暑假作业06 过去完成时（巩固培优） 高二英语译林版

**基本信息** 以“过去的过去”为核心概念，构建“定义-构成-用法-辨析”四维知识体系，通过规则总结与真题演练提升时态应用的精准性，培养语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |知识讲解|含规则变化20+例、不规则5类、对比表3项|时态判定三步骤、时间状语速记法、与现完/一过对比表|从概念生成（过去的过去）到形式构成（had+过去分词），再到用法拓展（5大场景+6种场合）| |真题演练|单选10/填空10/高考题5|语境分析法、虚拟语气标志词识别|通过“基础-变式-真题”三级训练，实现从规则记忆到语境应用的迁移|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业06 过去完成时（解析版） 一、定义 过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或某个动作之前就已经发生或完成的动作，它描述的是“过去的过去”。 二、构成 1. 过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，没有人称和数的变化。 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词 否定式：主语 + had not (hadn’t) + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 2. 过去分词的构成 1）规则变化 一般情况下直接加 -ed：work → worked, play → played 以不发音的 e 结尾，只加 -d：like → liked, live → lived 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾，变 y 为 i 再加 -ed：study → studied, carry → carried picnic, panic, traffic 这三个词 + ked 重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加 -ed：例如：stop → stopped, plan → planned, pat → patted, plot → plotted, spot → spotted, dot → dotted, knot → knotted, ban → banned, can → canned（“装罐”）, fan → fanned（“扇风”）, grab → grabbed, rub → rubbed, rob → robbed, sob → sobbed, ship → shipped, shop → shopped, drop → dropped, chop → chopped, slip → slipped, tip → tipped, clap → clapped, wrap → wrapped, trap → trapped, tap → tapped, map → mapped, zip → zipped, trim → trimmed, skim → skimmed, drum → drummed, star → starred（v. 主演）, scar → scarred 注意这几个重读在第二个音节的单词，必须双写词尾辅音字母再加ed： refer → referred, prefer → preferred，infer → inferred，occur →occurred，equip →equipped, regret → regretted, admit → admitted, permit → permitted, commit → committed, submit → submitted, transmit → transmitted, transfer → transferred 2）不规则变化（精选中学高频词） AAA型（原形、过去式、过去分词同形）： cut - cut - cut, put - put - put, read - read - read, let - let - let, hurt - hurt - hurt ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）：build - built - built, send - sent - sent, spend - spent - spent, teach - taught - taught, feel - felt - felt, keep - kept - kept, leave - left - left ABC型（三形不同）：begin - began - begun, drink - drank - drunk, ring - rang - rung, take - took - taken, go - went - gone, see - saw - seen, give - gave - given AAB型：beat - beat - beaten ABA型：come - came - come, become - became - become, run - ran - run 三、基本语法 1. 表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作。 常与由 by, before 等构成的介词短语或时间状语从句连用。 By the end of last year, the team had solved the problem. 到去年年底，这个团队已经解决了那个问题。 Before I entered the classroom, the teacher had started the lesson. 在我走进教室之前，老师已经开始上课了。 2. 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去另一个时间，且可能仍将继续。 常与 for 或 since 连用，动词需为延续性动词。 He had lived in the countryside for ten years before he moved to the city.他搬到城市之前，已经在乡下住了十年。 When we met, I realized I had known her since primary school. 我们相遇时，我意识到我从小学就认识她了。 3. 用于宾语从句中，主句为一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句之前。 She told me that she had never seen such a beautiful sunset. 她告诉我她从未见过如此美丽的日落。 Jack said he had left his keys in the office. 杰克说他把钥匙落在办公室了。 4. 用于固定句型中。 如 It/This/That was the first/second... time that... 从句需用过去完成时。hardly... when...与 no sooner... than... 句式中，主句用过去完成时。 It was the second time that I had been to the Great Wall. 那是我第二次去长城了。 He had hardly entered the house when the rain began to pour down. / Hardly had he entered the house when the rain began to pour down.他刚进屋，大雨就倾盆而下。 5. 表示过去未曾实现的希望或意图。 常用动词如 hope, intend, mean, think, plan 等的过去完成时态。 I had hoped to catch the early bus, but I got up late. 我原本希望能赶上早班车，但我起晚了。 They had intended to finish the work before dark, but it was too difficult. 他们本打算天黑前完成工作，但任务太难了。 四、常见时间状语 by the end of last... (month/week), by that time, by then, before + 过去时间点/从句, when + 一般过去时从句, after + 过去完成时从句, until then, up till then, for + 时间段 (表延续), since + 过去时间点, by the time + 一般过去时从句, hardly... when, no sooner... than…等。 五、与现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 时态 概念 参照时间 常用状语 例句 现在完成时 过去发生，强调对现在的影响或持续到现在 现在 already, yet, ever, since, before, so far, in recent years I have finished my homework, so I can play now. 我已经完成作业了，现在可以玩了。 一般过去时 在过去某一时间点发生的动作，不强调与现在的联系 明确的过去时间 yesterday, last week, in 2020, two days ago I finished my homework an hour ago. 我一小时前完成了作业。 过去完成时 在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作 另一个过去的时间或动作 参见以上内容（四、常见时间状语） By 9 o’clock last night, I had finished my homework. 到昨晚九点，我已经完成作业了。 六、过去完成时使用的场合 1. 叙述过去连续发生的动作： 先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 She had turned off the light and then went to bed. 她关掉灯，然后上床睡觉了。 2. 在间接引语中：主句为过去时，直接引语中的现在完成时或一般过去时要变为过去完成时。 He said, “I ate nothing.” → He said that he had eaten nothing. 他说他什么也没吃。 3. 时间状语从句中强调先后： When I got to the station, the train had left. 我到车站时，火车已经开走了。 4. 固定结构中： Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我刚到家，就开始下雨了。 It was the first time that I had met an alien. 那是我第一次见到外星人。 5. 表达与过去事实相反的意愿： I had planned to visit you, but the storm stopped me. 我本计划去看你，但暴风雨阻止了我。 6. 在虚拟语气中：1）表示与过去相反的If从句中： If you had arrived a few minutes earlier, you could have met her. 如果你早到几分钟，你就能见到她。 2）wish的宾语从句中，表示与过去的情况相反：How I wish I had studied hard in the past! 我多么希望自己过去努力学习！ 一、单项选择：选出最佳选项。 1. By the time he got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______. A. rose B. has risen C. had risen D. was rising 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：他到达山顶时，太阳已经升起了。“太阳升起”发生在“到达山顶”这一过去动作之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。By the time 引导的从句用了一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。故选C。 2. The movie was so exciting that I found it was the best one I ______. A. have ever watched B. had ever watched C. ever watched D. would watch 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：电影如此激动人心，我发现这是我看过最好的一部。主句为一般过去时，“看电影”这一动作发生在“发现”之前，表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。故选B。 3. She told us that she ______ her hometown since she was a child. A. hasn’t visited B. didn’t visit C. hadn’t visited D. wasn’t visiting 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：她告诉我们，她从小就再也没回过家乡。主句是一般过去时，从句的动作“没有回过”从 childhood 持续到 told 之前，表示“过去的过去”，且与 since 连用，故用过去完成时。故选C。 4. —What did your father ask you just now? —He asked me why I ______ the back door unlocked. A. left B. have left C. will leave D. had left 【答案】D 【解析】考查宾语从句时态。句意：“你爸爸刚才问你什么？” “他问我为什么没锁后门。”主句 asked 为一般过去时，从句动作“没锁门”发生在“问”之前，应用过去完成时。故选D。 5. Hardly ______ the airport when the plane took off. A. I had reached B. had I reached C. I reached D. did I reach 【答案】B 【解析】考查固定句型及时态。句意：我刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。Hardly...when 句型中，主句用过去完成时，且 hardly 置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。将 had 提到主语 I 之前，故选B。 6. We ______ to start our own business last summer, but a sudden accident ruined our plan. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. would hope 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：我们去年夏天本希望自己创业，但一场意外毁了我们的计划。表示“原本希望做而未做”，用过去完成时 had hoped。故选C。 7. It was the second time that the headmaster ______ to our class to give a speech. A. has come B. came C. had come D. comes 【答案】C 【解析】考查固定句型。句意：那是校长第二次来我们班做演讲。在“It was the + 序数词 + time that...”句型中，that 从句要用过去完成时。故选C。 8. By the end of last month, the new bridge ______ for three months. A. has been open B. had been open C. was open D. would be open 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：到上个月末，这座新桥已经通车三个月了。By the end of last month 是过去完成时的标志性时间状语，表示状态从过去持续到上个月末，故用过去完成时。open 是形容词，与 had been 构成系表结构。故选B。 9. When the police arrived, the thieves ______. A. had run away B. have run away C. ran away D. were running away 【答案】A 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：警察赶到时，小偷已经逃跑了。“逃跑”发生在“赶到”之前，强调结果，应用过去完成时。故选A。 10. She ______ more than 50 English novels by the time she graduated. A. has read B. reads C. had read D. was reading 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：到毕业时，她已经读了50多本英文小说了。by the time 引导的从句用一般过去时，主句动作持续到那时，强调“到那时为止”，故用过去完成时。故选C。 二、单句语法填空 1. By the time I walked into the bookstore, my friend ____________ (buy) the last copy of that novel. 【答案】had bought 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我走进书店时，我的朋友已经买走了那本小说的最后一本。根据 By the time 引导的时间状语从句用了一般过去时，主句动作“买”发生在“走进”之前，故用过去完成时，填 had bought。 2. In the past few years, the small village ____________ (change) a lot. 【答案】has changed 【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：在过去的几年里，这个小村庄变化很大。In the past few years 是现在完成时的标志性时间状语，表示从过去持续到现在的变化，主语是单数，故填 has changed。 3. Last Saturday, I ____________ (meet) an old friend whom I hadn’t seen for ages. 【答案】met 【解析】考查一般过去时。句意：上周六，我遇到了一位多年未见的老朋友。句中有明确的过去时间状语 Last Saturday，谓语动词应用一般过去时，故填 met。 4. She said that she ____________ (finish) her homework before nine o’clock the night before. 【答案】had finished 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：她说她前一天晚上九点前就已经完成作业了。主句 said 为一般过去时，从句中 the night before 对应昨晚，动作发生在 said 之前，故用过去完成时，填 had finished。 5. He was exhausted because he __________________ (work) on the farm all day. 【答案】had worked / had been working 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：他筋疲力尽，因为他在农场干了一整天的活。劳累的动作发生在 was exhausted 之前，强调持续一天，用过去完成时 had worked 或过去完成进行时 had been working。 6. It was the first time that I ____________ (eat) such delicious Chinese food. 【答案】had eaten 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：那是我第一次吃到这么美味的中国菜。It was the first time that... 句型中，从句必须用过去完成时，故填 had eaten。 7. Our teacher told us that light ____________ (travel) faster than sound. 【答案】travels 【解析】考查一般现在时。句意：老师告诉我们光速比声速快。尽管主句是过去时，但从句陈述的是客观真理，仍用一般现在时，主语 light 不可数，故填 travels。 8. When I arrived, they __________________ (already, leave). 【答案】had already left 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：我到达时，他们已经离开了。arrived 为过去动作，leave 发生在此之前，应用过去完成时，副词 already 置于 had 之后，故填 had already left。 9. She ____________ (plan) to go hiking, but the heavy rain ruined her trip. 【答案】had planned 【解析】考查过去完成时。句意：她本计划去远足，但大雨毁了她的行程。表示原本打算做而未做，用 had planned，故填 had planned。 10. Since he graduated, he ____________ (work) in this IT company. 【答案】has worked/has been working 【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：自从毕业以来，他一直在这家 IT 公司工作。Since 引导的从句表示从过去延续到现在的时间，主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，故填 has worked/has been working。 三、完成句子 1. By the time the ambulance arrived, __________________________________ (受伤男子已死). 【答案】the injured man had died 【解析】By the time 后接一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，表示“已死亡”。 2. She didn’t go to the cinema __________________________________________. (因为她看过来这不电影) 【答案】because she had already seen the film 【解析】没去是因为在那之前“已经看过了”，用过去完成时。 3. He told me that _____________________________________________ (他以前从没到过这么遥远的村子) 【答案】he had never been to such a remote village before. 【解析】主句过去时，从句表示此前从未去过，用过去完成时。 4. _______________________________________________________ (他刚睡着) than the alarm went off. 【答案】No sooner had he fallen asleep 【解析】No sooner...than 句型，主句用过去完成时，且 no sooner 提前，部分倒装。 5. It was the most inspiring speech __________________________________________ (我曾经听到的). 【答案】I had ever heard 【解析】前面的 was 提示是过去语境，“听过”在前，用过去完成时。 6. ________________________________________ (公交车刚开走) when they rushed to the stop. 【答案】The bus had already left/Hardly had the bus left 【解析】到站之前车已开走，过去的过去，用过去完成时。 7. He said __________________________________________ (这篇小说他读了三遍) since it was published. 【答案】he had read the novel three times 【解析】主句 said 过去时，从句从出版延续到说之前，用过去完成时。 8. I _____________________________________________ (我原本打算听音乐会), but I couldn’t get a ticket. 【答案】I had hoped to attend the concert 【解析】表示原本希望但没实现，用过去完成时。 9. Before we moved to this city, ______________________________________ (我们在伦敦住过五年). 【答案】we had lived in London for five years 【解析】搬到本市前已在伦敦住过五年，过去的过去，用过去完成时。 10. __________________________________________ (演出刚开始) when the audience burst into applause. 【答案】Hardly had the performance begun 【解析】Hardly...when 句型，主句过去完成时，倒装。 一、句型转换 1. Mary said, “I finished my homework.” （直接引语→间接引语） → Mary said that she __________________ her homework. 【答案】had finished 【解析】直接引语为一般过去时，主句 said 为过去时，间接引语要退为过去完成时，表示在说之前已完成。 2. Tom said, “I have never been to the museum.” （直接引语→间接引语） → Tom said that he ______ never ______ to the museum. 【答案】had; been 【解析】直接引语为现在完成时，间接引语改为过去完成时。 3. He asked, “Did you see the accident happen?” （直接引语→间接引语） → He asked if I ______ the accident happen. 【答案】had seen 【解析】直接引语是一般过去时的一般疑问句，变为宾语从句时，时态退为过去完成时。 4. “I had already left when you called,” she told me. （直接引语→间接引语） → She told me that she ______ already ______ when I called. 【答案】had, left 【解析】直接引语本身已是过去完成时，变为间接引语时，时态不再变化，仍用过去完成时。 5. The teacher said, “Lucy wrote the article by herself.” （直接引语→间接引语） → The teacher said that Lucy __________________ the article by herself. 【答案】had written 【解析】一般过去时 wrote 转为过去完成时 had written。 6. They entered the restaurant. They were served. (after) （合并成复合句） 【答案】After they had entered the restaurant they were served. ① entered（进入餐厅）和 ② were served（被服务）这两个动作发生的合理顺序是：必须先进入，才能被服务 → ① 发生在 ② 之前； 时态规则：两个动作都在过去，先发生的动作要用 过去完成时（had + 过去分词），因此：先进入 → had entered；后被服务 → were served 7. I didn’t use my credit card. I lost it. (because) （合并成复合句） 【答案】I didn’t use my credit card because I had lost it. ① lost it（丢失了信用卡）→ ② didn’t use it（没有使用它）这两个动作发生的合理顺序是：先丢失，因此才无法使用 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had lost 8. They didn’t tell me. The airline cancelled the flight. (that) （合并成复合句） 【答案】 They didn't tell me that the airline had cancelled the flight. ① cancelled the flight（airline 取消了航班）→ ② didn't tell me（没有告诉我）两个动作的合理顺序是：先取消航班，然后他们才没有告知 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had cancelled 9. He couldn’t go out. He broke his leg. (because) （合并成复合句） 【答案】He couldn’t go out because he had broken his leg. ① broke my leg（摔断了腿）→ ② couldn’t go out（无法出门）这两个动作的合理顺序是：先摔断腿，才导致不能出门 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had broken 10. He took up a job. He left school. (as soon as) （合并成复合句） 【答案】He took up a job as soon as he had left school. ① left school（离开学校）→ ② took up a job（开始工作）这两个动作的合理顺序是：先离开学校，紧接着开始工作 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had left 11. Susan fell in love with Jack. She told her parents. (after) （合并成复合句） 【答案】After Susan had fallen in love with Jack, she told her parents. ① fell in love with Jack（爱上 Jack）→ ② told her parents（告诉父母）两个动作的合理顺序是：先爱上，之后再告诉父母 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had fallen 12. I was in Paris for a week. I met Ann there. (when) （合并成复合句） 【答案】After I had been in Paris for a week, I met Ann there. ① was in Paris for a week（在巴黎待了一周，已完成这一周）→ ② met Ann（遇见 Ann）两个动作的合理顺序是：先待满一周，然后在那之后遇见 Ann → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had been 13. Jim called Jane from his office. He came back home. (before) （合并成复合句） 【答案】Jim had called Jane from his office before he came back home. ① called Jane（打电话给 Jane）→ ② came back home（回到家）这两个动作的合理顺序是：先打电话，然后才回家 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时（放在主句）：had called 14. Maria finished the meal. And I arrived. (by the time) （合并成复合句） 【答案】Maria had finished the meal by the time I arrived. ① finished the meal（吃完了饭）→ ② I arrived（我到达）这两个动作的合理顺序是：先完成吃饭，到我到达时她已经吃完了 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had finished 15. Messi scored the goal. The fans went wild. (as soon as) （合并成复合句） 【答案】As soon as Messi had scored the goal, the fans went wild. ① scored the goal（进球）→ ② went wild（球迷沸腾）这两个动作的合理顺序是：先进球，随后球迷立刻沸腾 → ① 发生在 ② 之前。先发生的用过去完成时：had scored 二、中译英 1. 到上周末为止，我们已经学完了那本教材。 【答案】By the end of last week, we had already finished learning that textbook. 【解析】“到上周末为止”用 By the end of last week，是过去完成时的标志，“学完”在之前完成，用 had finished。 2. 她告诉我她以前从未看过如此感人的电影。 【答案】She told me that she had never seen such a moving film before. 【解析】主句 told 过去时，“从未看过”发生在之前，用过去完成时。 3. 我刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 【答案】Hardly had I got home when it began to rain./ No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 【解析】Hardly...when…No sooner… than… 结构，到家先于下雨，主句用过去完成时并倒装。 4. 那是他第一次独自去国外旅行。 【答案】It was the first time that he had traveled abroad alone. 【解析】It was the first time that... 从句用过去完成时。 5. 他本打算早点出发，但错过了早班车。 【答案】He had intended to set off early, but he missed the early bus. 【解析】“本打算”表示过去未能实现的意图，用 had intended。 6. 我到车站时，火车已经开走了。 【答案】When I got to the station, the train had already left. 【解析】到站之前火车已开走，过去的过去，用过去完成时。 7. 老师说他的相机丢了，其实他根本没带。 【答案】The teacher said that he had lost his camera, but in fact he hadn’t brought it at all. 【解析】说之前相机已丢，用过去完成时 had lost。 8. 我刚刚把作业交给老师。（现在完成时） 【答案】I have just handed in my homework to the teacher. 【解析】“刚刚”对现在有影响，时间点未过去，用现在完成时。 9. 上个月，我去了北京并参观了故宫。（一般过去时） 【答案】Last month, I went to Beijing and visited the Forbidden City. 【解析】具体过去时间 last month，用一般过去时。 10. 最近几年，我们的家乡发生了巨大变化。（现在完成时） 【答案】In recent years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. 【解析】In recent years 是从过去持续到现在，用现在完成时。 三、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空格处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号中单词的正确形式。 When my father was young, he dreamed of seeing the world. Before he turned twenty, he 1 (already, travel) to three different continents. He told me that by the time he was my age, he 2 (climb) five of the world’s most famous mountains. I 3 (always, admire) his stories, but until last summer, I 4 (never, leave) our small hometown myself. Last July, an opportunity finally came. My uncle, who lives in Italy, invited me to visit. I was so excited because I 5 (not, have) a chance to go abroad before. After I 6 (pack) my luggage, I said goodbye to my parents and set off. The journey was amazing! In the past ten months, I 7 (visit) four cities in Italy and tried countless local dishes. I called my father and said, “Dad, I 8 (just, see) the very mountain you once described!” He was thrilled and said he was proud that I 9 (realize) my dream. Honestly, I wish I 10 (take) this trip years earlier. 【答案】 1. had already traveled 2. had climbed 3. have always admired 4. had never left 5. had not had 6. had packed 7. have visited 8. have just seen 9. had realized 10. had taken 【解析】 1. had already traveled：句意：他二十岁前，就已经游历了三大洲。Before 引导的过去时间状语，“游历”在他二十岁之前完成，用过去完成时。副词 already 放在 had 之后。 2. had climbed：句意：他告诉我，到我这个年纪时，他已经登上了五座世界名山。主句 told 是过去时，从句时间 by the time he was my age 表示“到他过去那个年龄时”，登山的动作发生在此之前，用过去完成时。 3. have always admired：句意：我一直很钦佩他的故事。此句描述从过去到现在一直持续的状态，强调对现在仍有影响，用现在完成时。 4. had never left：句意：但直到去年夏天，我自己从未离开过我们的小镇。“从未离开”发生在去年夏天之前，即过去的过去，用过去完成时。 5. had not had：句意：我很兴奋，因为此前我从没有机会出国。原因状语从句中，“没有机会”发生在 was excited 之前，用过去完成时。 6. had packed：句意：我收拾好行李后，告别了父母就出发了。在 said goodbye 之前，先完成了打包动作，用过去完成时表示先后顺序。 7. have visited：句意：在过去的十个月里，我游览了意大利的四个城市。In the past ten months 是现在完成时的标志，表示从十个月前持续到现在，用现在完成时。 8. have just seen：句意：爸爸，我刚看到了你曾描述过的那座山！直接引语中，表示刚刚发生的动作，对现在有影响，用现在完成时。 9. had realized：句意：他说他很骄傲我已经实现了梦想。主句 was proud 过去时，从句“实现梦想”在他感到骄傲之前已发生，用过去完成时。 10. had taken：句意：老实说，我真希望我早几年就进行这趟旅行。wish 后的宾语从句表达与过去事实相反的愿望，意为“过去要是做了某事就好了”，用过去完成时。 一、高考真题再现 1.【2025年北京卷】Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you __________ (make) several decisions without even realizing it. 答案：had made 解析：语境判断：时间状语By the time you brushed your teeth中的brushed为一般过去时，表示“到你刷牙时为止”。“做决定”这个动作发生在“刷牙”这个过去动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 2. 【2023年北京卷】He was unhappy when he found his wallet empty. He __________ (arrive) home, but someone had broken into it. 答案：had arrived 解析：语境判断：后半句的had broken into是过去完成时，表示“已经破门而入”。“到家”这件事发生在“有人破门而入”之前。相对于“破门而入”这个过去的动作，“到家”发生在更早的过去。 3. 【2022年天津卷第二次】The children failed to hide their disappointment when they found out the school ________ the party. A. cancels B. will cancel C. has cancelled D. had cancelled 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：当孩子们发现学校取消了派对时，他们无法掩饰他们的失望。结合句意可知，学校取消派对发生在前，孩子无法掩饰失望发生在后，故从句的cancel为“过去的过去”，需要用过去完成时态。故选D项。 4. 【2018年北京卷】 A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _____ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 答案：D 解析：语境判断：主句risked为一般过去时，定语从句中的动作“被困”发生在主句动作之前（先被困，后救援），即“过去的过去”。主语two tourists与trap（困住）之间是被动关系（游客被困）。 5. 【2011年北京卷】 Experiments of this kind __________ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted 答案：D 解析：语境判断：时间状语well before the Second World War（早在二战之前）表明动作发生在过去的过去。主语Experiments与conduct（进行）之间是被动关系（实验被进行）。 二、阅读理解（语境学语法）选出最佳答案。 It’s been years since I last saw my best friend from high school. We had drifted apart after graduation, and life took us in different directions. I had always wondered what had happened to her. A few months ago, I decided to look her up on social media. I was surprised to find her profile and see that she had moved to a city not far from mine. I reached out, and we agreed to meet up. Before our meeting, I hadn’t seen her in almost 10 years. I had tried to imagine how she might have changed. Had she kept the same sense of humor? Had she followed her dreams of becoming an artist? These questions filled my mind. On the day of our reunion, I was both nervous and excited. I had prepared a little speech in my head, just in case the conversation didn’t flow naturally. I hadn’t felt this anxious in a long time. When I arrived at the cafe, I spotted her immediately. She had arrived early and was sitting by the window. I recognized her smile instantly. We hugged, and it felt like no time had passed at all. As we talked, I learned that she had traveled the world and had experienced many adventures. She hadn’t become an artist, but she had pursued a career in writing — something she had discovered a passion for during her travels. We talked about our school days and laughed about the silly things we had done. I realized how much I had missed our friendship. By the end of our meeting, we promised not to lose touch again. Reflecting on our reunion, I thought about all the moments we had missed and how much we had grown. It was a beautiful reminder that true friendships can withstand the test of time. 1. How long had the author not seen her friend before their reunion? A. A few months. B. Almost 10 years. C. Since they graduated. D. More than a decade. 2. How did the author feel on the day of the meeting? A. Nervous and excited. B. Anxious but prepared. C. Excited and carefree. D. Relaxed and confident. 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The author regretted losing touch with her friend. B. The friend planned to settle down in the author’s city. C. The author cherished the reunion very much. D. The friend had completely changed her personality. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Childhood friends often grow apart permanently. B. Traveling can help discover a new career. C. Social media easily reunites old friends. D. True friendship can survive long separations. 答案及解析 1. 【答案】B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Before our meeting, I hadn't seen her in almost 10 years.”可知，她们重逢前已将近十年未见。A项“A few months”是作者开始联系朋友的时间；C项“Since they graduated”范围模糊，文中明确给出了具体时长；D项“More than a decade”与文中的“almost 10 years”不符。因此B项正确。 2. 【答案】A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“On the day of our reunion, I was both nervous and excited.”可知，作者当天的心情是既紧张又兴奋。B项利用文中“anxious”和“prepared a little speech”设置干扰，但“prepared”是行为而非感受，且遗漏了“excited”；C项中的“carefree”与原文的紧张情绪相反；D项中的“relaxed”和“confident”也无中生有。因此A项正确。 3. 【答案】C 【解析】判断推理题。从最后一段作者称这次重逢为“a beautiful reminder”，并因错过的时光和彼此的成长而感慨，可推断她非常珍视这次重逢。A项中的“regretted”过度推断，文中仅提到反思错过的时刻，未明确表达后悔；B项“定居计划”文中未提及；D项与文中“it felt like no time had passed at all”所暗示的熟悉感矛盾。因此C项正确。 4. 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章通过讲述作者与高中好友分别近十年后重逢、友谊依旧深厚的故事，最后一句“true friendships can withstand the test of time”点明主题：真正的友谊经得起时间考验。A项与文意相反；B、C两项只是故事中的具体细节，不足以概括全文。因此D项正确。 再仔细阅读原文，找出含过去完成时的句子，认真体会其用法。 It’s been years since I last saw my best friend from high school. We had drifted apart after graduation, and life took us in different directions. I had always wondered what had happened to her. A few months ago, I decided to look her up on social media. I was surprised to find her profile and see that she had moved to a city not far from mine. I reached out, and we agreed to meet up. Before our meeting, I hadn’t seen her in almost 10 years. I had tried to imagine how she might have changed. Had she kept the same sense of humor? Had she followed her dreams of becoming an artist? These questions filled my mind. On the day of our reunion, I was both nervous and excited. I had prepared a little speech in my head, just in case the conversation didn’t flow naturally. I hadn’t felt this anxious in a long time. When I arrived at the cafe, I spotted her immediately. She had arrived early and was sitting by the window. I recognized her smile instantly. We hugged, and it felt like no time had passed at all. As we talked, I learned that she had traveled the world and had experienced many adventures. She hadn’t become an artist, but she had pursued a career in writing — something she had discovered a passion for during her travels. We reminisced about our school days and laughed about the silly things we had done. I realized how much I had missed our friendship. By the end of our meeting, we promised not to lose touch again. Reflecting on our reunion, I thought about all the moments we had missed and how much we had grown. It was a beautiful reminder that true friendships can withstand the test of time. 三、听力理解（听中学语法）选出最佳答案。 听对话，选出正确答案。 1. Why was David able to drink wine at the party? A. He had not eaten any sausages. B. There was still some wine left. C. He had brought his own wine. 2. What caused David to feel dizzy? A. He drank on an empty stomach. B. He had been hungry all afternoon. C. He had too much to drink. 3. What can we learn about the party? A. It had been carefully organized. B. Very few people were invited. C. It was not well prepared. 4. What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. David’s awful experience at the party. B. The problems with the party food. C. How David got drunk that day. 答案与详细解析 1. 答案：B 题型：细节理解 解析： 本题考查直接信息获取。戴维说 “Fortunately, they had not drunk all the wine before I came.” ，明确表示他来的时候酒还没有被喝光，所以能喝到酒。选项A “他没有吃到香肠” 是事实，但并非能喝到酒的原因；选项C “他自己带了酒” 在对话中完全未提及。故B正确。 2. 答案：A 题型：判断推理 解析： 对话中露西说 “You told me you had not had anything to eat. You must have got drunk!” ，马克随后承认喝完第三杯感到头晕。由此可推断，空腹饮酒是他头晕的根本原因。选项B “他整个下午都很饿” 是对话中Eve的陈述，虽然属实，但不是直接导致头晕的关键；选项C “他喝得太多了” 具有迷惑性，但戴维只喝了两三杯，Eve也将醉酒归因于没吃东西而非饮酒过量。因此A正确。 3. 答案：C 题型：判断推理 解析： 对话中戴维提到香肠被一扫而光、DJ放了几首歌就消失、满屋陌生人等细节，综合起来可推断派对准备不充分、组织混乱。选项A “精心组织” 与描述截然相反；选项B “很少人被邀请” 与 “the house was full of people” 矛盾。故C正确。 4. 答案：A 题型：主旨大意 解析： 整段对话始于戴维评价派对是 “a disaster”，接着从没东西吃、不认识人、DJ消失、空腹喝酒头晕等各方面描述了不愉快的经历。选项B “派对食物的问题” 和选项C “马克那天如何喝醉” 都只是对话的部分内容，无法概括全篇。故A正确，准确抓住了对话的核心话题。 再仔细阅读录音文字材料，找出含过去完成时的句子，认真体会其用法。 Lucy: Did you enjoy the party, David? David: Not at all, Lucy. I had never been to such a party before. It was a disaster. Lucy: David? A disaster? David: Exactly. When I arrived at the party, they had eaten all the sausages. There was nothing to eat. Lucy: Hadn’t they bought enough sausages for everyone? David: No, they hadn’t. The house was full of people I had never met before. Lucy: So you were hungry all afternoon. David: I was pretty hungry. I hadn’t eaten anything before I left home. Lucy: Did you dance? David: No, I didn’t. There was a DJ at the party, but after he had played a couple of songs, he disappeared. Lucy: What did you do then? David: Fortunately, they had not drunk all the wine before I came. I had two or three glasses of red wine and went home. Lucy: David? You told me you had not had anything to eat. You must have got drunk! David: To tell the truth, when I had finished the third glass, I felt a little bit dizzy. But I am all right now. Am I not? 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Did you enjoy the party? David. not at all, Lucy. I had never been to such a party before. IT was a disaster. David, a disaster. exactly. When I arrived at the party, they had eaten all the sausages. There was nothing to eat. Hadn't they bought enough sausages . for everyone? No, they hadn't. The house was full of people I had never met before. So you were hungry all afternoon. I was pretty hungry. I hadn't done anything before . I left home. Did you dance? No, I didn't. There was AD, J at the party, but after he had played a couple of songs. he disappeared. What did you do then? Fortunately, they had not rank all the wine. Before I came, I had two or three glasses of red wine in one home. David, you told me you had not had anything to eat. You must have got drunk. To tell the truth, when I had finished the third glass, I felt a little bit dizzy, but I am all right now. Am I not? 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业06 过去完成时（原卷版） 一、定义 过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或某个动作之前就已经发生或完成的动作，它描述的是“过去的过去”。 二、构成 1. 过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，没有人称和数的变化。 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词 否定式：主语 + had not (hadn’t) + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 2. 过去分词的构成 1）规则变化 一般情况下直接加 -ed：work → worked, play → played 以不发音的 e 结尾，只加 -d：like → liked, live → lived 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾，变 y 为 i 再加 -ed：study → studied, carry → carried picnic, panic, traffic 这三个词 + ked 重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加 -ed：例如：stop → stopped, plan → planned, pat → patted, plot → plotted, spot → spotted, dot → dotted, knot → knotted, ban → banned, can → canned（“装罐”）, fan → fanned（“扇风”）, grab → grabbed, rub → rubbed, rob → robbed, sob → sobbed, ship → shipped, shop → shopped, drop → dropped, chop → chopped, slip → slipped, tip → tipped, clap → clapped, wrap → wrapped, trap → trapped, tap → tapped, map → mapped, zip → zipped, trim → trimmed, skim → skimmed, drum → drummed, star → starred（v. 主演）, scar → scarred 注意这几个重读在第二个音节的单词，必须双写词尾辅音字母再加ed： refer → referred, prefer → preferred，infer → inferred，occur →occurred，equip →equipped, regret → regretted, admit → admitted, permit → permitted, commit → committed, submit → submitted, transmit → transmitted, transfer → transferred 2）不规则变化（精选中学高频词） AAA型（原形、过去式、过去分词同形）： cut - cut - cut, put - put - put, read - read - read, let - let - let, hurt - hurt - hurt ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）：build - built - built, send - sent - sent, spend - spent - spent, teach - taught - taught, feel - felt - felt, keep - kept - kept, leave - left - left ABC型（三形不同）：begin - began - begun, drink - drank - drunk, ring - rang - rung, take - took - taken, go - went - gone, see - saw - seen, give - gave - given AAB型：beat - beat - beaten ABA型：come - came - come, become - became - become, run - ran - run 三、基本语法 1. 表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作。 常与由 by, before 等构成的介词短语或时间状语从句连用。 By the end of last year, the team had solved the problem. 到去年年底，这个团队已经解决了那个问题。 Before I entered the classroom, the teacher had started the lesson. 在我走进教室之前，老师已经开始上课了。 2. 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去另一个时间，且可能仍将继续。 常与 for 或 since 连用，动词需为延续性动词。 He had lived in the countryside for ten years before he moved to the city.他搬到城市之前，已经在乡下住了十年。 When we met, I realized I had known her since primary school. 我们相遇时，我意识到我从小学就认识她了。 3. 用于宾语从句中，主句为一般过去时，从句动作发生在主句之前。 She told me that she had never seen such a beautiful sunset. 她告诉我她从未见过如此美丽的日落。 Jack said he had left his keys in the office. 杰克说他把钥匙落在办公室了。 4. 用于固定句型中。 如 It/This/That was the first/second... time that... 从句需用过去完成时。hardly... when...与 no sooner... than... 句式中，主句用过去完成时。 It was the second time that I had been to the Great Wall. 那是我第二次去长城了。 He had hardly entered the house when the rain began to pour down. / Hardly had he entered the house when the rain began to pour down.他刚进屋，大雨就倾盆而下。 5. 表示过去未曾实现的希望或意图。 常用动词如 hope, intend, mean, think, plan 等的过去完成时态。 I had hoped to catch the early bus, but I got up late. 我原本希望能赶上早班车，但我起晚了。 They had intended to finish the work before dark, but it was too difficult. 他们本打算天黑前完成工作，但任务太难了。 四、常见时间状语 by the end of last... (month/week), by that time, by then, before + 过去时间点/从句, when + 一般过去时从句, after + 过去完成时从句, until then, up till then, for + 时间段 (表延续), since + 过去时间点, by the time + 一般过去时从句, hardly... when, no sooner... than…等。 五、与现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 时态 概念 参照时间 常用状语 例句 现在完成时 过去发生，强调对现在的影响或持续到现在 现在 already, yet, ever, since, before, so far, in recent years I have finished my homework, so I can play now. 我已经完成作业了，现在可以玩了。 一般过去时 在过去某一时间点发生的动作，不强调与现在的联系 明确的过去时间 yesterday, last week, in 2020, two days ago I finished my homework an hour ago. 我一小时前完成了作业。 过去完成时 在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作 另一个过去的时间或动作 参见以上内容（四、常见时间状语） By 9 o’clock last night, I had finished my homework. 到昨晚九点，我已经完成作业了。 六、过去完成时使用的场合 1. 叙述过去连续发生的动作： 先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。 She had turned off the light and then went to bed. 她关掉灯，然后上床睡觉了。 2. 在间接引语中：主句为过去时，直接引语中的现在完成时或一般过去时要变为过去完成时。 He said, “I ate nothing.” → He said that he had eaten nothing. 他说他什么也没吃。 3. 时间状语从句中强调先后： When I got to the station, the train had left. 我到车站时，火车已经开走了。 4. 固定结构中： Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我刚到家，就开始下雨了。 It was the first time that I had met an alien. 那是我第一次见到外星人。 5. 表达与过去事实相反的意愿： I had planned to visit you, but the storm stopped me. 我本计划去看你，但暴风雨阻止了我。 6. 在虚拟语气中：1）表示与过去相反的If从句中： If you had arrived a few minutes earlier, you could have met her. 如果你早到几分钟，你就能见到她。 2）wish的宾语从句中，表示与过去的情况相反：How I wish I had studied hard in the past! 我多么希望自己过去努力学习！ 一、单项选择：选出最佳选项。 1. By the time he got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______. A. rose B. has risen C. had risen D. was rising 2. The movie was so exciting that I found it was the best one I ______. A. have ever watched B. had ever watched C. ever watched D. would watch 3. She told us that she ______ her hometown since she was a child. A. hasn’t visited B. didn’t visit C. hadn’t visited D. wasn’t visiting 4. —What did your father ask you just now? —He asked me why I ______ the back door unlocked. A. left B. have left C. will leave D. had left 5. Hardly ______ the airport when the plane took off. A. I had reached B. had I reached C. I reached D. did I reach 6. We ______ to start our own business last summer, but a sudden accident ruined our plan. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. would hope 7. It was the second time that the headmaster ______ to our class to give a speech. A. has come B. came C. had come D. comes 8. By the end of last month, the new bridge ______ for three months. A. has been open B. had been open C. was open D. would be open 9. When the police arrived, the thieves ______. A. had run away B. have run away C. ran away D. were running away 10. She ______ more than 50 English novels by the time she graduated. A. has read B. reads C. had read D. was reading 二、单句语法填空 1. By the time I walked into the bookstore, my friend ____________ (buy) the last copy of that novel. 2. In the past few years, the small village ____________ (change) a lot. 3. Last Saturday, I ____________ (meet) an old friend whom I hadn’t seen for ages. 4. She said that she ____________ (finish) her homework before nine o’clock the night before. 5. He was exhausted because he ____________ (work) on the farm all day. 6. It was the first time that I ____________ (eat) such delicious Chinese food. 7. Our teacher told us that light ____________ (travel) faster than sound. 8. When I arrived, they ____________ (already, leave). 9. She ____________ (plan) to go hiking, but the heavy rain ruined her trip. 10. Since he graduated, he ____________ (work) in this IT company. 三、完成句子 1. By the time the ambulance arrived, __________________________________ (受伤男子已死). 2. She didn’t go to the cinema __________________________________________. (因为她看过来这不电影) 3. He told me that _____________________________________________ (他以前从没到过这么遥远的村子) 4. _______________________________________________________ (他刚睡着) than the alarm went off. 5. It was the most inspiring speech __________________________________________ (我曾经听到的). 6. ________________________________________ (公交车刚开走) when they rushed to the stop. 7. He said __________________________________________ (这篇小说他读了三遍) since it was published. 8. I _____________________________________________ (我原本打算听音乐会), but I couldn’t get a ticket. 9. Before we moved to this city, ______________________________________ (我们在伦敦住过五年). 10. __________________________________________ (演出刚开始) when the audience burst into applause. 一、句型转换 1. Mary said, “I finished my homework.” （直接引语→间接引语） → Mary said that she __________________ her homework. 2. Tom said, “I have never been to the museum.” （直接引语→间接引语） → Tom said that he ______ never ______ to the museum. 3. He asked, “Did you see the accident happen?” （直接引语→间接引语） → He asked if I ____________ the accident happen. 4. “I had already left when you called,” she told me. （直接引语→间接引语） → She told me that she ______ already ______ when I called. 5. The teacher said, “Lucy wrote the article by herself.” （直接引语→间接引语） → The teacher said that Lucy __________________ the article by herself. 6. They entered the restaurant. They were served. (after) （合并成复合句） 7. I didn’t use my credit card. I lost it. (because) （合并成复合句） 8. They didn’t tell me. The airline cancelled the flight. (that) （合并成复合句） 9. He couldn’t go out. He broke his leg. (because) （合并成复合句） 10. He took up a job. He left school. (as soon as) （合并成复合句） 11. Susan fell in love with Jack. She told her parents. (after) （合并成复合句） 12. I was in Paris for a week. I met Ann there. (when) （合并成复合句） 13. Jim called Jane from his office. He came back home. (before) （合并成复合句） 14. Maria finished the meal. And I arrived. (by the time) （合并成复合句） 15. Messi scored the goal. The fans went wild. (as soon as) （合并成复合句） 二、中译英 1. 到上周末为止，我们已经学完了那本教材。 2. 她告诉我她以前从未看过如此感人的电影。 3. 我刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 4. 那是他第一次独自去国外旅行。 5. 他本打算早点出发，但错过了早班车。 6. 我到车站时，火车已经开走了。 7. 老师说他的相机丢了，其实他根本没带。 8. 我刚刚把作业交给老师。（现在完成时） 9. 上个月，我去了北京并参观了故宫。（一般过去时） 10. 最近几年，我们的家乡发生了巨大变化。（现在完成时） 三、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空格处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号中单词的正确形式。 When my father was young, he dreamed of seeing the world. Before he turned twenty, he 1 (already, travel) to three different continents. He told me that by the time he was my age, he 2 _ (climb) five of the world’s most famous mountains. I 3 (always, admire) his stories, but until last summer, I 4 (never, leave) our small hometown myself. Last July, an opportunity finally came. My uncle, who lives in Italy, invited me to visit. I was so excited because I 5 (not, have) a chance to go abroad before. After I 6 (pack) my luggage, I said goodbye to my parents and set off. The journey was amazing! In the past ten months, I 7 (visit) four cities in Italy and tried countless local dishes. I called my father and said, “Dad, I 8 (just, see) the very mountain you once described!” He was thrilled and said he was proud that I 9 (realize) my dream. Honestly, I wish I 10 (take) this trip years earlier. 一、高考真题再现 1.【2025年北京卷】Making choices is part of life. By the time you brushed your teeth, you __________ (make) several decisions without even realizing it. 2. 【2023年北京卷】He was unhappy when he found his wallet empty. He __________ (arrive) home, but someone had broken into it. 3. 【2022年天津卷第二次】The children failed to hide their disappointment when they found out the school ________ the party. A. cancels B. will cancel C. has cancelled D. had cancelled 4. 【2018年北京卷】 A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _____ in the mountains for two days. A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped 5. 【2011年北京卷】 Experiments of this kind __________ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted 二、阅读理解（语境学语法）选出最佳答案 It’s been years since I last saw my best friend from high school. We had drifted apart after graduation, and life took us in different directions. I had always wondered what had happened to her. A few months ago, I decided to look her up on social media. I was surprised to find her profile and see that she had moved to a city not far from mine. I reached out, and we agreed to meet up. Before our meeting, I hadn’t seen her in almost 10 years. I had tried to imagine how she might have changed. Had she kept the same sense of humor? Had she followed her dreams of becoming an artist? These questions filled my mind. On the day of our reunion, I was both nervous and excited. I had prepared a little speech in my head, just in case the conversation didn’t flow naturally. I hadn’t felt this anxious in a long time. When I arrived at the cafe, I spotted her immediately. She had arrived early and was sitting by the window. I recognized her smile instantly. We hugged, and it felt like no time had passed at all. As we talked, I learned that she had traveled the world and had experienced many adventures. She hadn’t become an artist, but she had pursued a career in writing — something she had discovered a passion for during her travels. We talked about our school days and laughed about the silly things we had done. I realized how much I had missed our friendship. By the end of our meeting, we promised not to lose touch again. Reflecting on our reunion, I thought about all the moments we had missed and how much we had grown. It was a beautiful reminder that true friendships can withstand the test of time. 1. How long had the author not seen her friend before their reunion? A. A few months. B. Almost 10 years. C. Since they graduated. D. More than a decade. 2. How did the author feel on the day of the meeting? A. Nervous and excited. B. Anxious but prepared. C. Excited and carefree. D. Relaxed and confident. 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The author regretted losing touch with her friend. B. The friend planned to settle down in the author’s city. C. The author cherished the reunion very much. D. The friend had completely changed her personality. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Childhood friends often grow apart permanently. B. Traveling can help discover a new career. C. Social media easily reunites old friends. D. True friendship can survive long separations. 三、听力理解（听中学语法）选出最佳答案 听对话，选出正确答案。 1. Why was David able to drink wine at the party? A. He had not eaten any sausages. B. There was still some wine left. C. He had brought his own wine. 2. What caused David to feel dizzy? A. He drank on an empty stomach. B. He had been hungry all afternoon. C. He had too much to drink. 3. What can we learn about the party? A. It had been carefully organized. B. Very few people were invited. C. It was not well prepared. 4. What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. David’s awful experience at the party. B. The problems with the party food. C. How David got drunk that day. 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $