专题03 非谓语动词密码速通（暑假复习讲义）新高一英语人教版

专题03 非谓语动词密码速通（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 动词不定式 考点二 动词ing形式 考点三 过去分词 考点四 独立主格结构 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 动词不定式： 基本形式为to do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，往往有将来意味。其被动式为to be done，进行式为to be doing，完成式为to have done，完成被动式为to have been done，完成进行式为to have been doing 。 动名词： 形式为doing，既具有动词的某些特征，又具有名词的句法功能，相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作。其被动式为being done，完成式为having done，完成被动式为having been done 。 现在分词： 形式为doing，相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味，表示主动和进行。其被动式为being done，完成式为having done，完成被动式为having been done 。 过去分词： 形式为done，相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义。及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。 ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 动词不定式 【知识精讲】 一．动词不定式的形式、时态和语态 用法： 1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”；否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。 The doctor advised me to take medicine.医生建议我吃药。 He told me not to do so.他叫我别那么做。 2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化： （1）一般式：主动语态→to do；被动语态→to be done （2）完成式：主动语态→to have done；被动语态→to have been done （3）进行式：主动语态→to be doing；被动语态→（无） （4）完成进行式：主动语态→to have been doing；被动语态→（无） 二．动词不定式的用法 用法： 1.不定式作名词的用法：不定式可以像名词一样，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。 不定式作主语和表语 They agreed to give it to me the next day. 不定式作宾语 他们同意第二天将它给我。 I don’t wish the subject to be raised again. 不定式作宾语补足语 我不希望再提起这个话题。 2.不定式作副词的用法：不定式可作副词用，修饰动词或形容词，在句中作状语，表目的、原因、结果等。 He came to give us a talk yesterday. 不定式表目的 他昨天来（为了）给我们作报告。 I am sorry to hear the sad news. 不定式表原因 听到这个坏消息，我很难过。 I was too tired to move.我累得不能动了。 不定式表结果 3.不定式作形容词的用法： 不定式作形容词用时，修饰名词或代词，在句中担任定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且不定式为不及物动词时，不定式后要加上相应的介词。 I have no friends to help me. 不定式to help和名词friends是主谓关系 我没有朋友来帮助我。 I have too many things to do. 不定式to do和名词things是动宾关系 我有太多事情要做。 提示：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式短语）移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“for sb.”前的形容词常表客观属性，“of sb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。 It is difficult for the students to read the book.学生们读这本书有点儿难。 It is careless of him to break the cup.他太粗心了，把杯子打碎了。 在hope，demand，agree，refuse等后可接不定式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope/demand/agree/refuse sb.to do。 不定式作宾语补足语，如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系，不定式用被动式。 注意：不定式与疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等连用构成不定式短语，在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem.做什么是个大问题。 I didn’t find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发。 She will tell us where to go and when to start.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。 The question is how to get there.问题是如何到那儿去。 三．动词不定式的省略 用法： 1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。 I heard her sing in the kitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。 2.两个（以上）不定式并列，尤其是由and或or连接时，第二个不定式中常常省略to。 I promised to finish my homework and (to) hand it in one time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 3.but，except，besides等前有行为动词do时，后可跟不带to的不定式。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.敌人除了投降，别无选择。 4.在had better do sth.；had/would rather do sth.；had/would rather do sth.that do sth.；cannot but do sth.等句型中，省略了to。 She would rather save money than buy clothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。 5.一个动词在前面已经出现过，再次以不定式形式出现时，为避免重复，可省略不定式中的动词原形，而只保留to。 He doesn’t go jogging as he used to.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。 提示：当一个不定式被省略时，如为“to do”型不定式，to要保留下来，表示省略了一个不定式；如为“to be”型或“to have done”型不定式，则保留to，并加be或have。 -Would you like to be a teacher?你想当老师吗？ -Yes,I’d like to be.是的，想。 四．动词不定式的重要句型 用法： 1.ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.表示“请/告诉某人（不要）做某事”。 Her mother asked her to wash the dishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。 2.want/wish (sb.) to do sth.表示“想（让某人）去做某事”。 I want/wish to be an actress.我想成为一名女演员。 3.hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”。 I hope to do it myself.我希望亲自做这件事。 4.too+形容词/副词+(to) do sth.表示“太……（以致）不能……”。 He was too nervous to say a word.他太紧张了，以至于说不出一句话来。 5.too...+for sb. to do sth.表示“对某人来说，太……以致不能……”。 It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.房间里太黑，他什么也看不见。 6.形容词+enough to do sth.表示“太……（以至）不能……”。 My son is old enough to go to school.我儿子足够大了，到上学的年龄了。 【巩固提升】 1．I regret (tell) you that the flight you booked has been canceled due to bad weather. 2．The captain can always find a way (encourage) his team members. 3．I examined the chick (雏鸟) and it seemed fine. My next work was (construct) a nest and anchor it in a tree. 4．When you plan an exercise routine, the first thing (consider) is what you expect to improve: heart and lung efficiency. 5． (ignore) the potential risks of artificial intelligence would be extremely short-sighted. 6．Sport will encourage you (maintain) a positive and balanced outlook. 7．He wrote a letter     (request) permission to join the school’s music club. 8．The sports meeting is likely (cancel) on account of the heavy rain. 9．Traditional Chinese seal makers often use tianhuang stone, which is difficult (carve) because of its relative softness. 10．The brave boy prefers (solve) problems by himself rather than ask for others’ help. 11．With so many challenging tasks (complete), he felt sort of anxious. 12．You need to eat foods rich in protein (help) your muscles recover and repair themselves after exercise. 13．We must grasp every opportunity to (strength) cultural exchange with other countries. 14．Practising tai chi has inspired me (explore) the Chinese culture behind it. 15．This week, we intend (put) this theory to the test by asking you, our readers, to write a title for this picture. 16．On the whole, he has the potential (become) a world-class musician. 17．They don’t have the courage (apologize) for their actions. 18．We should make every effort (solve) the problem. 19．Printed books are expensive and not easy (carry). 20．They wanted (design) a machine that was both attractive and useful. 考点二 动词-ing形式 【知识精讲】 一．动词-ing形式的概述 用法：动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种，由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下（以及物动词do为例）： （1）一般式：主动语态→doing；被动语态→being done （2）完成式：主动语态→having done；被动语态→having been done （3）完成进行式：主动语态→having been doing；被动语态→（无） 如果是不及物动词，则没有被动语态，主动语态也没有完成进行式，以不及物动词go为例，其一般式为going，完成式为having gone。 The boy is fond of playing football.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运，差一点被抓到。 提示：动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。 Not knowing how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色，他去向她求助。 二．动词-ing形式的用法 用法： 1.动词-ing形式作主语，表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。 Reading books makes one wise.读书使人明智。 2.动词-ing形式作表语，表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。 Her interest is collecting shoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。 3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit，advise，consider，enjoy，can’t help，feel like等。 I enjoy listening to rock music.我喜欢听摇滚乐。 4.动词-ing形式作定语，表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。 There is a swimming pool in my card.我的院子里有一个游泳池。 5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel，hear，smell，listen to，leave，keep，set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系，且表示动作正在进行，状态正在持续。 What she said set me thinking deeply.她说的话使我深思。 6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。 Walking in the street,I saw a friend of mine.走在街上，我遇见了一个朋友。 提示：动词-ing形式作主语时，有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语，常见句型为：It’s no use/no good/useless/not any use+(sb’s)doing... It’s no good talking to him.同他谈没用。 【巩固提升】 1．Many old people go (jog) for exercise in the park in the early morning. 2．I prefer reading to (watch)TV in my spare time. 3．Those scientists who dedicate their lives to the outer space exploration are worth (learn) from. 4．Many kids are addicted to (surf) the Internet, so they have lost interest in study. 5．Therefore, it’s high time we took measures to prevent water (pollute). 6．Currently, (earn) a living has become more challenging for ordinary people. 7．They ended up (quarrel) because of a small thing. 8．Everything that is worth doing is worthy of (do) well. 9．Remember, your true self is the most beautiful version, worthy of (love) and cherished. 10．Despite (refer) to the dictionary, he still couldn’t understand the long sentence. 11．Sanxingdui Museum is the largest museum in Southwest China with a large number of precious relics (date) as far back as 5,000 years ago. 12．Not (grow) up in China, he’s aware of his knowledge gaps. 13． (star) Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump is definitely a movie you should not miss! 14．The Republican Party, (refer) to themselves proudly as “the party of Lincoln”, is taking power in America. 15．Many (struggle) artists in the early 20th century, despite their remarkable talent, lived in poverty because their works were not recognized by the mainstream society at that time. 16．The coins (date) from the year 275AD to 221BC were dug up on the island. 17．Zuocao, (sit) at the back, plays gongs, bowls, and clappers. 18．The park is open to people of all ages, (range) from young children to the elderly. 19．Like cars ( run ) on petrol, your body burns carbohydrates for energy. 20． (date) back to over 2, 000 years ago, the Silk Road connected China with the West.  考点三 过去分词 【知识精讲】 一．过去分词的概述 用法： 过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形加-ed”，但也有不规则的形式，不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。 Look at the broken glasses.看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 二．过去分词的用法 用法： 1.过去分词作表语，表示被动或者表示主语所处的状态。 I was pleased at the news.听到这个消息，我很高兴。 2.过去分词作定语，一般都含完成和被动之意。但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义。 There are many fallen leaves on the ground.地上有许多落叶。 3.过去分词可在动词see，feel，hear，notice，watch，make，let，get等后作宾补，宾补和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系。 I heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 4.过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、结果等。 Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.虽然受伤了，那位勇敢的战士继续战斗。 【巩固提升】 1．Despite the noise from the outside, the student managed to keep his attention (concentrate) on the teacher’s explanation. 2．The Back-to-School Speech (deliver) by President Obama to American high school students in 2009 encouraged them to study hard and to be the authors of their own destinies. 3． (complete) in 610, the canal grew more and more important throughout China over the next 500 years. 4．He was sitting by the window with his head (bury) in a detective novel. 5．With many treasures (bury) in the tomb, the archaeologists worked carefully.   6．With the match   (postpone) due to heavy rain, the team practiced indoors instead. 7．Yuan Longping, often (refer) to as “Father of Hybrid Rice”, has saved millions of lives. 8．The earthquake left thousands of people (trap) in the city.   9． (adapt) from the work by Victor Hugo, the musical tells a powerful and moving story of love. 10． (bury) in practicing calligraphy, the teenager didn’t notice it was getting dark. 考点四 独立主格结构 【知识精讲】 一．独立主格结构的概述 用法：独立主格结构由名词或主格代词加上其他成分（非谓语动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成，在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子；在意思上依附于整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况等。独立主格结构可置于句首或句尾，其逻辑主语与句中主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 Spring coming on,the trees turn green.春天来了，树都变绿了。 表时间，独立主格中逻辑主语是spring，句中主语是the trees Gary sat silently,eyes closed.加里静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。 表伴随，独立主语中逻辑主语是eyes，句中主语是Gary 二．独立主格结构的构成及用法 用法：1.名词/主格代词+不定式：名词或代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，这种结构可位于句首或句末，不定式多表示将来的动作。 The teacher to help us,we will succeed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。 2.名词/主格代词+现在分词：名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 Time permitting,we can finish the work.若时间许可，我们就能完成这项工作。 3.名词/主格代词+过去分词：名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。 The signal given,the bus started.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。 4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词/介词短语：形容词、副词或介词短语常用来说明或代词的特征、性质或所处状态。 The meeting over,the students were dismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。 5.There being+名词/代词。 There being no buses,I had to walk home.因为没有车，我不得不步行回家。 提示：“with/without+名词/代词宾格+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”的作用相当于独立主格短语，在句中可作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随等状语。另外，此结构还可作后置定语，修饰其前的名词。 I can’t go out,with a lot of homework to do. 表原因 我不能出去，因为有许多作业要做。 The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on. 表原因 教室里所有的灯都开着，非常明亮。 He lay on the grass,with his eyes looking at the sky. 表方式 他躺在草地上，眼睛注视着天空。 【巩固提升】 1． by his flushed cheeks, Shrek is actually very concerned about the election result and quite nervous about it. (judge) 2．He came in, rain (stream) from his clothes and hair. 3．Different occasions (take) into account, table manners differ a lot. 4．He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known (be) the general theory of relativity. 5．Mary (come) back, they discussed it together. 6．Everything (take) into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. 7． (judge) from the happy shouts outside tonight, I’m sure they have won the game. 8．The party will be held in the garden as scheduled, weather (permit). 9． (judge) from what he said, he is an old hand in this field. 10．The party will be held in the garden, weather (permit)． 【答案】permitting 　 一．单句语法填空 1．There is no point (compare) you with others all the time. 2．Missing the application deadline might prevent me from to university this year. (admit) 3．Without enough information, we decided to postpone (make) any decision. 4．After moving to a new country, many people end up (adapt) to the local customs without even realizing it. 5．The accident on the morning of last Sunday resulted in three . (kill) 6．Last July, it rained heavily in the south, (cause) serious flooding in several provinces. 7．The crowd filled the square during the National Day. (celebrate) 8． (realize) the importance of kindness, he decided to volunteer in the community. 9．The bridge is 2,890 metres long, with the main span (stretch) 1,420 metres. 10．Jack stood in front of the class, completely (forget)every word that he had prepared for his speech. 11．The foldable chair (design) by Shirley is most helpful to the elderly. 12．Even if (invite) to, I won’t go to such a lecture. 13．The conductor likes to have his room (decorate) with red lanterns. 14． (inspire) by a girl singing one of his works, Eric asked his fans to make more videos and joined them together into one performance. 15． (equip) with essential knowledge and skills, I’m sure I will adapt to the new work environment quickly. 16． (judge) from the current situation, a new plan should be put forward as soon as possible. 17．Weather (permit), we will go hi king this Sunday. 18．Listening to music enables us (feel) relaxed. 19．We managed (get) over the adversities in learning English. 20．Despite the difficult situation, Dr Bethune did whatever he could (assist) the Chinese people. 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 My friend and I have been close for several years. We’re hardly out of each other’s sight. But last Saturday she 1 (break) my heart. 2 (origin), we planned to see a film that afternoon, but in the morning, I learnt from a message posted on social media that she had a cold. I gave her 3 call telling her to make a 4 (recover) at home and she thanked me for my thoughtfulness. 5 my surprise, however, she was seen chatting with another girl in a cafe on Saturday afternoon, when she 6 (expect) to stay at home. Obviously, she lied about her illness. I was filled with 7 (angry) and avoided meeting her all day and still don’t feel like making any 8 (respond) to her online messages. I don’t know 9 I should forgive her if she ignores my feelings or refuses to back down. Some people advise me to have a full and frank talk with her while others suggest 10 (rethink) our relationship. I am at a total loss. B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jeremy wrote a message to a website about his health problems, in which he said he 1 (feed) up with getting sick all the time and felt awkward 2 (fail) PE exams. In response to his message, Dr. Martin 3 (recommend) long-distance running as it brings lots of benefits. First, it doesn’t need any special 4 (equip). Also, running strengthens our immune system, prevents diseases and helps us get in shape. Besides, anybody 5 is feeling down can go for a run to cheer 6 (them) up. A thirty-minute run can provide relief 7 aches or tension that one may be suffering due to stress. 8 (avoid) injuries, it is important to warm up and cool down 9 (proper). Just keep running. Nothing gives more satisfaction than realizing 10 you are capable of with all the sweat and hard work. C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chinese chess, also known as Xiangqi, shines brightly as a traditional intellectual game with a long-standing history. It has not only been a pastime for the Chinese people for centuries but also a carrier of profound cultural connotations (内涵意义). The origin of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period. At first, it was a military - themed board game 1 was used to simulate (模拟) battle formations and strategies. Over time, it evolved and spread among the general public, 2 (become) a popular form of entertainment. According to historical records, in the Tang Dynasty, Chinese chess   3 (go) through significant improvements, and the modern-day form of the game started to take shape. In 2008, Chinese chess was   4 (official) listed as a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in China. This recognition is a testament to its long-standing history, cultural significance, and its role 5 the social and cultural life of the Chinese people. As 6 intangible cultural heritage, Chinese chess is not only a game but a part of China's cultural identity, passed down from generation to generation. It represents the 7 (wise)and creativity of the Chinese nation and has become an important symbol of Chinese traditional culture. The government and various cultural institutions have been making efforts 8 (protect) and promote Chinese chess, organizing training programs, competitions, and cultural exchange activities to ensure 9 (it) continuous development and inheritance (传承). Nowadays ,Chinese chess 10 (play) by millions of people worldwide. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 非谓语动词密码速通（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 动词不定式 考点二 动词ing形式 考点三 过去分词 考点四 独立主格结构 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 动词不定式： 基本形式为to do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，往往有将来意味。其被动式为to be done，进行式为to be doing，完成式为to have done，完成被动式为to have been done，完成进行式为to have been doing 。 动名词： 形式为doing，既具有动词的某些特征，又具有名词的句法功能，相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作。其被动式为being done，完成式为having done，完成被动式为having been done 。 现在分词： 形式为doing，相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味，表示主动和进行。其被动式为being done，完成式为having done，完成被动式为having been done 。 过去分词： 形式为done，相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义。及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。 ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 动词不定式 【知识精讲】 一．动词不定式的形式、时态和语态 用法： 1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”；否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。 The doctor advised me to take medicine.医生建议我吃药。 He told me not to do so.他叫我别那么做。 2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化： （1）一般式：主动语态→to do；被动语态→to be done （2）完成式：主动语态→to have done；被动语态→to have been done （3）进行式：主动语态→to be doing；被动语态→（无） （4）完成进行式：主动语态→to have been doing；被动语态→（无） 二．动词不定式的用法 用法： 1.不定式作名词的用法：不定式可以像名词一样，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。 不定式作主语和表语 They agreed to give it to me the next day. 不定式作宾语 他们同意第二天将它给我。 I don’t wish the subject to be raised again. 不定式作宾语补足语 我不希望再提起这个话题。 2.不定式作副词的用法：不定式可作副词用，修饰动词或形容词，在句中作状语，表目的、原因、结果等。 He came to give us a talk yesterday. 不定式表目的 他昨天来（为了）给我们作报告。 I am sorry to hear the sad news. 不定式表原因 听到这个坏消息，我很难过。 I was too tired to move.我累得不能动了。 不定式表结果 3.不定式作形容词的用法： 不定式作形容词用时，修饰名词或代词，在句中担任定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且不定式为不及物动词时，不定式后要加上相应的介词。 I have no friends to help me. 不定式to help和名词friends是主谓关系 我没有朋友来帮助我。 I have too many things to do. 不定式to do和名词things是动宾关系 我有太多事情要做。 提示：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式短语）移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“for sb.”前的形容词常表客观属性，“of sb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。 It is difficult for the students to read the book.学生们读这本书有点儿难。 It is careless of him to break the cup.他太粗心了，把杯子打碎了。 在hope，demand，agree，refuse等后可接不定式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope/demand/agree/refuse sb.to do。 不定式作宾语补足语，如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系，不定式用被动式。 注意：不定式与疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等连用构成不定式短语，在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem.做什么是个大问题。 I didn’t find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发。 She will tell us where to go and when to start.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。 The question is how to get there.问题是如何到那儿去。 三．动词不定式的省略 用法： 1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。 I heard her sing in the kitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。 2.两个（以上）不定式并列，尤其是由and或or连接时，第二个不定式中常常省略to。 I promised to finish my homework and (to) hand it in one time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 3.but，except，besides等前有行为动词do时，后可跟不带to的不定式。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.敌人除了投降，别无选择。 4.在had better do sth.；had/would rather do sth.；had/would rather do sth.that do sth.；cannot but do sth.等句型中，省略了to。 She would rather save money than buy clothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。 5.一个动词在前面已经出现过，再次以不定式形式出现时，为避免重复，可省略不定式中的动词原形，而只保留to。 He doesn’t go jogging as he used to.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。 提示：当一个不定式被省略时，如为“to do”型不定式，to要保留下来，表示省略了一个不定式；如为“to be”型或“to have done”型不定式，则保留to，并加be或have。 -Would you like to be a teacher?你想当老师吗？ -Yes,I’d like to be.是的，想。 四．动词不定式的重要句型 用法： 1.ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.表示“请/告诉某人（不要）做某事”。 Her mother asked her to wash the dishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。 2.want/wish (sb.) to do sth.表示“想（让某人）去做某事”。 I want/wish to be an actress.我想成为一名女演员。 3.hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”。 I hope to do it myself.我希望亲自做这件事。 4.too+形容词/副词+(to) do sth.表示“太……（以致）不能……”。 He was too nervous to say a word.他太紧张了，以至于说不出一句话来。 5.too...+for sb. to do sth.表示“对某人来说，太……以致不能……”。 It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.房间里太黑，他什么也看不见。 6.形容词+enough to do sth.表示“太……（以至）不能……”。 My son is old enough to go to school.我儿子足够大了，到上学的年龄了。 【巩固提升】 1．I regret (tell) you that the flight you booked has been canceled due to bad weather. 【答案】to tell 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我很遗憾地告诉你，你预订的航班因恶劣天气已被取消。regret to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“很遗憾要去做某事”。故填to tell。 2．The captain can always find a way (encourage) his team members. 【答案】to encourage 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：队长总能找到办法鼓励队员。此处为固定短语a way to do sth. 意为“做某事的方法”，其中不定式作后置定语修饰名词way。故填to encourage。 3．I examined the chick (雏鸟) and it seemed fine. My next work was (construct) a nest and anchor it in a tree. 【答案】to construct 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：我仔细检查了这只小鸡，发现它状况良好。接下来我的任务是搭建一个巢穴，并将其固定在树上。动词construct意为“建造”，主语work“工作”为抽象名词，所以应用to do不定式作表语。故填to construct。 4．When you plan an exercise routine, the first thing (consider) is what you expect to improve: heart and lung efficiency. 【答案】to consider 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当你计划锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望改善的东西：心肺效率。名词thing被序数词the first修饰，其后应用动词不定式作后置定语，即“the first thing to do”即“要做的第一件事”。故填to consider。 5． (ignore) the potential risks of artificial intelligence would be extremely short-sighted. 【答案】To ignore/Ignoring 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：忽视人工智能的潜在风险将是极其短视的。句中已有谓语动词“would be”，空处需填非谓语动词形式，空处在句中作主语，可用动名词形式ignoring表示“忽视人工智能的潜在风险” (这种行为本身) 是极其短视的，侧重于描述一个普遍事实或一般性行为；也可用不定式形式to ignore强调“去忽视……”这个具体的选择或行动，与句中的情态动词would完美搭配。句首单词首字母大写。故填To ignore/Ignoring。 6．Sport will encourage you (maintain) a positive and balanced outlook. 【答案】to maintain 【详解】考查不定式。句意：运动将鼓励你保持积极而平衡的心态。此处为“鼓励某人做某事”，表达为encourage sb. to do sth.，故此处应用不定式作宾补，故填to maintain。 7．He wrote a letter     (request) permission to join the school’s music club. 【答案】to request/requesting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他写了一封信，请求获得加入学校音乐俱乐部的许可。wrote a letter是为了request permission，此空可用动词不定式to request作目的状语，表示“为了请求”，说明写信的目的。此外，He与request是主谓关系，此空也可用现在分词requesting，作状语。故填to request/ requesting。 8．The sports meeting is likely (cancel) on account of the heavy rain. 【答案】to be cancelled 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于下大雨，运动会很可能被取消。be likely to do sth.可能做某事。而the sports meeting与cancel之间是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动形式。故填to be cancelled。 9．Traditional Chinese seal makers often use tianhuang stone, which is difficult (carve) because of its relative softness. 【答案】to carve 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国传统印章匠人常使用田黄石，这种石料因为质地相对较软，所以很难雕刻。在“主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中，不定式to do用主动形式表示被动含义，本句中which指代tianhuang stone，“石料很难被雕刻”直接用is difficult to carve表达即可。故填to carve。 10．The brave boy prefers (solve) problems by himself rather than ask for others’ help. 【答案】to solve 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这个勇敢的男孩宁愿自己解决问题，也不愿寻求别人的帮助。prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.为固定短语，意为“宁愿做某事，也不愿做某事”，所以空处需用动词不定式to solve作宾语。故填to solve。 11．With so many challenging tasks (complete), he felt sort of anxious. 【答案】to complete 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：有这么多有挑战性的任务要完成，他感到有些焦虑。句中已有felt，空处作非谓语动词，结合语意可知，他感到焦虑，由此推知此处表示“任务尚未完成，需要去做”，所以空处应使用动词不定式形式表示即将要做的动作，使用主动形式表示被动意义。故填to complete。 12．You need to eat foods rich in protein (help) your muscles recover and repair themselves after exercise. 【答案】to help 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：你需要食用富含蛋白质的食物，以帮助你的肌肉在运动后得以恢复和修复。此处help作目的状语，用不定式。故填to help。 13．We must grasp every opportunity to (strength) cultural exchange with other countries. 【答案】strengthen 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们必须抓住每一个机会来加强与其他国家的文化交流。修饰名词opportunity，需用动词不定式作后置定语，已有动词不定式符号to，空处需填动词原形。故填strengthen。 14．Practising tai chi has inspired me (explore) the Chinese culture behind it. 【答案】to explore 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：练习太极激励我去探索其背后的中国文化。固定搭配inspire sb. to do sth.“激励某人做某事”，后接动词不定式，作宾语补足语。故填to explore。 15．This week, we intend (put) this theory to the test by asking you, our readers, to write a title for this picture. 【答案】to put 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：本周，我们打算通过请各位读者为这张图片写标题来检验这个理论。intend to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“打算做某事”，此空应是动词不定式to put。故填to put。 16．On the whole, he has the potential (become) a world-class musician. 【答案】to become 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：总的来说，他有成为世界级音乐家的潜力。have the potential to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“有做某事的潜力”，此处应用动词不定式作定语。故填to become。 17．They don’t have the courage (apologize) for their actions. 【答案】to apologize 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们没有勇气为自己的行为道歉。本句谓语为don’t have，此处为非谓语动词，且have the courage to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“有勇气做某事”，所以此处应用动词apologize“道歉”的不定式to apologize，作后置定语，修饰名词courage。故填to apologize。 18．We should make every effort (solve) the problem. 【答案】to solve 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们应该尽一切努力解决这个问题。本句谓语为should make，此处为非谓语动词，作目的状语，表示“为了解决这个问题”，用动词solve“解决”的不定式形式。故填to solve。 19．Printed books are expensive and not easy (carry). 【答案】to carry 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：纸质书价格昂贵，而且不容易携带。此处为“be + 形容词 + to do”的固定结构，此结构中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义，用来描述事物的属性或特征，空处应用动词carry的不定式形式。故填to carry。 20．They wanted (design) a machine that was both attractive and useful. 【答案】to design 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们想要设计出一台既美观又实用的机器。短语want to do sth.表示“想要做某事”，所以空处应使用动词不定式形式作宾语。故填to design。 考点二 动词-ing形式 【知识精讲】 一．动词-ing形式的概述 用法：动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种，由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下（以及物动词do为例）： （1）一般式：主动语态→doing；被动语态→being done （2）完成式：主动语态→having done；被动语态→having been done （3）完成进行式：主动语态→having been doing；被动语态→（无） 如果是不及物动词，则没有被动语态，主动语态也没有完成进行式，以不及物动词go为例，其一般式为going，完成式为having gone。 The boy is fond of playing football.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运，差一点被抓到。 提示：动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。 Not knowing how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色，他去向她求助。 二．动词-ing形式的用法 用法： 1.动词-ing形式作主语，表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。 Reading books makes one wise.读书使人明智。 2.动词-ing形式作表语，表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。 Her interest is collecting shoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。 3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit，advise，consider，enjoy，can’t help，feel like等。 I enjoy listening to rock music.我喜欢听摇滚乐。 4.动词-ing形式作定语，表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。 There is a swimming pool in my card.我的院子里有一个游泳池。 5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel，hear，smell，listen to，leave，keep，set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系，且表示动作正在进行，状态正在持续。 What she said set me thinking deeply.她说的话使我深思。 6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。 Walking in the street,I saw a friend of mine.走在街上，我遇见了一个朋友。 提示：动词-ing形式作主语时，有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语，常见句型为：It’s no use/no good/useless/not any use+(sb’s)doing... It’s no good talking to him.同他谈没用。 【巩固提升】 1．Many old people go (jog) for exercise in the park in the early morning. 【答案】jogging 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：许多老年人一大早就在公园里慢跑锻炼。“go+动名词”表示“去做某事”，是固定搭配，所以空处需用动名词jogging作宾语。故填jogging。 2．I prefer reading to (watch)TV in my spare time. 【答案】watching 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在空闲时间，我更喜欢阅读而不是看电视。prefer doing to doing“比起做……更喜欢做”是固定搭配，to是介词，接watch的动名词作宾语。故填watching。 3．Those scientists who dedicate their lives to the outer space exploration are worth (learn) from. 【答案】learning 【详解】考查动名词。句意：那些将生命奉献给外太空探索的科学家值得我们学习。be worth doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“值得做某事”，这里用learning，主动形式表被动意义。故填learning。 4．Many kids are addicted to (surf) the Internet, so they have lost interest in study. 【答案】surfing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：很多孩子沉迷于上网，因此他们对学习失去了兴趣。be addicted to doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“沉迷于做某事”，空处需填surf“(互联网上)浏览”的动名词作宾语。故填surfing。 5．Therefore, it’s high time we took measures to prevent water (pollute). 【答案】being polluted 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：因此，是时候我们采取措施防止水被污染了。prevent...from doing...为固定短语，意为“阻止……做……”，其中from可以省略，且water与pollute“污染”为被动关系，应用动名词的被动形式being done，作宾语。故填being polluted。 6．Currently, (earn) a living has become more challenging for ordinary people. 【答案】earning 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：如今，普通人谋生变得愈发艰难。空处作句子主语，用动名词形式。故填earning。 7．They ended up (quarrel) because of a small thing. 【答案】quarrelling 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们因为一件小事最终吵了起来。此处为固定搭配end up doing sth.，意为“最终做某事”，此处需用动词quarrel的动名词形式quarrelling作宾语。故填quarrelling。 8．Everything that is worth doing is worthy of (do) well. 【答案】being done 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：凡是值得去做的事情，都值得把它做好。be worthy of being done值得做。故填being done。 9．Remember, your true self is the most beautiful version, worthy of (love) and cherished. 【答案】being loved 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：记住，真实的自己才是最美的模样，值得被爱，也值得被珍惜。介词of后用动名词作宾语，love和逻辑主语your true self之间为被动关系，因此用动名词的被动式being done。故填being loved。 10．Despite (refer) to the dictionary, he still couldn’t understand the long sentence. 【答案】referring 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管查阅了词典，他还是没能看懂这个长句。despite是介词，后接动名词作宾语，refer to表示“参考，查阅”。故填referring。 11．Sanxingdui Museum is the largest museum in Southwest China with a large number of precious relics (date) as far back as 5,000 years ago. 【答案】dating 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：三星堆博物馆是中国西南地区最大的博物馆，藏有大量可追溯至5000年前的珍贵文物。此句已有谓语动词is，空格处需填非谓语形式，且relics与date为主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语，表“追溯到……”。故填dating。 12．Not (grow) up in China, he’s aware of his knowledge gaps. 【答案】having grown 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他并非在中国长大的，所以很清楚自己在知识方面的欠缺之处。句子主语he和grow是主动关系，且“成长”的动作发生在“意识到知识缺口”之前，需用现在分词的完成式having grown，作原因状语。故填having grown。 13． (star) Tom Hanks, Forrest Gump is definitely a movie you should not miss! 【答案】Starring 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由Tom Hanks主演的《阿甘正传》绝对是一部你不该错过的电影！此处在句子作状语，主语为Forrest Gump，与star之间为主动关系，所以此处应用现在分词，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Starring。 14．The Republican Party, (refer) to themselves proudly as “the party of Lincoln”, is taking power in America. 【答案】referring 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：共和党自豪地自称为“林肯的政党”，如今正在美国掌权。句中已有谓语动词is taking，且空处无连词连接，故此处用非谓语动词；主语The Republican Party与refer to之间为主动关系，需用现在分词作后置定语，refer的现在分词形式为referring。故填referring。 15．Many (struggle) artists in the early 20th century, despite their remarkable talent, lived in poverty because their works were not recognized by the mainstream society at that time. 【答案】struggling 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：20世纪早期许多苦苦挣扎的艺术家，尽管才华出众，却依然生活在贫困之中，因为他们的作品在当时没有得到主流社会的认可。句中artists为名词，需用非谓语动词作定语；struggle与artists之间为主动关系，用现在分词struggling作定语。故填struggling。 16．The coins (date) from the year 275AD to 221BC were dug up on the island. 【答案】dating 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这批可追溯至公元275年至公元前221年的钱币，是在这座岛上被发掘出来的。句中已有谓语动词were dug up，空处应用非谓语动词，date from“追溯到”没有被动语态，因此用现在分词，作后置定语。故填dating。 17．Zuocao, (sit) at the back, plays gongs, bowls, and clappers. 【答案】sitting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：坐在后排的左操（音译）打锣、敲碗和拍板。本句已有谓语plays，动词sit“坐”用非谓语形式，逻辑主语Zuocao与动词sit之间是主动关系，用现在分词，作后置定语，故填sitting。 18．The park is open to people of all ages, (range) from young children to the elderly. 【答案】ranging 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这个公园对所有年龄段的人开放，从小孩到老人。句子已有谓语动词is open，空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰名词people，range与其逻辑主语people为主动关系，需填现在分词形式。故填ranging。 19．Like cars ( run ) on petrol, your body burns carbohydrates for energy. 【答案】running 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：就是用汽油跑的车一样，你的身体燃烧碳水化合物以获取能量。此处作定语，修饰cars，cars与run之间为主动关系，故此处应用现在分词作定语。故填running。 20． (date) back to over 2, 000 years ago, the Silk Road connected China with the West.  【答案】Dating 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：丝绸之路可以追溯到2000多年前，它连接了中国和西方。“(date) back to over 2, 000 years ago”作伴随状语，date back to(追溯到)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语“the Silk Road”之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动；句首单词首字母大写。故填Dating。 考点三 过去分词 【知识精讲】 一．过去分词的概述 用法： 过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形加-ed”，但也有不规则的形式，不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。 Look at the broken glasses.看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 二．过去分词的用法 用法： 1.过去分词作表语，表示被动或者表示主语所处的状态。 I was pleased at the news.听到这个消息，我很高兴。 2.过去分词作定语，一般都含完成和被动之意。但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义。 There are many fallen leaves on the ground.地上有许多落叶。 3.过去分词可在动词see，feel，hear，notice，watch，make，let，get等后作宾补，宾补和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系。 I heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 4.过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、结果等。 Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.虽然受伤了，那位勇敢的战士继续战斗。 【巩固提升】 1．Despite the noise from the outside, the student managed to keep his attention (concentrate) on the teacher’s explanation. 【答案】concentrated 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管外面有噪音，这个学生还是设法把注意力集中在老师的讲解上。concentrate one’s attention on“集中某人的注意力于”。本空在句中作宾语补足语，keep sth. done为固定短语，意为“使某事被做”，concentrate与attention为被动关系，用过去分词concentrated“集中（注意力）”作宾补。故填concentrated。 2．The Back-to-School Speech (deliver) by President Obama to American high school students in 2009 encouraged them to study hard and to be the authors of their own destinies. 【答案】delivered 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：2009 年奥巴马总统向美国高中生发表的返校演讲中，鼓励他们努力学习，做自己命运的主宰。句中已有谓语动词encouraged，空处应用非谓语动词，deliver和逻辑主语The Back-to-School Speech为被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填delivered。 3． (complete) in 610, the canal grew more and more important throughout China over the next 500 years. 【答案】Completed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这条运河于610年建成，在接下来的500年里，它在中国的地位愈发重要。句中已有谓语动词grew，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语the canal与complete之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。故填Completed。 4．He was sitting by the window with his head (bury) in a detective novel. 【答案】buried 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他坐在窗边，埋头看一本侦探小说。这里为with的复合结构。with后宾语his head与bury之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填buried。 5．With many treasures (bury) in the tomb, the archaeologists worked carefully.   【答案】buried 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于许多珍宝被埋在坟墓里，考古学家们仔细地工作着。bury(埋，埋葬)作with复合结构中宾语补足语，用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语treasures之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填buried。 6．With the match   (postpone) due to heavy rain, the team practiced indoors instead. 【答案】postponed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于大雨比赛被推迟，球队改为在室内训练。“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”为with的复合结构，动词postpone与宾语the match之间是被动关系，即“比赛被推迟”，故使用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。故填postponed。 7．Yuan Longping, often (refer) to as “Father of Hybrid Rice”, has saved millions of lives. 【答案】referred 【详解】考查动词。句意：袁隆平，被誉为“杂交水稻之父”，他的贡献挽救了数百万人的生命。句子中有谓语has saved，前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，Yuan Longping和refer是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语，故填referred。 8．The earthquake left thousands of people (trap) in the city.   【答案】trapped 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：地震使数千人被困在城市里。trap(把……困在)作使役动词left后宾语的补足语，用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语thousands of people之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填trapped。 9． (adapt) from the work by Victor Hugo, the musical tells a powerful and moving story of love. 【答案】Adapted 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：改编自维克多·雨果的作品，这部音乐剧讲述了一个强大而动人的爱情故事。本句已有谓语动词tells，空处需用非谓语动词作状语，动词adapt与其逻辑主语the musical之间是被动关系，所以空处需用过去分词adapted作状语，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Adapted。 10． (bury) in practicing calligraphy, the teenager didn’t notice it was getting dark. 【答案】Buried 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：少年埋头练书法，没有注意到天已经黑了。句子主干成分完整，空处为非谓语，短语be buried in意为“埋头于，全神贯注于”，bury和the teenager逻辑上是被动关系，应用bury的过去分词形式，作原因状语，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Buried。 考点四 独立主格结构 【知识精讲】 一．独立主格结构的概述 用法：独立主格结构由名词或主格代词加上其他成分（非谓语动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成，在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子；在意思上依附于整个句子，其作用相当于状语从句，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况等。独立主格结构可置于句首或句尾，其逻辑主语与句中主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 Spring coming on,the trees turn green.春天来了，树都变绿了。 表时间，独立主格中逻辑主语是spring，句中主语是the trees Gary sat silently,eyes closed.加里静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。 表伴随，独立主语中逻辑主语是eyes，句中主语是Gary 二．独立主格结构的构成及用法 用法：1.名词/主格代词+不定式：名词或代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，这种结构可位于句首或句末，不定式多表示将来的动作。 The teacher to help us,we will succeed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。 2.名词/主格代词+现在分词：名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 Time permitting,we can finish the work.若时间许可，我们就能完成这项工作。 3.名词/主格代词+过去分词：名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。 The signal given,the bus started.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。 4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词/介词短语：形容词、副词或介词短语常用来说明或代词的特征、性质或所处状态。 The meeting over,the students were dismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。 5.There being+名词/代词。 There being no buses,I had to walk home.因为没有车，我不得不步行回家。 提示：“with/without+名词/代词宾格+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”的作用相当于独立主格短语，在句中可作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随等状语。另外，此结构还可作后置定语，修饰其前的名词。 I can’t go out,with a lot of homework to do. 表原因 我不能出去，因为有许多作业要做。 The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on. 表原因 教室里所有的灯都开着，非常明亮。 He lay on the grass,with his eyes looking at the sky. 表方式 他躺在草地上，眼睛注视着天空。 【巩固提升】 1． by his flushed cheeks, Shrek is actually very concerned about the election result and quite nervous about it. (judge) 【答案】Judging 【详解】考查独立主格。句意：从他涨红的脸色来看，史莱克其实非常在意这次选举的结果，并且对此感到相当紧张。此处表示“根据……判断”短语为judging by，首字母大写。故填Judging。 2．He came in, rain (stream) from his clothes and hair. 【答案】streaming 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他走了进来，雨水顺着他的衣服和头发不停地流淌下来。此处为独立主格结构，且stream与rain构成主动关系，故用现在分词形式。故填streaming。 3．Different occasions (take) into account, table manners differ a lot. 【答案】taken 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：考虑到不同场合，餐桌礼仪的差别很大。逗号前为独立主格结构；take sth into account为固定表达，意为“考虑到……”, 此处take into account与occasions之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故使用过去分词形式。故填taken。 4．He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known (be) the general theory of relativity. 【答案】being 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他为世界做出了诸多贡献，其中最为人所知的便是广义相对论。此处没有连词，为独立主格结构。theory和be之间为主动关系，使用现在分词形式，故填being。 5．Mary (come) back, they discussed it together. 【答案】coming 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：玛丽回来了，他们一起讨论了这件事。句中无连词，且用逗号与主句分开，此处为独立主格结构，逻辑主语 Mary 和come之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式coming。故填coming。 6．Everything (take) into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. 【答案】taken 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意为: 考虑到一切因素，他们更加相信自己并回到了他们的位置。句中已有谓语动词believed和returned，空处应用非谓语动词，根据空前Everything可知，空处与其构成独立主格结构，Everything与动词take之间构成被动关系，因此使用过去分词形式taken。故填taken。 7． (judge) from the happy shouts outside tonight, I’m sure they have won the game. 【答案】Judging 【详解】考查独立主格。句意：从今晚外面的欢呼声来看，我肯定他们赢了比赛。judging from/by是固定短语，意为“根据……判断，由……推测”，用作独立结构，不用考虑逻辑关系的一致性，句首单词首字母大写。故填Judging。 8．The party will be held in the garden as scheduled, weather (permit). 【答案】permitting 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许，晚会将如期在花园里举行。分析句子可知，此处为独立主格结构，所以此处动词应为非谓语形式，weather和动词permit为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填permitting。 9． (judge) from what he said, he is an old hand in this field. 【答案】Judging 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：从他所说的话来看，他是这个领域的老手。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，结合句意和提示词judge可知，此处应为独立结构“judging from”意为“从……来判断”，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Judging。 10．The party will be held in the garden, weather (permit)． 【答案】permitting 　 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许，聚会将在花园里举行。此处考查独立主格结构，permit与逻辑主语weather之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词，weather permitting意为“如果天气好”，作条件状语。故填permitting。 一．单句语法填空 1．There is no point (compare) you with others all the time. 【答案】comparing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：没必要总是拿自己和别人作比较。固定句式there is no point doing sth意为“做某事毫无意义”，此处使用动名词作宾语。故填comparing。 2．Missing the application deadline might prevent me from to university this year. (admit) 【答案】being admitted 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：错过申请截止日期可能会使我今年无法被大学录取。作介词from的宾语，应用动名词，且逻辑主语“我”和admit之间为被动关系，故用动名词的被动式。故填being admitted。 3．Without enough information, we decided to postpone (make) any decision. 【答案】making 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于没有足够的信息，我们决定推迟做出任何决定。空处为非谓语动词作postpone的宾语，postpone doing sth.为固定短语，意为“推迟做某事”，填动名词作宾语。故填making。 4．After moving to a new country, many people end up (adapt) to the local customs without even realizing it. 【答案】adapting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：搬到一个新的国家后，很多人最终会在不知不觉中适应当地的风俗。此处为动名词作宾语，“end up doing sth.”为固定短语，表示“最终做了某事、结果变成……”，所以此处应用adapt的动名词形式。故填adapting。 5．The accident on the morning of last Sunday resulted in three . (kill) 【答案】being killed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：上周日早上的事故导致三人死亡。result in意为“导致”，后面通常接名词或动名词作宾语。three与kill“杀死”之间是被动关系，所以要用be killed，作result in的宾语，用动名词的被动形式。故填being killed。 6．Last July, it rained heavily in the south, (cause) serious flooding in several provinces. 【答案】causing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：去年七月，南方下起了大雨，在几个省份引发了严重的洪水。此句中已有谓语动词rained，空格处应用非谓语形式，现在分词causing作结果状语，表自然而然的结果，与主句动作存在逻辑上的因果关系。故填causing。 7．The crowd filled the square during the National Day. (celebrate) 【答案】celebrating 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：国庆节期间，欢庆的人群挤满了广场。提示词celebrate(v.庆祝)修饰名词crowd，用非谓语动词形式，与其逻辑主语crowd之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动。故填celebrating。 8． (realize) the importance of kindness, he decided to volunteer in the community. 【答案】Realizing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：意识到善良的重要性，他决定去社区做志愿者。分析句子结构可知，空格处需填非谓语动词；主语he与realize为主动关系，应用现在分词，作状语，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Realizing。 9．The bridge is 2,890 metres long, with the main span (stretch) 1,420 metres. 【答案】stretching 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：大桥全长2890米，主跨长1420米。分析句子结构可知，此处为with的复合结构，the main span和stretch之间为主动关系，应用现在分词stretching作宾语补足语。故填stretching。 10．Jack stood in front of the class, completely (forget)every word that he had prepared for his speech. 【答案】forgetting 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：杰克站在全班同学面前，完全忘了他为演讲准备好的每一句话。句子已有谓语动词stood，空处需填非谓语动词作状语，Jack和forget为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式作伴随状语。故填forgetting。 11．The foldable chair (design) by Shirley is most helpful to the elderly. 【答案】designed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：雪莉设计的折叠椅对老年人最有帮助。空格处应填非谓语动词作定语，结合句意可知，逻辑主语chair和design为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填designed。 12．Even if (invite) to, I won’t go to such a lecture. 【答案】invited 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：即便有人邀请我参加，我也不会去听那样的讲座。此处invite与I构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填invited。 13．The conductor likes to have his room (decorate) with red lanterns. 【答案】decorated 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这位指挥家喜欢让他的房间挂上红灯笼。本句使用固定结构“have+宾语+宾补”，其中room和decorate之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，作宾语补足语。故填decorated。 14． (inspire) by a girl singing one of his works, Eric asked his fans to make more videos and joined them together into one performance. 【答案】Inspired 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：受到一位女孩演唱其某部作品的启发，埃里克邀请他的粉丝们制作更多相关视频，并将这些视频整合成一场演出。句中and连接并列谓语asked和joined，空处作非谓语动词，inspire与主语he之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，用过去分词inspired表被动，作状语；置于句首，首字母大写。故填Inspired。 15． (equip) with essential knowledge and skills, I’m sure I will adapt to the new work environment quickly. 【答案】Equipped 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：具备了必要的知识和技能，我相信我会很快适应新的工作环境。此处应填非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语I和equip之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语，单词位于句首，首字母大写。故填Equipped。 16． (judge) from the current situation, a new plan should be put forward as soon as possible. 【答案】Judging 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：从目前的情况来看，应该尽快提出新的计划。judging from为独立成分，是一种固定的搭配形式，意为“根据……来判断”或“由……来判定”。judging位于句首，首字母大写。故填Judging。 17．Weather (permit), we will go hi king this Sunday. 【答案】permitting 【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：天气允许的话，我们这个星期天去徒步旅行。逗号前后两部分没有连词连接，且主语不一致，前一部分要用独立主格结构。weather与 permit 之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词permitting。故填permitting。 18．Listening to music enables us (feel) relaxed. 【答案】to feel 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：听音乐能让我们感到放松。分析句子结构可知，这里考查enable sb. to do sth.，为固定短语，意为“使某人能够做某事”，此处应用不定式to feel，在句中作宾语补足语，符合语境。故填to feel。 19．We managed (get) over the adversities in learning English. 【答案】to get 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们成功克服了英语学习中的种种困境。此处为manage to do sth.意为“设法做成某事”，所以使用动词不定式形式作宾语。故填to get。 20．Despite the difficult situation, Dr Bethune did whatever he could (assist) the Chinese people. 【答案】to assist 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管处境困难，白求恩医生还是尽他所能去帮助中国人民。did是谓语动词，whatever he could (do)是宾语从句，空处作目的状语，需用动词不定式。故填to assist。 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 My friend and I have been close for several years. We’re hardly out of each other’s sight. But last Saturday she 1 (break) my heart. 2 (origin), we planned to see a film that afternoon, but in the morning, I learnt from a message posted on social media that she had a cold. I gave her 3 call telling her to make a 4 (recover) at home and she thanked me for my thoughtfulness. 5 my surprise, however, she was seen chatting with another girl in a cafe on Saturday afternoon, when she 6 (expect) to stay at home. Obviously, she lied about her illness. I was filled with 7 (angry) and avoided meeting her all day and still don’t feel like making any 8 (respond) to her online messages. I don’t know 9 I should forgive her if she ignores my feelings or refuses to back down. Some people advise me to have a full and frank talk with her while others suggest 10 (rethink) our relationship. I am at a total loss. 【答案】1．broke 2．Originally 3．a 4．recovery 5．To 6．was expected 7．anger 8．response 9．whether/if 10．rethinking 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者与好朋友之间的矛盾。 1．考查时态。句意：但是上星期六她伤透了我的心。根据句中时间状语last Saturday可知，用一般过去时。故填broke。 2．考查副词。句意：本来我们打算下午去看电影，但到了早上，我从社交媒体上得知她感冒了。句首用副词作状语，修饰整个句子。故填Originally。 3．考查冠词。句意：我给她打了个电话，让她在家休养，她感谢我的体贴。give sb. a call给某人打电话。故填a。 4．考查名词。句意：我给她打了个电话，让她在家休养，她感谢我的体贴。make a recovery复原。故填recovery。 5．考查短语。句意：然而，令我惊讶的是，周六下午，当她本应该呆在家里的时候，有人看到她和另一个女孩在咖啡馆聊天。to one’s surprise令某人惊讶的是。故填To。 6．考查时态。句意：然而，令我惊讶的是，周六下午，当她本应该呆在家里的时候，有人看到她和另一个女孩在咖啡馆聊天。be expected to do sth.期望做某事。根据时间状语on Saturday afternoon可知，用一般过去时。故填was expected。 7．考查名词。句意：我充满了愤怒，一整天都避免和她见面，而且仍然不想回复她的网上信息。介词with后接名词形式。故填anger。 8．考查名词。句意：我充满了愤怒，一整天都避免和她见面，而且仍然不想回复她的网上信息。动词make后接名词形式。故填response。 9．考查名词性从句。句意：如果她无视我的感受或拒绝让步，我不知道我是否应该原谅她。本句为宾语从句，从句不缺少成分，句意完整且有“是否”之意。故填whether/if。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：一些人建议我和她开诚布公地谈一谈，而另一些人则建议重新考虑我们的关系。suggest doing sth.建议做某事。故填rethinking。 B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jeremy wrote a message to a website about his health problems, in which he said he 1 (feed) up with getting sick all the time and felt awkward 2 (fail) PE exams. In response to his message, Dr. Martin 3 (recommend) long-distance running as it brings lots of benefits. First, it doesn’t need any special 4 (equip). Also, running strengthens our immune system, prevents diseases and helps us get in shape. Besides, anybody 5 is feeling down can go for a run to cheer 6 (them) up. A thirty-minute run can provide relief 7 aches or tension that one may be suffering due to stress. 8 (avoid) injuries, it is important to warm up and cool down 9 (proper). Just keep running. Nothing gives more satisfaction than realizing 10 you are capable of with all the sweat and hard work. 【答案】1．was fed 2．failing 3．recommended 4．equipment 5．who 6．themselves 7．from 8．To avoid 9．properly 10．what 【导语】这是一篇说明文。Jeremy 向网站求助健康与体测问题，Dr. Martin 建议他长跑。文章阐述了长跑增强免疫力、缓解压力等益处，强调热身的重要性，鼓励坚持以见证自我潜力。 1．考查时态语态。句意：杰里米在一家网站上发表了一则关于自己健康问题的留言，他在留言中表示自己一直饱受疾病困扰，而且在体育考试中屡次不及格，这让他感到非常沮丧和尴尬。故填was fed。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：杰里米在一家网站上发表了一则关于自己健康问题的留言，他在留言中表示自己一直饱受疾病困扰，而且在体育考试中屡次不及格，这让他感到非常沮丧和尴尬。feel awkward (in) doing sth.表示“做某事感到尴尬”。故填failing。 3．考查时态。句意：针对他的留言，马丁博士推荐了长跑运动，因为这种运动有很多好处。发生在过去用一般过去时。故填recommended。 4．考查名词。句意：首先，它不需要任何特殊的设备。作动词的宾语，用名词equipment，不可数。故填equipment。 5．考查定语从句。句意：此外，任何心情低落的人都可以去跑步来让自己振作起来。定语从句修饰先行词anybody，在从句作主语，指人，故填who。 6．考查代词。句意：此外，任何心情低落的人都可以去跑步来让自己振作起来。主语是anybody，反身代词应与其保持一致，指代“他们自己”，故用themselves。故填themselves。 7．考查介词。句意：进行30分钟的跑步能够缓解因压力而产生的身体疼痛或紧张感。provide relief from表示“缓解”。故填from。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了避免受伤，做好热身和放松运动是非常重要的。此处avoid作目的状语，用不定式。首字母大写。故填To avoid。 9．考查副词。句意：为了避免受伤，做好热身和放松运动是非常重要的。修饰动词短语warm up and cool down应用副词properly。故填properly。 10．考查宾语从句。句意：没有什么比亲眼看到自己通过不懈的努力和辛勤付出所取得的成果更能让人感到满足的了。引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，故用what。故填what。 C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chinese chess, also known as Xiangqi, shines brightly as a traditional intellectual game with a long-standing history. It has not only been a pastime for the Chinese people for centuries but also a carrier of profound cultural connotations (内涵意义). The origin of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period. At first, it was a military - themed board game 1 was used to simulate (模拟) battle formations and strategies. Over time, it evolved and spread among the general public, 2 (become) a popular form of entertainment. According to historical records, in the Tang Dynasty, Chinese chess   3 (go) through significant improvements, and the modern-day form of the game started to take shape. In 2008, Chinese chess was   4 (official) listed as a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in China. This recognition is a testament to its long-standing history, cultural significance, and its role 5 the social and cultural life of the Chinese people. As 6 intangible cultural heritage, Chinese chess is not only a game but a part of China's cultural identity, passed down from generation to generation. It represents the 7 (wise)and creativity of the Chinese nation and has become an important symbol of Chinese traditional culture. The government and various cultural institutions have been making efforts 8 (protect) and promote Chinese chess, organizing training programs, competitions, and cultural exchange activities to ensure 9 (it) continuous development and inheritance (传承). Nowadays ,Chinese chess 10 (play) by millions of people worldwide. 【答案】1．which/that 2．becoming 3．went 4．officially 5．in 6．an 7．wisdom 8．to protect 9．its 10．is played 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍中国象棋的历史起源、发展演变以及其文化价值和传承现状。 1．考查定语从句关系代词。句意：起初，它是一款以军事为主题的棋盘游戏，被用来模拟作战阵型和策略。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a military-themed board game（指物），关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：随着时间的推移，它不断演变并在大众中传播开来，成为了一种受欢迎的娱乐形式。句子已有谓语动词evolved and spread，且空处无连词连接，所以此处用非谓语动词；主语it（指代中国象棋）和become之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填becoming。 3．考查动词时态。句意：据史料记载，在唐朝时期，中国象棋经历了重大的改良，现代象棋的雏形开始形成。根据时间状语in the Tang Dynasty可知，此处描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时，go的过去式是went。故填went。 4．考查副词。句意：2008年，中国象棋被正式列入中国国家级非物质文化遗产名录。空处修饰动词listed，应用副词形式，official的副词是officially（正式地）。故填officially。 5．考查介词。句意：这一认定证明了它悠久的历史、文化意义以及它在中国人民社会文化生活中的作用。固定搭配play a role in... 表示“在……中起作用”，此处填介词in。故填in。 6．考查冠词。句意：作为一项非物质文化遗产，中国象棋不仅仅是一种游戏，更是中国文化认同的一部分，代代相传。intangible cultural heritage是可数名词单数，此处泛指“一项非物质文化遗产”，intangible以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an。故填an。 7．考查名词。句意：它体现了中华民族的智慧和创造力，已成为中国传统文化的一个重要象征。空处和creativity并列作动词represents的宾语，应用名词形式，wise的名词是wisdom（智慧，不可数名词）。故填wisdom。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：政府和各类文化机构一直在努力保护和推广中国象棋，组织培训课程、比赛和文化交流活动，以确保其持续的发展与传承。固定搭配make efforts to do sth. 表示“努力做某事”。故填to protect。 9．考查代词。句意：政府和各类文化机构一直在努力保护和推广中国象棋，组织培训课程、比赛和文化交流活动，以确保其持续的发展与传承。空处修饰名词短语continuous development and inheritance，应用形容词性物主代词，it的形容词性物主代词是its。故填its。 10．考查动词时态和语态。句意：如今，数百万来自世界各地的人们都在玩中国象棋。根据时间状语Nowadays可知，此处描述现在的情况；主语Chinese chess和play之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是单数，be 动词用is，play的过去分词是played。故填is played。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $