初高中衔接第一讲简单句的六大句型

专题一 简单句的五种基本句型 句型一 主语+系动词+表语 本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。 [讲解] (1) 系动词的三种分类：在中学阶段，我们学过的表示“保持或状态”类的有be, remain, stay, keep, prove等；表示“变化”类的有grow, turn, get, become, fall, go, come等；表示“感官”类的有look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear等。例如： I am a senior school student while he is a junior one. After four years, Tom became a doctor/ turned doctor. The story sounds interesting and instructive. (2) 可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词(短语)、介词短语、表语从句、分词(短语)等。例如： In order to keep healthy, he takes exercise everyday. In my mind, mother is my hero. Look! Your pet dog is there. The schoolbags come in different sizes. You’ve changed a lot. You are not what you were. Many passengers got injured in the accident. The machine keeps running for a long time. (3) 使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。第四，非谓语一般用现在分词 例如：After two-day’s treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt) He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用 is remained) 比较以下句子：The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson. We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. [练习] 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。 (1) I __(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has ----(turn / become) engineer. (2) Put the meat in the refrigerator. It __(go / get / turn / become) bad easily. (3) What he said __________(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable. (4) He feels __(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office. (5) We do morning exercises to __________(keep / turn / become) healthy. (6) The apple __________(tastes / is tasted) sweet. (7) Please keep __________(安静); The baby has fallen __________(睡着). (8) They work day and night to make their dream come __________(实现). 句型二 主语+不及物动词 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises. 主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises. 谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east in the morning [讲解] (1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。 (2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。 (3) 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如： The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词) The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. [练习] 1. 指出划线部分动词的词性，是及物动词还是不及物动词。 (1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( ) (2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( ) (3) His father used to work hard to make much money. ( ) (4) I intended to lie to him, but failed. ( ) (5) Unfortunately, I failed the driving test. ( ) 2. 在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。 (1) I don’t agree _____ you completely. I have my own opinion. (2) The dictionary is not Tom’s. It belongs _____ me. (3) Use your head, and you will think _____ some ways to solve the problem. (4) To improve my English, I work hard _____ it. (5) Look _____ the cloudy sky! It is going to rain. 句型三 主语+及物动词+宾语 此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。 宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。 1). 我不信任那个人。 2). 他不知道说什麽好。 3). 我开窗户你在意吗？ 4).我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 5). 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 句型四 主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） 此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。如， He brings me cookies every day. She made me a beautiful dress. 但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for,如， He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有： （需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,  return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。 （需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,  sing, save, spare,等。 Eg. 1).--Who would you like to see at the moment ?—The man ______Mr Nelson. A. called himself B. we call him C. calling himself D. is called 2).Extremely fast speed __ him his life in the road accident yesterday. A. spent B. cost C. lost D. take 句型五 主语+及物动词+复合宾语 (宾语+宾补) 此结构由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语构成。宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑 的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有，名词，形容词， 副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词。如，The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。 即 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如， I found it very pleasant to be with your family. [练习] 根据汉语或英语提示在空格上填一个恰当的单词。 (1) Let him ________(进来). (2) Let the student ________(站) outside the classroom. (3) We made our classroom ________(明亮). (4) Father have some employees ________(work) all day and all night. (5) Did you have your bicycle ________(repair)? (6) I have nothing ________(do) this afternoon. Let’s go swimming. (7) He kept us ________(read) the story once and again. (8) The keeper kept the monkey ________(在笼子里). (9) Jenny had her money ________(偷了). (10) I found myself ________(surround) by some snakes. (11) I would like to see the plan ________(carry) out. (12) Who got the machine ________(start)? (13) Jim asked me ________(wait) him at the school gate. (14) The boy was made ________(stand) outside the room. (15) Don’t allow the guests ________(smoke) here. There be 句型 此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有   there is/are …     过去有   there was/were…     将来有   there will be…/there is /are going to be... 现在已经有   there has/have been…     可能有  there might be...     肯定有  there must be …/there must have been... 过去一直有  there used to be …     似乎有  there seems/seem/seemed to be …     碰巧有  there happen/happens/happened to be …　 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。 1).这个村子过去只有一口井。 2).天气预报说下午有大风。 3).灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 4).恰好那时房里没人。 6).从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 7).公共汽车来了。 8).在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 Exercises :一.Tell what sentence patterns the following sentences belong to. 1.The boy under the tree speak English very fluently. . 2. The government offers the workers a lot of new jobs. 3.What they all have in common is that they combine fun with the opportunity to learn something . 4. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), the traditional crosstalk shows , or xiangsheng shows , have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. 5. To make as much use of the land as possible , two or more crops are planted each year where possible. 二.1.At the foot of the mountain ______. A. a village lie B.lies a village C. does a village lie D.lying a village 2.The 2012 Olympic Games will _______in London . A. happen B. go on C. hold D. take place 3.______existed a certain doubt among the workers as to the necessity of the work. A. It B. There C. What D. That 4.He hasn’t sleep at all for three days .______he is tired out. A. There is no point B. There is no need C.It is no wonder D. It is no way 5.Yesterday was my birthday .My mother _________. A. made a cake to me B. made a cake me C. made for me a cake D. made me a cake 6.Mary ,_______here ---everybody else , stay where you are . A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming 7.What made Mary so upset ?--_____her purse . A. Lose B. Lost C. Losing D. She lost [巩固练习]下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并改正。 1. My life aim is make achievements in science._____ 2. There are twenty students are late today._____ 3. He came into the room held a book in his hand.______ 4. The student stood there came from Beijing . _______ 5. How fine weather it is! _______ 6. Dad bought a new bike to me last Sunday. （ ） 7. We enjoy to play football in the afternoon.（ ） 8. The boss made him to work all day.（ ） 9. Who is waiting me? （ ） 10. That is my pen. Please pass me it.（ ） 专题二、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. His job is to train swimmers. 6. There is going to be an American film tonight. 7. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 8.Tom came to ask me for advice. 9. Do you have anything else to say? 10. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 11. Would you please tell me your address? 12. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 13. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 专题三.简单句,并列复合句与主从复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 一.判断下列句子类型: 1. He has never seen such a nice film. 2. I thawed a frozen cake over my fire , placed a candle on the top , lit it and sang “happy birthday to me ” at the top of my voice . 3.Come here early , and you will see our manager. 4. John likes playing basketball , but he doesn’t like to play today . 5. The play began at eight , so they must dine at seven. 6. He must be a good student , for he is always careful with his lessons. 7. Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment . 8. Tom is fond of Jazz while Mary enjoys pop. 9. Chuck is on a flight over the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes . 10. What we have to do is clean or peel them . 11. It is a good thing that New Zealand helps the Maori to keep their own language and culture . 12. The reason for his being late is that he was held up in the traffic jam. 13.Chuck learns that we needs friends to share happiness and sorrow ,and that it is to have someone to care about . 14.The name “whitewater ” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white. 15. You can’t get away from the fact that I told you . 16. Before she could think twice , the water was upon her. 17. Minzhi wants to appear live on the air because she hopes that Huike will see her . 18. Where there is a river ,there is a city . 19. I will come on condition that John is invited too. 20. The temperature is controlled , no matter how the weather is outside . 21. Their classroom is three times as big as ours . 22. It is so difficult a problem that we all can’t work it out . 23. When in Rome , do as the Romans do . 24. They are working hard so that they can make a breakthrough in this field. 二. 判断以下WHERE 从句: 1. Where the girl lives is still unknown. 2. The question is where the girl lives now. 3. This is the place where the girl lives . 4. The girl lives where her mother lives.’ 5. I don’t know where the girl lives . 6. I have no idea where the girl lives . 三.改错: 1. Although he is in his eighties , but he is strong ._________ 3. It won’t be long before everything return to normal .________ 4. The question is if they will come here on time .________ 5. There’s no doubt whether our team will win the game ._________ 6. It is sure that our country will become powerful .____________ 7. I want to know what book you like to read best of all the three ._________ 8. he made a speech at the meeting is true .________ 9. China is no longer that it used to be .__________ 10. Every time when I stayed with him I was touched by his words .____________ 11. If you work hard , and you will succeed . ______________ 12. I was about to leave while I heard my name called .________ 四. Multiple choice(一): 1. The poor young man is ready to accept ____ help he can get . A. no matter which B. whichever C. no matter what D. whatever 2._____ is known to us all is that the earth moves around the sun . A. It B. What C. As D. Which 3. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall , ____, in fact , there were 40. A. while B. whether C. what D. which 4. ____ the man grew older , he lost interest in everything except gardening . A. With B. Until C. Unless D. As 5. He had _____little education that he couldn’t teach ____little children. A. such; so B. so ;such C. such ; so D. so ;so 6. We were swimming in the lake _____suddenly the storm started . A. when B. while C. just as D. even 7. Your uncle seems to be a good driver :________ , I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car. A. even so B. even though C. therefore D. so 8. We took many measures to stop it becoming worse ,____none of them worked . A. that B. however C. though D. but 9. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so 10. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题一 简单句的五种基本句型答案 句型一 主语+系动词+表语 [练习] 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。 (1) I remain（省略了to be "依然是"） a nurse while he has turned (转变、变成，后面跟名词不加冠词)engineer. (2) Put the meat in the refrigerator. It goes bad easily. (3) What he said sounded 听起来 reasonable. (4) He feels comfortable 感到舒服working in the air-conditioned office. (5) We do morning exercises to keep healthy保持健康. (6) The apple tastes sweet吃起来甜. (7) Please keep quiet(安静); The baby has fallen asleep(睡着). (8) They work day and night to make their dream come true(实现). 句型二 主语+不及物动词 [练习] 1. 指出划线部分动词的词性，是及物动词还是不及物动词。 (1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( 不及物动词 ) (2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( 及物动词 ) (3) His father used to work hard to make much money. (不及物动词 ) (4) I intended to lie to him, but failed. ( 不及物动词 ) (5) Unfortunately, I failed the driving test. ( 及物动词 ) 2. 在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。 (1) I don’t agree with you completely. I have my own opinion. (2) The dictionary is not Tom’s. It belongs to me. (3) Use your head, and you will think of some ways to solve the problem. (4) To improve my English, I work hard at it. (5) Look at the cloudy sky! It is going to rain. 句型三 主语+及物动词+宾语 此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。 宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。 1). 我不信任那个人。I don't trust that person. 2). 他不知道说什麽好。He didn't\doesn't know what to say. 3). 我开窗户你在意吗？Would you mind my\me opening the window? 4).我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。We all believe that Jack is an honest boy. 5). 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。I (have) received a letter that\which my pen-pal sent from Australia. 句型四 主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） Eg. 1).--Who would you like to see at the moment ?—The man __ C ____Mr Nelson. A. called himself B. we call him C. calling himself D. is called 解析：句子补齐为I'd like to see the man (calling himself Mr Nelson) at the moment. I'd like to see the man (who called himself Mr Nelson) at the moment. I'd like to see the man (that\who we call Mr Nelson) at the moment. I'd like to see the man (that\who is called Mr Nelson) at the moment. 2).Extremely fast speed _B_ him his life in the road accident yesterday. A. spent B. cost C. lost D. take 解析：sth cost sb money\sth. 某物花了某人多少钱\使某人付出什么样的代价 句型五 主语+及物动词+复合宾语 (宾语+宾补) [练习] 根据汉语或英语提示在空格上填一个恰当的单词。 (1) Let him come in(进来).let sb\sth do\be done (2) Let the student _stand_______(站) outside the classroom. (3) We made our classroom __clean______(明亮). (4) Father have some employees working all day and all night.让...一直干 (5) Did you have your bicycle repaired?使...被干 (6) I have nothing to do this afternoon. Let’s go swimming.有...要做 (7) He kept us reading the story once and again. 让...一直干 (8) The keeper kept the monkey in a cage(在笼子里). (9) Jenny had her money stolen(偷了). (10) I found myself surrounded by some snakes. (11) I would like to see the plan carried out. see sb\sth done (12) Who got the machine starting\started?谁把机器发动起来了？\谁发动了机器？ (13) Jim asked me to wait him at the school gate. (14) The boy was made to stand outside the room. make sb\sth do sb\sth be made to do (15) Don’t allow the guests to smoke here. There be 句型 1).这个村子过去只有一口井。There used to be only one well in the village. 2).天气预报说下午有大风。 The weather forecast said that there was going to be a big wind in the afternoon. 3).灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 The light is on; there must be someone in the office. 4).恰好那时房里没人。 There happened to be nobody in the room. 6).从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。Long ago, there lived an old fisherman in the village. 7).公共汽车来了。Here comes the bus. 8).在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。There stands a big pinetree before the cave. Exercises : 一.判断句子类型 1.The boy under the tree speak English very fluently. 主谓宾 2. The government offers the workers a lot of new jobs.主谓双宾 3.What they all have in common is that they combine fun with the opportunity to learn something .主系表 4. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), the traditional crosstalk shows , or xiangsheng shows , have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries.主谓宾宾补 5. To make as much use of the land as possible , two or more crops are planted each year where possible.主谓 二.1.At the foot of the mountain __B____. A. a village lie B.lies a village C. does a village lie D.lying a village 2.The 2012 Olympic Games will ___D____in London . A. happen B. go on C. hold D. take place 3.___B___existed a certain doubt among the workers as to the necessity of the work. A. It B. There C. What D. That 4.He hasn’t sleep at all for three days .__C____he is tired out. A. There is no point B. There is no need C.It is no wonder D. It is no way 5.Yesterday was my birthday .My mother ____D_____. A. made a cake to me B. made a cake me C. made for me a cake D. made me a cake 6.Mary ,___A____here ---everybody else , stay where you are . A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming 7.What made Mary so upset ?--__C___her purse . A. Lose B. Lost C. Losing D. She lost 三. 下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并改正: 1. My life aim is to make achievements in science. 2. There are twenty students （who are） late today. 3. He came into the room and held a book in his hand. 4. The student who stood there came from Beijing . 5. What fine weather it is! 6. Dad bought a new bike for me last Sunday. 7. We enjoy playing football in the afternoon. 8. The boss made him work all day. 9. Who is waiting for me? （ ） 10. That is my pen. Please pass it to me.（ ） 专题二、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students主语 got on the school定语 bus. 2. He handed me间宾 the newspaper. 3. I shall answer 谓语your question after class状语. 4. What a beautiful定语 Chinese painting! 5. His定语 job is to train swimmers表语. 6. There is going to be谓语 an American film主语 tonight. 7. He is to leave for Shanghai谓语 tomorrow. 8.Tom came to ask me for advice目的状语. 9. To be honest插入语， your pronunciation is not so状语 good. 10. He sat there地点状语, reading a newspaper伴随状语. 专题三.简单句,并列复合句与主从复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 一.判断下列句子类型: 1. He has never seen such a nice film. 简单句主谓宾 2. I thawed a frozen cake over my fire , placed a candle on the top , lit it （and） sang “happy birthday to me ” at the top of my voice . 简单句主谓宾 3.Come here early , （and） you will see our manager.并列句 4. John likes playing basketball , （but） he doesn’t like to play today . 并列句 5. The play began at eight , （so） they must dine at seven. 并列句 6. He must be a good student , （for） he is always careful with his lessons. 并列句 7. （Not only） food production is important （but also） taking care of the environment is . 并列句 8. Tom is fond of Jazz （while） Mary enjoys pop. 并列句 9. Chuck is on a flight over the Pacific Ocean （when）=and then suddenly his plane crashes . 并列句 10. What we have to do is clean or peel them .主语从句 11. It is a good thing （that New Zealand helps the Maori to keep their own language and culture）主语从句. 12. The reason for his being late is （that he was held up in the traffic jam）表语从句. 13.Chuck learns （that we needs friends to share happiness and sorrow ,and that it is to have someone to care about）宾语从句 . 14.The name “whitewater ” comes from the fact （that the water in these streams and rivers looks white）.同位语从句 15. You can’t get away from the fact （that I told you ）定语从句. 16. Before she could think twice , the water was upon her.时间状语从句 17. Minzhi wants to appear live on the air because she hopes that Huike will see her .原因状语从句 18. Where there is a river ,there is a city .地点状语从句 19. I will come on condition that John is invited too.= if条件状语从句 20. The temperature is controlled , no matter how the weather is outside .让步状语从句 21. Their classroom is three times as big as ours .比较状语从句 22. It is so difficult a problem that we all can’t work it out .结果状语从句 23. When in Rome时间状语从句 , do as the Romans do 方式状语从句. 24. They are working hard so that=in order that they can make a breakthrough in this field.结果状语从句 二. 判断以下WHERE 从句: 1. Where the girl lives is still unknown.主语从句 2. The question is where the girl lives now.表语从句 3. This is the place （where the girl lives） .定语从句 4. The girl lives 〔where her mother lives〕.地点状语从句 5. I don’t know where the girl lives .宾语从句 6. I have no idea where the girl lives 同位语从句. 三.改错: 1. Although he is in his eighties , he is strong .去but 3. It won’t be long before everything returns to normal .主将从现 4. The question is whether they will come here on time .if 不引导主表同 5. There’s no doubt that our team will win the game ._________ 6. It is certain that our country will become powerful .____________ 7. I want to know which book you like to read best of all the three ._________ 8. That he made a speech at the meeting is true .________ 9. China is no longer what it used to be .__________ 10. Every time I stayed with him I was touched by his words .___去 when _________ 11. If you work hard , you will succeed . 去 and 12. I was about to leave when I heard my name called .was about to do sth when正要做...这时 四. Multiple choice(一): 1. The poor young man is ready to accept __D__ help he can get . A. no matter which B. whichever C. no matter what D. whatever 解析：no matter只能引导让步状语从句，whatever既可以引导让步状语从句又可以引导宾语从句，此处为accept的宾语从句 2.___B__ is known to us all is that the earth moves around the sun . A. It B. What C. As D. Which 3. We thought there were 35 students in the dinning hall , _A___, in fact , there were 40. A. while而 B. whether C. what D. which 4. ___D_ the man grew older , he lost interest in everything except gardening . A. With B. Until C. Unless D. As 5. He had __A___little education that he couldn’t teach ____little children. A. such; so B. so ;such C. such ; so D. so ;so 6. We were swimming in the lake __A___suddenly the storm started . A. when B. while C. just as D. even 7. Your uncle seems to be a good driver :________ , I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car. A. even so即使如此 B. even though C. therefore D. so 8. We took many measures to stop it becoming worse ,____none of them worked . A. that B. however C. though D. but 9. Give me one more minute __A__ I’ll be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so 10. I’m sorry to have to say this, _B___ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $