专题26 语篇阅读（知识清单）2026年小升初英语专题总复习（上海专版）

该小学英语小升初知识清单聚焦语篇阅读核心模块，系统梳理记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文四大文体类型，涵盖文体特征、阅读要素、解题方法及主旨大意、细节理解等常考题型，通过表格分类呈现文体特点、阅读重点和解题步骤，重点标注必考点如记叙文5要素、说明文关键信息提取等，助力学生构建完整知识体系。 亮点在于融合核心素养设计，通过“考点再现”嵌入真题示例培养语言理解能力，“过关训练”分层设置练习提升思维品质，如应用文阅读要点表格直观呈现必抓信息，记叙文解题步骤标注关键词定位法等技巧，搭配易错提醒如绝对化词汇注意事项，便于学生快速记忆和查阅，既支持学生自主系统复习，也为教师提供精准教学参考。

小升初英语专题总复习 专题26 语篇阅读 考点一 语篇类型及常见文体 一、记叙文（Narration） 记叙文是以叙述为主要表达方式，以写人、记事、写景、状物为主要内容的文章。 常见形式 特点 阅读重点 故事 有完整的情节，包括起因、经过、结果 抓住故事发展的脉络 日记 以第一人称记录每天发生的事情 关注时间线索和作者感受 游记 记录旅行中的见闻和感受 关注地点变化和所见所闻 人物介绍 介绍某人的生平、外貌、性格、爱好等 关注与人物相关的关键信息 童话/寓言 情节生动，往往蕴含道理 抓住寓意或教训 【记叙文阅读5要素】 要素 英文 问题提示 人物 Who 文章讲了谁的故事？ 时间 When 故事发生在什么时候？ 地点 Where 故事发生在哪里？ 事件 What 发生了什么事情？ 原因/感受 Why/How 为什么会发生？人物的感受如何？ 二、说明文（Exposition） 说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用来介绍事物的形状、性质、特征、成因、功能等的文章。 常见形式 特点 阅读重点 事物说明 介绍某种动物、植物、物品等 关注特征、外观、习性 现象说明 解释某种自然现象或社会现象 关注原因、过程、结果 流程说明 介绍制作方法、操作步骤等 关注步骤顺序和关键词（first, next, then, finally） 地点介绍 介绍某个城市、景点、建筑等 关注位置、特色、历史 【说明文阅读要点】 要点 说明 常见标志词 特征 事物有什么特点？ It has..., It is... 功能 事物有什么用途？ It can..., It is used for... 原因 为什么会这样？ because, so, the reason is... 数字 具体的数据信息 numbers, percentage, year 比较 与同类事物的异同 like, unlike, compared with, than 三、应用文（Practical Writing） 应用文是人们在日常生活和工作中使用的实用文体，有固定的格式和语言特点。 常见形式 格式特点 阅读重点 书信/邮件 有称呼、正文、落款、日期 发信人、收信人、写信目的 通知/告示 有标题、时间、地点、活动内容 时间、地点、事件、注意事项 广告/海报 语言简练，突出卖点 产品名称、价格、联系方式 便条 简短，常用于请假、留言 留言人、事由、时间 菜单/节目单 列表形式，分类清晰 名称、价格、时间安排 日记 有日期，第一人称 时间、事件、心情 【应用文阅读要点】 文体 必抓信息 书信/邮件 Who（谁写的）、To whom（写给谁）、What（什么事） 通知 When（时间）、Where（地点）、What（活动） 广告 What（卖什么）、How much（价格）、Where（哪里买/去） 便条 Who（谁留的）、Why（什么事）、When（什么时候） 四、议论文（Argumentation） 议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理来表达作者观点和主张的文章。小升初阶段较为简单，常见于观点类短文。 常见形式 特点 阅读重点 观点表达 作者对某事物表达喜欢或不喜欢 作者的观点是什么 建议类 针对某问题提出建议 提出了什么建议 利弊分析 分析某事物的好处和坏处 优点有哪些，缺点有哪些 【议论文阅读三要素】 要素 说明 常见标志词 论点 作者的观点是什么？ I think..., In my opinion..., I believe... 论据 作者用什么来证明观点？ because, for example, such as 结论 作者得出什么结论？ so, therefore, in a word, all in all 考点再现 文体识别 判断下列短文属于哪种文体（记叙文/说明文/应用文/议论文）。 1. Dear Tom, How are you? I'm writing to invite you to my birthday party. It will be held at my home at 3:00 pm this Sunday. Please come and join us. Yours, Mike 文体：_________________________ 2. Last Sunday, I went to the zoo with my parents. We saw many animals. The pandas were very cute. They were eating bamboo. I took many photos. I was very happy. 文体：_________________________ 3. The giant panda is a kind of bear. It lives in China. It is black and white. It eats bamboo. It can climb trees. There are only about 1,600 pandas in the wild. 文体：_________________________ 4. I think reading is very important. First, it helps us learn new things. Second, it makes us smarter. Third, it is fun. So we should read more books. 文体：_________________________ 考点二 不同文体的解题方法 一、记叙文解题方法 【解题步骤】 步骤 操作 示例 1. 略读 快速阅读，找出5要素 Who: Tom; When: Sunday; Where: park; What: flew a kite; How: happy 2. 定位 根据题干关键词回原文定位 找人名、时间、地点等 3. 比对 将选项与原文比对 注意同义转述和细节差异 【常见题型及解题技巧】 题型 解题技巧 例题 解题思路 人物关系题 注意文中出现的称呼和代词 Who is Lily? 找Lily出现的位置，看前后说明 事件顺序题 找时间顺序词 What did he do first? 找first, then, next, finally 情感态度题 找表达感受的形容词 How did he feel? 找happy, sad, excited, afraid等 原因目的题 找because, so, to等词 Why did he go there? 找表示原因或目的的句子 二、说明文解题方法 【解题步骤】 步骤 操作 示例 1. 找对象 明确文章在说明什么事物或现象 说明对象：panda 2. 找特征 找出事物的特征、功能、特点 特征：black and white, eats bamboo 3. 找数据 注意数字、年份、百分比等 数字：only 1,600 pandas in the wild 4. 找比较 注意比较级和最高级 比较：Pandas are bigger than cats 【常见题型及解题技巧】 题型 解题技巧 例题 解题思路 细节特征题 找描述特征的形容词和短语 What does it look like? 找描述颜色、大小、形状的词 功能用途题 找can, be used for, help to等 What can it do? 找表示能力的句子 数字信息题 直接定位数字 How many...? / How long...? 找数字所在句子 原因解释题 找because, the reason is等 Why does it happen? 找解释原因的句子 三、应用文解题方法 【解题步骤】 步骤 操作 示例 1. 识类型 判断是哪类应用文 判断：这是一封邮件 2. 抓关键 快速提取关键信息 时间、地点、人物、活动 3. 筛信息 根据题目要求筛选对应信息 只找题目问的信息 【应用文各类别解题要点】 文体 必找信息 常见考点 书信/邮件 From, To, Subject, Date 写信目的、发信人心情 通知 Date, Time, Place, Event 活动时间、地点、参加要求 广告 Product, Price, Sale, Contact 价格变化、促销活动、联系方式 便条 From, To, Message, Time 留言事由、是否紧急 日记 Date, Weather, Events 当天活动、作者心情 【书信/邮件阅读模板】 Dear ______,（收信人） _______________________________________________________（正文内容） _______________________________________________________ Your friend,（结尾语） ______（发信人） 【关键信息提取表】 信息类型 常见提问方式 查找方法 发信人 Who wrote the letter? 看落款 收信人 Who is the letter to? 看称呼 写信目的 Why did he/she write the letter? 看开头或结尾 活动安排 What are they going to do? 看正文中的计划 四、议论文解题方法 【解题步骤】 步骤 操作 示例 1. 找论点 找出作者的观点 I think, In my opinion后的内容 2. 找论据 找出支持观点的理由 because, for example后的内容 3. 判态度 判断作者是支持还是反对 注意形容词的感情色彩 【常见题型及解题技巧】 题型 解题技巧 例题 解题思路 观点态度题 找I think, I believe等词 What does the writer think? 直接找到观点句 理由依据题 找because, so, for等 Why does the writer think so? 找原因状语从句 写作目的题 看文章整体导向 What is the purpose? 是建议、说服还是表达观点 考点再现 阅读综合练习 阅读短文，按要求完成题目。 Dear Amy, How are you? I'm having a great time in Beijing. The weather here is sunny and warm. Yesterday, I went to the Great Wall with my parents. It is very long and old. We took many photos. Today, we are going to the Summer Palace. I hear it is very beautiful. I will go back home next Monday. I will bring you a special gift. Your friend, Lily (一) 判断正误（T/F） ( ) 1. Lily is in Shanghai now. ( ) 2. The weather in Beijing is sunny and warm. ( ) 3. Lily went to the Great Wall with her friends. ( ) 4. Lily will go back home next Monday. (二) 选择正确答案 ( ) 5. What did Lily do yesterday? A. She went to the Summer Palace. B. She went to the Great Wall. C. She went shopping. ( ) 6. What will Lily bring to Amy? A. A postcard. B. A gift. C. A photo. ( ) 7. What does Lily think of the Great Wall? A. It is short and new. B. It is long and old. C. It is beautiful. 考点三 常考题型详解 使用秘籍： 小升初阅读理解的常考题型主要包括以下五种，掌握每种的解题技巧是关键。 一、主旨大意题 常见提问方式： - What is the main idea of the passage? - What is the best title for the passage? - What is the passage mainly about? - The writer mainly tells us that ______. 解题技巧： 方法 具体操作 标题法 文章标题往往就是主旨 首尾法 看文章第一段和最后一段 高频词法 文中反复出现的词往往是主题词 归纳法 将各段大意归纳总结 干扰项特征： - 范围太大（太空泛） - 范围太小（只涉及文中一个细节） - 与原文相反 - 文中未提及 【例题示范】 Passage: Tom is a good student. He gets up early every day. He listens to the teacher carefully in class. He does his homework on time. He often helps his classmates. Q: What is the passage mainly about? A. Tom's school. B. Tom's hobbies. C. Tom's good habits. D. Tom's family. 【解析】选C。文中描述Tom早起、认真听课、按时做作业、帮助同学，都是在说他的好习惯。 二、细节理解题 常见提问方式： - When/Where/Who/What/Why/How...? - Which of the following is true/not true? - According to the passage, ______. 解题技巧： 方法 具体操作 关键词定位法 用题干中的人名、地名、数字等关键词回原文定位 顺序对应法 题目顺序一般与文章顺序一致 同义转述识别 正确选项往往是原文的同义表达 排除法 排除与原文明显不符的选项 注意： - “Which is NOT true” 类题目要找出错误的那个 - 绝对化词汇（all, every, never, always）要特别小心 【例题示范】 Passage: The museum opens at 9:00 am and closes at 5:00 pm. It is closed on Mondays. Q: When can you visit the museum? A. At 8:30 am on Tuesday. B. At 10:00 am on Monday. C. At 2:00 pm on Wednesday. D. At 6:00 pm on Friday. 【解析】选C。A选项8:30太早，博物馆9点开门；B选项周一闭馆；D选项6点已经关门；C选项周三下午2点在开放时间内。 三、推理判断题 常见提问方式： - What can we infer from the passage? - What does the writer probably mean? - What can we learn from the passage? - Which of the following is implied? 解题技巧： 方法 具体操作 基于原文 推理必须建立在原文信息基础上 逻辑分析 根据因果关系、对比关系进行推理 常识辅助 结合生活常识进行合理推断 排除干扰 不选原文直接陈述的选项 注意： - 推理题不能选原文直接说的内容 - 不能过度推理，要选最合理的 【例题示范】 Passage: It was raining heavily. Mary took out her umbrella and walked to school slowly. Q: What can we infer from the passage? A. Mary likes rain. B. Mary doesn't have a car. C. Mary went to school by bus. D. Mary was happy. 【解析】选B。文中说Mary打伞走去学校，可以推断她没有车或没坐车。A、D文中没有依据；C与原文“walked”矛盾。 四、词义猜测题 常见提问方式： - The word “...” in paragraph X probably means ______. - What does the word “...” refer to? - The underlined word “...” can be replaced by ______. 解题技巧： 线索类型 说明 标志词/结构 定义线索 文中直接给出定义 is, means, refers to, that is 举例线索 通过例子推断 such as, like, for example 对比线索 通过反义对比推断 but, however, unlike, while 因果线索 通过因果关系推断 because, so, therefore, as a result 构词线索 通过前缀后缀推断 un-, re-, -ful, -less 【例题示范】 Passage: My grandfather is very thrifty. He never wastes money. He always uses things until they can't be used anymore. Q: The word “thrifty” probably means ______. A. 浪费的 B. 节俭的 C. 富裕的 D. 贫穷的 【解析】选B。从后文“never wastes money”和“uses things until they can't be used”可以推断thrifty意思是“节俭的”。 五、观点态度题 常见提问方式： - What is the writer's attitude towards...? - How does the writer feel about...? - The writer thinks that ______. 解题技巧： 态度类型 标志词 积极/喜欢 like, love, enjoy, interesting, wonderful, great 消极/不喜欢 dislike, hate, boring, terrible, bad 中立/客观 fact, according to, it is said that 建议/号召 should, need to, let's, we must 【例题示范】 Passage: Reading is very important. It can help us learn more about the world. It can make us smarter. Everyone should read more books. Q: What is the writer's attitude towards reading? A. He thinks it's boring. B. He thinks it's useless. C. He thinks it's important. D. He doesn't care. 【解析】选C。文中第一句就明确说“Reading is very important”。 过关训练 一、文体识别与信息提取 阅读下面四篇短文，判断文体并提取关键信息。 短文A（书信） Dear Grandma, How are you? I miss you very much. I got full marks in the maths exam. I will visit you with my parents next Sunday. We will have dinner together. Love, Lily 1. 文体：_________________________ 2. 写信人：_________________________ 3. 收信人：_________________________ 4. 写信目的：_________________________ 短文B（日记） May 1st Sunny Today was a happy day. I went to the park with my classmates. We played games and flew kites. I was tired but happy. 5. 文体：_________________________ 6. 日期：_________________________ 7. 天气：_________________________ 8. 作者的心情：_________________________ 短文C（说明文） The elephant is the largest land animal. It has a long trunk and big ears. It eats plants and fruits. An elephant can live for about 70 years. 9. 文体：_________________________ 10. 说明对象：_________________________ 11. 大象吃什么：_________________________ 12. 大象能活多少年：_________________________ 短文D（通知） NOTICE There will be a school trip to the Science Museum on June 15th. We will meet at the school gate at 8:30 am. Please bring your lunch and water. 13. 文体：_________________________ 14. 活动地点：_________________________ 15. 集合时间：_________________________ 16. 需要带什么：_________________________ 二、阅读理解综合练习 阅读短文，选择正确答案。 Passage 1（记叙文） Last weekend, Tom and his father went fishing by the lake. It was a sunny day. They sat quietly and waited for the fish. After two hours, Tom caught a big fish. He was very excited. His father was proud of him. They took the fish home and had it for dinner. ( ) 1. Where did Tom go fishing? A. In the river. B. In the sea. C. By the lake. ( ) 2. How was the weather? A. Rainy. B. Sunny. C. Cloudy. ( ) 3. How long did they wait? A. One hour. B. Two hours. C. Three hours. ( ) 4. How did Tom feel when he caught the fish? A. Sad. B. Tired. C. Excited. ( ) 5. What did they do with the fish? A. They put it back. B. They sold it. C. They had it for dinner. Passage 2（说明文） Dolphins are very smart animals. They live in the sea. They are usually grey or blue. Dolphins can swim fast and jump high. They like to play with people. They use sounds to talk to each other. Dolphins eat fish and small sea animals. ( ) 6. Where do dolphins live? A. In the river. B. In the lake. C. In the sea. ( ) 7. What colours are dolphins? A. Black and white. B. Grey or blue. C. Brown and yellow. ( ) 8. How do dolphins talk to each other? A. They use body language. B. They use sounds. C. They use signs. ( ) 9. What do dolphins eat? A. Fish and small sea animals. B. Plants. C. Seaweed. ( ) 10. Which word best describes dolphins? A. Lazy. B. Smart. C. Slow. Passage 3（应用文——广告） SALE! SALE! SALE! Big Supermarket is having a big sale this weekend! - Apples: only 5 yuan/kg (usual price 8 yuan) - Milk: 3 yuan/box (buy 2 get 1 free) - Rice: 40 yuan/bag (5kg) - Chicken: 25 yuan/kg Time: Saturday & Sunday, 9:00 am - 9:00 pm Address: 123 Green Street Tel: 555-1234 ( ) 11. What is the usual price of apples? A. 5 yuan/kg B. 8 yuan/kg C. 3 yuan/kg ( ) 12. What is the special offer for milk? A. Buy 2 get 1 free B. 1 yuan/box C. 50% off ( ) 13. When does the sale end? A. On Saturday. B. On Sunday. C. On Monday. ( ) 14. How can people contact the supermarket? A. By email. B. By letter. C. By phone. ( ) 15. Where is the supermarket? A. On Green Street. B. On Park Road. C. On Main Street. 一、完形填空 阅读短文，根据上下文选择最佳答案。 It was a ______ 1 morning. Tom ______ 2 up late. He didn't have breakfast. He ran to school ______ 3 . When he got to school, the class ______ 4 already begun. He felt very ______ 5 . He decided to get up early from then on. ( ) 1. A. sunny B. Monday C. cold ( ) 2. A. get B. gets C. got ( ) 3. A. quickly B. slowly C. happily ( ) 4. A. is B. has C. had ( ) 5. A. happy B. sorry C. excited 二、阅读短文，回答问题 My name is Peter. I am from London, but I live in Shanghai now. I study in a primary school here. I go to school from Monday to Friday. My favourite subject is Chinese because it is interesting. I have many Chinese friends. They are very kind. On weekends, I often go to the park with them. We play football and fly kites. I like my life in Shanghai very much. 1. Where is Peter from? _________________________________________________________ 2. What is Peter's favourite subject? _________________________________________________________ 3. Why does Peter like Chinese? _________________________________________________________ 4. What does Peter do on weekends? _________________________________________________________ 5. Does Peter like his life in Shanghai? _________________________________________________________ 三、阅读短文，判断正误（T/F） There are three people in my family: my father, my mother and me. My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital. He is very busy. My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a middle school. She likes reading books. I am a student. I like playing the piano. We are a happy family. ( ) 1. There are four people in the family. ( ) 2. The father is a doctor. ( ) 3. The mother teaches Chinese. ( ) 4. The mother likes reading books. ( ) 5. The child likes playing the piano. 答案与解析 考点梳理 考点再现（一）答案与解析 1. 应用文（书信） 【解析】有称呼“Dear Tom”和落款“Yours, Mike”，是书信格式。 2. 记叙文 【解析】记录了过去发生的事情（Last Sunday），有时间、地点、人物、事件，是记叙文。 3. 说明文 【解析】介绍大熊猫的形态、习性、数量等，是说明文。 4. 议论文 【解析】作者表达观点“reading is very important”并用理由支持，是议论文。 考点再现（二）答案与解析 (一) 判断正误 1. F 【解析】文中Lily说“I'm having a great time in Beijing”，所以她在北京，不是上海。 2. T 【解析】文中说“The weather here is sunny and warm”。 3. F 【解析】文中说“I went to the Great Wall with my parents”，不是friends。 4. T 【解析】文中说“I will go back home next Monday”。 (二) 选择正确答案 5. B 【解析】文中说“Yesterday, I went to the Great Wall”。 6. B 【解析】文中说“I will bring you a special gift”。 7. B 【解析】文中说“It is very long and old”。 过关训练答案与解析 一、文体识别与信息提取 短文A 1. 应用文（书信） 2. Lily 3. Grandma 4. 告诉奶奶自己数学考了满分，并说要去看望她 短文B 5. 应用文（日记） 6. May 1st 7. Sunny 8. happy（tired but happy） 短文C 9. 说明文 10. elephant 11. plants and fruits 12. about 70 years 短文D 13. 应用文（通知） 14. Science Museum 15. 8:30 am 16. lunch and water 二、阅读理解综合练习 Passage 1（记叙文） 1. C 【解析】文中说“went fishing by the lake”。 2. B 【解析】文中说“It was a sunny day”。 3. B 【解析】文中说“After two hours, Tom caught a big fish”。 4. C 【解析】文中说“He was very excited”。 5. C 【解析】文中说“They took the fish home and had it for dinner”。 Passage 2（说明文） 6. C 【解析】文中说“They live in the sea”。 7. B 【解析】文中说“They are usually grey or blue”。 8. B 【解析】文中说“They use sounds to talk to each other”。 9. A 【解析】文中说“Dolphins eat fish and small sea animals”。 10. B 【解析】文中第一句说“Dolphins are very smart animals”。 Passage 3（应用文——广告） 11. B 【解析】文中说“Apples: only 5 yuan/kg (usual price 8 yuan)”。 12. A 【解析】文中说“Milk: 3 yuan/box (buy 2 get 1 free)”。 13. B 【解析】文中说“Time: Saturday & Sunday”，所以周日结束。 14. C 【解析】文中说“Tel: 555-1234”，可以通过电话联系。 15. A 【解析】文中说“Address: 123 Green Street”。 强化练习答案与解析 一、完形填空 1. B 【解析】morning前面常用 Monday/Tuesday 等星期词或 sunny/rainy 等天气词，后文说“He got up late”，结合上下文选 Monday 更合理。 2. C 【解析】文章讲述过去发生的事，用一般过去时，get的过去式是got。 3. A 【解析】他起床晚了，所以要快速（quickly）跑去学校。 4. C 【解析】他到校时，课已经开始了，用过去完成时 had begun。 5. B 【解析】迟到了，他感到抱歉（sorry）。 二、阅读短文回答问题 1. He is from London. 【解析】文中说“I am from London”。 2. His favourite subject is Chinese. 【解析】文中说“My favourite subject is Chinese”。 3. Because it is interesting. 【解析】文中说“because it is interesting”。 4. He often goes to the park with his friends. / He plays football and flies kites. 【解析】文中说“On weekends, I often go to the park with them. We play football and fly kites.” 5. Yes, he does. 【解析】文中最后一句说“I like my life in Shanghai very much”。 三、阅读短文判断正误 1. F 【解析】文中说“There are three people”，不是four。 2. T 【解析】文中说“My father is a doctor”。 3. F 【解析】文中说“She teaches English”，不是Chinese。 4. T 【解析】文中说“She likes reading books”。 5. T 【解析】文中说“I like playing the piano”。 第 1 页 共 7 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $