)”可知，研究人员进行这项研究的目的是为了弄清楚人工智能聊天机器人的理解能力如何，特别是它们如何理解和分享人类的情感。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“But when a person talks about very positive events happening to them, AI chatbots don’t seem to care. (但是当一个人谈论发生在他们身上的非常积极的事件时，人工智能聊天机器人似乎并不关心。)”可以推断，当面对一个令人振奋的故事时，人工智能聊天机器人最可能表现出极少的情感参与。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Roshanaei的话“This shows that even though AI is amazing, it still has a lot of big gaps in comparison to humans, (这表明，尽管人工智能令人惊叹，但与人类相比，它仍然存在很多巨大的差距。)”可以看出，Roshanaei对当前的人工智能技术持客观态度，既看到了其惊人之处，也指出了其与人类相比存在的不足。因此，选项B“Objective.客观的”符合题意。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了人工智能聊天机器人在理解和分享人类情感(即同理心)方面的表现，并指出它们在处理积极情感时显得不够关心，而在处理消极情感时则过于同情。这表明人工智能聊天机器人在同理心方面存在困难。因此，选项B“AI Chatbots Struggle with Empathy(AI聊天机器人在共情方面存在困难。)”最能概括文章的主旨。故选B。 （2） （24-25高二下·陕西西安·期末）We live in a world of plastic. Shopping bags, drink bottles, your toothbrush and even your clothes are among the everyday items made from plastic. But plastic isn’t fantastic, and neither is the current state of our environment. Humans have been producing plastic on a large scale since 1950. We produce hundreds of millions of tonnes of plastic every year and production is only increasing. Unfortunately, most of it is used only once and then thrown away. Only a small part of plastic is recycled. The majority ends up in our oceans. A Plastic Ocean is a documentary film directed by the Australian journalist Craig Leeson. It dives into and investigates the terrible influence that plastic has caused to our environment, especially our ocean life. What starts off as an adventure to film the blue whale, the largest animal on the planet, leads to the shocking discovery of a thick layer of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. The film sends the message that our actions and choices can severely impact the planet. Plastic is so widely used because it is durable and cheap. Unfortunately, this durability is the same quality that makes it so detrimental to the environment. Most plastics do not break down chemically. Instead, they break into smaller and smaller pieces that can persist in the environment for an extensive period of time. Because it is so affordable, developing countries use plastics extensively and much of the rubbish is washed into the ocean when it rains. When smaller pieces of plastic are eaten by animals in the sea, toxins (毒素) are released and become stored in their tissue. These toxins accumulate up the food chain and can eventually end up on our dinner tables. The consumption of the polluted seafood can cause many health problems including cancer, immune system problems, and even childhood developmental issues. Society’s huge appetite for plastic is literally poisoning us. 1．How long have we used plastic extensively? A．More than 40 years. B．More than 50 years. C．More than 60 years. D．More than 70 years. 2．Why did Craig Leeson direct A Plastic Ocean? A．To introduce the ocean life. B．To show the harm of plastic. C．To describe the beauty of the ocean. D．To indicate the common use of plastic. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Similar. B．Difficult. C．harmful. D．Important. 4．Which proverb can best express the main idea of the last paragraph? A．You get what you pay for. B．There is no smoke without fire. C．Everything happens for a reason. D．What goes around comes around. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了塑料的广泛使用及其对环境造成的严重影响，包括海洋污染、动物健康问题以及人类健康风险等。并通过纪录片《塑料海洋》的介绍，强调了塑料污染问题的紧迫性和个人行动的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Humans have been producing plastic on a large scale since 1950. (自1950年以来，人类一直在大规模生产塑料。)”可知，人类自1950年以来就开始大规模生产塑料。因此，我们广泛使用塑料已有70多年。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“A Plastic Ocean is a documentary film directed by the Australian journalist Craig Leeson. It dives into and investigates the terrible influence that plastic has caused to our environment, especially our ocean life. (《塑料海洋》是一部由澳大利亚记者Craig Leeson执导的纪录片。它深入调查了塑料对我们环境，尤其是海洋生物造成的可怕影响。)”可知，Craig Leeson执导《塑料海洋》这部纪录片是为了展示塑料对环境的危害。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“Most plastics do not break down chemically. Instead, they break into smaller and smaller pieces that can persist in the environment for an extensive period of time. (大多数塑料不会发生化学分解。相反，它们会分解成越来越小的碎片，这些碎片可以在环境中长期存在。)”可知，塑料不会分解，而是会分解成更小的碎片，长期存在于环境中，这对环境是有害的。因此，划线词“detrimental”意为“有害的”。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段 “When smaller pieces of plastic are eaten by animals in the sea, toxins (毒素) are released and become stored in their tissue. These toxins accumulate up the food chain and can eventually end up on our dinner tables. The consumption of the polluted seafood can cause many health problems including cancer, immune system problems, and even childhood developmental issues. Society’s huge appetite for plastic is literally poisoning us. (当海洋中的动物吃掉较小的塑料碎片时，毒素会被释放出来并储存在它们的组织中。这些毒素会在食物链中积累，最终可能出现在我们的餐桌上。食用受污染的海鲜会导致许多健康问题，包括癌症、免疫系统问题，甚至儿童发育问题。社会对塑料的巨大需求实际上正在毒害我们。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了塑料污染如何通过食物链最终影响到人类健康，即“恶有恶报”或“因果循环”的道理。因此，D项“What goes around comes around. (善有善报，恶有恶报；因果循环。)”最能表达最后一段的主旨。故选D项。 （3） （24-25高二下·陕西咸阳·期末）With the Earth at its hottest point in recorded history, and humans doing far from enough to stop its overheating, some astronomers and physicists are proposing an idea — create a huge sunshade (遮阳篷) and send it to a faraway point between the Earth and the sun to block a small but crucial amount of solar radiation, enough to counter global warming. Now, scientists led by Yoram Rozen. a physics professor and the Asher Space Research Institute director at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, say they are ready to build a prototype (原型) shade to show that the idea will work. “To block the necessary amount of solar radiation, the shade would have to be about a million square miles, roughly the size of Argentina. A shade that big would weigh at least 2.5 million tons — too heavy to launch into space,” Dr. Rozen said. “So, the project must involve a series of smaller shades. They would not completely block the sun’s light but cast slightly diffused shade onto the Earth.” Dr. Rozen added that his team was ready to design a prototype shade of 100 square feet and is seeking between $10 million and $20 million to fund the demonstration. The sunshade idea has its critics (批评者). They think that a sunshade would be astronomically expensive. In addition, a solar storm or collision with stray space rocks could damage the shield, resulting in sudden, rapid warming with disastrous consequences. However, sunshade supporters say that reducing greenhouse gas emissions at this stage will not go far enough to relieve climate chaos, that carbon dioxide removal has proved extremely difficult to realize, and that every potential solution ought to be explored. Dr. Rozen said the team was still in the pre-design phase but could launch a prototype within three years after securing funds. He estimated that a full-size version would cost trillions but reduce the Earth’s temperature by 1.5 Celsius within two years. 1．What is the sunshade idea mainly about? A．Detecting the amount of solar radiation. B．Building numerous sunshades in Argentina. C．Creating a spacecraft as a block to sunshine. D．Launching the sunshade into outer space and blocking sun radiation. 2．On what basis do critics oppose the sunshade idea? A．High costs and potential risks. B．Technical barriers and heavy weights. C．Variable environment and limited time. D．Inadequate funds and incomplete research. 3．What did Dr. Rozen and his team need most? A．Technical help. B．Launch a prototype. C．Financial support. D．Official permission. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Building sunshade to fight warming. B．Earth’s heating problem solutions. C．Scientists’ new project on space. D．Earth’s heat crisis. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了面对全球变暖，科学家计划造太阳遮阳篷原型，虽有成本和风险争议，但支持者认为应探索该方案。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“With the Earth at its hottest point in recorded history, and humans doing far from enough to stop its overheating, some astronomers and physicists are proposing an idea — create a huge sunshade (遮阳篷) and send it to a faraway point between the Earth and the sun to block a small but crucial amount of solar radiation, enough to counter global warming.(由于地球正处于有记录以来的最热状态，而人类在阻止地球过热方面做得远远不够，一些天文学家和物理学家提出了一个想法——建造一个巨大的遮阳罩，并将其送往地球与太阳之间的遥远位置，以阻挡少量但至关重要的太阳辐射，从而足以抵消全球变暖的影响)”可知，遮阳装置的原理主要是将遮阳装置发射到太空，以阻挡太阳辐射。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The sunshade idea has its critics (批评者). They think that a sunshade would be astronomically expensive. In addition, a solar storm or collision with stray space rocks could damage the shield, resulting in sudden, rapid warming with disastrous consequences.(这种遮阳装置的想法也有其批评者。他们认为这种遮阳装置的造价将极其高昂。此外，太阳风暴或者与太空中的游离岩石发生碰撞都可能损坏这个防护装置，从而导致突然且迅速的温度升高，带来灾难性的后果)”可知，批评者反对遮阳篷的提议是因为成本过高且存在潜在风险。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Dr. Rozen added that his team was ready to design a prototype shade of 100 square feet and is seeking between $10 million and $20 million to fund the demonstration.(罗森博士补充说，他的团队已准备好设计一款100平方英尺大小的原型产品，并正在寻求1000万至2000万美元的资金来支持该产品的演示)”可知，罗森博士及其团队最需要的是资金支持。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“With the Earth at its hottest point in recorded history, and humans doing far from enough to stop its overheating, some astronomers and physicists are proposing an idea — create a huge sunshade (遮阳篷) and send it to a faraway point between the Earth and the sun to block a small but crucial amount of solar radiation, enough to counter global warming.(由于地球正处于有记录以来的最热状态，而人类在阻止地球过热方面做得远远不够，一些天文学家和物理学家提出了一个想法——建造一个巨大的遮阳罩，并将其送往地球与太阳之间的遥远位置，以阻挡少量但至关重要的太阳辐射，从而足以抵消全球变暖的影响)”以及文章主要说明了面对全球变暖，科学家计划造太阳遮阳篷原型，虽有成本和风险争议，但支持者认为应探索该方案。可知，这篇文章主要讲了建造遮阳设施以对抗全球变暖。故选A。 （4） （24-25高二下·内蒙古呼和浩特·期末）Have you ever struggled with a task because two arms just weren’t enough? If so, you might like a new device that can really lend a helping hand. You wear this robotic arm, and then control it with the muscle you use to breathe. Currently, the robotic arm is worn in the middle of your chest, but it can also be placed above your shoulders or at your side, depending on what you want to do with it. Engineer Giulia Dominijanni, part of a team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL), helped create the device. In the past, robotic arms were designed to replace lost arms, with brain signals controlling them. This new device allows users to control an extra arm while still using their real arms. For this reason, the team designed it to be controlled by breathing. The robotic arm can sense the movement of your diaphragm (膈膜), the muscle that helps you breathe. When you breathe in, the robotic arm stretches; when you breathe out, it retracts (缩回). Breathing normally keeps the arm in the same position. Before making the actual arm, the EPFL team created a virtual reality (VR) model. Volunteers learned to control this virtual third arm using breath sensors. The tests showed that people could easily look around and talk while using the arm. After successful VR tests, the team built a simple robotic arm that functions like the virtual one. Early tests showed that users could comfortably operate the extra arm alongside their own arms. However, researchers are still exploring how well people can control this robotic arm without affecting the use of their natural arms. Jacob George, a director at the University of Utah’s robotics center, notes, “When you’re adding something new on your body, it’s unclear how much the brain can do with that. But in time it becomes possible to control the new arm well.” And scientists at EPFL believe that understanding this could benefit those with disabilities or people recovering from injuries. 1．How do EPFL’s robotic arms differ from previous ones? A．They feature affordable prices. B．They are operated by breathing. C．They can deal with our health issues. D．They are controlled by brain signals. 2．Why did the EPFL team create a VR model? A．To test the newly-invented arm’s actual function. B．To figure out how the robotic arm work. C．To attract more volunteers. D．To cut its production cost. 3．What is Jacob’s attitude to the robotic arm? A．Uncaring. B．Doubtful. C．Positive. D．Unclear. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．A New Device that Can Really Help Scientists B．The Effect of Robotic Technology on People’s Life C．Tips on How to Use an Extra Arm D．Robotics Gives Us an Extra Arm 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院团队研发的一种新型机械臂，包括其佩戴方式、控制方式、研发过程以及未来的应用前景等。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“In the past, robotic arms were designed to replace lost arms, with brain signals controlling them. This new device allows users to control an extra arm while still using their real arms. For this reason, the team designed it to be controlled by breathing. (在过去，机械臂的设计用途是替代失去的手臂，其由大脑信号控制。而这款新设备能让使用者在使用自己真实手臂的同时，操控一个额外的机械臂。出于这个原因，研究团队将其设计为可通过呼吸来控制)”可知，EPFL的新型机器人手臂与以往的不同之处在于它通过呼吸控制，而非脑信号。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Before making the actual arm, the EPFL team created a virtual reality (VR) model. Volunteers learned to control this virtual third arm using breath sensors. The tests showed that people could easily look around and talk while using the arm. (在制作实际手臂之前，EPFL团队创建了一个虚拟现实模型。志愿者学会了使用呼吸传感器控制这个虚拟的第三只手臂。测试表明，人们在使用手臂时可以轻松地环顾四周和说话)”可知，EPFL团队创建VR模型的目的是测试新型手臂的实际功能。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段Jacob George的评论“When you’re adding something new on your body, it’s unclear how much the brain can do with that. But in time it becomes possible to control the new arm well. (当你在身体上添加新东西时，尚不清楚大脑能对此做多少。但随着时间的推移，控制新手臂成为可能)”可知，Jacob对机器人手臂的态度是积极的，认为经过训练后可以良好控制。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Have you ever struggled with a task because two arms just weren’t enough? If so, you might like a new device that can really lend a helping hand. (你有没有因为两只胳膊不够用而在完成一项任务时遇到困难？如果有的话，你可能会喜欢一款真正能帮上忙的新设备)”文章开篇引出一种新型机械臂，随后介绍了它的佩戴方式、控制方式、研发过程，以及专家对其的看法和未来应用前景等，核心是围绕这种能给人们提供额外手臂的机器人技术展开，因此D选项“机器人技术给了我们一只额外的手臂”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 （5） （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了坦桑尼亚西部马哈尔村面临的环境问题以及环境保护主义者提出的解决方案。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”可知，马哈尔村村民连自己的孩子都救不了，因此他们可能对保护环境持冷漠态度。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn.(此外，环保主义者认为，环境的破坏是村民贫困的直接后果：随着鱼类数量减少，人们被迫开垦更多土地来种植水稻和玉米。)”可知，马哈尔村村民开垦更多的土地是为了弥补鱼类数量的减少。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，环保主义者帮助村民获得医疗服务是为了解决村民的问题，从而鼓励他们保护环境。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(环保主义者希望保护这片区域的美丽与生物多样性，使其免受过度捕捞和森林砍伐等有害影响。然而，要做到这一点，他们需要得到附近马哈勒村村民的合作。在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”和最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，文章首先描述了马哈尔村面临的环境问题，如过度捕捞和森林砍伐，然后提出了环境保护主义者提出的解决方案，即通过帮助村民获得医疗服务、教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及保护鱼类产卵区域等综合策略来保护坦噶尼喀湖。因此，文章的信息可以最好地描述为“a problem and a solution(一个问题和一个解决方案)”。故选A。 （6） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）At a time when Americans consume more than half of their daily calories from ultra-processed (超加工的) foods, there is increasing evidence showing that eating too much of these foods can make us sick. A recent study published in the British Medical Journal finds people who consume high amounts of these foods have an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and certain cancers. The data come from more than 9 million people who participated in dozens of studies. Ultra-processed foods are ubiquitous in our food supply. Among the most common are highly refined breads, fast food, sugary drinks, cookies, and other packaged snacks. They are often high in salt, sugar, fat and calories and low in fiber and micro-nutrients such as vitamins. Although no evidence proves that consumption of ultra-processed foods can directly cause anxiety, cancer or other health conditions, a growing body of evidence shows that ultra-processed foods contribute to the development of these conditions. A study published last year found people in the habit of consuming high levels of ultra-processed foods were about three times more likely to develop cancer, compared to those who consumed the least. When it comes to mood and mental health conditions, a French study showed that adults who maintained an unhealthy diet had more depressive symptoms. “We saw a roughly 20 to 50% increased risk of depressive symptoms in people who had diets that were high in ultra-processed foods,” says Wolfgang Marx, a researcher. A panel of advisors is currently evaluating all the latest diet and nutrition studies as part of a process to update the country’s Dietary Guidelines. It is possible that they could recommend limits on ultra-processed foods. On the regulatory side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is moving ahead to finalize a new definition of the term “healthy”. The FDA says a “healthy” claim on food labels could help consumers identify healthier choices with a quick look and may encourage food companies to improve their products. 1．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Nutritious. B．Cheap. C．Widespread. D．Profitable. 2．What did the study published last year find regarding ultra-processed foods? A．They improve emotional stability. B．They cause health decline. C．They trigger immediate reactions. D．They lower nutritional value. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Future plans from food companies. B．New guidelines for food sales. C．Limits on ultra-processed foods. D．Responses to ultra-processed foods. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A health magazine. B．A biology report. C．A hospital leaflet. D．A food advertisement. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了超加工食品对健康的潜在危害，包括与癌症、焦虑、抑郁等疾病的相关性，并提到美国正在通过更新饮食指南和食品标签政策来应对这一问题。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Ultra-processed foods are ubiquitous in our food supply. Among the most common are highly refined breads, fast food, sugary drinks, cookies, and other packaged snacks.(超加工食品在我们的食品供应中ubiquitous。其中最常见的有高度精制的面包、快餐、含糖饮料、饼干以及其他包装零食)”以及后文列举了高度精制面包、快餐、含糖饮料、饼干和其他包装零食等超加工食品，均为日常生活中常见的食物，说明超加工食品在食品供应中普遍存在。故划线词意思是“普遍的”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“A study published last year found people in the habit of consuming high levels of ultra-processed foods were about three times more likely to develop cancer, compared to those who consumed the least.(去年发表的一项研究发现，经常大量食用超加工食品的人患癌的可能性是很少食用此类食品的人的三倍之多)”可知，去年发表的那项研究对于超加工食品的结论是它们会导致健康状况恶化。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“A panel of advisors is currently evaluating all the latest diet and nutrition studies as part of a process to update the country’s Dietary Guidelines. It is possible that they could recommend limits on ultra-processed foods. On the regulatory side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is moving ahead to finalize a new definition of the term “healthy”. The FDA says a “healthy” claim on food labels could help consumers identify healthier choices with a quick look and may encourage food companies to improve their products.(一个顾问小组目前正在对所有最新的饮食和营养研究进行评估，这是更新国家《膳食指南》过程的一部分。他们有可能会建议对超加工食品设定限制。在监管方面，食品药品监督管理局（FDA）正在推进以最终确定“健康”一词的新定义。FDA 表示，在食品标签上标注“健康”信息能够帮助消费者通过快速查看就识别出更健康的选择，并可能促使食品公司改进其产品)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是对超加工食品的反应。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“At a time when Americans consume more than half of their daily calories from ultra-processed (超加工的) foods, there is increasing evidence showing that eating too much of these foods can make us sick. A recent study published in the British Medical Journal finds people who consume high amounts of these foods have an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and certain cancers. The data come from more than 9 million people who participated in dozens of studies.(在当下，美国人每日摄入的热量中有超过一半来自超加工食品。越来越多的证据表明，过量食用这类食品会让我们生病。《英国医学杂志》近期发表的一项研究发现，摄入此类食品较多的人患焦虑症、抑郁症以及某些癌症的风险会增加。这些数据来自参与了数十项研究的超过900万人)”以及全文围绕超加工食品的健康风险、研究发现及应对措施展开，内容面向大众，语言通俗易懂，旨在普及健康知识。故文章选自一本健康类杂志。故选A。 （7） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people expediently in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 1．What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A．It can be measured by an IQ test. B．It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C．It includes a set of emotional skills. D．It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 2．Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept. C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction. 3．What does the underlined word “expediently” mean in paragraph 3? A．Adaptively. B．Sincerely. C．Doubtfully. D．Terribly. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies. C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章批判了公众对情商的过度泛化理解，澄清其本质为中性的技能工具，并肯定了情商普及的积极意义，呼吁未来科学研究应更深入探索情商。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” (如今许多人将情商误解为一个人所有无法通过智商测试衡量的理想特质，如性格、动机、自信、心理稳定性、乐观和“社交技能”)”可知，情商常常被误解为一个人的积极品质。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. (能够准确理解他人感受的能力，既可以成为医生帮助患者的利器，也可能沦为骗子操控受害者的工具。拥有高情商，并不等同于拥有高尚品德)”可知，此处先提到医生和骗子可以用情商做截然不同的事，再提到高情商不等于道德高尚。因此，作者是通过对比案例，阐释“情商技能本身无道德属性”的概念。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people expediently in everyday life.(这种宣传最积极的成效是：雇主、教育工作者以及其他关注社会福祉的人士开始重新重视情绪的作用，这种关注恰恰是我们最需要的。情商的普及有助于公众和研究人员重新评估情绪的功能以及它们在日常生活中如何expediently为人们服务)”可知，这里肯定了情绪的作用，是正面的内容，因此重新评估的另一点也有关情绪的益处，应该是灵活地为人们服务，画线词意为“权宜地”，与Adaptively“适应性地”意思相近。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. (尽管情商的持续流行备受期待，但我们更希望这种关注能激发学界对情绪科学研究的更大兴趣。我们期待未来数十年间，科学进步能为研究人类如何管理生活提供全新视角。情商既关注头脑也关注心灵，它可以为我们指明正确的方向)”可知，该段关注的是对未来情商研究的期望。故选B项。 （8） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）Research into whether the human voice helps plants isn’t conclusive. Even so, there are convincing reasons that chatting with your houseplants is good for them — and you. In a 2022 survey by trees.com, 50 percent of the 1250 respondents reported talking to their plants. When asked why, 65 percent said they believe it helps them grow. The research, however, isn’t definite about this point. While studies have found that vibrations (震动) caused by sound do affect plants, the jury is still out on whether the human voice offers any specific benefit. For many plant owners, though, the science is beside the point. Marquis Matson, co-founder of the blog the Indoor nursery, says she talks to her plants every day because “it feels nice and I think plants get a sense of community from my talking to them and that keeps them going”. On the plant side, a study in a 2003 issue of the journal Ultrasonics investigated the effects of the classical music and the sounds of birds, insects and water on the growth of Chinese cabbage and cucumber. Both forms of sound exposure increased the vegetables’ growth. In a 2015 study, researchers exposed marigold (金盏花) and chickpea (鹰嘴豆) plants to light Indian music as well as to traffic noise. They found that both types of plants grew and developed better after being exposed to the music for four hours per day, but not to the traffic sounds.” Plants definitely respond to vibrations in their environment — which can cause plants to grow differently and become more resistant to falling over,” says Heidi Appel, leader of the study. She points out, “While sound absolutely matters to plants, we don’t know if talking to them makes them grow differently.” Despite the lack of studies and evidence about the benefits of talking to your plants, there is at least one theoretical bonus. “If we identify with a living organism that we’re taking care of, we’re going to take better care of it and help them thrive,” Appel says. 1．What do the underlined words “the jury is still out” in paragraph 2 mean? A．There is still uncertainty. B．People share the same idea. C．The jury is playing outside. D．The jury has made a decision. 2．What do Marquis Matson’s words suggest? A．Vibrations caused by sound affect plants. B．Chatting with the plants benefits both sides. C．Scientific research in this area makes no sense. D．A sense of community is a must for plants’ growth. 3．What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A．Traffic sounds do harm to plant growth. B．Talking to plants makes them more sensitive. C．Classical music is beneficial to plant growth. D．Plants will fall over because of the vibrations. 4．What is Appel’s attitude towards the study? A．Neutral. B．Approving. C．Unfavorable. D．Unclear. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类声音对植物影响的研究及观点。 【详解】1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“The research, however, isn’t definite about this point.(然而，这项研究并没有明确这一点)”以及划线短语所在的句子“whether the human voice offers any specific benefit.(但人类的声音是否能提供任何特定的好处)”可知，研究对于“人类声音是否对植物有特定益处”这一点并不明确。“the jury is still out” 在此处表示 “尚无定论，仍存在不确定性”。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Matson, co-founder of the blog the Indoor nursery, says she talks to her plants every day because “it feels nice and I think plants get a sense of community from my talking to them and that keeps them going”.(Marquis Matson是博客“室内苗圃”的联合创始人，她说她每天都和植物说话，因为“这感觉很好，而且我认为植物能从我和它们说话中获得一种群体感，这让它们继续生长”)”可推知，Marquis Matson认为和植物说话对自己和植物都有好处。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“On the plant side, a study in a 2003 issue of the journal Ultrasonics investigated the effects of the classical music and the sounds of birds, insects and water on the growth of Chinese cabbage and cucumber. Both forms of sound exposure increased the vegetables’ growth.(在植物方面，2003年《超声波》杂志上的一项研究调查了古典音乐以及鸟、昆虫和水的声音对大白菜和黄瓜生长的影响。这两种声音暴露都促进了蔬菜的生长)”可知，古典音乐对植物生长有益。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““If we identify with a living organism that we’re taking care of, we’re going to take better care of it and help them thrive,” Appel says.(Appel说：“如果我们认同我们正在照顾的活体，我们就会更好地照顾它，帮助它们茁壮成长。”)”可知，Appel认为和植物交流至少有理论上的好处，即能让人们更好地照顾植物，这体现出她对相关研究（探讨和植物交流的好处）是持支持态度的。故选 B。 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 暑假作业10 阅读理解（说明文） 推理判断题 解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。 推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论。(2)对语段的深层含义进行推理判断。(3)对语段的言外之意进行推理判断。(4)对文段的背景进行推理判断。 主旨大意题 该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。 4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 （1） （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）In 1973, when Melissa Greene was in 6th grade, her parents bought the first flat on Hutchinson Island. The first time she ran down to the wild shore, she was shocked by the contrast to their earlier beach trips to Daytona, a people-packed spectacle of cars. On Hutchinson, the spectacle was the seashells (海贝). Today, on the same stretch of beach, she rarely finds large whole shells. Among the most amazing natural objects, seashells represent both the surprise and wonder still promised by a trip to the beach - and the major changes underway on our coasts. Many of the largest and best-known marine mollusks (海洋软体动物) - the animal architects that build seashells - have declined under fishing pressure. They are also harmed by rising ocean temperatures, and by pollution and runoff from the land. And they can be displaced by the severe erosion (侵蚀) caused by inlets - a growing problem on Hutchinson Island - as well as efforts to repair eroded beaches by recovering lost sand. Twenty-five years ago, Sanibel Island became the first city in the U. S. to ban (禁止) “live shelling”, the practice of collecting and killing mollusks for their shells. The move to protect the individual lives of soft-bodied mollusks seems almost strange given ocean warming and other “tough realities of the changing world,” acknowledges José H. Leal, science director at Sanibel’s Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum. But helping beach goers appreciate the animals inside the shell as much as the shiny exterior turns out to be a crucial step toward helping them understand what’s happening in the sea, Leal says. “If people understand the complexity of these animals and their importance, they will also realize the need to protect marine environments.” Delaware Seashore State Park is taking so-called low-impact beach combing (赶海) a step further: asking visitors to leave empty shells alone, too. At the park, signs advise visitors to leave shells where they lie or take a photo of a marine creature in the sand. After all, the point of enjoying nature is that it is in a natural state. 1．What impressed Melissa Greene on Hutchinson Island when she was young? A．The seashells. B．The tourists. C．The flats. D．The cars. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The dangers marine mollusks face. B．The changes seashells have experienced. C．The efforts made to save marine mollusks. D．The current situation of Hutchinson Island. 3．What does José H. Leal think of banning “live shelling”? A．It slows down ocean warming. B．It keeps people away from beaches. C．It popularizes the collecting of seashells. D．It raises people’s awareness of ocean protection. 4．What is the purpose of Delaware Seashore State Park’s advice? A．To provide habitat for small creatures. B．To protect visitors from being harmed. C．To attract marine creatures to the beach. D．To preserve the natural state of the beach. （2） （24-25高二下·吉林·期末）Dreams are pure emotional and cognitive gold. Those often super-realistic, broken images and plot lines that can instantly disappear when we open our eyes, allow us not only to explore the themes and challenges of our day, but to step into the what-ifs of tomorrow. Whether we remember our dreams or not, our brain and dreams are multi-tasking to the maximum extent while we sleep. Together, they are weakening negative ones, improving our stress recovery ability, cognitive function, problem-solving capabilities and our mental health, all of which explain the emotional rollercoaster that can come with sleep deprivation (剥夺). When we don’t get enough sleep, we’re robbed of those invaluable sleep-dependent advantages that give us a depth of insight and emotional processing. Not all dreams are made equal. It’s the vivid dreams that take place during our rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, in the second half of the night, that really deliver when it comes to building our emotional recovery ability. The less vivid, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) dreams that occur when we first go to sleep have their own vital learning and memory-consolidating role to play, too. But if we haven’t had enough sleep, we’re likely to be short of REM, with consequences that can carry into our day. According to dream theorists Robert Stickgold and Antonio Zadra, there are two standout benefits we get from our dream life. First, the narratives we create that allow us to travel in time — “to experience the thoughts, sensations and emotions generated by those narratives” — effectively rehearsing (排练) and actually experiencing the what-ifs of our life. And second, the space that dreams create where we can not only imagine possible events, but where we’re free “to plan, to plot, to explore”. In our virtual REM world, our brain searches through memories, making connections to help process daily worries and find solutions, so that once we’ve “slept on it”, we can definitely have a much deeper and greater perspective. 1．Why does the author mention “emotional rollercoaster” in paragraph 2? A．To describe the fun of dreaming vividly. B．To show why people enjoy rollercoasters. C．To highlight the risks of inadequate sleep. D．To explain how dreams process daily worries. 2．What happens if REM sleep is reduced? A．More vivid NREM dreams. B．Worse daytime emotions. C．Faster memory formation. D．Longer deep sleep time. 3．What do dreams help us do according to Stickgold? A．Forget bad experiences. B．Make memories stronger. C．Increase sleep time. D．Practice future situations. 4．What message does the author mainly convey? A．Nightmares harm mental health. B．Dreams strengthen mind and emotions. C．REM sleep is the key to emotional balance. D．Eight hours’ sleep is needed to improve health. （3） （23-24高二下·吉林·期末）For most ordinary purposes, machine translation (MT) has got a lot better in the past years. The biggest source of improvement has been the adoption of “deep learning” in training translating systems. But improvement has also come about through the expansion of clever companies solving individual tasks. Some have created specialist dictionaries so that important terms can be translated accurately and consistently. Other inventions combine MT with a human translator’s editing tools, which means translators spend most of their time checking and perfecting MT output, rather than doing the work of the translating themselves. For some translators, being a machine’s editor may sound depressing. This can be seen the other way around, however. A human repeatedly translating identical formulae can get bored. Allowing the machine to do these boring jobs frees the translator to apply specialized knowledge, solving more intellectually satisfying problems. What are those problems? One Madrid-based translator for a big law firm describes a recent task. It involved making a critical distinction in a legal document: a Spanish word (dolo) that’s properly translated as “wilful misconduct” was translated only as “misconduct” by software. Since the law requires considerably severer punishment when the misconduct is “wilful”, the omission (省略) was potentially disastrous. Today, many translation firms are proud of using MT, not as a crutch (依赖) but as a means to cut costs and turnaround times. Part of their job becomes knowing what can be automated and what cannot. Instruction manuals can be left to MT while others like a novel legal argument cannot. The bad news for some translators is that a tap of repeatable, easy work is being turned off. The good news is that what remains will be brain-challenging stuff for people who know a language and something else. Tales of artificial intelligence usually test humans against machines. But the translators of the future will be neither entirely human nor machine. They will be human beings with mechanical enhancements. 1．What can we learn about machine translation from paragraph 1? A．It has been mostly used by specialists. B．Lots of efforts have been made to improve it. C．Some clever companies have made a fortune from it. D．It has replaced human translators in some simple tasks. 2．What can be inferred from the case mentioned by the Madrid-based translator? A．Experienced translators are hard to find. B．Machine translation can be inaccurate. C．Machine translation has led to many misjudgments. D．It is difficult for translators to tell“wilful misconduct”from“misconduct”. 3．What is many translation firms’ attitude towards using machine translation today? A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uninterested. D．Doubtful. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Technology contributes to productive translators B．Translation is faced with a great technical challenge C．The translator of the future is a human-machine hybrid D．Career opportunities in the field of translation are increasing （1） （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末）While the idea of living on the moon was once a thing of science fiction, several space agencies including NASA and Roscosmos are racing to make it a reality. Now, one scientist has revealed what he thinks the lunar cities could look like in the next 150 years, in a project named “Moontopia”. Professor Lewis Dartnell, a science communication expert at the University of Westminster, has teamed up with Hillarys to bring his vision to light. He said: “As our understanding of space advances, the opportunity to start a new world becomes ever more possible. Moving home or to another country is already incredibly exciting, imagine what it would be like to move to an entirely different environment. The challenges and problems would be new and hard but the mind boggles at what the human race could achieve if we take this next step.” Professor Dartnell predicts that homes in Moontopia will be built in lava tubes, and that settlers will travel around using bikes or on foot. Moontopia would also include an airlock that would keep the city pressurized, meaning people could walk around freely without spacesuits. The lunar city could have lakes, parks and basketball courts. While this sounds pretty great so far, if you’re used to eating what you want, when you want it, living in Moontopia could be a struggle. Other key challenges would include adapting to the temperatures on the Moon. In direct sunlight, the temperatures can reach up to 100℃, while at night, they can drop to -170℃! Thankfully, the temperature inside lava tubes would be easily controlled. While Professor Dartnell’s vision is merely based on predictions, lunar cities could become a reality in the not-so-distant future. In 2016, Russia announced plans to build a human settlement on the Moon by 2030, while NASA plans to establish a lunar outpost in 2028. 1．What do we know about Moontopia from the text? A．Moontopia will be highly liveable. B．People can travel freely in Moontopia. C．People can choose whatever to cat in Moontopia. D．Moontopia is a project about doing research on the moon. 2．What do the underlined words “the mind boggles at” probably mean? A．We may be worried about. B．We may be puzzled at. C．We may hesitate about. D．We may be amazed at. 3．What conclusion can we draw from the text? A．It is extremely cold in Moontopia. B．Living on the moon is on its way. C．Professor Dartnell carried out the research alone. D．NASA has built a lunar settlement earlier than Russia. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Finding out whether lunar cities can exist. B．Exploring the weather condition on the moon. C．Predicting what lunar cities will be like. D．Offering the opportunity to move to the moon. （2） （24-25高二下·吉林长春·期末）Modern ecology has revolutionized our understanding of forests. No longer seen as passive collections of trees, they are now recognized as dynamic communities connected by vast underground fungal (真菌的) networks called the “Wood Wide Web”. These complex mycorrhizal (菌根) systems enable trees to exchange nutrients, transmit danger signals, recognize relationship, and even pass on survival strategies — capabilities that redefine traditional concepts of plant behavior. The most convincing evidence comes from a 2022 Nature study in British Columbia’s ancient forests. Researchers discovered that “mother trees” — mature Douglas firs — prioritize their own seedlings, directing 15% more carbon to them than to unrelated young trees. When beetles attack, the affected trees release chemical signals through the fungal network, reminding neighboring trees within 30 meters to activate defensive responses within two days — a process notably similar to immune reactions in animals. Remarkably, these fungal networks may also help trees “remember” past experiences. Trees that survive droughts “teach” their offspring through the fungal connections, resulting in subsequent generations developing deeper roots and more efficient water conservation methods. This cross-generational memory, encoded in exchanged proteins and chemical signals, represents a form of collective intelligence. However, this delicate communication system faces serious threats. Industrial logging destroys fungal networks, with studies showing cleared areas need 15 years to recover to reestablish 60% of original network density. Furthermore, climate change aggravates the damage: rising temperatures in Alberta have reduced mycorrhizal diversity by 30% since 2000. “We’re not just losing trees individually, but we’re destroying an ancient biological internet severely,” warns University of British Columbia ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard, whose 30-year research supports these findings. These discoveries are changing how we view forests. Some scientists argue they show a form of “plant intelligence”, while legal experts debate giving forests special protections. Sweden has already taken action, requiring loggers to protect key “mother trees” to preserve the network. 1．Why do the trees give off chemical signals when attacked? A．To identify genetic relationships. B．To store drought survival strategies. C．To inform neighbors of defensive preparations. D．To speed up the carbon transfer among the trees. 2．What can we learn about the “cross-generational memory” from Paragraph 3? A．It fades in a short time. B．It leads to protein exchange. C．It relies on root-to-root contact. D．It helps pass down survival skills. 3．What does the underlined word “aggravates” mean in paragraph 4? A．Analyzes. B．Worsens. C．Records. D．Relieves. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The intelligent network among trees. B．The emerging threats to forest ecosystems. C．The destructive effects of climate on forests. D．The important role of mother trees in forests. （3） （24-25高二下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）Jennifer Brophy, a professor of Stanford, is working on methods that she hopes will be used to improve commercial plant species so that they can survive harsh conditions. Initially, she studied green architecture in her undergraduate years. Once she started taking architecture classes, she realized it wasn’t her passion — but when she encountered an article about a company that creates biofuels (生物燃料) from bacteria, something clicked. “I thought that was just the coolest thing. It got me really interested in pursuing bioengineering,” she says. Today, Brophy is developing new genetic engineering techniques that can help plants grow in various conditions. By changing the genome (基因组) of both commercial crops and soil bacteria, she thinks it’s possible to help plants survive droughts. Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are triggered. If the plant senses a specific sugar, it can express one protein; if it senses another signal, it’ll express a different protein. If both signals are there, the plant may be able to express something else entirely. ”Using circuits to all these different inputs,“ she says. “A plant doesn’t necessarily know what’s coming. It just knows whether it’s hot or temperate right now,” says Brophy. This can lead to problems when weather becomes erratic. A plant that usually flowers in spring may flower in winter if there’re a few unseasonably warm days. When temperatures fall again, the flowers die, which ruins a year of crops. “It’d be great to be able to communicate with plants to tell them, ‘Hey, you should wait on that flowering,’” she adds. Brophy is still testing the concept in the lab using a small weedy plant called Arabidopsis. She notes engineering crops in the future may also involve genetically modifying soil bacteria. As the bacteria’s surroundings change, they could potentially send out chemical signals that tell nearby plants to shift their growth accordingly. Brophy thinks engineering crops could benefit farmers and society at large. 1．What made Brophy interested in bioengineering? A．Her undergraduate education. B．Her visit to a company. C．Her exposure to a related article. D．Her curiosity about biofuels. 2．The method of “genetic circuits” is designed to _____________. A．create better biofuels from soil bacteria B．monitor the proteins within plant cells C．preserve species of commercial crops D．promote plants to respond to surroundings 3．What does the underlined word “erratic” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Unpleasant. B．Unstable. C．Unbearable. D．Unaffected. 4．What is the best title of the passage? A．Jennifer Brophy, a brilliant bioengineering scientist. B．Climate change, a tough problem around the world. C．Genetic circuits, a smart method to help crops survive. D．Genetic engineering, a new technique to produce crops. （4） （24-25高二下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）In many science labs, animals like mice or rabbits are often used to study diseases, test new drugs, and check chemical safety. However, new technology is changing that. Scientists are now building new ways to do research without using animals. These new methods can be more kind to animals, faster, and more correct. One exciting tool is the organ-on-a-chip. These are very small devices that mimic (模仿) human organs such as the heart, lungs, or liver. Scientists grow real human cells on these chips so they work like real organs. Instead of testing a drug on a mouse, scientists can watch how human tissue reacts. Another approach uses computer models and artificial intelligence (AI). These smart programs can look at lots of data and guess how drugs will act in the human body. AI can also help spot toxic (有毒的) effects and side effects before real tests begin. A third method is 3D cell cultures. These grow in three dimensions and are called “mini-organs.” They are more like real human tissues and help doctors understand how diseases grow and how drugs work inside the body. Why are these new tools so important? Testing on animals is often expensive, takes a lot of time, and is sometimes not correct. Also, animals are not the same as humans. So, results from animals may not work for people. Many people also believe it is wrong to hurt animals for science if there are better ways. Scientists think that one day labs will use chips, AI, and 3D models together to build a “virtual human body”. This could help test new drugs, understand new viruses, and guess health results — all without using any animals. In short, science is moving forward. With new technology, we may no longer need animals to understand medical problems. These tools are helping us move to a future where research is smarter, faster, and more fair. 1．What can we learn about an “organ-on-a-chip”? A．A 3D printed human organ. B．An animal cell used for testing. C．A computer model of a body part. D．A mimic human organ using real cells. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．AI strategies applied in the labs. B．Purposes of the medical experiments. C．Reasons for abandoning animal testing. D．Tips on putting new tools into practice. 3．What can we infer about future research from the text? A．New drugs will no longer need any testing. B．Combined models with hi-tech will be applied. C．Animal testing will become more popular again. D．Scientists will focus less on ethical (伦理的) issues. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Free Lab Animals Into Wild B．A call for Innovative Science C．Moving Beyond Animal Tests D．New Drugs Created by AI （1） （24-25高二下·陕西西安·期末）You can talk to an AI chatbot about pretty much anything, from help with daily tasks to the problems you may need to solve. Its answers reflect the human data that taught it how to act like a person; but how human-like are the latest chatbots, really? As people turn to AI chatbots for more of their Internet needs, and the bots get incorporated into more applications from shopping to health care, a team of researchers sought to understand how AI chatbots reproduce human empathy, which is the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings. A study led by UC Santa Cruz Professor Magy Seif El-Nasr and Stanford University Researcher Mahnaz Roshanaei, explores how AI chatbots evaluate and perform empathy. To do so, the researchers asked both a group of humans and AI chatbots to read short stories of human positive and negative, and rate their empathy toward each story on a scale of 1 to 5, and compared the responses. The stories came from real human experiences, which were made completely anonymous (匿名的). They also had AI chatbots perform the same rating task after being informed about a set of features including gender, perspective, or similarity of experiences. Overall, the researchers found that when it comes to offering an emotional response, AI chatbots are overly empathetic, particularly in response to sad stories. “They are very emotional in terms of negative feelings, and they try to be very nice,” Roshanaei said. “But when a person talks about very positive events happening to them, AI chatbots don’t seem to care.” This over-empathizing situation was also present when they are told that the person they were chatting to was a female. “It’s happening because the data comes from humans, and humans have biases toward other humans,” Roshanaei explained. This acts as a warning that the technology is not quite ready to be used with sensitive populations such as teenagers, or those with mental health conditions. “This shows that even though AI is amazing, it still has a lot of big gaps in comparison to humans,” Roshanaei said. 1．Why did the researchers conduct the study? A．To test the reliability of AI chatbots. B．To explore the potential of AI chatbots. C．To figure out how understanding AI chatbots are. D．To compare the intelligence of AI chatbots and humans. 2．How may AI chatbots most likely respond to an uplifting story? A．Express intense excitement. B．Call the story’s realness into question. C．Display minimal emotional engagement. D．Ask follow-up questions about specific details. 3．What is Roshanaei’s attitude toward current AI technology? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Optimistic. D．Unconcerned. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Emotional AI Begins to Catch on. B．AI Chatbots Struggle with Empathy. C．How AI Chatbots Reform Healthcare. D．Why AI Chatbots Surpass Humans in Empathy. （2） （24-25高二下·陕西西安·期末）We live in a world of plastic. Shopping bags, drink bottles, your toothbrush and even your clothes are among the everyday items made from plastic. But plastic isn’t fantastic, and neither is the current state of our environment. Humans have been producing plastic on a large scale since 1950. We produce hundreds of millions of tonnes of plastic every year and production is only increasing. Unfortunately, most of it is used only once and then thrown away. Only a small part of plastic is recycled. The majority ends up in our oceans. A Plastic Ocean is a documentary film directed by the Australian journalist Craig Leeson. It dives into and investigates the terrible influence that plastic has caused to our environment, especially our ocean life. What starts off as an adventure to film the blue whale, the largest animal on the planet, leads to the shocking discovery of a thick layer of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. The film sends the message that our actions and choices can severely impact the planet. Plastic is so widely used because it is durable and cheap. Unfortunately, this durability is the same quality that makes it so detrimental to the environment. Most plastics do not break down chemically. Instead, they break into smaller and smaller pieces that can persist in the environment for an extensive period of time. Because it is so affordable, developing countries use plastics extensively and much of the rubbish is washed into the ocean when it rains. When smaller pieces of plastic are eaten by animals in the sea, toxins (毒素) are released and become stored in their tissue. These toxins accumulate up the food chain and can eventually end up on our dinner tables. The consumption of the polluted seafood can cause many health problems including cancer, immune system problems, and even childhood developmental issues. Society’s huge appetite for plastic is literally poisoning us. 1．How long have we used plastic extensively? A．More than 40 years. B．More than 50 years. C．More than 60 years. D．More than 70 years. 2．Why did Craig Leeson direct A Plastic Ocean? A．To introduce the ocean life. B．To show the harm of plastic. C．To describe the beauty of the ocean. D．To indicate the common use of plastic. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Similar. B．Difficult. C．harmful. D．Important. 4．Which proverb can best express the main idea of the last paragraph? A．You get what you pay for. B．There is no smoke without fire. C．Everything happens for a reason. D．What goes around comes around. （3） （24-25高二下·陕西咸阳·期末）With the Earth at its hottest point in recorded history, and humans doing far from enough to stop its overheating, some astronomers and physicists are proposing an idea — create a huge sunshade (遮阳篷) and send it to a faraway point between the Earth and the sun to block a small but crucial amount of solar radiation, enough to counter global warming. Now, scientists led by Yoram Rozen. a physics professor and the Asher Space Research Institute director at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, say they are ready to build a prototype (原型) shade to show that the idea will work. “To block the necessary amount of solar radiation, the shade would have to be about a million square miles, roughly the size of Argentina. A shade that big would weigh at least 2.5 million tons — too heavy to launch into space,” Dr. Rozen said. “So, the project must involve a series of smaller shades. They would not completely block the sun’s light but cast slightly diffused shade onto the Earth.” Dr. Rozen added that his team was ready to design a prototype shade of 100 square feet and is seeking between $10 million and $20 million to fund the demonstration. The sunshade idea has its critics (批评者). They think that a sunshade would be astronomically expensive. In addition, a solar storm or collision with stray space rocks could damage the shield, resulting in sudden, rapid warming with disastrous consequences. However, sunshade supporters say that reducing greenhouse gas emissions at this stage will not go far enough to relieve climate chaos, that carbon dioxide removal has proved extremely difficult to realize, and that every potential solution ought to be explored. Dr. Rozen said the team was still in the pre-design phase but could launch a prototype within three years after securing funds. He estimated that a full-size version would cost trillions but reduce the Earth’s temperature by 1.5 Celsius within two years. 1．What is the sunshade idea mainly about? A．Detecting the amount of solar radiation. B．Building numerous sunshades in Argentina. C．Creating a spacecraft as a block to sunshine. D．Launching the sunshade into outer space and blocking sun radiation. 2．On what basis do critics oppose the sunshade idea? A．High costs and potential risks. B．Technical barriers and heavy weights. C．Variable environment and limited time. D．Inadequate funds and incomplete research. 3．What did Dr. Rozen and his team need most? A．Technical help. B．Launch a prototype. C．Financial support. D．Official permission. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Building sunshade to fight warming. B．Earth’s heating problem solutions. C．Scientists’ new project on space. D．Earth’s heat crisis. （4） （24-25高二下·内蒙古呼和浩特·期末）Have you ever struggled with a task because two arms just weren’t enough? If so, you might like a new device that can really lend a helping hand. You wear this robotic arm, and then control it with the muscle you use to breathe. Currently, the robotic arm is worn in the middle of your chest, but it can also be placed above your shoulders or at your side, depending on what you want to do with it. Engineer Giulia Dominijanni, part of a team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL), helped create the device. In the past, robotic arms were designed to replace lost arms, with brain signals controlling them. This new device allows users to control an extra arm while still using their real arms. For this reason, the team designed it to be controlled by breathing. The robotic arm can sense the movement of your diaphragm (膈膜), the muscle that helps you breathe. When you breathe in, the robotic arm stretches; when you breathe out, it retracts (缩回). Breathing normally keeps the arm in the same position. Before making the actual arm, the EPFL team created a virtual reality (VR) model. Volunteers learned to control this virtual third arm using breath sensors. The tests showed that people could easily look around and talk while using the arm. After successful VR tests, the team built a simple robotic arm that functions like the virtual one. Early tests showed that users could comfortably operate the extra arm alongside their own arms. However, researchers are still exploring how well people can control this robotic arm without affecting the use of their natural arms. Jacob George, a director at the University of Utah’s robotics center, notes, “When you’re adding something new on your body, it’s unclear how much the brain can do with that. But in time it becomes possible to control the new arm well.” And scientists at EPFL believe that understanding this could benefit those with disabilities or people recovering from injuries. 1．How do EPFL’s robotic arms differ from previous ones? A．They feature affordable prices. B．They are operated by breathing. C．They can deal with our health issues. D．They are controlled by brain signals. 2．Why did the EPFL team create a VR model? A．To test the newly-invented arm’s actual function. B．To figure out how the robotic arm work. C．To attract more volunteers. D．To cut its production cost. 3．What is Jacob’s attitude to the robotic arm? A．Uncaring. B．Doubtful. C．Positive. D．Unclear. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．A New Device that Can Really Help Scientists B．The Effect of Robotic Technology on People’s Life C．Tips on How to Use an Extra Arm D．Robotics Gives Us an Extra Arm （5） （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship （6） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）At a time when Americans consume more than half of their daily calories from ultra-processed (超加工的) foods, there is increasing evidence showing that eating too much of these foods can make us sick. A recent study published in the British Medical Journal finds people who consume high amounts of these foods have an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and certain cancers. The data come from more than 9 million people who participated in dozens of studies. Ultra-processed foods are ubiquitous in our food supply. Among the most common are highly refined breads, fast food, sugary drinks, cookies, and other packaged snacks. They are often high in salt, sugar, fat and calories and low in fiber and micro-nutrients such as vitamins. Although no evidence proves that consumption of ultra-processed foods can directly cause anxiety, cancer or other health conditions, a growing body of evidence shows that ultra-processed foods contribute to the development of these conditions. A study published last year found people in the habit of consuming high levels of ultra-processed foods were about three times more likely to develop cancer, compared to those who consumed the least. When it comes to mood and mental health conditions, a French study showed that adults who maintained an unhealthy diet had more depressive symptoms. “We saw a roughly 20 to 50% increased risk of depressive symptoms in people who had diets that were high in ultra-processed foods,” says Wolfgang Marx, a researcher. A panel of advisors is currently evaluating all the latest diet and nutrition studies as part of a process to update the country’s Dietary Guidelines. It is possible that they could recommend limits on ultra-processed foods. On the regulatory side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is moving ahead to finalize a new definition of the term “healthy”. The FDA says a “healthy” claim on food labels could help consumers identify healthier choices with a quick look and may encourage food companies to improve their products. 1．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Nutritious. B．Cheap. C．Widespread. D．Profitable. 2．What did the study published last year find regarding ultra-processed foods? A．They improve emotional stability. B．They cause health decline. C．They trigger immediate reactions. D．They lower nutritional value. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Future plans from food companies. B．New guidelines for food sales. C．Limits on ultra-processed foods. D．Responses to ultra-processed foods. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A health magazine. B．A biology report. C．A hospital leaflet. D．A food advertisement. （7） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people expediently in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 1．What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A．It can be measured by an IQ test. B．It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C．It includes a set of emotional skills. D．It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 2．Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept. C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction. 3．What does the underlined word “expediently” mean in paragraph 3? A．Adaptively. B．Sincerely. C．Doubtfully. D．Terribly. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies. C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives. （8） （24-25高二下·重庆·期末）Research into whether the human voice helps plants isn’t conclusive. Even so, there are convincing reasons that chatting with your houseplants is good for them — and you. In a 2022 survey by trees.com, 50 percent of the 1250 respondents reported talking to their plants. When asked why, 65 percent said they believe it helps them grow. The research, however, isn’t definite about this point. While studies have found that vibrations (震动) caused by sound do affect plants, the jury is still out on whether the human voice offers any specific benefit. For many plant owners, though, the science is beside the point. Marquis Matson, co-founder of the blog the Indoor nursery, says she talks to her plants every day because “it feels nice and I think plants get a sense of community from my talking to them and that keeps them going”. On the plant side, a study in a 2003 issue of the journal Ultrasonics investigated the effects of the classical music and the sounds of birds, insects and water on the growth of Chinese cabbage and cucumber. Both forms of sound exposure increased the vegetables’ growth. In a 2015 study, researchers exposed marigold (金盏花) and chickpea (鹰嘴豆) plants to light Indian music as well as to traffic noise. They found that both types of plants grew and developed better after being exposed to the music for four hours per day, but not to the traffic sounds.” Plants definitely respond to vibrations in their environment — which can cause plants to grow differently and become more resistant to falling over,” says Heidi Appel, leader of the study. She points out, “While sound absolutely matters to plants, we don’t know if talking to them makes them grow differently.” Despite the lack of studies and evidence about the benefits of talking to your plants, there is at least one theoretical bonus. “If we identify with a living organism that we’re taking care of, we’re going to take better care of it and help them thrive,” Appel says. 1．What do the underlined words “the jury is still out” in paragraph 2 mean? A．There is still uncertainty. B．People share the same idea. C．The jury is playing outside. D．The jury has made a decision. 2．What do Marquis Matson’s words suggest? A．Vibrations caused by sound affect plants. B．Chatting with the plants benefits both sides. C．Scientific research in this area makes no sense. D．A sense of community is a must for plants’ growth. 3．What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A．Traffic sounds do harm to plant growth. B．Talking to plants makes them more sensitive. C．Classical music is beneficial to plant growth. D．Plants will fall over because of the vibrations. 4．What is Appel’s attitude towards the study? A．Neutral. B．Approving. C．Unfavorable. D．Unclear. 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $