专题04 定语从句密码速通（关系代词、关系副词）（暑假复习讲义）新高一英语人教版

专题04 定语从句密码速通（关系代词、关系副词）（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 限定性定语从句 考点二 关系代词的用法 考点三 关系副词的用法 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 限制性定语从句 关系词 先行词 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人（主语） Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中做宾语，口语中可由who代替，但介词提前时只能用whom。 whom 人（宾语） She is the new student who I want to introduce to you. The policeman to whom I spoke just now is my brother. which 物（主语，宾语） The picture which was about the accident was terrible. The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. that 人，物（主语，宾语） A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? that在从句中即可指人也可指物，但介词提前时，指人只用whom，指物用which that 人或物 I’ll tell you all (that) I know about it. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? I’ve brought everything (that) you need. He is the only person that is believable. John is the very person that she wants to see. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 当先行词为all, little, much 和 some, any, every, no 构成的复合代词等表示物时，关系代词只能用 that, 在从句中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用 that 或who (whom) 均可 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或强调词the only, the very, the same等修饰时定语从句用that引导。 whose 人，物（定语） The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. whose 在从句中做定语可指人或物，可分别用…of whom或of which代替 as 人，物（主语，宾语，表语） He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. He’s not the same man as he was. 先行词由so, such, the same等词修饰时定语从句用as引导。 as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间（状语） I will never forget the day when we met there. 可根据具体的时间选用相应的介词+which结构 where 地点（状语） He showed me the building where he used to work, 可根据具体的地点选用相应的介词+which结构 why 原因（状语） Can you tell me the reason why you are so interested in science?. 可用for which替代 ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 限定性定语从句 在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有两种: 关系代词who,whom,whose, that,which,as和关系副词when,where, why. 关系代词3个作用：1）连接作用2）替代作用3）在从句中充当成分：作主语/宾语/表语/定语。 如下图所示： 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句 ↓ ↓ ↓ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 考点二 关系代词的用法 关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 指代 在从句中的成分 that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语 which 物 主语/宾语/表语 who 人 主语/宾语/表语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人/物 定语 一．关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city.英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 二．关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province.昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 三．关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 关系代词易错点： 1.关系代词的省略 关系代词做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略，在非限制性定语从句中不省略。 Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略） 杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。 Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。 2.从句中代词的重复多余 定语从句中的引导词指代先行词,从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。 The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×） The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√） 我昨天读的那本书很有趣。 3.what不引导定语从句 定语从句中有关系代词that和which而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。 All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all) What we need is a supply of oil. (what引导主语从句) 我们需要的是石油供应。 4.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开） 在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用who/ whom，指代“物”，用which。 The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。 He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be. 他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。 5.whose+n. = the+n +of which =of which+the+n. 名词之前必须有the。 I live in the room whose window/the window of which / of which the window faces south.我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。 6. 定语从句中的主谓一致: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 He is a good student who likes to help others. 他是一个乐于助人的好学生。 They are good students who like to help others. 他们是乐于助人的好学生。 He is one of the students who were praised. 他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。 He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。 7.关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) .指人只用whom, 指物只用which This is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars. 【巩固提升】 1．The train I’m travelling on is for Shanghai. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：我乘坐的这趟火车是开往上海的。定语从句修饰先行词train，在从句作宾语，指物，故用that或which。 2．She is the teacher I’ve learned a lot from. 【答案】whom/that/who/省略 【详解】句意：她就是那位我从她身上学到很多东西的老师。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为the teacher，指人，且关系词在从句中作介词from的宾语，可用whom/that/who/省略引导定语从句。 3．Can you tell me the name of the stadium you visited last week? 【答案】that/which/省略 【详解】句意：你能告诉我上周你去的那个体育场的名字吗？空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the stadium，关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that或which/省略引导从句。 4．Their primary school teachers and their lessons they were fond of influenced their lives. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：他们喜欢的小学老师和课程影响了他们的生活。先行词是teachers and their lessons，既有人也有事物，在定语从句中作fond of的宾语，只能用关系代词that。 5．I am grateful to my headteacher always assists me with my learning. 【答案】who/that 【详解】句意：我很感谢我的班主任，他总是在学习上帮助我。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词headteacher指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who/that作引导词。 6．We were all deeply impressed by the way he solved that complex problem, which was both creative and efficient. 【答案】that/in which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都对他解决那个复杂问题的方式印象深刻，这种方法既有创意又高效。分析句子结构可知，这里为定语从句，先行词为the way，表示 “方式、方法”，定语从句中不缺主语宾语，关系词可用that或in which。故填that或in which。 7．Drawing on these natural advantages, Donglan has positioned TCM as a key foundation in recent years, adopting a strategy combines ecological planting, intensive processing, and cultural tourism. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：凭借这些天然优势，东兰近年来将中医药确立为重要基础，并采取了生态种植、精深加工以及文化旅游相结合的策略。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a strategy，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。 8．The main reason causes stress is the tight schedule. 【答案】which/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：造成压力的主要原因是紧凑的日程安排。“________ causes stress”为限制性定语从句，先行词the main reason，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。 9．The reason he told me for his being late for class did not sound believable. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他跟我说的上课迟到的理由听起来不可信。The reason did not sound believable是主句，he told me for his being late for class是定语从句，修饰先行词The reason，指物，此空在从句中作told的直宾，应用关系代词that或which。故填 that/which。 10．The new library was built last year provides us with a quiet and comfortable place to study every day. 【答案】which/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：去年建成的新图书馆为我们每天提供了一个安静舒适的学习场所。空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是library，指物，且在定语从句中作主语，所以空处需用关系代词which/that引导定语从句。故填which/that。 11．However, those don’t screen incoming ideas will end up believing things not only false, but also dangerous. 【答案】who 【详解】句意：然而，那些不甄别外来观点的人，最终会相信既虚假又危险的事物。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词those此处指代人，定语从句缺少主语，用关系代词who引导。 12．We all admire the volunteer devotes most of his time to protecting wild animals in the forest. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都钦佩那位将大部分时间都用于保护森林中野生动物的志愿者。空处引导定语从句，先行词为volunteer，指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。 13．The veteran geologist dedicated his entire life to studying volcanic activities left a detailed journal that helped predict the recent eruption successfully. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位毕生致力于研究火山活动的资深地质学家留下了一本详细的日记，成功帮助预测了最近的喷发。分析句子结构可知，这里考查定语从句，先行词为The veteran geologist，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导，符合语境。故填who或that。 14．The boy with my mother is talking is my cousin. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：正在和我妈妈说话的那个男孩是我的表弟。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词boy指人，作介词with的宾语，只能用关系代词whom。 15．The young teacher we all admire very much always tries her best to help every student who is in trouble. 【答案】that/who/whom/省略 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都非常钦佩的那位年轻教师总是竭尽全力去帮助每一个遇到困难的学生。此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是the young teacher，指人，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that/who/whom/省略引导。故填that/who/whom/省略。 16．There are some patients the doctor is taking special care of in the special ward of the hospital. 【答案】whom/who/that/省略 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在医院的特殊病房里，有一些正在被那位医生特别照料的病人。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是some patients，指人，定语从句中of后面缺宾语，应用关系代词who/whom/that/省略。故填who/whom/that/省略。 17．The artist paintings show traditional local culture has won worldwide fame recently. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：这位艺术家因其画作展现了当地传统文化，最近已享誉全球。空处引导定语从句，修饰artist，指人，且在从句中作定语修饰paintings，所以用whose引导。 18．This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book has just been published. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：今晚我将和理查德博士交谈，他的新书刚刚出版。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为Dr Richard，空格后接名词new book，需用关系代词whose作定语，表所属“理查德博士的”。 19．Including To Abei, a children’s novel inspiration comes from China’s Li ethnic traditions, more than 2,500 Chinese children’s books were on display. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：包括《永远的阿贝》（这是一部以中国黎族传统为灵感来源的儿童小说）在内，超过2500本中国儿童读物在展览中展出。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a children’s novel，先行词指物，在从句中作定语，和inspiration之间是所属关系，应用关系代词whose作引导词。 20．Those good deeds always set good examples for others are worth our respect. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：那些其善举总能为他人树立良好榜样的人值得我们尊敬。。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Those“那些人”。从句中“good deeds”与先行词构成所属关系，表示“那些人的善行”，因此需要用关系代词“whose”表示“……的”，在从句中作定语。 考点二 关系副词的用法 【知识精讲】 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 一．关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。 二．关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 三．关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane. 她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...” I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 四．关系代词和副词的选择 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。 ①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。 ②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。 ①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。 ②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 【巩固提升】 1．I’ll never forget the days I first met my best friend Amy. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：我永远忘不了我第一次遇见我最好的朋友艾米的那些日子。空处引导定语从句，先行词是the days，指代时间，且从句缺少时间状语，用关系副词when引导。 2．Do you know the reason he is so angry with me? 【答案】why 【详解】句意：你知道他对我如此生气的原因吗？定语从句修饰先行词reason，在从句作原因状语，故用why引导。 3．This is the place I lost my English notebook. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这就是我丢失英语笔记本的地方。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词place，在定语从句中作地点状语，因此用关系副词where引导定语从句。 4．The reason Tom came late for the wedding was he was ill. 【答案】 why that 【详解】句意：汤姆婚礼迟到的原因是他生病了。第一空引导定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导；第二空引导表语从句，从句句意完整、成分齐全，应用只起连接作用、无实意的that引导。 5．This is a special occasion many families will gather together to celebrate. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这是一个许多家庭会聚在一起庆祝的特殊时刻。空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词occasion是抽象地点，因此空格处用关系副词where引导定语从句。 6．It is a time everything can be done with just a few taps on our smartphones. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：这是一个只需轻点几下智能手机就能办妥所有事情的时代。设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词a time表时间，后面定语从句句子成分完整，不缺主语、宾语，用关系副词when作时间状语。 7．There are many occasions in the school the students feel embarrassed. 【答案】when/where 【详解】句意：在学校有很多学生感到尴尬的时候/在学校有很多学生感到尴尬的场合。先行词occasions在此处意为“时候”，表时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when；还可以表示“场合”，关系词作地点状语，关系副词用where。 8．We are living in an age many things are done on computer. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：我们生活在一个许多事情都依靠电脑完成的时代。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词an age，在定语从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导。 9．The young doctor faced a situation he had to make a quick decision without enough information. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这位年轻的医生面临着这样一种情况：他必须在缺乏足够信息的情况下迅速做出决定。定语从句修饰先行词situation，在从句作地点状语，用where。 10．The professor patiently explained the real reason the ancient writing system had remained stable for thousands of years despite countless wars and migrations. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：教授耐心地解释了尽管经历了无数次的战争和迁徙，这种古老的文字体系仍能保持稳定数千年的真正原因。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the real reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，所以应用关系副词why来引导。故填why。 11．The reason she came late was that she was stuck in the traffic. 【答案】why/for which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她迟到的原因是堵车了。for the reason“由于这个原因”。“____she came late”为定语从句，先行词是The reason，关系词代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，可用关系副词why或“介词for+关系代词which”引导。故填why/for which。 12．The reason she did it is that she wouldn’t let her parents feel disappointed. 【答案】why/for which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她做这件事的原因是她不想让父母失望。在这个句子中，The reason是先行词，后面的“she did it”是定语从句。定语从句中缺少原因状语，即“她做这件事的原因”，所以要用关系副词why来引导定语从句，why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。故填why/for which。 13．Creating an atmosphere students feel free to express themselves is a big challenge for us teachers. 【答案】where / in which 【详解】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：对我们老师来说，创造一个学生可以自由表达自己的氛围是一个很大的挑战。此处atmosphere是先行词，关系词替代先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，也用in which=where。故答案为where/in which。 14．It was 10o’clock they went out of the cinema. 【答案】when/at which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他们走出电影院时已是十点钟了。分析句子结构及句意可知此处为定语从句，先行词为表示时间的名词 10 o’clock， 从句缺少时间状语， 应用关系副词when引导定语从句；表示“在几点”，应用介词at，所以此处的关系副词when也可换作at which。故答案为when/at which。 15．They consider summer vacations as a time / relaxing and having fun is a necessary part. 【答案】 when in/during which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他们认为暑假是一个放松和娱乐必不可少的时间。分析句子可知，空格处引导限定性定语从句。先行词是time，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when或介词in/during+ which，表示“在……期间”。故填when或in/during which。 16．..., these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through we understand our lives. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：……这些核心特征与我们的记忆结合在一起，通过它们我们理解自己的生活，从而创造出一个个人的故事。story后为定语从句，修饰先行词a personal story，且关系词在从句中作介词through的宾语，应用关系代词which。 17．She was at a loss, because it was a problem she was totally unprepared. 【答案】for which 【详解】句意：她不知所措，因为这是一个她完全没有准备的问题。“ she was totally unprepared”是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a problem，且“be unprepared for”是固定搭配，故应用关系代词which将其代入从句中作介词for的宾语，构成“for which”引导定语从句。 18．On my way to work I met the girl about you told us yesterday. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：在我上班的路上，我遇见了你昨天和我们说起的那个女孩。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the girl，指人，在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，固定搭配：tell sb. about sb.意为“说起/谈及某人 ”，介词about提前，后面指代人，只能用whom引导该从句。 19．The book discusses the extent to people’s lives have changed over the past ten years. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这本书探讨了在过去十年里，人们的生活在多大程度上发生了变化。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the extent，且to the extent是固定短语，意为“在……程度上”，先行词作介词to的宾语，所以用关系代词which来引导。故填which。 20．She lived for six and a half years, only half the life of the sheep from she was cloned. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她活了六年半，只有提供她克隆基因的那只羊寿命的一半。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the sheep，指物，介词后关系代词用which。故填which。 一．单句语法填空 1．The tool with he repaired the machine is missing. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：他用来修理这台机器的工具不见了。“with ____ he repaired the machine”是“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词tool，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which。 2．We talked about the people and the things we saw during the trip to the countryside. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：我们谈到了在乡下旅行期间所见到的人和事物。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the people and the things，既有人又有物，且关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that引导从句。 3．She didn’t tell me the reason she was late for the meeting. 【答案】why 【详解】句意：她没有告诉我她开会迟到的原因。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，需用关系副词why引导。 4．The girl to he lent his bike is his deskmate. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：他把自行车借给的那个女孩就是他的同桌。空格处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the girl，关系词在从句中作介词to的宾语，所以用关系代词whom。 5．She is the most hardworking student our class has ever had. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：她是我们班有史以来最勤奋的学生。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为the most hardworking student，student被最高级修饰，在从句中作宾语，只能用关系代词that引导。 6．We are in a situation every second counts. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：我们正处在一个每一秒都至关重要的情况。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词situation是抽象地点，因此用关系副词where引导定语从句。 7．This is the institute many scholars study the culture of Taoist priests. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这就是许多学者研究道士文化的研究机构。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the institute，在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where。 8．This is the first painting I have ever bought with my own money.  【答案】that 【详解】句意：这是我第一次用自己挣的钱购买的画作。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是painting，前面有序数词the first修饰，且关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that引导从句。 9．The house the window of is broken belongs to my uncle. → The house window is broken belongs to my uncle. 【答案】 which whose 【详解】句意：那间窗户已经破损的房子属于我叔叔。第一空为“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词window，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which；第二空定语从句修饰先行词house，在从句作定语，故用whose引导。 10．Guilin is the most beautiful place people all over the world want to visit. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：桂林是世界上最美丽的旅游胜地，世界各地的游客都渴望前来游览。此空引导定语从句修饰先行词place，在从句作宾语，指物，且先行词由最高级修饰，只能用关系代词that引导。 11．This is the house in Lu Xun once lived. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：这就是鲁迅先生曾经居住过的房子。此处为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词为house表示事物，介词后缺宾语，只能用关系代词which指代事物，引导定语从句。 12．The house windows face north belongs to me. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：那座窗户朝北的房子是我的。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，先行词house和windows之间是所属关系，因此用表所属的关系代词whose引导定语从句。 13．The main street is lined with small stands and shops sell almost anything you can imagine. 【答案】which/that 【详解】句意：主街上排列着小摊位和商店，它们出售几乎任何你能想象到的东西。此处为定语从句，先行词small stands and shops指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，引导词用which/that。 14．Is this the very article about environmental protection you think is worth reading and discussing? 【答案】that 【详解】句意：这就是那篇你认为值得一读和讨论的关于环境保护的文章吗？空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词article，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，且先行词被the very修饰，只能用关系代词that引导从句。 15．Each builds a body of knowledge content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：每一个都构建了一个知识体系，其内容由描述事实、趋势和观察如何相互关联的一般法则、原理和概括组成。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a body of knowledge，与从句主语content构成所属关系，用关系代词whose。 16．The museum collection features over 2,000 artifacts will launch a special exhibition next month. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：这座藏品有2000多件文物的博物馆将于下月举办一场特展。定语从句修饰先行词museum，在从句作定语，故用whose引导。 17．The koala broke into the Australian woman’s house was waving a pole as if performing. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：那只闯入这位澳大利亚女士家中的考拉正挥舞着杆子，仿佛在表演。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替指物的先行词koala在从句中作主语，用关系代词that/which。 18．The term “Wen Fang” refers to a reading room or a study intellectuals in ancient times could enjoy a peaceful moment alone. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：“文房”一词指古代文人可以独自享受宁静时光的阅览室或书房。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词a study在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词。 19．Recently, many Western musical artists have released their live albums — a format has seemingly lost its appeal. 【答案】which/that 【详解】句意：近来，许多西方音乐艺人纷纷发行了他们的现场专辑——但这种形式似乎已失去了其原有的吸引力。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a format，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that作引导词。 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面短文，在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Baduanjin (八段锦), a form of 1 (fit), has been popular with Chinese younger people thanks to its health benefits. Last year, fashion designer Jiang Xi took up Baduanjin. She posted videos of her practicing Baduanjin on social media, and 2 (attract) more than 10,000 followers in four months. Most of her followers aged between 20 to 30. “When practicing Baduanjin, all you need to do is to focus 3 your body and health, moving slowly in a comfortable rhythm, and free 4 (you) from the anxiety of living alone in big cities,” said Jiang Xi. Under her influence and persuasion, Jiang Xi’s older brother Jiang Nan also became a vlogger of Baduanjin. 5 (live) in different cities, the siblings (兄弟) have found new kinship ties in Baduanjin. Every week, a group of youngers practice Taichi by the lake in Xiaogang Park of Guangzhou city, south China’s Guangdong Province. Feng Junhua is the organizer of martial arts practice. He gathers youngsters 6 are interested in martial arts and health maintenance, and finds a quiet place in the park 7 (relax) their bodies. “Practicing martial arts is much 8 (cheap) than many other leisure activities, and people feel less burden of socializing. These factors attract young people in the metropolis to participate,” said Feng. Traditional Chinese culture requires the inheritance of these young 9 (generation). Young people are looking for their inner “order” in 10 developing world. Traditional martial arts have brought a concrete and natural way of life in line with their inner selves. They are where young people and traditional Chinese culture blend (融合). 【答案】1．fitness 2．attracted 3．on 4．yourself 5．Living 6．who/that 7．to relax 8．cheaper 9．generations 10．a 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了八段锦等传统武术在年轻人中越来越受欢迎的现象，说明了传统武术给年轻人带来的益处以及年轻人对传统文化的传承。 1．考查名词。句意：八段锦是一种健身形式，因其对健康的益处而受到中国年轻人的欢迎。提示词作介词of的宾语，用名词fitness，意为“健身”，不可数名词。故填fitness。 2．考查动词时态。句意：她在社交媒体上发布了自己练习八段锦的视频，四个月内吸引了1万多名粉丝。attract(吸引)是并列谓语动词，与主语She之间是主动关系，根据上文中时间状语“Last year”可知，讲述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时态。故填attracted。 3．考查介词。句意：“练习八段锦时，你所需要做的就是关注自己的身体和健康，以舒适的节奏缓慢移动，让自己从独自生活在大城市的焦虑中解脱出来，”蒋曦说。focus on是固定搭配，意为“关注”。故填on。 4．考查代词。句意：“练习八段锦时，你所需要做的就是关注自己的身体和健康，以舒适的节奏缓慢移动，让自己从独自生活在大城市的焦虑中解脱出来，”蒋曦说。提示词you作宾语，与主语you指同一对象，用反身代词yourself，意为“你自己”。故填yourself。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然生活在不同的城市，但这对兄妹在八段锦中找到了新的亲属关系。“(live) in different cities”在句中作让步状语，live(生活)用非谓语动词形式，与其逻辑主语the siblings之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动；句首单词首字母大写。故填Living。 6．考查定语从句。句意：他把对武术和养生感兴趣的年轻人聚集在一起，在公园里找一个安静的地方放松他们的身体。“ ____ are interested in martial arts and health maintenance”为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词youngsters，指人，关系词将其代入定语从句中作主语，应使用关系代词who或者that引导该从句。故填who/that。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：他把对武术和养生感兴趣的年轻人聚集在一起，在公园里找一个安静的地方放松他们的身体。“(relax) their bodies”在句中作目的状语，用不定式形式。故填to relax。 8．考查形容词比较级。句意：“练习武术比许多其他休闲活动便宜得多，人们社交负担也较小。这些因素吸引了大都市的年轻人参与。”冯说。根据句意为和比较对象“than many other leisure activities”可知，应用形容词比较级cheaper作表语，意为“更便宜的”。故填cheaper。 9．考查名词复数。句意：中国传统文化需要这些年轻一代的传承。可数名词generation(一代人)作宾语，根据句中these可知，应使用其复数形式generations。故填generations。 10．考查冠词。句意：年轻人在不断发展的世界中寻找他们内心的“秩序”。world是可数名词单数形式，在句中表示“一个不断发展的世界”，泛指，且developing发音以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。 B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and exams. Yet would you be 1 (surprise) if I tell you that high school life in the US is almost as stressful as it is in China? In US high school, everything 2 (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations. Failing 3 (turn) in your homework on time will 4 (direct) affect your grade for a certain course. Perhaps different from what we used to think of the US high school 5 (student), they pay great attention 6 getting high scores to try to get into a key university. Otherwise, they’ll be disappointed after 7 (graduate) from high school. Like university students, the US high school students have the freedom to choose the courses 8 most attract them. Even a 9th grader can sit in 9 same classroom as 12th graders. But this also means he or she has to work very hard, because the teacher will not treat him or her differently just because he or she is a few years 10 (young) than others. 【答案】1．surprised 2．is recorded 3．to turn 4．directly 5．students 6．to 7．graduating/graduation 8．that/which 9．the 10．younger 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的高中生活几乎和中国一样紧张和苛刻。 1．考查形容词。句意：但如果你知道美国高中的生活压力竟然和中国的一样大，你还会感到惊讶吗？作表语，修饰人，表示“感到惊讶的”，应使用-ed结尾形容词surprised。故填surprised。 2．考查时态语态。句意：在美国的高中里，一切都会被记录并打分，包括你在测验、考试和期末考试中的成绩。主语everything与谓语record为被动关系，陈述事实为一般现在时，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语是第三人称单数。故填is recorded。 3．考查动词不定式。句意：未能按时交作业将会直接影响你某门课程的成绩。固定短语fail to do sth.意为“未能做某事”。故填to turn。 4．考查副词。句意：未能按时交作业将会直接影响你某门课程的成绩。修饰动词affect应用副词directly，作状语。故填directly。 5．考查名词的数。句意：或许与我们过去对美国高中生的认知有所不同，他们非常重视取得高分，以期能进入重点大学。student为可数名词，根据后文they可知应用复数形式，作宾语。故填students。 6．考查介词。句意：或许与我们过去对美国高中生的认知有所不同，他们非常重视取得高分，以期能进入重点大学。固定搭配pay attention to表示“重视，注重”。故填to。 7．考查非谓语动词或名词。句意：否则，他们高中毕业后就会感到失望。after为介词，后跟动名词graduating或名词graduation，作宾语。故填graduating/graduation。 8．考查定语从句。句意：就像大学学生一样，美国高中生也有权选择最吸引他们的课程。限制性定语从句修饰先行词courses，从句缺少主语，指物，故用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。 9．考查冠词。句意：甚至一个九年级的学生也能和十二年级的学生坐在同一个教室里。same表示“相同的”、“同样的”等，通常与定冠词连用。故填the。 10．考查形容词。句意：但这也意味着他或她必须付出巨大的努力，因为老师不会因为这个学生比其他人小几岁而对其区别对待。由上文可知，9年级和12年级的学生比较，自然是年龄更小一些，故用形容词的比较级形式。故填younger。 C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Smooth and durable, Xuan paper is known 1 the “Paper of Ages”. The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book 2 (write) by a scholar Zhang Yanyuan, in which he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting. The craft of making Xuan paper is 3 (extreme) challenging. Sandalwood bark (檀香树皮), 4 special plant unique to southern China, goes through 108 procedures before it 5 (change) into a batch of fine Xuan paper. The entire process is so complex that even the most skilled craftsman can only master some of its steps, 6 shows us how valuable the craftsmanship is. 7 (make) great Xuan paper, workers have to figure out the right proportions of the materials included. Different proportions of bark to straw can create different canvases best suited for artistic 8 (express). Xuan paper has accompanied the Chinese literati for thousands of years. Unlike other forms of paper, it cannot be easily damaged by time. 9 is this durability (耐用性) that has made the preservation of many traditional works from ancient China possible. Papermaking is a shape of wisdom of the ancient Chinese, and Xuan paper represents the 10 (high) level of papermaking. 【答案】1．as 2．written 3．extremely 4．a 5．is changed 6．which 7．To make 8．expressions 9．It 10．highest 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了宣纸，它以光滑耐用著称，被誉为“千年寿纸”。 1．考查介词。句意：宣纸光滑耐用，被誉为“千年寿纸”。be known as为固定短语，意为“被誉为，被称作”，符合语境，故填as。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：“宣纸”一词最早出现在学者张彦远所著的《历代名画记》一书中，他在书中将宣纸描述为书画的理想载体。此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰a book。write与book之间是被动关系，即书是被写的，所以用过去分词written。故填written。 3．考查副词。句意：宣纸的制作工艺极具挑战性。此处修饰形容词challenging，应用副词形式，extreme的副词为extremely，意为“极其，非常”。故填extremely。 4．考查冠词。句意：檀香树皮，中国南方特有的一种特殊植物，要经过108道工序才能变成一批精美的宣纸。此处表示泛指“一种特殊植物”，special是以辅音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。 5．考查动词时态和语态。句意：檀香树皮，中国南方特有的一种特殊植物，要经过108道工序才能变成一批精美的宣纸。根据语境可知，此处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。主语it（指代Sandalwood bark）与change之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，其结构为“am/is/are +过去分词”，主语是第三人称单数，所以用is changed。故填is changed。 6．考查定语从句。句意：整个过程如此复杂，以至于即使是最熟练的工匠也只能掌握其中的一些步骤，这表明了这种工艺是多么珍贵。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整个句子“The entire process is so complex that even the most skilled craftsman can only master some of its steps”，关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了制作出优质的宣纸，工人们必须弄清楚所包含材料的正确比例。此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作目的状语，句首首字母大写。故填To make。 8．考查名词。句意：树皮与稻草的不同比例可以创造出最适合艺术表达的不同画布。空前有形容词artistic修饰，此处应用名词形式，express的名词为expression，意为“表达”，是可数名词，结合语境，此处表示多种艺术表达，应用复数形式expressions。故填expressions。 9．考查强调句。句意：正是这种耐久性使得许多中国古代传统作品的保存成为可能。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句，其结构为“It is/was +被强调部分+ that/who +其他部分”，本句中被强调部分为this durability，所以用It，句首首字母大写。故填It。 10．考查形容词最高级。句意：造纸术是中国古代智慧的一种体现，而宣纸代表了造纸术的最高水平。根据语境及空前的the可知，此处应用形容词最高级形式，high的最高级为highest，意为“最高的”。故填highest。 D 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案填写在答题卡上。 Several years ago, a company in Shanghai was tasked with building an underground shopping center, a parking lot, and subway lines under the Huayanli complex (建筑群). The three brick-and-wood buildings, 1 (build) in the 1920s, are classic examples of Shikumen. 2 (protect) them, the buildings had to be moved somewhere else. However, none of the usual 3 (method) could work because of their location and weakness. The engineers needed a 4 (create) way. The team began with 5 detailed 3D record of the buildings. Battery-powered drilling robots then worked around the complex’s base, clearing soil to make room for the lifting robots below. Next were 432 small “walking” robots, 6 were put below the buildings carefully. Working together, they moved the buildings forward at very, very low speed — about 9 meters per day. 7 total, the buildings were moved about 48 meters west 8 46 meters north. Once the team finished the foundation work for the underground structures, it was time to move the buildings back. The whole work 9 (do) within twenty days. After the buildings were 10 (safe) returned, work on the underground project continued. This effort shows clearly how new technology can protect old buildings. 【答案】1．built 2．To protect 3．methods 4．creative 5．a 6．which 7．In 8．and 9．was done 10．safely 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了上海一家公司的工程师团队采用新技术（3D记录、钻孔机器人、行走机器人）将石库门建筑平移，待地下工程基础完工后再移回的情况，体现了新技术对古建筑的保护作用。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这三座建于20世纪20年代的砖木结构建筑，是石库门建筑的经典代表。“The three brick-and-wood buildings”是句子主语，与动词“build”之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，且“建造”的动作发生在20世纪20年代，为过去的时间，故用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填built。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了保护这些建筑，它们必须被移到其他地方。根据下文“the buildings had to be moved somewhere else”可知，这一动作的目的是“保护这些石库门建筑”，此处为动词不定式作目的状语，且句首单词首字母要大写。故填To protect。 3．考查名词。句意：然而，由于这些建筑的位置和结构脆弱性，常规的方法都不适用。“none of + 可数名词复数”是固定用法，表示“……中没有一个”，出处应用method的复数形式methods。故填methods。 4．考查词性转换。句意：工程师们需要一种有创意的方法。此处为形容词作定语修饰way，create的形容词形式creative“具有创造性的”符合题意。故填creative。 5．考查冠词。句意：团队首先对这些建筑进行了详细的3D记录。record是可数名词单数，且此处表示泛指，detailed的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。故填a。 6．考查定语从句。句意：接下来是432个小型“行走”机器人，它们被小心地放置在建筑下方。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是432 small ‘walking’ robots，指物，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 7．考查介词。句意：总的来说，这些建筑向西移动了约48米，向北移动了46米。in total为固定短语，表示“总共，合计”，且句首单词首字母要大写。故填In。 8．考查连词。句意：总的来说，这些建筑向西移动了约48米，向北移动了46米。“48 meters west”与“46 meters north”是并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。 9． 考查谓语动词。句意：整个工作在20天内完成了。 主语The whole work为不可数名词，与动词do之间为被动关系，且此句描述的是过去的动作，故用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was done。 10．考查词性转换。句意：这些建筑被安全归位后，地下工程的施工继续进行。空格后为动词“returned”，需用副词修饰；safe的副词形式safely“安全地”符合题意。故填safely。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 定语从句密码速通（关系代词、关系副词）（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 限定性定语从句 考点二 关系代词的用法 考点三 关系副词的用法 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 限制性定语从句 关系词 先行词 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人（主语） Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中做宾语，口语中可由who代替，但介词提前时只能用whom。 whom 人（宾语） She is the new student who I want to introduce to you. The policeman to whom I spoke just now is my brother. which 物（主语，宾语） The picture which was about the accident was terrible. The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. that 人，物（主语，宾语） A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? that在从句中即可指人也可指物，但介词提前时，指人只用whom，指物用which that 人或物 I’ll tell you all (that) I know about it. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? I’ve brought everything (that) you need. He is the only person that is believable. John is the very person that she wants to see. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 当先行词为all, little, much 和 some, any, every, no 构成的复合代词等表示物时，关系代词只能用 that, 在从句中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用 that 或who (whom) 均可 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或强调词the only, the very, the same等修饰时定语从句用that引导。 whose 人，物（定语） The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. whose 在从句中做定语可指人或物，可分别用…of whom或of which代替 as 人，物（主语，宾语，表语） He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. He’s not the same man as he was. 先行词由so, such, the same等词修饰时定语从句用as引导。 as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间（状语） I will never forget the day when we met there. 可根据具体的时间选用相应的介词+which结构 where 地点（状语） He showed me the building where he used to work, 可根据具体的地点选用相应的介词+which结构 why 原因（状语） Can you tell me the reason why you are so interested in science?. 可用for which替代 ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 限定性定语从句 在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有两种: 关系代词who,whom,whose, that,which,as和关系副词when,where, why. 关系代词3个作用：1）连接作用2）替代作用3）在从句中充当成分：作主语/宾语/表语/定语。 如下图所示： 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句 ↓ ↓ ↓ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。 考点二 关系代词的用法 关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 指代 在从句中的成分 that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语 which 物 主语/宾语/表语 who 人 主语/宾语/表语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人/物 定语 一．关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。 London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city.英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 二．关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province.昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 三．关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south. 这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. 我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls. 西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 关系代词易错点： 1.关系代词的省略 关系代词做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略，在非限制性定语从句中不省略。 Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略） 杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。 Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。 2.从句中代词的重复多余 定语从句中的引导词指代先行词,从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。 The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×） The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√） 我昨天读的那本书很有趣。 3.what不引导定语从句 定语从句中有关系代词that和which而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。 All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all) What we need is a supply of oil. (what引导主语从句) 我们需要的是石油供应。 4.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开） 在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用who/ whom，指代“物”，用which。 The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。 He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be. 他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。 5.whose+n. = the+n +of which =of which+the+n. 名词之前必须有the。 I live in the room whose window/the window of which / of which the window faces south.我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。 6. 定语从句中的主谓一致: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 He is a good student who likes to help others. 他是一个乐于助人的好学生。 They are good students who like to help others. 他们是乐于助人的好学生。 He is one of the students who were praised. 他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。 He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。 7.关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) .指人只用whom, 指物只用which This is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars. 【巩固提升】 1．The train I’m travelling on is for Shanghai. 2．She is the teacher I’ve learned a lot from. 3．Can you tell me the name of the stadium you visited last week? 4．Their primary school teachers and their lessons they were fond of influenced their lives. 5．I am grateful to my headteacher always assists me with my learning. 6．We were all deeply impressed by the way he solved that complex problem, which was both creative and efficient. 7．Drawing on these natural advantages, Donglan has positioned TCM as a key foundation in recent years, adopting a strategy combines ecological planting, intensive processing, and cultural tourism. 8．The main reason causes stress is the tight schedule. 9．The reason he told me for his being late for class did not sound believable. 10．The new library was built last year provides us with a quiet and comfortable place to study every day. 11．However, those don’t screen incoming ideas will end up believing things not only false, but also dangerous. 12．We all admire the volunteer devotes most of his time to protecting wild animals in the forest. 13．The veteran geologist dedicated his entire life to studying volcanic activities left a detailed journal that helped predict the recent eruption successfully. 14．The boy with my mother is talking is my cousin. 15．The young teacher we all admire very much always tries her best to help every student who is in trouble. 16．There are some patients the doctor is taking special care of in the special ward of the hospital. 17．The artist paintings show traditional local culture has won worldwide fame recently. 18．This evening, I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book has just been published. 19．Including To Abei, a children’s novel inspiration comes from China’s Li ethnic traditions, more than 2,500 Chinese children’s books were on display. 20．Those good deeds always set good examples for others are worth our respect. 考点二 关系副词的用法 【知识精讲】 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 一．关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。 二．关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 三．关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane. 她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...” I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 四．关系代词和副词的选择 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。 ①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。 ②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。 ①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。 ②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 【巩固提升】 1．I’ll never forget the days I first met my best friend Amy. 2．Do you know the reason he is so angry with me? 3．This is the place I lost my English notebook. 4．The reason Tom came late for the wedding was he was ill. 5．This is a special occasion many families will gather together to celebrate. 6．It is a time everything can be done with just a few taps on our smartphones. 7．There are many occasions in the school the students feel embarrassed. 8．We are living in an age many things are done on computer. 9．The young doctor faced a situation he had to make a quick decision without enough information. 10．The professor patiently explained the real reason the ancient writing system had remained stable for thousands of years despite countless wars and migrations. 11．The reason she came late was that she was stuck in the traffic. 12．The reason she did it is that she wouldn’t let her parents feel disappointed. 13．Creating an atmosphere students feel free to express themselves is a big challenge for us teachers. 14．It was 10o’clock they went out of the cinema. 15．They consider summer vacations as a time / relaxing and having fun is a necessary part. 16．..., these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through we understand our lives. 17．She was at a loss, because it was a problem she was totally unprepared. 18．On my way to work I met the girl about you told us yesterday. 19．The book discusses the extent to people’s lives have changed over the past ten years. 20．She lived for six and a half years, only half the life of the sheep from she was cloned. 一．单句语法填空 1．The tool with he repaired the machine is missing. 2．We talked about the people and the things we saw during the trip to the countryside. 3．She didn’t tell me the reason she was late for the meeting. 4．The girl to he lent his bike is his deskmate. 5．She is the most hardworking student our class has ever had. 6．We are in a situation every second counts. 7．This is the institute many scholars study the culture of Taoist priests. 8．This is the first painting I have ever bought with my own money.  9．The house the window of is broken belongs to my uncle. → The house window is broken belongs to my uncle. 10．Guilin is the most beautiful place people all over the world want to visit. 11．This is the house in Lu Xun once lived. 12．The house windows face north belongs to me. 13．The main street is lined with small stands and shops sell almost anything you can imagine. 14．Is this the very article about environmental protection you think is worth reading and discussing? 15．Each builds a body of knowledge content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 16．The museum collection features over 2,000 artifacts will launch a special exhibition next month. 17．The koala broke into the Australian woman’s house was waving a pole as if performing. 18．The term “Wen Fang” refers to a reading room or a study intellectuals in ancient times could enjoy a peaceful moment alone. 19．Recently, many Western musical artists have released their live albums — a format has seemingly lost its appeal. 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面短文，在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Baduanjin (八段锦), a form of 1 (fit), has been popular with Chinese younger people thanks to its health benefits. Last year, fashion designer Jiang Xi took up Baduanjin. She posted videos of her practicing Baduanjin on social media, and 2 (attract) more than 10,000 followers in four months. Most of her followers aged between 20 to 30. “When practicing Baduanjin, all you need to do is to focus 3 your body and health, moving slowly in a comfortable rhythm, and free 4 (you) from the anxiety of living alone in big cities,” said Jiang Xi. Under her influence and persuasion, Jiang Xi’s older brother Jiang Nan also became a vlogger of Baduanjin. 5 (live) in different cities, the siblings (兄弟) have found new kinship ties in Baduanjin. Every week, a group of youngers practice Taichi by the lake in Xiaogang Park of Guangzhou city, south China’s Guangdong Province. Feng Junhua is the organizer of martial arts practice. He gathers youngsters 6 are interested in martial arts and health maintenance, and finds a quiet place in the park 7 (relax) their bodies. “Practicing martial arts is much 8 (cheap) than many other leisure activities, and people feel less burden of socializing. These factors attract young people in the metropolis to participate,” said Feng. Traditional Chinese culture requires the inheritance of these young 9 (generation). Young people are looking for their inner “order” in 10 developing world. Traditional martial arts have brought a concrete and natural way of life in line with their inner selves. They are where young people and traditional Chinese culture blend (融合). B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and exams. Yet would you be 1 (surprise) if I tell you that high school life in the US is almost as stressful as it is in China? In US high school, everything 2 (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations. Failing 3 (turn) in your homework on time will 4 (direct) affect your grade for a certain course. Perhaps different from what we used to think of the US high school 5 (student), they pay great attention 6 getting high scores to try to get into a key university. Otherwise, they’ll be disappointed after 7 (graduate) from high school. Like university students, the US high school students have the freedom to choose the courses 8 most attract them. Even a 9th grader can sit in 9 same classroom as 12th graders. But this also means he or she has to work very hard, because the teacher will not treat him or her differently just because he or she is a few years 10 (young) than others. C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Smooth and durable, Xuan paper is known 1 the “Paper of Ages”. The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book 2 (write) by a scholar Zhang Yanyuan, in which he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting. The craft of making Xuan paper is 3 (extreme) challenging. Sandalwood bark (檀香树皮), 4 special plant unique to southern China, goes through 108 procedures before it 5 (change) into a batch of fine Xuan paper. The entire process is so complex that even the most skilled craftsman can only master some of its steps, 6 shows us how valuable the craftsmanship is. 7 (make) great Xuan paper, workers have to figure out the right proportions of the materials included. Different proportions of bark to straw can create different canvases best suited for artistic 8 (express). Xuan paper has accompanied the Chinese literati for thousands of years. Unlike other forms of paper, it cannot be easily damaged by time. 9 is this durability (耐用性) that has made the preservation of many traditional works from ancient China possible. Papermaking is a shape of wisdom of the ancient Chinese, and Xuan paper represents the 10 (high) level of papermaking. D 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案填写在答题卡上。 Several years ago, a company in Shanghai was tasked with building an underground shopping center, a parking lot, and subway lines under the Huayanli complex (建筑群). The three brick-and-wood buildings, 1 (build) in the 1920s, are classic examples of Shikumen. 2 (protect) them, the buildings had to be moved somewhere else. However, none of the usual 3 (method) could work because of their location and weakness. The engineers needed a 4 (create) way. The team began with 5 detailed 3D record of the buildings. Battery-powered drilling robots then worked around the complex’s base, clearing soil to make room for the lifting robots below. Next were 432 small “walking” robots, 6 were put below the buildings carefully. Working together, they moved the buildings forward at very, very low speed — about 9 meters per day. 7 total, the buildings were moved about 48 meters west 8 46 meters north. Once the team finished the foundation work for the underground structures, it was time to move the buildings back. The whole work 9 (do) within twenty days. After the buildings were 10 (safe) returned, work on the underground project continued. This effort shows clearly how new technology can protect old buildings. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $