第1部分 第3讲 不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词(短语) （Word教师用书）-【金版新学案】2027年高考英语高三总复习大一轮复习讲义（译林版）

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考代词、冠词和介词核心考点，按“代词分类-冠词用法-介词短语”逻辑架构梳理，通过真题试做感知考情，结合表格对比（如人称/物主/反身代词功能、不定代词辨析）精讲考点，配套小题微练和教材、高考真题综合训练，构建“感知-梳理-应用”系统复习流程，针对性突破语法小词难点。 资料以高考真题为导向，创新采用“真题例句+表格对比”教学法，如不定代词部分通过either/both/neither等用法表格结合2025全国二卷真题实例，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。设置基础巩固到写作应用分层练习，确保高效复习，助力学生提升应考准确性，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

第三讲　不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词(短语) 【真题试做】——感知高考中的语法 代词 1．(2025·全国一卷)More than once, I found myself (I) wondering just how my students, who'd created these people, knew their subjects so well. 2．(2025·全国一卷)You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them (they) to follow your guidance till they lose. 3．(2025·全国二卷)Fishermen go out to sea daily and sell their (they) fish in harbor­side markets. 4．(2025·北京卷)Considering the stories we tell about ourselves (we) can help us to change our minds for better. 5．(2024·浙江1月卷)Having a poor sense of direction, Eva found it impossible to get around in such a huge building. 6．(2024·全国甲卷)Born just before WWⅡ， my grandmother experienced an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine (me). 7．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)With the rise of technology, it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application. 8．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us (we) still like to go old school and read something printed. 冠词 9．(2025·全国一卷)Go is one of the earliest binary­based (基于二元的) games. 10．(2025·全国二卷)Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. 11．(2025·全国二卷)Volunteering can be the first step in breaking down prejudice. 12．(2025·北京卷)The following day, called to the headmaster's office, I found myself accused of stealing the missing parts. 13．(2025·全国一卷)I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. 14．(2025·全国一卷)The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 15．(2024·浙江1月卷)When was the last time you used a telephone box? 16．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. 介词 17．(2025·全国一卷)Need a break between classes or just a quick pick­me­up in the morning? 18．(2025·北京卷)Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. 19．(2025·全国一卷)Researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. 20．(2025·全国二卷)Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 21．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. 22．(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park. 23．(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1，100­kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. 24．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. (一)代词 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的基本用法 类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 功能 主语 宾语、 表语　 定语 主语、表语、宾语　 宾语、表语、同位语 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself 复数 they them their theirs themselves it的基本用法 (1)it可作人称代词，主要指代某样东西、抽象事物、性别不明的孩子或不明确的人。 That vase is valuable.It is more than 200 years old.那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。 (2)it也可指代时间、距离、天气等。 It is early spring, but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。 (3)it作形式主语或形式宾语，指代动词不定式、动词­ing形式、名词性从句。 If we are to learn something about our surroundings, it is natural that we should begin with the air.如果我们想了解我们的环境状况，当然应该从空气开始。 (4)表示“喜欢、恨、感激”等心理感受的动词后常接it作形式宾语，然后再接真正的宾语(宾语从句)，这类动词有hate, dislike, appreciate等。 We would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地讲，如果货物能尽快送到，我们将会感激不尽。 不定代词 (1)either, both, neither, all, none, any either 肯定意义 表示两者中的一个，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数 both 肯定意义 表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数 neither 否定意义 表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数 all 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词的数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致 none 否定意义 后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数 any 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词可根据语境灵活用单数或复数；常与of连用 【点拨】　both, all与not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither, none。 ① I invited both of them, but both could not come. 我邀请了两个人，但并非两人都能来。 ② Neither of them was in good health, but both worked hard.他们两人身体都不好，但工作都很努力。 (2)none, nobody/no one, nothing none 既可指人，也可指物，常与表范围的介词of连用；与数量相关，可回答how many或how much引导的问句，表示“一个也没有” nobody/ no one 只能指人，不能与of连用，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句 nothing 只能指物，表示“什么也没有”，可回答what引导的疑问句 ① I have nothing to wear to the party.我没有衣服可以穿去参加派对。 ② None of the answers were correct.没有一个答案是正确的。 (3)the other, other, another, others the other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one ... the other ... “一个……另一个……”；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“其余全部的” other 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义 another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外， another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……” others 可单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“某一范围中其余全部的人或事物”时，用the others ① I've eaten one donut; I'll eat the other later.我已经吃了一个甜甜圈；我稍后再吃另一个。 ② Please give me another example to illustrate your point.请举出另一个例子来说明你的观点。 常用指示代词对比识记 指示代词it和that/those, one/ones it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 this/these this可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词时相当于the one(侧重“近指”，与that的“远指”形成对比)；其复数形式为these，相当于the ones that/those that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one；其复数形式为those，相当于the ones Be careful with those; they're very sharp.小心那些东西；它们非常锋利。 小题微练1 1．I finished my homework by myself (I) and handed it to the teacher. 2．She lent her new pen to him (he), but he didn't return it to her. 3．My sister lost her (she) keys, so I helped her look for them everywhere. 4．We should respect others' opinions and not just stick to ours (we). 5．It is necessary that we finish the project before the deadline comes. 6．We all think it a pity that she couldn't attend the important meeting. 7．Our team won the game, and the coach praised us (we) for our hard work. 8．Your phone is on the desk; mine (I) is in the bag under the chair. (二)冠词 不定冠词 (1)不定冠词的基本用法 ①在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a；发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。 ·Judging from his words, he must be an honest man.从他的话判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。 ·As is known to us, Russia is a European country.众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。 ②表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。 That was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。 ③表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。 Rome was not built in a day.罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 ④表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。 The story happened in a small town in Victoria.故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。 ⑤“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常，很”。 After ten minutes, a third man stood up and left the room.大约10分钟后，又有一个人站起来离开了房间。 ⑥抽象名词具体化。 用在success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, wonder, comfort, danger, shock等抽象名词前，表示“一个……的人或一件……的事”，使抽象概念具体化。 He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.他在一个雨夜突然出现，这使我们非常吃惊。 (2)不定冠词的习惯搭配 have a look　　　　　 　 看一下 take a bath/walk/rest 冲凉/散步/休息 as a matter of fact 事实上 all of a sudden 突然 in a hurry 匆忙地 do sb a favor 帮某人一个忙 keep an eye on 留心 定冠词 (1)定冠词的基本用法 ①特指某人或某物。 The book on the desk is mine.桌子上的那本书是我的。 ②西洋乐器前用the，但球类、棋类之前不用冠词。 As far as I know, he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。 ③用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级及only, very, same等之前。 China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。 ④某些形容词前加定冠词，表示某类人或物。 The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。 ⑤用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等；若表示单位的名词为不可数名词，则其前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。 I got paid by time.To be exact, I got paid by the hour.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时领工资的。 (2)定冠词的习惯搭配 at the moment 此刻；目前 in the end 最后，最终 to tell the truth 说实话 on the other hand 另一方面 by the way 顺便说一下 in the middle of 在……中间 at the same time 同时 on the contrary 相反 on the whole 总的来说 in the distance 在远处 to the point 中肯；切题 make the most/best of 充分利用 小题微练2 1．As an honest and humble man, he always tells us the truth without any exaggeration. 2．It was a European explorer who first discovered this beautiful and isolated island. 3．On a cold winter night, we sat by the fire and shared stories about our childhood. 4．The Great Wall is a most impressive project that attracts millions of tourists. 5．In the middle of the meeting, the chairman suddenly announced a ten­minute break. 6．His sudden resignation was a great surprise to all of his colleagues and friends. 7．To tell the truth, I am not entirely satisfied with the final result of our project. 8．I need to buy a notebook and a pen because I have an important meeting tomorrow. 9．My younger sister is learning to play the violin. 10．All of a sudden, the little child ran across the busy street without looking. (三)介词(短语) 常考介词 (1)表示时间和方位的介词 类别 介词 用法 表示 时间 at, in, on ① at表示时间点；② in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③ on表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某个节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上 in, after 两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”；“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用 for，since， from ① “for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；② “since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③ “from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点 before，by before与by都可表示“在……之前”；但 by 强调“不迟于某时”(包括某时在内) 表示 方位 on，above， over ① on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；② above指离开物体表面且在其上方(不一定垂直)，其反义词是below；③ over指离开物体表面且在其正上方，其反义词是under；over 还可以表示“越过……” 表示 方位 across，through， past，over， along，by， beside ① across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；② through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”；③ past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④ over表示从上方越过；⑤ along表示“沿着”；⑥ by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”， by含“倚，凭靠”之意， beside指两者位置关系在旁边(或附近) at, in, on ① at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；② in后接较大的地方；③ on一般指与面或线接触 in, on，to, off ① in 表示在某一范围之内；② on表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；③ to表示在某范围之外；④ off 表示“(时空上)离，距” ·She looked through the telescope to see the stars.她通过望远镜看星星。 ·The airplane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上方飞行。 ·He watched Karl run across the street to Tommy.他看见卡尔横穿那条街道向汤米跑去。 ·We will have dinner after we finish the meeting.我们开完会后去吃晚饭。 (2)其他介词 介词 用法 against ① 反对，违背，与……相反；② 触，碰撞；③ 紧靠，倚靠；④ 与……竞争，对阵；⑤ 以……为背景 at ① 用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；② 用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前；③ 以，按(价格、速度、数量等)；④ 朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向 beyond ① (指程度)深于；② (指范围)超出；③ (指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；④ (时间)晚于 by ① (时间)不迟于，在……之前；② 常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；③ (表示程度、数量)相差；④ 经过，经由；⑤ 通过(某种方法、手段) for ① (表示目的或功能)为了；② (表示对象或用途)给，对；③ (表示原因)因为，由于；④ (表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；⑤ 支持，赞成；⑥ 至于，关于，就……而言；⑦ (表示去向)往，向；⑧ (表示陈述或问题的对象)对于 in ① (表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；② (表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；在……之后；③ (表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；④ 关于；在……方面 on ① (表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；② (表示时间)在……时候；③ 关于，有关；④ 借助于，通过……，以……方式 with ① 和……一起，和，同，跟；② (伴)随着；③ 具有，带有；④ 由于，因为；⑤ (表示方式)用 ·He walked out of the room with a book in his hand.他手里拿着一本书走出了房间。 ·She bought a gift for her friend.她为朋友买了一份礼物。 ·Please turn in your papers by tomorrow morning.请在明天早上之前上交你的论文。 介词短语 (1)at＋名词 at a loss　　 　 　　　 不知所措 at dinner 在吃晚餐 at peace 处于和平状态 at dawn 在黎明 at war 在战争中 at work 在工作 (2)by＋名词 by accident 偶然地 by chance 偶然地 by force 暴力地 by hand 手工地 by mistake 错误地 by the month 按月计算 (3)beyond＋名词 beyond compare 无与伦比 beyond control 失控 beyond description 难以描述 beyond doubt 毋庸置疑 beyond expression 难以表达 beyond (one's) reach 够不到；力所不及 (4)in＋名词 in bed 在床上 in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债 in difficulty 处境困难 in high spirits 情绪高昂 in need 在困境中；需要帮助 in order 整齐；井然有序 in surprise 吃惊地 in trouble 在困难中 in use 使用中 (5)on＋名词 on a trip 在旅行 on business 出差 on display/show 在展出 on duty 在值班 on holiday/vacation 在度假 on sale 在出售 on strike 在罢工 on the way 在途中 (6)out of＋名词 out of balance 失去平衡 out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期；过时 out of order 出故障；无序 out of work 失业 (7)under＋名词 under consideration 在考虑中 under construction 在建设中 under control 在控制中 under discussion 在讨论中 under pressure 在压力下 under repair 在修理中 under treatment 在治疗中 (8)其他高频介词短语 against time 争分夺秒 at the sight of ... 一看到…… at the age of ... 在……岁时 in the face of 面对；面临 in addition (to) 另外；除了 in case of 万一 in charge of 负责；主管 in favour of 赞成；支持 in need of 需要 in no time 立刻；马上 in a hurry 匆忙 in preparation for ... 为……做准备 in return for 作为回报 of help/use 有帮助的/有用的 of importance 重要的 on behalf of 代表 小题微练3 1．At 7 o'clock every morning, she practises yoga in the park to keep her body healthy. 2．The cute cat is lying on the soft sofa, enjoying the warm sunshine through the window. 3．We drove past a small village on the way to the scenic spot, which was very quiet. 4．The old man walked slowly through the crowded street with the help of his walking stick. 5．He bought a new laptop at a low price during the shopping festival in the mall. 6．She prepared a big birthday cake for her mother, hoping to give her a big surprise. 7．In terms of English learning, practising speaking is more important than just memorising words. 8．When he heard the sudden bad news, he was at a loss and didn't know what to do. 9．The new building under construction will be used as a library for the local residents. 10．I met my primary school classmate by accident in the street yesterday, which made me happy. Ⅰ.语法与教材 1．(外研版必修一U4)The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune. 2．(北师大版必修二U4)If we can do that, we can protect ourselves (we) and enjoy our lives. 3．(外研版选一U5)They serve as the habitats for various birds and fish, and are very important to the ecosystem. 4．(北师大版必修一U1)He had started working at seven in the morning and it was eight in the evening now. 5．(人教版选一U1)She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. 6．(外研版选一U6)In addition to blogging, taking photos and writing articles about the reef, he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its defence. 7．(人教版选二U2)In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people studying abroad. 8．(北师大版必修一U1)He had met wonderful teachers from small villages during his early school years and he was inspired by them (they) to go and teach where he was needed the most. 9．(人教版必修三U3)The stores in the Chinatown offer a unique range of souvenirs, goods, and clothing. 10．(外研版必修二U2)To me, the process is even more important than the dinner itself (it). Ⅱ.语法与高考 Last week, I visited 1.a small library near my school.As I entered, 2.an old man sitting in the corner caught my attention.He was absorbed in a book, and 3.its (it) cover was so worn that I could barely read its title.I walked towards him quietly, but he suddenly looked up and smiled at me.He handed 4.me (I) another book from the table and said, “This one might interest you.” We chatted 5.for a while, and I learned that he came here every day to read.His passion 6.for books inspired me deeply. The library 7.itself (it) was a peaceful place.Sunlight streamed through the window, illuminating the dust dancing in 8.the air.9.On the shelves, various books were arranged neatly.I picked up one with 10.a blue cover, but found it difficult to understand.So I returned it and chose another simpler one.The librarian, 11.a friendly woman with glasses, offered to help me.She explained the themes of several books and recommended one 12.to me.I thanked her and decided to borrow 13.it．Between the pages, I discovered a handwritten note—someone had left their thoughts behind. Ⅲ.语法与写作(用代词、冠词和介词的知识补全作文) (2026·河北省邯郸市高三一模)假定你是李华，你的英国笔友戴维写信询问你难忘的旅游经历。请你用英语给他回一封邮件，谈谈你某次去外地旅游的经历。内容包括： 1．行程简介； 2．你的收获和感受。 Dear David， How are you? In your last letter, you 1.asked about my memorable travel experience (问起我难忘的旅行经历).I'd like to 2.share my trip to Huangshan Mountain with you (和你分享我的黄山之行). Last summer, my family and I spent three days there.We 3.took a train to the city (乘火车到达这个城市) and then a bus to the mountain.4.On the first day (在第一天), we hiked up the mountain and enjoyed the stunning views of pine trees and unique rocks.The next morning, we woke up early to 5.watch the sunrise from the peak (从山顶观看日出).It was absolutely breathtaking! The trip 6.left a deep impression on me (给我留下了深刻的印象).I found it rewarding to 7.challenge myself physically (在体能上挑战自己) while appreciating nature's beauty.8.It also reminded me of (它也提醒我) the importance of preserving such precious landscapes for future generations.Looking forward to hearing about your travels too! Best wishes， Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $