精品解析：上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二英语期末考试试卷

2024学年高二英语期末考试试卷 命题：姚欢 审题：朱思天 满分150分；2025.1 I. Listening Comprehension Section A (1*10=10) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. The seats there are uncomfortable. B. There are more than enough seats. C. It is popular with customers. D. It provides customers with reading materials. 2. A. Spare his neighbor a key. B. Get his key from his neighbor. C. Study in his neighbor’s apartment. D. Borrow some books from his neighbor. 3. A. Hand in their financial plan later. B. Leave their financial plan unfinished. C. Seek more information for their financial plan. D. Finish their financial plan with what they have. 4. A. He failed in Dr. Parker’s test. B. He didn’t know Dr. Parker at all. C. Dr. Parker’s tests were not difficult. D. The woman’s source of information is reliable. 5. A. The man should be recognized by his parents. B. The man’s parents helped him get the scholarship. C. The man should be praised for his accomplishment. D. The man’s parents stopped boasting about his scholarship. 6. A. She didn’t work hard on it. B. It wasn’t as good as expected. C. Her claims in it were persuasive. D. Her professor was satisfied with it. 7. A. Serve the dish as it is. B. Taste the dish first. C. Put some salt in the dish. D. Ask mum about the dish. 8. A. She’ll call Julia next week. B. She wonders if she’ll see Julia. C. Julia doesn’t want others to see her. D. Julia won’t be able to help the man. 9. A. It is in a better condition than the woman’s. B. It needs a new engine. C. It doesn’t deserve repairing. D. It is a big deal. 10. A. He has a lot of experience as a skier. B. He hasn’t ever been to central mountains. C. He plans to go skiing during his spring break. D. He doesn’t recommend going to central mountains. Section B (2*10=20) Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and the passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. It’s important to set a proper aim. B. What you get determines what you want. C. It’s no use regretting what you haven’t got. D. People are not aware of what they want. 12. A. Shopping. B. Finding a location. C. Inviting a friend. D. Planning. 13. A. How smart they are. B. What they hope to achieve. C. How much they can earn. D. What they can offer. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. It fails for most of the time. B. It happens less frequently now. C. Managers begin to doubt its feasibility. D. Managers are trying to make it simpler. 15. A. When managers want to understand interrelated problems. B. When managers hope to get a general idea of a system. C. When managers are running a successful operation. D. When managers have already grasped the whole thing. 16. A. They have seldom communicated with workers. B. They have no access to complex systems. C. They don’t know what they are ignorant of. D. They don’t know clearly how to explain to managers. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. A writer. B. A journalist. C. A story-teller. D. A photographer. 18. A. They can judge whether the interviewee is lying. B. They can keep in mind the importance of deadline. C. They can research the sense of smell professionally. D. They can use evidence to inform people of the missing parts of the story. 19. A. They might fail to be capable note-takers. B. They might concentrate too much on details. C. They might be lacking in the trick of the trade. D. They might have no idea what can be asked later. 20. A. They are useful to promote the process of interviews. B. They are powerful to prove the truth of news reports. C. They are influential to challenge the content of recordings. D. They are effective to assess the information journalists need to know. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A (1*20 = 20) (A) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A brief history of bathing For the average American, bathing is commonplace and expected. Natural as that fastidiousness (一丝不苟) ____1____ seem, it’s far from universal. Even in the developed Western world, routine bathing became a foregone conclusion only in the past century or so. From ancient Rome’s public baths to early-modern Europe’s water aversion (厌恶) to today’s ubiquity of in-home showers, our relationship with cleanliness is ____2____ but unchanging. The most famous and best documented bathing culture is ____3____ of ancient Rome, supported by a vast network of aqueducts (输水管道) and luxury bathhouses. Elites and commoners alike soaked daily, in both hot and cold water, scraping their bodies clean with tiny rakes. The custom “went far ____4____ the functional and hygienic necessities of washing,” writes historian of Roman architecture Fikret Yegül in Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. “It was a personal regeneration and a deeply rooted social and cultural habit.” The buildings were often designed with space for games, physical exercise and, in some larger complexes, libraries and lecture halls. As this suggests, the baths were not built with sanitation (卫生) policy in mind, but rather ____5____ (satisfy) the public and glorify the sponsors of these luxurious facilities, ____6____ Virginia Sarah Smith writes in Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. “The public baths mainly existed for reasons of pleasure, politics and propaganda (宣传),” Smith says. “In the long term, the hygienic impact of the public bath system was probably marginal.” Europeans of the early modern age were as obsessed with cleanliness as anyone. But English theologian (神学家) John Wesley’s motto ____7____ “cleanliness is, indeed, next to Godliness” didn’t extend to bathing. In fact, Westerners of his era believed bathing was downright dangerous. They feared that ____8____ they submerged themselves in water, they risked toxins infiltrating (渗透) the body through its pores (毛孔). Instead, they changed their shirts frequently and took “dry baths,” wiping themselves down with cloth. Such habits persisted well into the 19th century, ____9____ bathing entered its current renaissance. With advances in plumbing technology and water infrastructure, more and more Americans installed tubs and showers in their homes, ringing in the regime of private, daily baths. Perceptions of bathing shifted toward widespread acceptance and, eventually, the ____10____ (suppose) superiority of consistent washing. 【答案】1. may 2. anything 3. that 4. beyond 5. to satisfy 6. as 7. that 8. if 9. until 10. supposed 【解析】 【导语】文章从古罗马的公共浴场到近代欧洲对水的厌恶，再到现代家庭淋浴的普及，梳理了沐浴文化的演变历史，揭示了人类与清洁之间的关系绝非一成不变，而是随时代不断变化的。 【1题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：尽管这种一丝不苟看起来可能很自然，但它远非普遍。may seem为常用搭配，表示“似乎、好像”，符合句意。 【2题详解】 考查固定搭配。句意：从古罗马的公共浴场到近代欧洲对水的排斥，再到如今家庭淋浴的普遍普及，人类与清洁之间的关系绝非一成不变。anything but为固定短语，意为“根本不是，绝非”，与but unchanging构成“anything but unchanging”即“绝非一成不变的”，与前文“far from universal”呼应，说明关系一直在变化。 【3题详解】 考查代词。句意：最著名且记录最为详尽的沐浴文化当属古罗马时期，其发展得益于庞大的引水渠网络和豪华浴场体系。空处指代前文的bathing culture，为避免重复，用that替代单数名词。 【4题详解】 考查介词。句意：罗马建筑史学家菲克雷特·耶古尔在《古典时期的浴场与沐浴》中写道：“这种习俗远远超出了单纯满足清洗功能与卫生需求的范畴。”。go far beyond为固定搭配，意为“远远超出”。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：浴场的建造并非出于卫生政策的考虑，而是为了满足公众并美化这些豪华设施的赞助者，正如弗吉尼亚·莎拉·史密斯在《清洁：个人卫生与纯净史》中所写。not...but rather...连接两个并列的目的状语，与前文were not built with...并列，需用动词不定式to satisfy表示目的。 【6题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后文整句话的内容，应用as。 【7题详解】 考查同位语从句。句意：但英国神学家约翰·卫斯理的格言“清洁确实仅次于虔诚”并未延伸到沐浴。空处引导同位语从句，解释说明motto的具体内容，从句结构完整，需用that引导。 【8题详解】 考查条件状语从句。句意：他们担心如果把自己浸入水中，毒素会通过毛孔渗入体内。they feared that后接宾语从句，从句中they submerged themselves in water是条件，they risked...是结果，需用if引导条件状语从句。 【9题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：这种习惯一直持续到19世纪，直到沐浴迎来了当前的复兴。设空处连接时间状语从句，until表示“直到……为止”，说明旧习惯持续的时间终点，与后文“entered its current renaissance”构成时间上的衔接。 【10题详解】 考查形容词。句意：最终，人们形成了对持续清洗的所谓优越性的认同。空处修饰名词superiority，需用形容词形式，supposed意为“所谓的，假定的”，the supposed superiority即“所谓的优越性”。 (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What Ralph Waldo Emerson knew about money When Ralph Waldo Emerson and his friends developed Transcendentalism in the mid-1830s, it was a light and abstract way of thinking. As theorists, the Transcendentalists insisted that the world ____11____ (be) a shimmery (闪烁的) projection of consciousness. No wonder many penniless eccentrics (怪人) were drawn to Emerson’s hometown of Concord, Massachusetts, in search of enlightenment. But Emerson himself was not naive when it came to money, partly because he was one of the few Transcendentalists with actual assets. He had grown up in relative poverty, ____12____ the death of his father, when Emerson was seven, had deprived the family of any substantial income. Yet it was another death, ____13____ of his first wife Ellen in 1831, that stabilized Emerson’s finances. Ellen, who came from a wealthy merchant family, left him ____14____ estate worth more than $23,000 — a huge sum at the time. And the dividends from her stocks and bonds supported him for the rest of his life. In a very real sense, the early American stock market indirectly funded Transcendentalism. ____15____ this unexpected fortune, Emerson was often short of cash. He supported a large household, paid for the care of his learning-disabled brother Bulkeley, and frequently helped his older brother William out of financial trouble. The stock market’s instability also caused his income to dry up on a regular basis. ____16____ (make) ends meet, Emerson gave public lectures across America for nearly 50 years. “I am no very good economist,” he once regretted, yet he was certainly expert at packaging and promoting Transcendentalism for ____17____ was then a mass audience. Emerson’s interest in money wasn’t just personal. He read great economists like Thomas Malthus and Adam Smith. The laissez-faire (自由放任政策) arguments ____18____ (express) in Smith’s book made perfect sense to him. “The basis of political economy is non-interference,” he wrote in a lecture titled “Wealth.” “The only safe rule is found in the self-adjusting meter of demand and supply.” The industrialists of the Gilded Age ____19____ hardly have found a better mascot (吉祥物). They ignored Emerson’s occasional doubts about his nation’s commercial culture. Instead, they embraced his ideas about self-reliance, _____20_____ had not only shaped the American character but merged quite comfortably with the social Darwinism of the era. 【答案】11. was 12. because##since##as 13. that 14. an 15. Despite 16. To make 17. what 18. expressed 19. could 20. which 【解析】 【导语】这篇文主要讲述了爱默生幼时丧父，家境清贫，亡妻留下的遗产改善了他的经济状况。因开销巨大，他常年巡回演讲谋生，其经济理念与自立思想也深受镀金时代实业家推崇。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：作为理论家，超验主义者坚持认为世界是意识的闪亮投影。insist在此处表示“坚持认为”，宾语从句时态与主句过去时保持一致，所以此处为一般过去时。 【12题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：他在相对贫穷的环境中长大，因为父亲在爱默生七岁时去世，使家里失去了任何可观的收入。根据句意可知，此处为连词because/since/as“因为”引导原因状语从句，解释爱默生童年贫困的直接原因是父亲早逝导致家庭失去主要收入。 【13题详解】 考查代词。句意：然而，真正稳定了爱默生经济状况的，却是他第一任妻子艾伦于1831年离世。此处为同类异物特指，上文death不可数，因此用that，that of his first wife=the death of his first wife。 【14题详解】 考查冠词。句意：来自富裕商人家族的艾伦为他留下了一处价值超过2.3万美元的地产——在当时这笔钱数额巨大。estate为单数名词，此处泛指“一笔遗产”，estate以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。 【15题详解】 考查介词。句意：尽管拥有这意外的财富，爱默生却常常缺钱。此处为介词despite表示转折关系，意为“尽管有这笔意外财富，爱默生仍经常缺钱”，位于句首，首字母需大写。 【16题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：为了维持生计，爱默生几乎长达50年在全美各地举办公开讲座。此处为动词不定式作目的状语，即“为了维持收支平衡，爱默生开始了长达50年的巡回演讲”。 【17题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：“我并不是什么经济学家，”他曾后悔地说，但他确实非常擅长将超验主义包装并推广给当时的大众。分析句子可知，设空处引导宾语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指代“当时的大众受众群体”，所以为连接代词what引导。 【18题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：史密斯书中所表达的自由放任政策观点对他来说是完全有道理的。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰arguments，arguments和express为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。 【19题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：镀金时代的工业家们几乎找不到比这更好的吉祥物了。此处为情态动词与hardly连用，构成“could hardly have done”结构，表示“几乎不可能做某事”。 【20题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：相反，他们接纳了他对自力更生理念的认同，这种理念不仅塑造了美国人的性格，还与当时盛行的社会达尔文主义相得益彰。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词his ideas about self-reliance(指物)在从句中作主语，所以为关系代词which引导。 Section B (1*20 = 20) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. (A) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. navigating B. amounts C. with D. boots E. feature F. to G. inner H. producing I. fanciful J. tricks K. overwhelmingly Pixar’s version of teenage turmoil In Inside Out, a pre-teen girl named Riley hosted five emotions in the form of adorable animated figures, four of which were negative. In Inside Out 2, four new ones form a rival group, and all of them are bad: Anxiety, Envy, Ennui (倦怠) and Embarrassment. At age 13, Riley is dealing with an 8-to-1 ratio of unpleasant emotions ____21____ the ever-optimistic Joy. To observers of teen girls, that sounds about right. Some sequels seem to try to get one more watery cup of coffee out of the pot. But as directed by Kelsey Mann in his ____22____ debut, Pixar’s follow-up to its 2015 Oscar winner burrows more deeply into a clever idea. As she prepares to attend hockey camp, the mostly stable Riley enters puberty (青春期). And to the characters living inside her brain, this ____23____ to literally smashing an alarm button that supercharges every emotion. All forces seek the upper hand, and calm rationality is no longer available. The puberty alarm is one of many ideas that combine the ____24____ with an underlying consideration of the rough patches in human nature. Unlike its sibling Disney Animation Studios, which has gotten sidetracked on poorly conceived (构思) projects such as Wish and Strange World, Pixar continues to be a cultural leader in ____25____ rewarding serious comedy. Unless all of the magazines and newspapers are wrong, young people, especially teen girls, are ____26____ stormy weather these days, and the situation seems to have worsened since the previous film came out. Inside Out 2 uses a superficially ridiculous character to discuss a genuine and alarming trend when a crazy-eyed orange creature called Anxiety marches into Riley’s mind, ____27____ Joy to the side and takes over the controls. Riley is in an apparently exciting, but actually nerve-wracking, new situation: At hockey camp, she is so impressed by the charm of an older, cooler girl named Val and her group that she betrays her best friends and even herself to fit in. Somewhere deep inside her, there’s a(n) ____28____ voice saying, “I’m a good person,” but a craving for acceptance is causing it to be drowned out by self-doubt and its destructive impulses. The most accurate cinematic depiction of the behavior of girls in Riley’s age group remains the 1973 documentary The Exorcist, but Inside Out 2 is a worthy successor, a ____29____ funny and observant fable of teen anxiety that has a lot to say about the state of youth today. The way Anxiety and her fellow emotions seize authority might even help kids understand the _____30_____ emotions play. For the price of a movie ticket, they’ll get a remarkably useful therapy session. 【答案】21. F 22. E 23. B 24. I 25. H 26. A 27. D 28. G 29. K 30. J 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了皮克斯动画电影《头脑特工队2》，讲述了13岁女孩莱莉进入青春期后，大脑中情绪的变化，以及电影如何巧妙地结合奇幻与真实人性，深刻展现了当代青少年的焦虑心理。 【21题详解】 考查介词。句意：13岁的莱莉面对的是，负面情绪和始终乐观的乐乐之间的比例已经达到了8:1。空处表达“与……之比”或“对抗”的关系，the ratio of…to…结构表达二者之间的比例。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：这部续作由凯尔西·曼执导，也是他的长片导演处女作，继2015年斩获奥斯卡大奖的前作之后，皮克斯在本片中对这一巧妙的创意进行了更深层次的挖掘。空处位于形容词性物主代词his之后，应用名词。feature在此处意为“故事片”，feature debut表示“长片处女作”。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：而对于寄居在她脑海里的一众情绪角色而言，这无异于猛地按下了警报键，让所有情绪瞬间被放大、变得愈发强烈。根据前文提到的“Riley enters puberty (青春期)”可知，主人公进入了青春期，极易出现情绪波动，这相当于诱发各种情绪的催化剂。amounts与to构成短语，意为“相当于，等于”。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这场青春期情绪警报，是诸多巧思之一，它将奇幻想象与对人性坎坷面的深层思考融为一体。此处为combine sth. with sth.结构，空处需要填入一词，与空前的the共同构成combine的宾语，由此可知，空处应填形容词，构成the+adj.结构，且与后文对现实人性的思考形成对照，影片充满想象力的奇幻设定，对应the fanciful，可表达“奇幻、天马行空”之意。 【25题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：与它的姊妹公司迪士尼动画工作室不同，后者因《星愿》和《奇异世界》等构思欠佳的项目而偏离了方向，皮克斯依然是创作有益的严肃喜剧的文化引领者。空处位于介词in后，应填动名词，表达该公司是“rewarding serious comedy”这类影片的制作者，与前文提到的同样是影片制作方的迪士尼公司形成对比。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：除非所有的杂志和报纸都搞错了，否则如今的年轻人，尤其是青春期女孩，正经历着动荡不安的时期，而且自上一部电影上映以来，情况似乎变得更加糟糕。空处与“stormy weather”构成动宾关系，且空有前are，表明空处应填现在分词，构成现在进行时。stormy weather为比喻，指困难、混乱或情绪波动的处境，navigating stormy weather是常用搭配，描述人在复杂或危险环境中找到出路。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：《头脑特工队2》用一个看似荒诞的角色，探讨了一个真实且令人担忧的趋势——当一只眼神狂野的橙色生物焦焦闯入莱莉的大脑，一脚把乐乐踢开，自己坐上了控制台。空处与“marches into”和“takes over ”并列作谓语，应用第三人称单数形式，且根据本句中的“to the side”和“takes over the controls”可知，空处应表达“把……踢到一边、排挤到一边”的意思，表达该意的词为boots。 【28题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在她内心深处，有一个内在的声音在说：“我是一个好人”，但对被接纳的渴望，正让这个声音被自我怀疑及其毁灭性的冲动所淹没。空处修饰名词 voice，应用形容词，且根据句首的“Somewhere deep inside her”可知，这是来自于她内心深处的声音，应填形容词inner ，构成固定搭配inner voice。 【29题详解】 考查副词。句意：要说电影里对莱莉这个年纪的女孩行为描写得最准的，还是 1973 年的那部纪录片《驱魔人》。不过《头脑特工队 2》也完全配得上接班人的称号，它是一部既好笑又洞察入微的青少年焦虑寓言，对今天年轻人的状态有很多话要说。空处修饰形容词 funny和observant，应用副词，overwhelmingly意为“极其”。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：焦焦和她的情绪伙伴们夺取控制权的方式，甚至能帮孩子们看懂情绪是怎么“骗人”的。空处位于动词understand之后，应为名词作宾语，tricks意为“把戏、诀窍、机制”，为understand的宾语，也是空后定语从句的前行词，“the tricks emotions play”意为“情绪所玩的把戏”或“情绪的运作方式”，与前文描述情绪如何接管控制权相呼应。 (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. merited B. rarely C. reduces D. consciousness E. numbers F. automated G. amateurs H. rounds I. fleeing J. accordingly K. retail The Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition showcases beautiful pictures of rare and remarkable creatures. To create these images, dedicated experts went through a wide range of severe conditions. Coming home, I had just one thought: not bad for a bunch of professionals, but this lot would never make it as ____31____. I know what I am talking about. I have been taking substandard nature photographs for decades. Some have even ____32____ an exhibition of their own. We had to put something on the walls of our downstairs toilet. In my view, none of the contributors to the show at London’s Natural History Museum has grasped the basic principles of bad nature photography. In this endeavour, the canonic (典型的) image ____33____ the animal to a small, blurred blob (一小块) in one corner of the frame. Ideally, it should be ____34____ the snapper as he or she crashes through the underbrush or roars up in a Jeep. I inherited my hobby from my father. He was a titan in the field. One evening every year he would show us his work with slides. Sitting in the dark, shocked with boredom, I would drift in and out of ____35____. Bad nature photography was easier then. Traditional equipment limited the number of shots you could take. Little of the process was ____36____. Long lenses were expensive. Digital cameras do the bulk of the decision making these days. It costs nothing to junk shots that flop. Tolerable telephoto lenses ____37____ for under £1,000. You can take decent landscapes and wildlife shots with a smartphone, too. That’s all fine. But I do fret over the beauty standards created by today’s photo-editing software. This is causing a whole new genre of bad nature photos. It turns photography into digital painting by ____38____. Taking pictures in the open air becomes a starting point, rather than an end in itself. The products are all the same, without flavour. Slightly changed wildlife photos are equally common. I’m not referring here to obvious fakes like the “Norwegian blue owl” which did the ____39____ on social media recently. Instead, I’m referring to real animals that have been idealized. Typically, the animal is perfectly lit. It is looking directly out of the frame, as if making conscious eye contact with the viewer. Nature is _____40_____ like this, particularly during the British winter. My feeling is that editing software is best used as an aid to taking photographs. It is not the main event. 【答案】31. G 32. A 33. C 34. I 35. D 36. F 37. K 38. E 39. H 40. B 【解析】 【导语】作者由国际野生生物摄影年赛引发思考，以自身经历探讨糟糕自然摄影的特点，如使动物在画面中呈模糊小块、动物应表现出逃离摄影师的状态等，还提及摄影技术发展对摄影的影响，以及对当下照片编辑软件改变摄影本质这一现象的担忧。 【31题详解】 考查名词。句意：回到家，我只有一个想法：对于一群专业人士来说还不错，但这些人永远成不了业余爱好者。结合前文提到“professionals(专业人士)”，这里与之对比，指成为不了业余摄影爱好者，“amateurs”意思是“业余爱好者”，作宾语。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：有些照片甚至值得办一场自己的展览。根据前文“I have been taking substandard nature photographs for decades”可知，作者调侃自己拍的烂作品，照片甚至值得办一场自己的展览。“merit”意思是“值得；应受”。分析句子，句子时态为现在完成时，“have +过去分词”，这里表示有些照片值得办展览。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：在这种尝试中，典型的糟糕照片会把动物缩小成画面一角的一个模糊小块。根据“the animal to a small, blurred blob (一小块) in one corner of the frame”可知，糟糕照片会把动物缩小成画面一角的一个模糊小块。“reduce...to...”意思是“把……缩小为……”。分析句子，句子主语“the canonic image”为第三人称单数，谓语为单数。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：理想情况下，当摄影师在灌木丛中横冲直撞或开着吉普车呼啸而来时，动物应该正在逃离他或她。根据“as he or she crashes through the underbrush or roars up in a Jeep”可知，动物会逃离。分析句子，“should be +现在分词”构成进行时态，描述动物在摄影师行动时的状态，“fleeing”符合语境。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：坐在黑暗中，无聊得昏昏欲睡，我在清醒与迷糊之间徘徊。根据“Sitting in the dark, shocked with boredom”可知，作者清醒与迷糊之间徘徊。“consciousness”意思是“意识；清醒”，作宾语。 【36题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这个过程几乎没有自动化的。根据“Traditional equipment limited the number of shots you could take.”可知，传统摄影设备下摄影过程是几乎没有自动化的。“automated”意思是“自动化的”，作表语。 【37题详解】 考查动词。句意：还不错的长焦镜头零售价不到1000英镑。根据“for under £1,000”可知，零售价不到1000英镑。“retail”意思是“零售，以……价格销售”。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：它通过大量处理把摄影变成了数字绘画。根据“It turns photography into digital painting”可知，这里指通过大量处理照片使摄影变成数字绘画。“by numbers”意思是“大量地；按数字顺序”。 【39题详解】 考查名词。句意：我这里说的不是像最近在社交媒体上流传的“挪威蓝猫头鹰”那种明显的造假。根据“on social media recently”可知，这里指假照片在社交媒体上传播。“rounds”构成短语“do the rounds”，意思是“四处走动；迅速传开”。 【40题详解】 考查副词。句意：自然界很少是这样的，尤其是在英国的冬天。结合语境，指自然界真实情况并非像照片理想化处理后的那样，“rarely”意思是“很少；难得”。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A (1*15=15) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The good old days? For hundreds of years, nostalgia wasn’t just an emotion, but a potentially deadly disease. Coined by a Swiss physician in 1688, nostalgia struck down servants in 17th-century Germany and killed soldiers in their thousands during the American Civil War. It was a kind of uncontrollable homesickness and while its exact ____41____ is unclear, it caused people to slowly waste away. Weak and unable to eat, some ____42____ to death. These days, we view nostalgia very differently. Now, psychologists and neuroscientists think nostalgia is a predominantly positive, although ____43____, emotion that arises from personally important, tender, wistful (伤感的) memories of one’s past. But nostalgia isn’t just benign. It is also ____44____ therapeutic — a powerful psychological resource that provides people with a variety of benefits. Researchers have found it can boost self-esteem, increase meaning in life, foster a sense of social ____45____ and reduce loneliness, stress and anxiety. It can even be used to maintain and improve memory among older adults, enrich psychological health and lessen depression, studies show. This therapeutic version of nostalgia has been put to use in ____46____ places. Organizations of various kinds have tapped into nostalgia’s feel-good factor and companies have deployed the emotion in their efforts to improve workforce well-being. The sociologist Yiannis Gabriel was one of the first to ____47____ the term “organizational nostalgia”. He found that nostalgia is a by-product of workplaces where employees have spent many years, especially when the organization is ____48____ to the local community, like coal mines, hospitals and universities. His research subjects told nostalgic stories about former colleagues and reminisced over old office buildings. Later studies found that organizational nostalgia could be put to use. It strengthened the ____49____ identities of academics, doctors and nurses, for example, and could be deployed as a personal psychological resource. Nostalgia at work can look like shared _____50_____ about memorable days in a company’s history, or more abstract feelings about the “golden age” of a profession. Psychologists found that this organizational nostalgia helps employees cope with a challenging boss. It could act as an emotional buffer, allowing staff to maintain a feeling of _____51_____ and — helpfully for employers — stop them seeking improved working conditions or altered leadership. Despite the frustrations of, say being denied a(n) _____52_____ in important decisions at work, researchers have found that nostalgia provides an “alternative route to social connectedness” that keeps employees _____53_____. One study that interviewed 23 academics in Finland found they yearned for a past when they had more academic freedom. This “idealization of the past” helped the academics _____54_____ their professional values, researchers found, which helped them _____55_____ current pressures. And when medical professionals had their autonomy threatened by new ways of working, they could draw on nostalgia to make themselves feel better. 41. A. function B. procedure C. mechanism D. origin 42. A. thrilled B. starved C. bored D. sentenced 43. A. fleeting B. tricky C. intense D. bittersweet 44. A. actively B. reluctantly C. occasionally D. exceedingly 45. A. accountability B. collectiveness C. integration D. connectedness 46. A. anticipated B. unexpected C. irrational D. conventional 47. A. forge B. coin C. quote D. popularize 48. A. trivial B. home C. central D. superior 49. A. amateur B. public C. professional D. individual 50. A. recollections B. implications C. predictions D. speculations 51. A. distraction B. hesitation C. resignation D. motivation 52. A. alternative B. promotion C. voice D. refund 53. A. cooperative B. respectable C. productive D. competent 54. A. undermine B. clarify C. sophisticate D. justify 55. A. live up to B. get well along with C. make up for D. come to terms with 【答案】41. C 42. B 43. D 44. D 45. D 46. B 47. B 48. C 49. C 50. A 51. D 52. C 53. A 54. B 55. D 【解析】 【导语】主要介绍了怀旧之情在历史上曾被视为致命疾病，如今被认为具有积极的治疗作用，并在组织和工作场景中得到应用，能给员工带来多种益处。 【41题详解】 考查名词。句意：这是一种无法控制的思乡病，虽然其确切机制尚不清楚，但它会导致人们慢慢消瘦。A. function功能；B. procedure程序；C. mechanism机制；D. origin起源。根据后文“is unclear, it caused people to slowly waste away.”可知，这里说虽然不知道怀旧（思乡病）导致人消瘦的具体机制。 【42题详解】 考查动词。句意：身体虚弱，无法进食，一些人饿死了。A. thrilled使激动；B. starved挨饿，饿死；C. bored使厌烦；D. sentenced宣判。根据前文“Weak and unable to eat”可知，无法进食，所以是饿死。 【43题详解】 考查形容词。句意：现在，心理学家和神经科学家认为怀旧主要是一种积极的，尽管是苦乐参半的情感，它源于个人对过去重要、温柔且伤感的回忆。A. fleeting短暂的；B. tricky棘手的；C. intense强烈的；D. bittersweet苦乐参半的。根据后文“personally important, tender, wistful memories”可知，这种情感是苦乐参半的。 【44题详解】 考查副词。句意：它还极其具有治疗作用——是一种强大的心理资源，能给人们带来各种益处。A. actively积极地；B. reluctantly不情愿地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. exceedingly极其。根据后文“a powerful psychological resource that provides people with a variety of benefits.”可知，提到它能带来多种益处，说明其治疗作用很显著。 【45题详解】 考查名词。句意：研究人员发现，它可以提升自尊，增加生活意义，培养社会联系感，减少孤独、压力和焦虑。A. accountability问责制；B. collectiveness集体性；C. integration整合；D. connectedness联系。根据前文“a variety of benefits”说怀旧有益，这里指培养社会联系感。 【46题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这种具有治疗作用的怀旧之情在一些意想不到的地方得到了应用。A. anticipated预期的；B. unexpected意想不到的；C. irrational不合理的；D. conventional传统的。根据后文“Organizations of various kinds have tapped into nostalgia’s feel-good factor and companies have deployed the emotion in their efforts to improve workforce well-being.”可知，这些地方是意想不到的。 【47题详解】 考查动词。句意：社会学家扬尼斯·加布里埃尔是最早创造“组织怀旧”这个术语的人之一。A. forge锻造；B. coin创造（新词语）；C. quote引用；D. popularize普及。根据后文“the term “organizational nostalgia””可知，这里是创造这个术语。 【48题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他发现，怀旧是员工工作多年的工作场所的副产品，尤其是当这个组织对当地社区至关重要时，比如煤矿、医院和大学。A. trivial琐碎的；B. home家的；C. central重要的，中心的；D. superior上级的，优越的。根据后文“like coal mines, hospitals and universities.”可知，煤矿、医院和大学对当地社区很重要。 【49题详解】 考查形容词。句意：例如，它强化了学者、医生和护士的职业身份，并且可以作为一种个人心理资源加以利用。A. amateur业余的；B. public公众的；C. professional职业的；D. individual个人的。根据后文“academics, doctors and nurses”可知，学者、医生和护士是职业，所以是强化职业身份。 【50题详解】 考查名词。句意：工作中的怀旧可能表现为对公司历史上难忘日子的共同回忆，或者是对某个职业“黄金时代”更抽象的感受。A. recollections回忆；B. implications含义；C. predictions预测；D. speculations推测。根据前文“Nostalgia at work”可知，对公司难忘日子的应是回忆。 【51题详解】 考查名词。句意：它可以作为一种情感缓冲，让员工保持动力 —— 对雇主来说很有帮助 —— 阻止他们寻求改善工作条件或更换领导。A. distraction分心；B. hesitation犹豫；C. resignation顺从；D. motivation动力。根据前文“It could act as an emotional buffer”可知，这种缓冲能让员工保持动力。 【52题详解】 考查名词。句意：尽管有一些挫折，比如在工作中的重要决策中被剥夺发言权，研究人员发现，怀旧提供了一条“通往社会联系的替代途径”，使员工保持合作。A. alternative替代方案；B. promotion晋升；C. voice发言权；D. refund退款。根据前文“Despite the frustrations of”以及“important decisions at work”可知，在决策中应是被剥夺发言权。 【53题详解】 考查形容词。句意同上。A. cooperative合作的；B. respectable值得尊敬的；C. productive高效的；D. competent有能力的。根据前文“nostalgia provides an “alternative route to social connectedness”可知，怀旧让员工保持合作。 【54题详解】 考查动词。句意：研究人员发现，这种“对过去的理想化”帮助学者们阐明了他们的职业价值观，这帮助他们接受了当前的压力。A. undermine破坏；B. clarify阐明；C. sophisticate使复杂；D. justify证明……合理。根据后文“their professional values”可知，是阐明职业价值观。 【55题详解】 考查动词短语。句意同上。A. live up to不辜负；B. get well along with与……相处融洽；C. make up for弥补；D. come to terms with接受，妥协。根据前文“This “idealization of the past” helped the academics _____ their professional values”以及后文“current pressures”可知，这里指接受当前压力。 Section B (2*4*4=32) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) As countless unmade beds and unfinished homework assignments prove, kids need rules. Yet how parents make demands can powerfully influence a child’s social skills, psychologists at the University of Virginia recently found after the conclusion on a study investigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Initially 184 13-year-olds filled out multiple surveys, including one to assess how often their parents employed psychologically controlling strategies, such as threatening to withdraw affection. The kids rated, for example how typical it would be for Dad to suggest that “if I really cared for him, I would not do things that caused him to worry” or for Mom to become “less friendly when I did not see things her way.” The researchers followed up with the subjects at ages 18 and 21, asking the young adults to bring along a close friend. These pairs were asked to answer questions that were purposefully written to cause a difference of opinion. “We wanted to see whether they could handle a disagreement in a healthy way,” says study leader Barbara Oudekerk, now at the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Statistics. In the October issue of Child Development, Oudekerk and her colleagues report that the 13-year-olds who had highly controlling parents floundered in friendly disagreements at age 18. They had difficulty stating their opinions in a confident, reasoned manner in comparison to the kids without controlling parents. And when they did speak up, they often failed to express themselves in warm and productive ways. The researchers suspect that controlling parents affect their child’s ability to learn how to argue his or her own viewpoint in other relationships. Although parents do need to set boundaries， dominating strategies imply that any disagreement will damage the bond itself. Separate findings suggest that parents who explain the reasons behind their rules and turn disagreements into conversations leave youngsters better prepared for future disagreements. The consequences of tense or dominating relationships appear to worsen with time. This study also found that social difficulties at 18 predicted even poorer communication abilities at age 21. Psychologist Shmuel Shulman of Bar-llan University in Israel, who did not participate in the work, thinks these conclusions convincingly reveal how relationship patterns “carry forward” into new friendships. 56. What did the researchers from the University of Virginia do in their research? A. They asked kids about how they got along with their parents. B. They surveyed some parents about what rules kids needed. C. They inquired into what the kids’ friends thought of them. D. They traced their subjects for nearly eight years. 57. The phrase “floundered in” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ___. A. struggled with B. dealt with C. looked over D. took over 58. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Shmuel Shulman thinks more evidence is needed for the new research. B. Controlling parents’ influence on their kids gets stronger as time goes by. C. 21-year-olds are more eager to be free of parents’ control than 18-year-olds. D. Kids can handle disagreement better if their parents get along well with each other. 59. What is the passage mainly about? A. Pushy parents could harm their kids’ social skills. B. Kids should learn what friendly disagreements are. C. Parents; affection matters in terms of kids; personality. D. Few parents explain the reasons why they set boundaries. 【答案】56. D 57. A 58. B 59. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了弗吉尼亚大学的心理学家最近在一项从青春期到成年的研究结束后的发现，父母如何提出要求可以极大地影响孩子的社交能力。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第二段“Initially 184 13-year-olds filled out multiple surveys, including one to assess how often their parents employed psychologically controlling strategies, such as threatening to withdraw affection. (最初，184名13岁的青少年填写了多项调查，其中一项是评估他们的父母使用心理控制策略的频率，例如威胁要不再给予感情。)”以及第三段“The researchers followed up with the subjects at ages 18 and 21, asking the young adults to bring along a close friend. (The researchers followed up with the subjects at ages 18 and 21, asking the young adults to bring along a close friend. 研究人员对18岁和21岁的受试者进行了随访，要求这些年轻人带上一位亲密的朋友。)”可知，本实验对于13岁孩子进行研究到21岁，所以整个过程几乎经历了8年。故选D项。 【57题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“In the October issue of Child Development, Oudekerk and her colleagues report that the 13-year-olds who had highly controlling parents floundered in friendly disagreements at age 18. They had difficulty stating their opinions in a confident, reasoned manner in comparison to the kids without controlling parents. And when they did speak up, they often failed to express themselves in warm and productive ways.(在10月份出版的《儿童发展》杂志上，Oudekerk和她的同事们报道说，父母控制欲很强的13岁孩子在18岁时 友好的分歧。与没有控制父母的孩子相比，他们很难以自信、合理的方式表达自己的观点。当他们开口说话时，他们往往无法以热情和富有成效的方式表达自己。)”可知，父母控制欲很强的13岁孩子很难以自信、合理的方式表达自己的观点，他们陷入（挣扎于）友好的分歧之中，所以猜测floundered in为“挣扎于”。故选A项。 【58题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第六段“The consequences of tense or dominating relationships appear to worsen with time. This study also found that social difficulties at 18 predicted even poorer communication abilities at age 21. (紧张或支配关系的后果似乎会随着时间的推移而恶化。这项研究还发现，18岁时的社交困难预示着21岁时的沟通能力会更差。)”可知，随着时间的推移，控制型父母对孩子的影响变得越来越强。故选B项。 【59题详解】 主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Yet how parents make demands can powerfully influence a child’s social skills, psychologists at the University of Virginia recently found after the conclusion on a study investigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood.(然而，弗吉尼亚大学的心理学家最近在一项调查从青春期到成年期过渡的研究得出结论后发现，父母提出要求的方式会对孩子的社交技能产生巨大影响。)”以及下文可知，本文主要讲述父母如何提出要求可以极大地影响孩子的社交能力。所以A项Pushy parents could harm their kids’ social skills(咄咄逼人的父母可能会损害孩子的社交能力)符合文意。故选A项。 (B) Types of Faults A fault is a fracture surface within the earth on which slip or displacement has taken place. The total displacement on a fault may be less than a few centimeters or may be measured in hundreds of kilometers. Large displacements are commonly achieved by a series of sudden slips associated with earthquakes, but under some conditions involving slow slip, called creep. Many possible fault structures are possible; the fracture surface may be planar or curved, and the slip may be uniform everywhere or may change from place to place, as in a rotational displacement or a displacement that becomes smaller and smaller and finally dies out. The three fundamental fault types are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults involve a dipping fracture surface on which the block above the fault plane, the hanging-wall block, is downthrown with respect to the block below, called the footwall block. Normal faults are common in regions of crustal (地壳的) extension. In contrast, reverse fault displacements, which are common in regions of compression (压挤), are such that the block above the fracture surface is uplifted with respect to the block below. Strike-slip faults generally involve no vertical motion, but instead are produced by two blocks that are sliding laterally past one another. The sense of lateral motion can be right lateral (dextral) or left lateral (sinistral). Imagine that you are standing on one side of the fault. If the other side has moved to the right, as may be indicated by offset streams, ridges, roads, fences, or other features that cross the fault, it is a right-lateral fault. If the other side has been offset to the left, the fault is left lateral. Few faults are, in fact, purely normal, reverse, or transverse, but instead combine transverse motion with either normal or reverse motion. This combined motion is termed oblique slip. Complex fault types When faults extend to the Earth’s surface, displacing parts of the landscape, landforms are developed or modified. The portion of the fracture surface that is exposed by faulting is called the fault scarp. Fault scarps may initially be angular and well defined, but over time they are modified by weathering and erosion on the upper portions while the lower portions become buried by eroded debris. If a region is sliced by a series of subparallel normal faults with sufficient displacement, horst-and-graben topography may develop. A horst is a block that has remained high relative to those on either side, whereas a graben is depressed relative to the adjacent blocks. 60. Which of the statement is TRUE according to the passage? A. Faults range in length from a few centimeters to many hundreds of kilometers B. Faults are generally caused by a series of slips associated with creep. C. The fracture surface is always in line with the angle of the slip structure. D. The angle of inclination of a specific fault plane is by no means uniform. 61. Which picture correctly illustrates Reverse fault? A. B. C. D. 62. Which part of the picture is called “fault scarp” according to the passage? A. ① B. ② C. ③ D. ④ 63. In which section would you most likely find this article? A. History and Society B. Science and Tech C. Animals and Nature D. Geopolitics and Travel 【答案】60. D 61. C 62. D 63. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍地质断层的定义、分类、运动特点以及断层形成的相关地貌。 【60题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Many possible fault structures are possible; the fracture surface may be planar or curved, and the slip may be uniform everywhere or may change from place to place, as in a rotational displacement or a displacement that becomes smaller and smaller and finally dies out.(断层可能存在多种结构；断裂面可以是平面的，也可以是曲面的；滑动也可能在各处均匀，或者像旋转位移或逐渐减小直至消失的位移那样，随地而异。)”可知，断层面的形态、滑动方式都不是固定不变的，由此可以推断出 “特定断层面的倾角绝非一成不变”。 【61题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In contrast, reverse fault displacements, which are common in regions of compression (压挤), are such that the block above the fracture surface is uplifted with respect to the block below.(相反，逆断层多形成于挤压区域，断层面上方的岩块相对下方岩块向上抬升。)”，对比四个选项，只有C图中上方岩块相对下方岩块向上抬升，符合逆断层的特征。 【62题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The portion of the fracture surface that is exposed by faulting is called the fault scarp.(因断层作用裸露在外的断裂面部分被称作断层崖。)”，结合图示，④标注的位置正是断层作用裸露在外的断裂面，符合断层崖的定义。 【63题详解】 推理判断题。根据“Types of Faults(断层的类型)”可知，全文围绕地质断层、地质地貌展开专业科普，属于科学技术类内容。 (C) Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells our self-respect, people will try to repeat the accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employee instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people compelled almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to what could be regarded an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 64. What does the author say about the pursuit of work-related self-esteem? A. It may result in negative motivation. B. It contributes to one’s accomplishments. C. It can increase one’s vigor as one keeps trying. D. It costs too much emotionally and psychologically. 65. When pursuing work-related self-esteem, employees tend to ______? A. take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities B. strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being C. resort to all means regardless of the consequences D. exaggerate their sense of shame and worthlessness 66. As for people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem, which of the following statement is TRUE? A. They may often feel superior to their colleagues. B. They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. C. They are never satisfied with their achievements. D. They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 67. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Workers have to make sacrifices to preserve self-esteem. B. Self-esteem swells when its preservation is strongly motivated. C. Pursuit of goals affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent. D. People feel positive about their work as long as they are motivated. 【答案】64. A 65. B 66. B 67. D 【解析】 【导语】许多人将自我价值与工作挂钩，但研究表明，追求工作相关自尊虽能带来积极动力，却也会导致负面动机，让人过度投入工作，牺牲幸福，影响个人生活。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable.(但重复这一成就往往并不现实，当它不再发生时，可能会带来严重的负面情绪后果。这种动机形式被普遍认为是一种消极的动机类型，它可能阻碍其他更积极的动机形式，例如仅仅因为某项任务令人满足或愉快而完成任务)”可知，追求与工作相关的自尊可能会导致消极的激励效果。 【65题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment.(因此，为了避免与失败相关的羞耻感和无价值感，他们不断自我要求，导致自身幸福感受到负面影响。这种不惜一切代价追求成功的内在压力需要付出巨大努力，耗尽他们的精力，最终引发出不成比例的负面情绪)”可知，员工在追求与工作相关的自尊时，通常为了追求成功而不惜牺牲自身的幸福。 【66题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it.(这些负面情绪逐渐演变为强烈的焦虑，影响他们充分利用个人生活的能力。他们试图避免感到自卑，却最终在友谊和休闲活动方面能力下降，从而产生自卑感。他们无论是在工作中还是工作之外，都感到不满足)”可知，对于那些过分在意与工作相关的自尊心的人无法充分享受个人生活。 【67题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to what could be regarded an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated.(当然，这会对人们的个人生活造成影响，甚至可能达到一种不健康的程度，因为休闲活动常被视为必须为工作和家庭责任而牺牲的生活组成部分。然而，人们对自己工作的感受与其是否受到自尊心的驱动关系不大，更多是取决于他们是否单纯地被动机所驱使)”可知，只要被激励，人们对工作的感受就更积极，与具体动机类型关系较小。说明一旦有动力，人们就会对工作感到积极。 (D) When we experience something painful, our brain produces natural painkillers that are chemically similar to powerful drugs such as morphine. Now research suggests these natural painkillers, also called endogenous opioids, play another role: helping regulate the body’s energy. Lauri Nummenmaa, a brain-imaging scientist at the University of Turku in Finland and his colleagues measured endogenous opioid release in the brains of 10 healthy men. The subjects were injected with a radioactive substance that binds to opioid receptors, making it possible to visualize the receptors’ activity using positron-emission tomography (正电子放射断层造影术). The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.” Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience. “I would’ve expected the opposite result,” says Paul Burghardt, an investigator at Wayne State University, who was not involved in the work. After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating. Nummenmma, too, was surprised. His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss. “Maybe when people overeat, endogenous opioids released in the brain constantly attack the receptors, so they decrease in number, ” he says. Why more opioids flooded the brain after the goo versus the pizza remains a mystery, but then researchers guess that faster digestion of the liquid meal may have produced more of the chemicals at the time of the scan, 15 minutes after eating. The new results may indicate that opioids play a wider role in energy metabolism (新陈代谢) than scientists previously thought. One possibility is that the opioid system is activated by the satisfaction of a full stomach and refreshed energy, Nummenmma says. “If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure. ” 68. What does Paul Burghardt mean by “the opposite result” (in paragraph 4)? A. The body’s energy balance plays an unexpectedly important role in killing pain. B. The more you enjoy your meal, the more the endogenous opioids are released. C. It is the nutrition rather than the taste that give people the pleasure of eating. D. Dissatisfying meals call for brains to produce more natural painkillers. 69. What did Numnenmna’s group find in their earlier research? A. How many opioid receptors people have in their brain is related to their weight. B. Overeating is a major problem people have if they have fewer opioid receptors. C. Faster digestion can help the body to absorb more endogenous opioid. D. The goo is more effective in activating people’s opioid release. 70. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A. people need to eat less to keep their body’s energy in good balance B. opioids are released when there is an imbalance in the body’s energy C. eating can repair a person’s opioid system as long as there is sensory pleasure D. conditions that activate opioid release should be rechecked to confirm the findings 71. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The absence of sensory pleasure affects how well opioids work. B. Natural painkillers work better than powerful drugs like morphine. C. The brain releases feel-good chemicals even after unpleasant meals. D. Pain plays the same role as pleasure in giving people a good appetite. 【答案】68. B 69. A 70. B 71. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大脑会产生天然的止痛药，这些天然止痛药，也被称为内源性阿片类药物，最新的研究发现即使吃了不那么好吃的东西，大脑也会释放这种物质。解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。 【68题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience.(研究人员在今年早些时候的《神经科学杂志》上报告说，尽管受试者认为披萨比营养黏液更美味，但阿片类药物的释放似乎与他们对这顿饭的享受无关)”以及第四段“After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating.(毕竟，之前的人类和动物研究让研究人员相信，内源性阿片类药物有助于传递进食的乐趣)”可知，新的研究发现阿片类药物的释放似乎与他们对这顿饭的享受无关，而之前的研究发现的是内源性阿片类药物有助于传递进食的乐趣，故推测保罗·伯格哈特所说的“相反的结果”意思是你吃得越尽兴，内源性阿片类物质就释放得越多。故选B。 【69题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss.(他的研究小组早期的研究表明，肥胖者大脑中的阿片受体较少，但这种受体水平会随着体重减轻而恢复)”可知，努曼纳的团队在他们早期的研究中发现人的大脑中有多少阿片受体与体重有关。故选A。 【70题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure.”(他解释说：“如果你退后一步，看看激活阿片类药物释放的条件——疼痛、进食、快乐——它们都与体内平衡有关。最有趣的是，即使在没有感官愉悦的情况下，吃东西也能激活该系统。”)”可知，阿片类药物在身体能量不平衡时被释放。故选B。 【71题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.”(研究发现，在男性吃了一顿满意的披萨后，他们的大脑中出现了天然止痛药。令人惊讶的是，在他们吃了Nummenmaa称之为“营养黏液”的液体餐后，他们的大脑释放了更多的内源性阿片类物质，这种食物远没有那么令人愉快，但营养成分相似)”结合文章主要说明了大脑会产生天然的止痛药，这些天然止痛药，也被称为内源性阿片类药物，最新的研究发现即使吃了不那么好吃的东西，大脑也会释放这种物质。解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的主旨是即使在不愉快的用餐后，大脑也会释放让人感觉良好的化学物质。故选C。 Section C (2*4=8) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The other energy crisis There can be no doubt that we are in a time of crisis when it comes to our use of the planet’s limited energy resources. We have to leave our bad habits in the past and focus on more sustainable solutions. ____72____ According to a 2023 meta-analysis, one in five adults worldwide is living with fatigue unrelated to a medical condition. There are many reasons someone might feel tired all the time, such as a poor diet, lack of physical activity or a deficiency (缺少) in a particular nutrient. Mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety, can also lead to feeling exhausted. In a few cases, something more sinister (不祥的) is going on: extreme fatigue can be an early warning sign of cancer, for example. But there are plenty of healthy people, eating well and exercising weekly, who feel burned out by the demands of life. Current advice to keep fatigue at bay is almost always to “do more”. ____73____ Top of the list of things you can do to help on the UK National Health Service’s page for “tiredness and fatigue”, for example, is to “have a healthy diet and exercise regularly”. But fatigue itself can perpetuate (使持续) the conditions in which it thrives: 35 per cent of UK adults say that being “too tired” holds them back from having a healthier diet and doing more exercise. How can people put effort into finding, planning and cooking new recipes if their existing lifestyle leaves them without any spare energy? How can someone find the time to go to the gym or attend a fitness class when every moment of the day is already allocated by work, school, kids, housework, the admin of life ... ____74____ But “do more” isn’t the only solution to our exhaustion epidemic. Instead, we need to “do different” or “do smart”. For example, if you feel incapable of dealing with all of life’s demands, swap the unnecessary for the achievable. A 2018 study showed that burnout and exhaustion are often marked by a lack of confidence in one’s ability to meet goals, face challenges and produce good work. To counteract this, focus on doing something you know you are good at. Importantly, don’t use all your energy on the stuff you have to do. ____75____ We must acknowledge that burning through our own energy supplies makes us stressed and exhausted today, and more at risk of serious health conditions later. A. If all your time is spent working, cleaning or looking after your own or others’ health, you will miss out on the benefits of recreation. B. The idea seems to be that one can push through exhaustion by sheer will without repercussion (恶果). C. However, mentally fatigued subjects rated perception of effort during exercise to be significantly higher compared with the control condition. D. This isn’t to say people in general don’t need to eat well and keep physically active. E. But while we are rightly concentrating on Earth’s delicate energy balance, we are ignoring the signs that our own bodies are running on empty. F. In simple words, fatigue is an unpleasant feeling that describes sensations of muscle weakness and low energy, but without having sleepiness. 【答案】72. E 73. B 74. D 75. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了人们普遍存在身心疲惫的问题，指出传统“多运动、健康饮食”的建议存在局限性，并提出应对疲惫不应一味“多做事”，而要转变方式、合理分配精力的观点。 【72题详解】 根据前文“There can be no doubt that we are in a time of crisis when it comes to our use of the planet’s limited energy resources. We have to leave our bad habits in the past and focus on more sustainable solutions.(毫无疑问，在利用地球有限的能源资源方面，我们正处于危机之中。我们必须摒弃陋习，专注于更具可持续性的解决办法。)”以及后文“According to a 2023 meta-analysis, one in five adults worldwide is living with fatigue unrelated to a medical condition.(2023年的一项整合分析显示，全球五分之一的成年人正遭受非疾病因素引发的身体疲惫。)”可知，前文在谈论地球能源危机，后文转向人体精力不足的问题，空处需要起到转折、承上启下的作用。选项E“But while we are rightly concentrating on Earth’s delicate energy balance, we are ignoring the signs that our own bodies are running on empty.(然而，正当我们合理关注地球脆弱的能源平衡时，却忽略了我们自身身体也正耗尽精力的信号。)” 贴合上下文逻辑。 【73题详解】 根据前文“Current advice to keep fatigue at bay is almost always to “do more”.(目前缓解疲惫的建议几乎都是“多行动”。)”以及后文“Top of the list of things you can do to help on the UK National Health Service’s page for “tiredness and fatigue”, for example, is to “have a healthy diet and exercise regularly”.(例如，英国国家医疗服务体系关于“疲惫乏力”的页面上，首条建议就是“健康饮食、规律运动”。)”可知，空前引出对缓解疲惫的建议的主流建议，空后具体举例说明，故空处是对“多行动”这一主流建议的进一步解读。选项B“The idea seems to be that one can push through exhaustion by sheer will without repercussion.(这种观点似乎认为，人们仅凭意志力就能熬过疲惫，且不会产生不良后果。)”衔接前后内容。 【74题详解】 根据后文“But “do more” isn’t the only solution to our exhaustion epidemic.(但“多行动”并不是解决普遍疲惫问题的唯一办法。)”可知，but表转折，空处内容应先认可健康饮食与运动的作用，再引出下文的不同观点。选项D“This isn’t to say people in general don’t need to eat well and keep physically active.(这并不是说人们不需要健康饮食、坚持运动。)”符合此处转折逻辑。 【75题详解】 根据前文“Importantly, don’t use all your energy on the stuff you have to do.(重要的是，不要把所有精力都耗费在不得不做的事情上。)”可知，空前建议不要把精力都耗在琐事上，空处需要承接这句话，解释耗尽精力处理琐事会带来的负面影响。选项A“If all your time is spent working, cleaning or looking after your own or others’ health, you will miss out on the benefits of recreation.(如果你所有时间都花在工作、打扫或是照料自己和他人上，就无法享受休闲活动带来的益处。)” 与前文语义连贯。 IV. Translation (4+4+5+6+6=25) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 76. 他本打算交卷前再检查一下单词拼写，但事实证明，他高估了自己的阅读速度。(turn out) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】He had intended to check the word spelling again before handing in his paper, but it turned out that he had overestimated his reading speed. 【解析】 【详解】“他”用人称代词He作主语，“本打算”用had intended作谓语，使用过去完成时表示原本打算但未实现的动作，“再检查一下单词拼写”用不定式to check the word spelling again作宾语，“交卷”用hand in his paper表示，“交卷前”用before handing in his paper作时间状语,“但”用but连接并列分句，“事实证明”用固定句型it turned out that... 表达，描述过去的动作用一般过去时，it作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正主语，“高估”用had overestimated作从句谓语，使用过去完成时表示动作发生在turned out之前，“自己的阅读速度”用his reading speed作从句宾语。 77. 你为什么会认为他能够在这个高手如云的赛场中可以不费吹灰之力就能重现往日辉煌呢？(where) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】 Why do you think he can regain his past glory without any effort in this competition where there are numerous excellent players? 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，主句用一般现在时，表示你为什么会认为，用why do you think，后面的内容为宾语，可以用宾语从句，他能够重现往日辉煌表示为“he can regain his past glory”，不费吹灰之力用介词短语without any effort，在这个比赛中表示为“in this competition”，高手如云的可以作为定语从句修饰名词competition，用where引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词competition在从句中作地点状语，高手如云表示为“ there are numerous excellent players”。 78. 尽管他的父母不赞成他进入农学院，但他注意到，越是更近一步地面对挑战，他就越有可能找到解决办法。(Despite; way) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】Despite his parents’ disapproval of his entering the agricultural college, he noticed that the closer he got to the challenges, the more likely he was to find a way to solve them. 【解析】 【详解】“尽管”表达为Despite ，是介词，“父母不赞成”表达为parents’ disapproval，disapproval为名词，of后接动名词his entering表示“他进入”；“农学院”表达为the agricultural college ；“注意到”表达为noticed ，一般过去时，后接that引导的宾语从句；“越……越……”表达为“the +比较级，the +比较级” ；“靠近挑战”表达为got to the challenges；“有可能”表达为was likely to ；“找到解决办法”表达为find a way to solve 。故译为Despite his parents’ disapproval of his entering the agricultural college, he noticed that the closer he got to the challenges, the more likely he was to find a way to solve them. 79. 无论营销中采用何种策略，确定目标客户群体，进行有效的市场分析并通过个性化推销手段来留住潜在客户是至关重要的。(involve) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】Whatever strategies are involved in marketing, it is vital to identify target customer groups, conduct effective market analysis and retain potential customers through personalized sales methods. 【解析】 【详解】“无论营销中采用何种策略”用Whatever引导让步状语从句，strategies作从句主语，与involve是被动关系，描述客观情况用一般现在时，故用一般现在时的被动语态are involved作从句谓语，“营销中”用in marketing作地点状语；“确定目标客户群体、进行有效的市场分析并通过个性化推销手段来留住潜在客户是至关重要的” 用句型it is+adj+to do sth表示，it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语，“至关重要的”用形容词vital作表语，“确定”用动词identify表示，“目标客户群体”用target customer groups作宾语，“进行”用动词conduct表示，“有效的市场分析”用effective market analysis作宾语，“留住”用动词retain表示，“潜在客户”用potential customers作宾语，“通过个性化推销手段”用through personalized sales methods作方式状语。 80. 专家明确表示深度学习的成功与其说是人工智能的新突破，不如说要归功于互联网中可得到的海量数据。(it; as…as) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】Experts make it clear that the success of deep learning is due not so much to a new breakthrough in artificial intelligence as to the massive amount of data available on the Internet. 【解析】 【详解】句子描述一般性事实，使用一般现在时，“专家”译为Experts作主语；“明确表示”用make it clear that...表达，其中it是形式宾语，clear为宾语补足语，that引导的从句为真正宾语；“深度学习的成功”译为the success of deep learning，在宾语从句中作主语，“与其说是……不如说要归功于……”用固定结构due not so much to... as to... 表达，due to意为“归功于”，“人工智能的新突破”译为a new breakthrough in artificial intelligence是due to的第一个宾语，in artificial intelligence为后置定语；“互联网中可得到的海量数据”是due to的第二个宾语，“海量的数据”表示为the massive amount of data，“可得到的”用available作后置定语修饰data，“互联网中”用on the Internet作地点状语。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2024学年高二英语期末考试试卷 命题：姚欢 审题：朱思天 满分150分；2025.1 I. Listening Comprehension Section A (1*10=10) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. The seats there are uncomfortable. B. There are more than enough seats. C. It is popular with customers. D. It provides customers with reading materials. 2. A. Spare his neighbor a key. B. Get his key from his neighbor. C. Study in his neighbor’s apartment. D. Borrow some books from his neighbor. 3. A. Hand in their financial plan later. B. Leave their financial plan unfinished. C. Seek more information for their financial plan. D. Finish their financial plan with what they have. 4. A. He failed in Dr. Parker’s test. B. He didn’t know Dr. Parker at all. C. Dr. Parker’s tests were not difficult. D. The woman’s source of information is reliable. 5. A. The man should be recognized by his parents. B. The man’s parents helped him get the scholarship. C. The man should be praised for his accomplishment. D. The man’s parents stopped boasting about his scholarship. 6. A. She didn’t work hard on it. B. It wasn’t as good as expected. C. Her claims in it were persuasive. D. Her professor was satisfied with it. 7. A. Serve the dish as it is. B. Taste the dish first. C. Put some salt in the dish. D. Ask mum about the dish. 8. A. She’ll call Julia next week. B. She wonders if she’ll see Julia. C. Julia doesn’t want others to see her. D. Julia won’t be able to help the man. 9. A. It is in a better condition than the woman’s. B. It needs a new engine. C. It doesn’t deserve repairing. D. It is a big deal. 10. A. He has a lot of experience as a skier. B. He hasn’t ever been to central mountains. C. He plans to go skiing during his spring break. D. He doesn’t recommend going to central mountains. Section B (2*10=20) Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and the passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. It’s important to set a proper aim. B. What you get determines what you want. C. It’s no use regretting what you haven’t got. D. People are not aware of what they want. 12. A. Shopping. B. Finding a location. C. Inviting a friend. D. Planning. 13. A. How smart they are. B. What they hope to achieve. C. How much they can earn. D. What they can offer. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. It fails for most of the time. B. It happens less frequently now. C. Managers begin to doubt its feasibility. D. Managers are trying to make it simpler. 15. A. When managers want to understand interrelated problems. B. When managers hope to get a general idea of a system. C. When managers are running a successful operation. D. When managers have already grasped the whole thing. 16. A. They have seldom communicated with workers. B. They have no access to complex systems. C. They don’t know what they are ignorant of. D. They don’t know clearly how to explain to managers. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. A writer. B. A journalist. C. A story-teller. D. A photographer. 18. A. They can judge whether the interviewee is lying. B. They can keep in mind the importance of deadline. C. They can research the sense of smell professionally. D. They can use evidence to inform people of the missing parts of the story. 19. A. They might fail to be capable note-takers. B. They might concentrate too much on details. C. They might be lacking in the trick of the trade. D. They might have no idea what can be asked later. 20. A. They are useful to promote the process of interviews. B. They are powerful to prove the truth of news reports. C. They are influential to challenge the content of recordings. D. They are effective to assess the information journalists need to know. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A (1*20 = 20) (A) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A brief history of bathing For the average American, bathing is commonplace and expected. Natural as that fastidiousness (一丝不苟) ____1____ seem, it’s far from universal. Even in the developed Western world, routine bathing became a foregone conclusion only in the past century or so. From ancient Rome’s public baths to early-modern Europe’s water aversion (厌恶) to today’s ubiquity of in-home showers, our relationship with cleanliness is ____2____ but unchanging. The most famous and best documented bathing culture is ____3____ of ancient Rome, supported by a vast network of aqueducts (输水管道) and luxury bathhouses. Elites and commoners alike soaked daily, in both hot and cold water, scraping their bodies clean with tiny rakes. The custom “went far ____4____ the functional and hygienic necessities of washing,” writes historian of Roman architecture Fikret Yegül in Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. “It was a personal regeneration and a deeply rooted social and cultural habit.” The buildings were often designed with space for games, physical exercise and, in some larger complexes, libraries and lecture halls. As this suggests, the baths were not built with sanitation (卫生) policy in mind, but rather ____5____ (satisfy) the public and glorify the sponsors of these luxurious facilities, ____6____ Virginia Sarah Smith writes in Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. “The public baths mainly existed for reasons of pleasure, politics and propaganda (宣传),” Smith says. “In the long term, the hygienic impact of the public bath system was probably marginal.” Europeans of the early modern age were as obsessed with cleanliness as anyone. But English theologian (神学家) John Wesley’s motto ____7____ “cleanliness is, indeed, next to Godliness” didn’t extend to bathing. In fact, Westerners of his era believed bathing was downright dangerous. They feared that ____8____ they submerged themselves in water, they risked toxins infiltrating (渗透) the body through its pores (毛孔). Instead, they changed their shirts frequently and took “dry baths,” wiping themselves down with cloth. Such habits persisted well into the 19th century, ____9____ bathing entered its current renaissance. With advances in plumbing technology and water infrastructure, more and more Americans installed tubs and showers in their homes, ringing in the regime of private, daily baths. Perceptions of bathing shifted toward widespread acceptance and, eventually, the ____10____ (suppose) superiority of consistent washing. (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What Ralph Waldo Emerson knew about money When Ralph Waldo Emerson and his friends developed Transcendentalism in the mid-1830s, it was a light and abstract way of thinking. As theorists, the Transcendentalists insisted that the world ____11____ (be) a shimmery (闪烁的) projection of consciousness. No wonder many penniless eccentrics (怪人) were drawn to Emerson’s hometown of Concord, Massachusetts, in search of enlightenment. But Emerson himself was not naive when it came to money, partly because he was one of the few Transcendentalists with actual assets. He had grown up in relative poverty, ____12____ the death of his father, when Emerson was seven, had deprived the family of any substantial income. Yet it was another death, ____13____ of his first wife Ellen in 1831, that stabilized Emerson’s finances. Ellen, who came from a wealthy merchant family, left him ____14____ estate worth more than $23,000 — a huge sum at the time. And the dividends from her stocks and bonds supported him for the rest of his life. In a very real sense, the early American stock market indirectly funded Transcendentalism. ____15____ this unexpected fortune, Emerson was often short of cash. He supported a large household, paid for the care of his learning-disabled brother Bulkeley, and frequently helped his older brother William out of financial trouble. The stock market’s instability also caused his income to dry up on a regular basis. ____16____ (make) ends meet, Emerson gave public lectures across America for nearly 50 years. “I am no very good economist,” he once regretted, yet he was certainly expert at packaging and promoting Transcendentalism for ____17____ was then a mass audience. Emerson’s interest in money wasn’t just personal. He read great economists like Thomas Malthus and Adam Smith. The laissez-faire (自由放任政策) arguments ____18____ (express) in Smith’s book made perfect sense to him. “The basis of political economy is non-interference,” he wrote in a lecture titled “Wealth.” “The only safe rule is found in the self-adjusting meter of demand and supply.” The industrialists of the Gilded Age ____19____ hardly have found a better mascot (吉祥物). They ignored Emerson’s occasional doubts about his nation’s commercial culture. Instead, they embraced his ideas about self-reliance, _____20_____ had not only shaped the American character but merged quite comfortably with the social Darwinism of the era. Section B (1*20 = 20) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. (A) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. navigating B. amounts C. with D. boots E. feature F. to G. inner H. producing I. fanciful J. tricks K. overwhelmingly Pixar’s version of teenage turmoil In Inside Out, a pre-teen girl named Riley hosted five emotions in the form of adorable animated figures, four of which were negative. In Inside Out 2, four new ones form a rival group, and all of them are bad: Anxiety, Envy, Ennui (倦怠) and Embarrassment. At age 13, Riley is dealing with an 8-to-1 ratio of unpleasant emotions ____21____ the ever-optimistic Joy. To observers of teen girls, that sounds about right. Some sequels seem to try to get one more watery cup of coffee out of the pot. But as directed by Kelsey Mann in his ____22____ debut, Pixar’s follow-up to its 2015 Oscar winner burrows more deeply into a clever idea. As she prepares to attend hockey camp, the mostly stable Riley enters puberty (青春期). And to the characters living inside her brain, this ____23____ to literally smashing an alarm button that supercharges every emotion. All forces seek the upper hand, and calm rationality is no longer available. The puberty alarm is one of many ideas that combine the ____24____ with an underlying consideration of the rough patches in human nature. Unlike its sibling Disney Animation Studios, which has gotten sidetracked on poorly conceived (构思) projects such as Wish and Strange World, Pixar continues to be a cultural leader in ____25____ rewarding serious comedy. Unless all of the magazines and newspapers are wrong, young people, especially teen girls, are ____26____ stormy weather these days, and the situation seems to have worsened since the previous film came out. Inside Out 2 uses a superficially ridiculous character to discuss a genuine and alarming trend when a crazy-eyed orange creature called Anxiety marches into Riley’s mind, ____27____ Joy to the side and takes over the controls. Riley is in an apparently exciting, but actually nerve-wracking, new situation: At hockey camp, she is so impressed by the charm of an older, cooler girl named Val and her group that she betrays her best friends and even herself to fit in. Somewhere deep inside her, there’s a(n) ____28____ voice saying, “I’m a good person,” but a craving for acceptance is causing it to be drowned out by self-doubt and its destructive impulses. The most accurate cinematic depiction of the behavior of girls in Riley’s age group remains the 1973 documentary The Exorcist, but Inside Out 2 is a worthy successor, a ____29____ funny and observant fable of teen anxiety that has a lot to say about the state of youth today. The way Anxiety and her fellow emotions seize authority might even help kids understand the _____30_____ emotions play. For the price of a movie ticket, they’ll get a remarkably useful therapy session. (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. merited B. rarely C. reduces D. consciousness E. numbers F. automated G. amateurs H. rounds I. fleeing J. accordingly K. retail The Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition showcases beautiful pictures of rare and remarkable creatures. To create these images, dedicated experts went through a wide range of severe conditions. Coming home, I had just one thought: not bad for a bunch of professionals, but this lot would never make it as ____31____. I know what I am talking about. I have been taking substandard nature photographs for decades. Some have even ____32____ an exhibition of their own. We had to put something on the walls of our downstairs toilet. In my view, none of the contributors to the show at London’s Natural History Museum has grasped the basic principles of bad nature photography. In this endeavour, the canonic (典型的) image ____33____ the animal to a small, blurred blob (一小块) in one corner of the frame. Ideally, it should be ____34____ the snapper as he or she crashes through the underbrush or roars up in a Jeep. I inherited my hobby from my father. He was a titan in the field. One evening every year he would show us his work with slides. Sitting in the dark, shocked with boredom, I would drift in and out of ____35____. Bad nature photography was easier then. Traditional equipment limited the number of shots you could take. Little of the process was ____36____. Long lenses were expensive. Digital cameras do the bulk of the decision making these days. It costs nothing to junk shots that flop. Tolerable telephoto lenses ____37____ for under £1,000. You can take decent landscapes and wildlife shots with a smartphone, too. That’s all fine. But I do fret over the beauty standards created by today’s photo-editing software. This is causing a whole new genre of bad nature photos. It turns photography into digital painting by ____38____. Taking pictures in the open air becomes a starting point, rather than an end in itself. The products are all the same, without flavour. Slightly changed wildlife photos are equally common. I’m not referring here to obvious fakes like the “Norwegian blue owl” which did the ____39____ on social media recently. Instead, I’m referring to real animals that have been idealized. Typically, the animal is perfectly lit. It is looking directly out of the frame, as if making conscious eye contact with the viewer. Nature is _____40_____ like this, particularly during the British winter. My feeling is that editing software is best used as an aid to taking photographs. It is not the main event. III. Reading Comprehension Section A (1*15=15) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The good old days? For hundreds of years, nostalgia wasn’t just an emotion, but a potentially deadly disease. Coined by a Swiss physician in 1688, nostalgia struck down servants in 17th-century Germany and killed soldiers in their thousands during the American Civil War. It was a kind of uncontrollable homesickness and while its exact ____41____ is unclear, it caused people to slowly waste away. Weak and unable to eat, some ____42____ to death. These days, we view nostalgia very differently. Now, psychologists and neuroscientists think nostalgia is a predominantly positive, although ____43____, emotion that arises from personally important, tender, wistful (伤感的) memories of one’s past. But nostalgia isn’t just benign. It is also ____44____ therapeutic — a powerful psychological resource that provides people with a variety of benefits. Researchers have found it can boost self-esteem, increase meaning in life, foster a sense of social ____45____ and reduce loneliness, stress and anxiety. It can even be used to maintain and improve memory among older adults, enrich psychological health and lessen depression, studies show. This therapeutic version of nostalgia has been put to use in ____46____ places. Organizations of various kinds have tapped into nostalgia’s feel-good factor and companies have deployed the emotion in their efforts to improve workforce well-being. The sociologist Yiannis Gabriel was one of the first to ____47____ the term “organizational nostalgia”. He found that nostalgia is a by-product of workplaces where employees have spent many years, especially when the organization is ____48____ to the local community, like coal mines, hospitals and universities. His research subjects told nostalgic stories about former colleagues and reminisced over old office buildings. Later studies found that organizational nostalgia could be put to use. It strengthened the ____49____ identities of academics, doctors and nurses, for example, and could be deployed as a personal psychological resource. Nostalgia at work can look like shared _____50_____ about memorable days in a company’s history, or more abstract feelings about the “golden age” of a profession. Psychologists found that this organizational nostalgia helps employees cope with a challenging boss. It could act as an emotional buffer, allowing staff to maintain a feeling of _____51_____ and — helpfully for employers — stop them seeking improved working conditions or altered leadership. Despite the frustrations of, say being denied a(n) _____52_____ in important decisions at work, researchers have found that nostalgia provides an “alternative route to social connectedness” that keeps employees _____53_____. One study that interviewed 23 academics in Finland found they yearned for a past when they had more academic freedom. This “idealization of the past” helped the academics _____54_____ their professional values, researchers found, which helped them _____55_____ current pressures. And when medical professionals had their autonomy threatened by new ways of working, they could draw on nostalgia to make themselves feel better. 41. A. function B. procedure C. mechanism D. origin 42. A. thrilled B. starved C. bored D. sentenced 43. A. fleeting B. tricky C. intense D. bittersweet 44. A. actively B. reluctantly C. occasionally D. exceedingly 45. A. accountability B. collectiveness C. integration D. connectedness 46. A. anticipated B. unexpected C. irrational D. conventional 47. A. forge B. coin C. quote D. popularize 48. A. trivial B. home C. central D. superior 49. A. amateur B. public C. professional D. individual 50. A. recollections B. implications C. predictions D. speculations 51. A. distraction B. hesitation C. resignation D. motivation 52. A. alternative B. promotion C. voice D. refund 53. A. cooperative B. respectable C. productive D. competent 54. A. undermine B. clarify C. sophisticate D. justify 55. A. live up to B. get well along with C. make up for D. come to terms with Section B (2*4*4=32) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) As countless unmade beds and unfinished homework assignments prove, kids need rules. Yet how parents make demands can powerfully influence a child’s social skills, psychologists at the University of Virginia recently found after the conclusion on a study investigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Initially 184 13-year-olds filled out multiple surveys, including one to assess how often their parents employed psychologically controlling strategies, such as threatening to withdraw affection. The kids rated, for example how typical it would be for Dad to suggest that “if I really cared for him, I would not do things that caused him to worry” or for Mom to become “less friendly when I did not see things her way.” The researchers followed up with the subjects at ages 18 and 21, asking the young adults to bring along a close friend. These pairs were asked to answer questions that were purposefully written to cause a difference of opinion. “We wanted to see whether they could handle a disagreement in a healthy way,” says study leader Barbara Oudekerk, now at the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Statistics. In the October issue of Child Development, Oudekerk and her colleagues report that the 13-year-olds who had highly controlling parents floundered in friendly disagreements at age 18. They had difficulty stating their opinions in a confident, reasoned manner in comparison to the kids without controlling parents. And when they did speak up, they often failed to express themselves in warm and productive ways. The researchers suspect that controlling parents affect their child’s ability to learn how to argue his or her own viewpoint in other relationships. Although parents do need to set boundaries， dominating strategies imply that any disagreement will damage the bond itself. Separate findings suggest that parents who explain the reasons behind their rules and turn disagreements into conversations leave youngsters better prepared for future disagreements. The consequences of tense or dominating relationships appear to worsen with time. This study also found that social difficulties at 18 predicted even poorer communication abilities at age 21. Psychologist Shmuel Shulman of Bar-llan University in Israel, who did not participate in the work, thinks these conclusions convincingly reveal how relationship patterns “carry forward” into new friendships. 56. What did the researchers from the University of Virginia do in their research? A. They asked kids about how they got along with their parents. B. They surveyed some parents about what rules kids needed. C. They inquired into what the kids’ friends thought of them. D. They traced their subjects for nearly eight years. 57. The phrase “floundered in” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ___. A. struggled with B. dealt with C. looked over D. took over 58. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Shmuel Shulman thinks more evidence is needed for the new research. B. Controlling parents’ influence on their kids gets stronger as time goes by. C. 21-year-olds are more eager to be free of parents’ control than 18-year-olds. D. Kids can handle disagreement better if their parents get along well with each other. 59. What is the passage mainly about? A. Pushy parents could harm their kids’ social skills. B. Kids should learn what friendly disagreements are. C. Parents; affection matters in terms of kids; personality. D. Few parents explain the reasons why they set boundaries. (B) Types of Faults A fault is a fracture surface within the earth on which slip or displacement has taken place. The total displacement on a fault may be less than a few centimeters or may be measured in hundreds of kilometers. Large displacements are commonly achieved by a series of sudden slips associated with earthquakes, but under some conditions involving slow slip, called creep. Many possible fault structures are possible; the fracture surface may be planar or curved, and the slip may be uniform everywhere or may change from place to place, as in a rotational displacement or a displacement that becomes smaller and smaller and finally dies out. The three fundamental fault types are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults involve a dipping fracture surface on which the block above the fault plane, the hanging-wall block, is downthrown with respect to the block below, called the footwall block. Normal faults are common in regions of crustal (地壳的) extension. In contrast, reverse fault displacements, which are common in regions of compression (压挤), are such that the block above the fracture surface is uplifted with respect to the block below. Strike-slip faults generally involve no vertical motion, but instead are produced by two blocks that are sliding laterally past one another. The sense of lateral motion can be right lateral (dextral) or left lateral (sinistral). Imagine that you are standing on one side of the fault. If the other side has moved to the right, as may be indicated by offset streams, ridges, roads, fences, or other features that cross the fault, it is a right-lateral fault. If the other side has been offset to the left, the fault is left lateral. Few faults are, in fact, purely normal, reverse, or transverse, but instead combine transverse motion with either normal or reverse motion. This combined motion is termed oblique slip. Complex fault types When faults extend to the Earth’s surface, displacing parts of the landscape, landforms are developed or modified. The portion of the fracture surface that is exposed by faulting is called the fault scarp. Fault scarps may initially be angular and well defined, but over time they are modified by weathering and erosion on the upper portions while the lower portions become buried by eroded debris. If a region is sliced by a series of subparallel normal faults with sufficient displacement, horst-and-graben topography may develop. A horst is a block that has remained high relative to those on either side, whereas a graben is depressed relative to the adjacent blocks. 60. Which of the statement is TRUE according to the passage? A. Faults range in length from a few centimeters to many hundreds of kilometers B. Faults are generally caused by a series of slips associated with creep. C. The fracture surface is always in line with the angle of the slip structure. D. The angle of inclination of a specific fault plane is by no means uniform. 61. Which picture correctly illustrates Reverse fault? A. B. C. D. 62. Which part of the picture is called “fault scarp” according to the passage? A. ① B. ② C. ③ D. ④ 63. In which section would you most likely find this article? A. History and Society B. Science and Tech C. Animals and Nature D. Geopolitics and Travel (C) Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells our self-respect, people will try to repeat the accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employee instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people compelled almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to what could be regarded an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 64. What does the author say about the pursuit of work-related self-esteem? A. It may result in negative motivation. B. It contributes to one’s accomplishments. C. It can increase one’s vigor as one keeps trying. D. It costs too much emotionally and psychologically. 65. When pursuing work-related self-esteem, employees tend to ______? A. take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities B. strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being C. resort to all means regardless of the consequences D. exaggerate their sense of shame and worthlessness 66. As for people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem, which of the following statement is TRUE? A. They may often feel superior to their colleagues. B. They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. C. They are never satisfied with their achievements. D. They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 67. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Workers have to make sacrifices to preserve self-esteem. B. Self-esteem swells when its preservation is strongly motivated. C. Pursuit of goals affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent. D. People feel positive about their work as long as they are motivated. (D) When we experience something painful, our brain produces natural painkillers that are chemically similar to powerful drugs such as morphine. Now research suggests these natural painkillers, also called endogenous opioids, play another role: helping regulate the body’s energy. Lauri Nummenmaa, a brain-imaging scientist at the University of Turku in Finland and his colleagues measured endogenous opioid release in the brains of 10 healthy men. The subjects were injected with a radioactive substance that binds to opioid receptors, making it possible to visualize the receptors’ activity using positron-emission tomography (正电子放射断层造影术). The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.” Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience. “I would’ve expected the opposite result,” says Paul Burghardt, an investigator at Wayne State University, who was not involved in the work. After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating. Nummenmma, too, was surprised. His group earlier research showed that obese (肥胖的) people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss. “Maybe when people overeat, endogenous opioids released in the brain constantly attack the receptors, so they decrease in number, ” he says. Why more opioids flooded the brain after the goo versus the pizza remains a mystery, but then researchers guess that faster digestion of the liquid meal may have produced more of the chemicals at the time of the scan, 15 minutes after eating. The new results may indicate that opioids play a wider role in energy metabolism (新陈代谢) than scientists previously thought. One possibility is that the opioid system is activated by the satisfaction of a full stomach and refreshed energy, Nummenmma says. “If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure. ” 68. What does Paul Burghardt mean by “the opposite result” (in paragraph 4)? A. The body’s energy balance plays an unexpectedly important role in killing pain. B. The more you enjoy your meal, the more the endogenous opioids are released. C. It is the nutrition rather than the taste that give people the pleasure of eating. D. Dissatisfying meals call for brains to produce more natural painkillers. 69. What did Numnenmna’s group find in their earlier research? A. How many opioid receptors people have in their brain is related to their weight. B. Overeating is a major problem people have if they have fewer opioid receptors. C. Faster digestion can help the body to absorb more endogenous opioid. D. The goo is more effective in activating people’s opioid release. 70. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A. people need to eat less to keep their body’s energy in good balance B. opioids are released when there is an imbalance in the body’s energy C. eating can repair a person’s opioid system as long as there is sensory pleasure D. conditions that activate opioid release should be rechecked to confirm the findings 71. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The absence of sensory pleasure affects how well opioids work. B. Natural painkillers work better than powerful drugs like morphine. C. The brain releases feel-good chemicals even after unpleasant meals. D. Pain plays the same role as pleasure in giving people a good appetite. Section C (2*4=8) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The other energy crisis There can be no doubt that we are in a time of crisis when it comes to our use of the planet’s limited energy resources. We have to leave our bad habits in the past and focus on more sustainable solutions. ____72____ According to a 2023 meta-analysis, one in five adults worldwide is living with fatigue unrelated to a medical condition. There are many reasons someone might feel tired all the time, such as a poor diet, lack of physical activity or a deficiency (缺少) in a particular nutrient. Mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety, can also lead to feeling exhausted. In a few cases, something more sinister (不祥的) is going on: extreme fatigue can be an early warning sign of cancer, for example. But there are plenty of healthy people, eating well and exercising weekly, who feel burned out by the demands of life. Current advice to keep fatigue at bay is almost always to “do more”. ____73____ Top of the list of things you can do to help on the UK National Health Service’s page for “tiredness and fatigue”, for example, is to “have a healthy diet and exercise regularly”. But fatigue itself can perpetuate (使持续) the conditions in which it thrives: 35 per cent of UK adults say that being “too tired” holds them back from having a healthier diet and doing more exercise. How can people put effort into finding, planning and cooking new recipes if their existing lifestyle leaves them without any spare energy? How can someone find the time to go to the gym or attend a fitness class when every moment of the day is already allocated by work, school, kids, housework, the admin of life ... ____74____ But “do more” isn’t the only solution to our exhaustion epidemic. Instead, we need to “do different” or “do smart”. For example, if you feel incapable of dealing with all of life’s demands, swap the unnecessary for the achievable. A 2018 study showed that burnout and exhaustion are often marked by a lack of confidence in one’s ability to meet goals, face challenges and produce good work. To counteract this, focus on doing something you know you are good at. Importantly, don’t use all your energy on the stuff you have to do. ____75____ We must acknowledge that burning through our own energy supplies makes us stressed and exhausted today, and more at risk of serious health conditions later. A. If all your time is spent working, cleaning or looking after your own or others’ health, you will miss out on the benefits of recreation. B. The idea seems to be that one can push through exhaustion by sheer will without repercussion (恶果). C. However, mentally fatigued subjects rated perception of effort during exercise to be significantly higher compared with the control condition. D. This isn’t to say people in general don’t need to eat well and keep physically active. E. But while we are rightly concentrating on Earth’s delicate energy balance, we are ignoring the signs that our own bodies are running on empty. F. In simple words, fatigue is an unpleasant feeling that describes sensations of muscle weakness and low energy, but without having sleepiness. IV. Translation (4+4+5+6+6=25) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 76. 他本打算交卷前再检查一下单词拼写，但事实证明，他高估了自己的阅读速度。(turn out) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 77. 你为什么会认为他能够在这个高手如云的赛场中可以不费吹灰之力就能重现往日辉煌呢？(where) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 78. 尽管他的父母不赞成他进入农学院，但他注意到，越是更近一步地面对挑战，他就越有可能找到解决办法。(Despite; way) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 79. 无论营销中采用何种策略，确定目标客户群体，进行有效的市场分析并通过个性化推销手段来留住潜在客户是至关重要的。(involve) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 80. 专家明确表示深度学习的成功与其说是人工智能的新突破，不如说要归功于互联网中可得到的海量数据。(it; as…as) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $