必修第三册 Unit 4 Space exploration Discovering Useful Structures

该高中英语课件聚焦不定式作定语和状语的用法，通过歌词导入引发兴趣，结合太空探索例句引导学生分析功能，再系统讲解时态语态、位置关系及不同情境用法，辅以即时演练和高考链接，构建从感知到应用的学习支架。 其亮点是以太空探索为主题，融入中国航天工程案例（如嫦娥四号探月、空间站计划），通过对比不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别培养思维品质，高考链接提升学习能力。学生在真实语境中提升语言运用能力，教师可借助结构化资料高效开展语法教学。

CHINA AEROSPACE ENGINEERING ASTRONOMICAL SPACE STATION 中国航天工程天和空间站 Unit 4 SPACE EXPLORATION Discovering Useful Structures By the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. identify and analyze the usage of infinitives as adverbials and attributes ; 2. use infinitives to describe space facts and efforts to explore space. Learning objections Lead in I need somebody to heal Somebody to know Somebody to have Somebody to hold It’s easy to say But it’s never the same I guess I kinda liked the way you numbed all the pain Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions. 1.I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. 2.As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. 3.First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. 4.Some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. 5.On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 状语 状语 状语 定语 定语 1. Scientists work hard to find answers. 2. They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find out the secrets of the universe. 3. However, some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space. 4. Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 5. America’s NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space. 6. These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died. 目的状语 目的状语 定语 定语 目的状语 定语 7. China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003. 8. This signalled one step further in China’s plan to establish a space station in the future. 9. More recently, China has sent Chang’e 4 to explore the surface of the far side of the moon to make measurements and observations. 10. Europe, the US, and China all have plans to further study and explore planets like Mars and Jupiter. 11. Despite the difficulties, scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began, but also help us survive well into the future. 定语 定语 目的状语 目的状语 目的状语 01 不定式作定语 The Infinitive as the attribute 不定式的时态和语态变化 主动语态 被动语态 意 义 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing 1. The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 2. I’m very sorry to have kept you waiting for me. 3. The little boy pretended to be reading the books when his teacher entered the classroom. 4. He worked hard in order not to fail in the exam again. to be done:不定式的被动形式 to have done: 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 to be doing: 表示动作正在进行 not to do: 不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的位置和关系 动词不定式作定语通常放在名词、代词或不定代词的后面作后置定语。 动词不定式作定语一般与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系、动宾关系、动状关系或同位关系。 We must find a person to do the work. There are lots of interesting things to see. I need a place to sleep in. They got the order to leave the city. 主谓关系 动宾关系 同位关系 动状关系 动词不定式作后置定语 1. 当名词是序数词或是被序数词、形容词最高级、the next、the only、the last，the right等修饰时，常用不定式作定语。 He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature. They take a lot of trouble to find the right person to do the job. 动词不定式作后置定语 2. 当修饰的名词是ability, ambition, attempt, chance, courage, desire, decision, effort, failure, moment, promise, right, time, wish, way… （一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词） In the past, women had no chance to go to school. He made an attempt to be admitted to the big company. I must keep the promise to pay on time. His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious. The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 动词不定式作后置定语 Do you have anything to say? There is nothing to worry about. I want to get something to drink. The train to arrive is from Beijing. The letter to be written is to my father. The matter to be discussed is important. 4. 表示未来的还没做的动作时。 3. 当修饰的词为something, nothing, anything等不定代词时。 动词不定式作后置定语 I have a lot of things to do tomorrow. Please give me some books to read. He will show you the right path to take. There is a lot of homework to do/to be done. There is nothing to see/ to be seen. 5. 不定式作定语也可用在have/give/show… to do和there be句型中。 在一些固定句型中，动词不定式作定语用主动形式表被动意义，如 have / get / give / show sth to do。在此类句型中，不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，和句中另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系。 I do a lot of things. /I read some books./You take the right path. 在there be + n + to do 结构中，可用不定式的主动形式也可用被动形式，只是意义和侧重点不同， to do强调人，其逻辑主语是动作的发出者，to be done强调物，其逻辑主语是动作的承受者。 1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须加相应的介词。 Give me a pen to write with. He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Here is a piece of paper for you to write on. 注意: 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place、time、way等，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省去。 He had no money and no place to live (in). 他没有钱也没地方住。 拓展与补充 2. 不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，用主动形式; 若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式。 Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗? (不定式 to send的动作执行者是句子的主语you) Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式to be sent的动作执行者不是句子的主语you，而是被省略的me或someone else) 翻译: 1. Do you have any clothes to wash? 2. Kids, do you have any clothes to be washed? 3. I can’t go out this afternoon, because I have many materials to type. 4. The boss told me that he had many materials to be typed. 单句语法填空 ①In many homes in the UK, the first person __________ (wake) up has to make tea for the family． ②The airport ______________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area． ③The best way __________ (improve) your English is to join an English club． ④Carol was happy that she had the chance ______________ (experience) the life in the city． ⑤These courses offer us opportunities____________ (improve) our abilities to appreciate art． to wake to be completed to improve to experience to improve 1. The airport ______________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 2. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ____________ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 3. Volunteering gives you a chance _________ (change) lives, including your own. 4. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _________ (explore) society of real-life experience. 5. I have a lot of readings __________ (complete) before the end of this term. to be completed to be made to change 高考链接 to explore to complete 02 不定式作状语 The Infinitive as the Adverbial He hurried to the school, only to find that it was Sunday. 动词不定式作状语：主要用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。 在句中，不定式可以作目的状语、原因状语或结果状语。 I come here to say good-bye to you. I’m pleased to hear about your news. 不定式作状语的功能 动词不定式作目的状语 ① He came here to attend an important meeting. ② He laid down his life to save the child. ③ He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. ④ I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do， 和so as (not) to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)。 动词不定式作结果状语 ① He returned home to learn his daughter had just left. ② What have I said to make you so excited? ③ She was so angry as to be unable to speak. ④ He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. ⑤The boy is old enough to take care of himself. ⑥ I'm too tired to stay up longer. only to do 表示意想不到的结果 adj./adv.+enough to do 足够……做…… too...to do 太……而不能做…… so/such...as to... 如此……以至于…… 不定式作结果状语常用的句型结构： Tip: 现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别 He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. The child fell off the tree, breaking his left leg. His father died, _______(leave) his family worse off. leaving 动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果, 而现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种自然而然的结果。 动词不定式作原因状语 ① I am so excited to be here! ② I am more than delighted to be with you! ③ She is proud to have won the first place. ④ He is glad to be invited to the meeting. 不定式作原因状语，常用于“主语 + be + 形容词 + to do”结构中，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因，常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry、surprised、disappointed、excited、glad、happy、anxious、delighted、pleased、foolish等。 单句语法填空 ①________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course． ②We travel on Day 2 to northern France _______ (visit) the World War Ⅰ battlefields． ③When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad ______ (find) them alive． ④Would you be so kind as________ (spare) some time to come and join us? To learn to visit to find to spare 1. _________ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand. 2. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _______ (find) it didn’t fit. 3. Group activities will be organised after class _________ (help) children develop team spirit. 4. George returned after the war, only __________ (tell) that his wife had left him. 5. This machine is very easy ___________ (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 6. We were astonished ________ (find) the temple still in its original condition. 7. The ability ___________ (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself. To make to find to help 高考链接 to be told to operate to find to express 8. The play _______________ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. 9. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision __________ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 10. Volunteering gives you a chance _________ (change) lives, including your own. 11. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _________ (explore) society of real-life experience. 12. I have a lot of readings ___________ (complete) before the end of this term. 13. It’s important for the figures ____________ (update) regularly. 14. Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______ (stay) away. to be produced to be made to change to explore to complete to be updated to stay 1.In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space. =In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person ____________________. 2.In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. =In space, astronauts collect all dirty water _____________________________. to get married in space so as to recycle it for later use Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order to/so as to + do”. Change the italicized parts accordingly. 3.Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamed that one day they would fly into space. =Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have _________________________. the dreame to fly into space 4. Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy. =Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day ____________________________. to/in order to/so as to stay healthy 5. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. =Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space __________________________________________________. 6. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. =During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly _____________________________________________. to/ in order to/ so as to keep everything from floating off to/ in order to/ so as to keep their bodies under control Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal _________ (achieve). One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time. For example, _________ (use) the current technology, it would take over two years _________ (get) to the closest planet, Mars, and back. Although light is the fastest thing _________(know) in the universe, it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system. Will scientists figure out a way _________(store) sufficient food and water for the long journey? Is it possible to travel faster than light? No one knows the answers yet. However, space scientists never give up. They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _________(help) astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space. to achieve using to get known to store to help $