第05讲 Unit 1 Focusing culture（考点精讲精练）新八年级英语暑假预习讲义新教材沪教版

第05 Unit1 Focusing on culture （知识全梳理&考点精准练） 内容导航 01 预习航标→ 析目标·明方向：预习导航精准定向 02 教材全解 → 析教材·学新知：情境概念深度构 考点精讲：聚焦常考要点，讲清逻辑 例题精析：典型题目带路，学会解题思路 即练固基：趁热打铁练一练，巩固刚学内容 03过关检测 → 练考点·强落实：过关检测分层提 学习目标导航 关键词 学习目标导航 学习目标 阅读关于百科全书相关知识，《永乐大典》《皇览》《大英百科全书》，了解百科全书是我们了解世界的重要工具。 学习重点和难点 能读懂难度相当的阅读文章。 18 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 单词背诵 15.________________adj. 全部的；所有的 16. ________________ n. 一首，一篇（作品） 【搭配】________________ 一片；一块；一首 17. ________________n. （书籍的）编辑 【变形】v. ________________编辑 18. ________________ v. 安排；组织 【变形】n. ________________ 组织；机构 adj. ________________有组织的 n. ________________组织者 19. ________________n. 顺序 【搭配】________________ 按顺序； ________________为了 20.________________ v. 记录 【拓展】n. ________________记录；唱片 教材解析 Encyclopaedias: an educational tool with a long history The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word that means “general education”. We use encyclopaedias to find information about different subjects. Nowadays, most people use encyclopaedias online, but some still prefer to use paper encyclopaedias. They often come in several volumes. China has a long history of creating encyclopaedias. One of the first encyclopacdias was the Huanglan (《皇览》）(i.e. the Imperial Anthology). It was created around 220 CE. Another important encyclopaedia was the Yongle Dadian (i.e. the Yongle Encyclopaedia). The Yongle Dadian was completed in 1408 and had over 11,000 volumes. It is probably the largest encyclopaedia in history. Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing. These entries covered subjects like history, art and science. Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history. The earliest known encyclopaedias in Europe were written by the Greeks in the 4th century BCE. They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars. Centuries later, the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order. People could use the first letter of a word to find a subject quickly and easily. Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information. They are still a useful tool, and they help us learn about the world that we live in. 阅读理解 阅读判断正误 1.The word "encyclopaedia" is of Greek origin. 2.Most people today prefer paper encyclopaedias over online ones. 3.The Yongle Dadian had fewer than 10,000 volumes. 4.Early Greek encyclopaedias and early Chinese encyclopaedias both included works by multiple scholars. 5.The first modern encyclopaedias organized entries by topic rather than alphabetically. 6.Encyclopaedias have only been important in recent history. 7.The Yongle Dadian is considered the smallest encyclopaedia ever created. 阅读回答问题 1.Where does the word “encyclopaedia” come from and what does it mean? 2.How do most people use encyclopaedias nowadays? 3.When was the Huanglan created? 4.How were early Greek encyclopaedias similar to early Chinese encyclopaedias?(p15) 5.How many volumes did the Yongle Dadian have? 6.What changes did the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias make? What do you think of this change? (p15) （2）重点难点句子讲解 1.The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word that means “general education” general 1. 作形容词（adj.）：表示 “普遍的；一般的； 总体的；概括性的” a general opinion普遍观点 general knowledge常识 a general description大致描述 固定搭配 “in general”，表示 “通常；大体上” 2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “将军；上将” a five-star general五星上将 General Washington华盛顿将军 3. 常见固定搭配 general public：普通大众 general manager：总经理 【典例分析】 1. —What do you think of the plan? —It's just a ______ idea. We need to discuss the details later. A. general B. common C. ordinary D. specific 2. In ______, people tend to prefer spending time with family during holidays. A. general B. public C. total D. secret 3. The g______ led his army to win the crucial battle. （首字母单词拼） 2.Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history. 世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史 go back a long way 追溯到很久以前；有悠久历史 同义表达：have a long history 或date back to a long time ago The tradition of tea drinking in China goes back a long way. 中国的饮茶传统历史悠久。 Their family and mine go back a long way. 他们家和我家是世交。 This custom goes back a long way to the 16th century. 这一习俗可追溯到 16 世纪。 【典例分析】 1. 中国龙舟赛的传统有悠久的历史，根植于古代民俗 The tradition of dragon boat racing in China ___________________, with roots in ancient folk customs. 3.They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars. 它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。 be similar to 是英语中表示 “与…… 相似 similar similar作形容词，意为“相似的”。be similar to…意为“与……相似，接近”，一般用在相近似的物和 情境的对比上。例如： 　 His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似。 　 The climate here is similar to that of my hometown.这里的气候和我家乡的相似 　【拓展】 （1）look like意为“看起来像……” 。应用范围最广，除了描述人、物之外，也能抽象表达事件或现象。例如： 　　 He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。 　　 It looks like it’s going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。 【典例分析】 1.Your new bike is different________ mine, but quite similar________ Jack’s. A. to; to B. to; from C. from; to D. from; from 2.—Can you tell the difference between these two pictures? —The difference? Oh, no. They look quite .  A. similar B. different C. strange D. interesting 3.马莉在很多方面与她爸爸相似。 Mary________ ________ ________ her father in many ways. 4.Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing. 《皇览》和《永乐大典》都收录了重要的文献. include作动词，意为“包括；包含”。例如： The price for the hotel includes breakfast. 旅店的费用包括早餐在内。 The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里有一本字典。 【拓展】 including除了是include的现在分词/动名词之外，在日常运用中一般被当作介词使用，和其后的名词/代词一起形成介宾短语，意思是“包括……在内”。例如： There are many different kinds of moon cakes, including fruit, coffee and ham. 有很多种月饼，包括水果的，咖啡的和火腿月饼。 There are 40 students in the classroom, including me. 班里有40名学生，包括我在内。 【典例分析】 1.我有很多工作要做，包括做饭和打扫房间。 I have much work to do,__________ ____________ meals and cleaning the house. 2.我的工作包括做饭、打扫房间等。 My work __________ __________ meals, cleaning the house and so on. 3. I have to make breakfast for five people，____me. A. include B. including C. included D. to include 5.Centuries later, the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order. 数世纪后，《大英百科全书》等早期现代百科全书的编者将条目按字母顺序排列， order作动词 1. 表示 “命令；指示” order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事 The teacher ordered the students to be quiet.老师命令学生保持安静。 2. 表示 “订购；预订”（商品、服务等） order sth. / order sth. from... She ordered flowers from an online shop.她从网店订购了鲜花。 3. 表示 “整理；安排”（使有序） He ordered his books by category.他按类别整理书籍。 二、作名词（Noun）的基本用法 1. 表示 “命令；指示”（可数） The soldiers followed the general’s orders.士兵们服从将军的命令。 2. 表示 “顺序；秩序”（不可数） Please keep the books in order.请把书按顺序放好。 The crowd was called to order.人群被要求保持秩序。 3. 表示 “订购；订单”（可数） Your order will be delivered tomorrow.你的订单明天送达。 4. 固定搭配 in order：按顺序；井然有序 in order to do sth.：为了…… He gets up early in order to catch the bus.他早起是为了赶公交 【典例分析】 一、单项选择题 1. She decided to ______ a cake from the bakery for her son’s birthday. A. order B. borrow C. sell D. return 2. The teacher asked the students to put the sentences ______ of importance. A. in order B. in public C. in danger D. in surprise 3. The librarian o______ the books on the shelf by author’s name. 4. The restaurant received a large o______ for 500 meals from a company. 5. The students stood in line ______ ______ ______ (为了) welcome the guests.（完成句子） 6. Please keep your desk ______ ______ (井然有序) before leaving the classroom.（完成句子） 6.Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information.百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。 “play an important role in” 意思是 “在・・中扮演重要角色 / 起重要作用” Trees play a big role in keeping the air clean. 树木在保持空气清洁方面起着重要作用。 Parents play a big role in their children's growth. 父母在孩子的成长过程中扮演着重要角色。 Education plays a big role in shaping a person's future. 教育在塑造一个人的未来中起着重要作用。 【典例分析】 1. Weather plays an important role ________ farming. A. at B. in C. to D. of 2. Everyone in our class should ________ keeping the classroom clean. A. make sure B. play a role in C. be ready to D. make up 过关练习 一、翻译下面短语 1._____________________________通识教育 2. _____________________________在历史上 3. _____________________________两者都；既…… 又…… 4. _____________________________追溯到很久以前；历史悠久 5. _____________________________与…… 相似 6. _____________________________在…… 中起重要作用； 7. _____________________________了解；获悉关于…… 的情况 二、单项选择 1. —What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith? —Good idea. Let’s discuss when to _______________ the party. A. organize B. delete C. accept D. solve 2. The teacher asked us to put the sentences in the right _______ to make a story. A. order B. place C. time D. way 3.Linda is one of _______ in her class. A. the cleverest girls B. the cleverer girls C. clever girls D. cleverest girl 4. I spent _______ day cleaning my room yesterday. A. whole the B. the whole C. all D. every 5.The _______ of the old man made everyone in the village sad. A. die B. dead C. dying D. death 6. The _______ opinion is that exercise helps keep healthy. A. general B. popular C. strange D. personal 7. My father bought a new _______ of the encyclopedia. It’s the 15th book in the series. A. item B. number C. amount D. volume 8. The price of the tour _______ air tickets and hotel stays. Don't worry about extra costs. A. contains B. covers C. includes D. holds 9. Let’s use the camera to _______ the beautiful moment of our graduation ceremony. A. remember B. record C. report D. repeat 10. Good communication _______ building strong friendships. We should learn to express ourselves clearly. A. plays an important role in B. takes pride in C. gets used to D. looks forward to 11. This story _______ the one I read last week. Both have a brave hero and an exciting ending. A. is similar to B. is famous for C. is good at D. is ready for 12. Mrs. Brown is nice. Every day she tries to cook__________ for me during my stay in Canada. A. something different B. anything different C. nothing different D. different nothing 三、根据首字母或汉语提示完成单词 1. Please put these books in o________ on the shelf so they are easy to find. 2. Can you help me r_________ the score of our basketball game? 3. Our class plans to o_________ a picnic in the park next weekend. 4. I can’t find my o________ pencil case, so I need to buy a new one. 5. The little dog looked sad, and I could see its s_________. 6. The w________ class cheered when we won the football match. 7. The teacher gave a g_________ introduction to the history project. 8. These two dresses look s________, but the price is different. 9. The library has five v_________ of ancient Chinese poems. 10. Everyone felt sorry for the old cat’s d__________ last month. 四、用词的适当形式填空 1. We need good _______, so _______ books are useful for us.（education） 2. It's _______ for us to know the ________ of keeping healthy.（important） 3. I _______ understand the plan, so I can _______the work on time.（complete） 4. The story _________by a famous writer last year.（write） 5. The________ will edit the article before the new_______ comes out.（edit） 6. Our teacher will ______ a charity sale for the local ________ next month.（organize） 7. An ________ needs to have ________ ideas to create beautiful works.（art） 8. After the dog's ________, the boy felt sad because his pet was _______.（die） 9. When people ______ from illness, their families share their_________ together.（suffer） 10. He made a _______decision and _______ ran to help the old man.（quick） 五、完成句子 1.人们一直比较喜欢用纸质百科全书，他们通常分为若干卷。 Some still ___ ___ _____paper encyclopaedias. They often come ___ ____ _______volumes. 2.世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史 Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also ____ ____ ____ ____ _____in history. 3.它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。 They _____ ____ ______early Chinese encyclopaedias because they included _____ _____ ______ ______. 4.百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。 Encyclopaedias ______ _____ ______ _____ ________ history ______ recording and providing information. 5. 学生们需要了解历史上的重要人物来理解过去。 Students need to _____ _______important people _____ _____ to understand the past. 6.中国有编纂百科全书的悠久历史，大多数条目以时间编写的 China ____ ____ ____ ____ _____creating encyclopaedias，and most entries _____ ________in time order. 六、短文填空 A 短文填词 The Yongle Encyclopedia The Yongle Encyclopedia is a famous ancient Chinese encyclopedia. In the Ming Dynasty, the emperor wanted to 1.c______ a huge book to record all knowledge of that time. Scholars 2.o_______ thousands of old books and materials, then put them in o______ by topic. They worked carefully to edit the content, making sure each part was accurate. The encyclopedia has over 11,000 v_______, each filled with information about history, literature, science, and art. It not only r_______ ancient wisdom but also showed how people organized knowledge long ago. Though many books were lost, it remains an important record of Chinese culture. Even today, people study it to learn about the past! B 语法填空 Lidong is a special day in the Chinese calendar. It means the 1 (begin) of winter. It usually happens around November 7th. It is the 2 (nineteen) lunar term (节气) of the year. On Lidong, the weather changes as the days get shorter and 3 (cold) in the northern hemisphere (半球). In northern China, it might even snow. 4 , in the south, it is still warm. The temperature difference between the north and south can be very big. Lidong is a time for people to get ready 5 winter. Farmers gather food and fuel for the cold months. People eat special foods 6 (stay) warm and healthy. Lidong is also a time for celebration. People eat delicious food and have fun. In some 7 (place), people even have swimming competitions in icy rivers. It is a time to enjoy the beauty of winter and to be thankful for the harvest. In ancient China, Lidong was 8 big festival. The emperor 9 (lead) people to offer sacrifices (祭祀) to heaven. Today, people still celebrate Lidong by eating delicious food, like meat and dumplings. Lidong is a reminder that winter is coming, and it’s time to take care of 10 (our) and our families. It is a time for change, preparation, and celebration. 七、语法选择 Jane Goodall, the world-famous primatologist and UN Messenger of Peace, passed away 1 October 1, 2025, at the age of 91. She died of natural causes in California, US, while on a speaking tour peacefully. Goodall loved animals deeply even when she was a little kid. At 8, she saved her pocket money little by little 2 the book Tarzan. Later, she 3 fell in love with Doctor Dolittle—these books made her more and more 4 in wild animals. Her mother supported this passion instead of dismissing it, which pushed her to dream of studying animals in Africa, a place she finally visited in 1957. In 1960, Goodall started her important research on chimpanzees in Tanzania’s Gombe Park. She didn’t have formal science training, but she watched chimpanzees very 5 every day. She found that chimpanzees 6 make tools—they take leaves off small branches to get termites to eat. This finding challenged 7 long-held belief that only humans used tools. When Goodall got older, she turned her focus 8 research to advocating for nature. She set up the Jane Goodall Institute to keep working for nature protection and started 9 project—the “Roots and Shoots” program. This program was even 10 because it helped young people around the world do small things to protect the environment. Even when she was in her 11 , she traveled more than 300 days a year to spread messages about 12 the environment to more people. Her influence still lives on. UN Secretary-General Guterres said she left a great legacy for humans and nature. For many, she is a symbol of courage—proving that passion and persistence can change the world. Her 13 made people all over the world 14 : a museum in India planned an exhibition called “Celebrating Jane” to honor her, and a school in California planted a tree in memory of her and her work. 15 Jane Goodall is gone, her spirit will always encourage people to care for our Earth. 1. A. in B. on C. for D. since 2. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. bought 3. A. also B. as well C. too D. either 4. A. interest B. interesting C. interested D. interestedly 5. A. patient B. more patient C. patiently D. patience 6. A. can B. could C. should D. must 7. A. a B. an C. the D. \ 8. A. with B. from C. of D. on 9. A. other B. others C. another D. the other 10. A. meaningful B. most meaningful C. much meaningful D. more meaningful 11. A. eighty B. eightieth C. eighties D. the eightieth 12. A. to protect B. protecting C. protected D. protects 13. A. die B. dying C. dead D. death 14. A. sad B. sadder C. sadly D. more sadly 15. A. Although B. Even C. When D. After 八、完形填空 Psychologists (心理学家) believe that children learn important life lessons when they join sports. They even 1 that the things children learn in a team sport will directly influence how they behave in the future. What do children learn when they take part in a team sport? One of the skills is how to find a 2 between competing and teamwork. All sports are competitions and there is always going to be a winner and a loser. But in order to win, kids shouldn’t just 3 what they want for themselves. They should do what they need to do for the team. Many kids understand that winning isn’t everything. A study of 26,000 children found that winning was only the tenth most important reason for playing on a team. More important reasons were feeling the 4 of playing the game, being part of the team and developing skills. Having fun was the 5 reason. The parents of kids should understand that there is 6 more important than winning. Sports psychologists suggest using the idea of succeeding rather than winning. Succeeding means doing your best. It is not the same as winning. An important part of doing your best means trying to do better than 7 . Improving your own time and trying to get to your personal best are what everyone can enjoy. Psychologists say that 8 athletes don’t talk about winning. They just enjoy the process and talk about how they love the sport instead. Canadian Lloyd Eisler, an Olympic skater, is a good 9 . He remembers when he was a kid, his parents would never 10 him to go to the ice rink (溜冰场) to practice. “Their opinion was, if I didn’t want to, I didn’t have to. The result was that when I did go, I knew it was my choice. I went because I loved it.” 1. A. agree B. trust C. doubt D. mean 2. A. reason B. balance C. way D. point 3. A. take care B. make sure C. find out D. care about 4. A. excitement B. development C. agreement D. movement 5. A. valuable B. top C. perfect D. big 6. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything 7. A. others B. ourselves C. before D. later 8. A. negative B. humorous C. artistic D. excellent 9. A. player B. father C. boy D. example 10. A. encourage B. invite C. force D. allow 九、阅读理解 A、阅读选择 March of the Steel Torrent (钢铁洪流进行曲) is a famous military song (军歌) composed by Li Xuhao, a young Chinese musician born in 1991 who studied at the Central Conservatory of Music. Created for the 70th birthday of the People’s Republic of China, it debuted at the Tiananmen Square military parade and later became a symbol of China’s modern military strength and national pride. Li was tasked with embodying China’s “strong military” spirit, aiming to show armored forces’ power and the PLA (中国人民解放军)’s unyielding spirit. The title “Steel Torrent” is a metaphor combining steel’s hardness and a river’s unstoppable force, symbolizing China’s technological progress and the PLA’s modernization. Different from traditional military music, it combines symphony with a strong rhythm. Its speed of 88 beats per minute matches tanks’ speed, making listeners feel the power of armored troops directly. Brass instruments (trumpets, horns) play grand tunes to show the army’s greatness. Bass drums sound like tank engine noise, while snare drums beat quickly to create excitement. French horns play a high, beautiful tune in the middle. This contrasts with the strong brass music, showing the PLA’s discipline and wish for peace. Lyrics by Yuan Weiqing focus on patriotism and the PLA’s duty. Key lines like “Forward! We are young and bold, shining with strength to awe our enemies!向前！我们的血气方刚！展锋芒，震虎狼！” and the repeated chorus “Steel torrent rolls forward铁流滚滚向前”convey resolve to safeguard national independence and peace. The song is popular worldwide, praised by Japanese netizens and American veterans. It’s used in films, documentaries and video games, and was played at the 2025 Victory Day parade again. More than a military song, it’s a cultural work reflecting China’s development, inspiring national pride, and serving as a “sound monument” to the PLA’s spirit. 1. When was the military song first performed? A. In 2018 B. In 2019 C. In 2024 D. In 2025 2. What does the underlined word mean? A. strong and unshakable B. easy to give up C. always changing D. weak and negative 3. Which one is NOT TRUE about March of the Steel Torrent? A. It is the symbol of both China’s technological progress and the PLA’s moving toward modernization. B. With an 88-beat-per-minute tempo, it makes people feel like they are experiencing the power of military machines. C. It has received many praises worldwide while having little use in any movies or documentaries. D. March of the Steel Torrent is not just a military song but a popular cultural work. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce Li Xuhao’s life experience as a composer. B. To explain the history of Chinese military music. C. To introduce March of the Steel Torrent from its creation to its influence. D. To describe the 2025 Victory Day parade. 5. In which section of the newspaper can you read this article? A. Sports B. Culture & Art C. Business D. Local News B As we all know, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, but do you know who developed the electricity system that makes our life more convenient? Nikola Tesla was one of the world’s greatest inventors. He made more than 300 inventions, including wireless power, radio, X-rays, remote control, and electric motors. He had amazing ideas that changed the world. When he was in high school, he began to love science. He saw his physics teacher do experiments with electricity. This looked like magic to Tesla, and he wanted to learn everything he could about it. One of Tesla’s special abilities was his memory. He could remember everything he saw, like books and pictures. After high school, he went to the Technical University of Graz, where he studied math, physics, and philosophy. He was an excellent student. He worked so hard that his teachers worried about his health. Tesla’s first job was in Budapest, where he worked as an electrical engineer. He was very good at his job and helped improve the telephone company. In 1882, he moved to Paris and worked for the Continental Edison Company. After that, he moved to the United States to work for Thomas Edison. Tesla worked very hard all his life. He once worked for 84 hours without sleeping. He spoke 8 languages and always wanted to make the world better. Tesla did not care about money. He only cared about science. He believed we should always try our best to create a good future for everyone. Interestingly, one of the most famous electric car companies is named Tesla. It was inspired by Nikola Tesla’s work. The car company wants to honor the inventor and continue his ideas by changing the electric vehicle industry. 1. What can we learn about Nikola Tesla? A. Tesla invented radio and light bulbs. B. One of Tesla’s special abilities was taking photos. C. He was not interested in money, but only in science. D. Tesla and Edison developed the electricity system together. 2. Why did Tesla’s teachers worry about him in university? A. He slept for too little time. B. He was not good at study. C. He did not attend enough classes. D. He spent too much time on his study. 3. Why does the writer mention the company Tesla in the last paragraph? A. To show us the achievements of Tesla. B. To make an advertisement of the car company. C. To show that Tesla’s ideas are still important today. D. To catch readers’ attention with a modern example. 4. What does the article mainly talk about? A. The importance of the AC motor. B. The life and inventions of Nikola Tesla. C. The challenge between Tesla and Edison. D. The development of electricity in the world. C、阅读还原 Long before Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica, there was Historia Naturalis. Its writer was Pliny the Elder. Pliny worked hard and read a lot. His helper read to him while he was having meals and while he was bathing. 1 His helper even carried him around Rome in a chair while he was reading. He thought walking was a waste of time. 2 It was thought to be the oldest encyclopaedia in history. Historia Naturalis covered almost everything, from mice to Mars. “No Roman writer has completed such a project,” Pliny said proudly. Unluckily, two years after the encyclopaedia appeared, Pliny died. The world always changes, and accidents can hardly be stopped. 3 Editors of encyclopaedias like Pliny collect and write down the knowledge of our world. I think an encyclopaedia is not only a record of what its editors know, but also a record of what they don’t know. Pliny was wrong when he said there were seven planets, including the Sun and the Moon. 4 After all, Historia Naturalis was a book thousands of years ago. Those were all Pliny knew at that time. Similarly, both Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica have some wrong information. 5 Roger Lewinter, an American researcher, thinks encyclopaedias can’t record all human knowledge, but just some of it. They can never be completed. They are always waiting for someone—perhaps you—to improve them. A. Historia Naturalis came out in 77 AD. B. Pliny took notes carefully all the time. C. Luckily, these things can be written down. D. Even the best encyclopaedias only show what their editors know. E. He was also wrong when he said Africans were black because of the Sun. $ 第05 Unit1 Focusing on culture （知识全梳理&考点精准练） 内容导航 01 预习航标→ 析目标·明方向：预习导航精准定向 02 教材全解 → 析教材·学新知：情境概念深度构 考点精讲：聚焦常考要点，讲清逻辑 例题精析：典型题目带路，学会解题思路 即练固基：趁热打铁练一练，巩固刚学内容 03过关检测 → 练考点·强落实：过关检测分层提 学习目标导航 关键词 学习目标导航 学习目标 阅读关于百科全书相关知识，《永乐大典》《皇览》《大英百科全书》，了解百科全书是我们了解世界的重要工具。 学习重点和难点 能读懂难度相当的阅读文章。 18 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 单词背诵 15.whole /həʊl/ adj. 全部的；所有的 16.piece /piːs/ n. 一首，一篇（作品） 【搭配】a piece of 一片；一块；一首 17.editor /'edɪtə(r)/ n. （书籍的）编辑 【变形】v. edit 编辑 18.organize /'ɔːɡənaɪz/ v. 安排；组织 【变形】n. organization 组织；机构 adj. organized 有组织的 n. organizer组织者 19.order /'ɔːdə(r)/ n. 顺序 【搭配】in order 按顺序；in order to 为了 20.record /rɪ'kɔːd/ v. 记录 【拓展】n. record /ˈrekɔːd/记录；唱片 教材解析 Encyclopaedias: an educational tool with a long history The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word that means “general education”. We use encyclopaedias to find information about different subjects. Nowadays, most people use encyclopaedias online, but some still prefer to use paper encyclopaedias. They often come in several volumes. China has a long history of creating encyclopaedias. One of the first encyclopacdias was the Huanglan (《皇览》）(i.e. the Imperial Anthology). It was created around 220 CE. Another important encyclopaedia was the Yongle Dadian (i.e. the Yongle Encyclopaedia). The Yongle Dadian was completed in 1408 and had over 11,000 volumes. It is probably the largest encyclopaedia in history. Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing. These entries covered subjects like history, art and science. Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history. The earliest known encyclopaedias in Europe were written by the Greeks in the 4th century BCE. They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars. Centuries later, the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order. People could use the first letter of a word to find a subject quickly and easily. Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information. They are still a useful tool, and they help us learn about the world that we live in. 阅读理解 阅读判断正误 1.The word "encyclopaedia" is of Greek origin. 2.Most people today prefer paper encyclopaedias over online ones. 3.The Yongle Dadian had fewer than 10,000 volumes. 4.Early Greek encyclopaedias and early Chinese encyclopaedias both included works by multiple scholars. 5.The first modern encyclopaedias organized entries by topic rather than alphabetically. 6.Encyclopaedias have only been important in recent history. 7.The Yongle Dadian is considered the smallest encyclopaedia ever created. 【答案】TFFTFFF 阅读回答问题 1.Where does the word “encyclopaedia” come from and what does it mean? The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word, and it means “general education”. 2.How do most people use encyclopaedias nowadays? Nowadays, most people use encyclopaedias online. 3.When was the Huanglan created? The Huanglan was created around 220 CE. 4.How were early Greek encyclopaedias similar to early Chinese encyclopaedias?(p15) They were similar because they both included works by different scholar 5.How many volumes did the Yongle Dadian have? The Yongle Dadian had over 11,000 volumes. 6.What changes did the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias make? What do you think of this change? (p15) The editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order so that people could use the first letter of a word to find a subject quickly and easily （2）重点难点句子讲解 1.The word “encyclopaedia” comes from a Greek word that means “general education” general 1. 作形容词（adj.）：表示 “普遍的；一般的； 总体的；概括性的” a general opinion普遍观点 general knowledge常识 a general description大致描述 固定搭配 “in general”，表示 “通常；大体上” 2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “将军；上将” a five-star general五星上将 General Washington华盛顿将军 3. 常见固定搭配 general public：普通大众 general manager：总经理 【典例分析】 1. —What do you think of the plan? —It's just a ______ idea. We need to discuss the details later. A. general B. common C. ordinary D. specific 【答案】A 【解析】 考查形容词词义辨析。根据 “需要讨论细节” 可知，此处表示 “大致的想法”，“general” 意为 “概括性的”，符合语境。其他选项中，common（常见的）、ordinary（普通的）、specific（具体的）均不符合句意。 2. In ______, people tend to prefer spending time with family during holidays. A. general B. public C. total D. secret 【答案】A 【解析】 考查固定搭配。“in general” 为固定短语，意为 “通常；大体上”，句意为 “通常，人们在假期更倾向于和家人共度时光”。 3. The g______ led his army to win the crucial battle. （首字母单词拼） 【答案】general 【解析】 根据 “led his army”（率领军队）可知，此处需填表示 “将 2.Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history. 世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史 go back a long way 追溯到很久以前；有悠久历史 同义表达：have a long history 或date back to a long time ago The tradition of tea drinking in China goes back a long way. 中国的饮茶传统历史悠久。 Their family and mine go back a long way. 他们家和我家是世交。 This custom goes back a long way to the 16th century. 这一习俗可追溯到 16 世纪。 【典例分析】 1. 中国龙舟赛的传统有悠久的历史，根植于古代民俗 The tradition of dragon boat racing in China ___________________, with roots in ancient folk customs. 【答案】goes back a long way 3.They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars. 它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。 be similar to 是英语中表示 “与…… 相似 similar similar作形容词，意为“相似的”。be similar to…意为“与……相似，接近”，一般用在相近似的物和 情境的对比上。例如： 　 His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似。 　 The climate here is similar to that of my hometown.这里的气候和我家乡的相似 　【拓展】 （1）look like意为“看起来像……” 。应用范围最广，除了描述人、物之外，也能抽象表达事件或现象。例如： 　　 He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。 　　 It looks like it’s going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。 【典例分析】 1.Your new bike is different________ mine, but quite similar________ Jack’s. A. to; to B. to; from C. from; to D. from; from 【答案】C 【解析】be different from 与。。。不同。Be similar to 与。。。相似。 2.—Can you tell the difference between these two pictures? —The difference? Oh, no. They look quite .  A. similar B. different C. strange D. interesting 【答案】A 【解析】similar"相似的";different"不同的";strange"奇怪的";interesting"有趣的"。结合本题语境可知,它们看起来很"相似",故所缺的词是similar。 3.马莉在很多方面与她爸爸相似。 Mary________ ________ ________ her father in many ways. 【答案】is similar to 4.Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing. 《皇览》和《永乐大典》都收录了重要的文献. include作动词，意为“包括；包含”。例如： The price for the hotel includes breakfast. 旅店的费用包括早餐在内。 The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里有一本字典。 【拓展】 including除了是include的现在分词/动名词之外，在日常运用中一般被当作介词使用，和其后的名词/代词一起形成介宾短语，意思是“包括……在内”。例如： There are many different kinds of moon cakes, including fruit, coffee and ham. 有很多种月饼，包括水果的，咖啡的和火腿月饼。 There are 40 students in the classroom, including me. 班里有40名学生，包括我在内。 【典例分析】 1.我有很多工作要做，包括做饭和打扫房间。 I have much work to do,__________ ____________ meals and cleaning the house. 【点拨】including cooking。including是介词引导的介词短语在句中作状语，起补充说明的作用，前面可用逗号隔开。 2.我的工作包括做饭、打扫房间等。 My work __________ __________ meals, cleaning the house and so on. 【点拨】includes。include是及物动词，在句中作谓语 3. I have to make breakfast for five people，____me. A. include B. including C. included D. to include 【点拨】B 此题用语法判定法。分析句子成分可知，空格前是一个完整的句子，排除A与C两项。including介词，意为“包括”，与后面的代词me构成介词短语。 5.Centuries later, the editors of the first modern encyclopaedias, like the Encyclopaedia Britannica, organized the entries in alphabetical order. 数世纪后，《大英百科全书》等早期现代百科全书的编者将条目按字母顺序排列， order作动词 1. 表示 “命令；指示” order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事 The teacher ordered the students to be quiet.老师命令学生保持安静。 2. 表示 “订购；预订”（商品、服务等） order sth. / order sth. from... She ordered flowers from an online shop.她从网店订购了鲜花。 3. 表示 “整理；安排”（使有序） He ordered his books by category.他按类别整理书籍。 二、作名词（Noun）的基本用法 1. 表示 “命令；指示”（可数） The soldiers followed the general’s orders.士兵们服从将军的命令。 2. 表示 “顺序；秩序”（不可数） Please keep the books in order.请把书按顺序放好。 The crowd was called to order.人群被要求保持秩序。 3. 表示 “订购；订单”（可数） Your order will be delivered tomorrow.你的订单明天送达。 4. 固定搭配 in order：按顺序；井然有序 in order to do sth.：为了…… He gets up early in order to catch the bus.他早起是为了赶公交 【典例分析】 一、单项选择题 1. She decided to ______ a cake from the bakery for her son’s birthday. A. order B. borrow C. sell D. return 【答案】A 【解析】 考查 order 作动词 “订购” 的用法。“order sth. from...” 表示 “从某处订购某物”，与 “从面包店订蛋糕” 的语境匹配。其他选项 borrow（借）、sell（卖）、return（归还）均不符合 “订购” 语义，故选 A。 2. The teacher asked the students to put the sentences ______ of importance. A. in order B. in public C. in danger D. in surprise 【答案】A 【解析】 考查 order 作名词 “顺序” 的固定搭配。“in order of...” 表示 “按…… 顺序”，句意为 “按重要性排序句子”。其他搭配 in public（公开地）、in danger（处于危险中）、in surprise（惊讶地）均不符合语境，故选 A。 3. The librarian o______ the books on the shelf by author’s name. 【答案】ordered 4. The restaurant received a large o______ for 500 meals from a company. 【答案】order 【解析】 由 “餐厅收到 500 份餐食” 可知，此处指 “订单”，order 作名词 “订购” 时为可数名词，首字母为 o，故填 order。 5. The students stood in line ______ ______ ______ (为了) welcome the guests.（完成句子） 【答案】in order to 【解析】 考查固定搭配 “in order to do sth.”（为了……），后接动词原形 welcome，表目的。 6. Please keep your desk ______ ______ (井然有序) before leaving the classroom.（完成句子） 【答案】in order 【解析】 考查固定搭配 “in order”（井然有序），在句中作宾语补足语，修饰 “desk”。 6.Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information.百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。 “play an important role in” 意思是 “在・・中扮演重要角色 / 起重要作用” Trees play a big role in keeping the air clean. 树木在保持空气清洁方面起着重要作用。 Parents play a big role in their children's growth. 父母在孩子的成长过程中扮演着重要角色。 Education plays a big role in shaping a person's future. 教育在塑造一个人的未来中起着重要作用。 【典例分析】 1. Weather plays an important role ________ farming. A. at B. in C. to D. of 【答案】B 【解析】句意：天气在农业中起着重要作用。 考查介词辨析。at在（某处）；in在……里；to朝；of……的。play a part in为固定搭配，意为“对……有影响、对……起作用”，符合句意，故选B。 2. Everyone in our class should ________ keeping the classroom clean. A. make sure B. play a role in C. be ready to D. make up 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我们班的每个人都应该在保持教室干净上发挥作用。 考查动词短语。make sure确保；play a part in发挥作用；be ready to准备好；make up编造。根据“keeping the classroom clean”以及结合空后是动名词keeping可知，此处是指我们班的每个人都应该在保持教室的清洁方面发挥作用。play a part in+动名词形式，故选B。 过关练习 一、翻译下面短语 1._____________________________通识教育 2. _____________________________在历史上 3. _____________________________两者都；既…… 又…… 4. _____________________________追溯到很久以前；历史悠久 5. _____________________________与…… 相似 6. _____________________________在…… 中起重要作用； 7. _____________________________了解；获悉关于…… 的情况 【答案】1. general education 2.in history 3.both…and… 4.go back a long way 5.be similar to 6.play an important role in 7.learn about 二、单项选择 1. —What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith? —Good idea. Let’s discuss when to _______________ the party. A. organize B. delete C. accept D. solve 【答案】A 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：——给Miss Smit办个惊喜派对怎么样？——好主意，让我们讨论何时组织这个聚会。A. organize组织；B. delete删除；C. accept接受；D. solve解决。根据What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith?可知，此处应表示：组织聚会。故选A。 2. The teacher asked us to put the sentences in the right _______ to make a story. A. order B. place C. time D. way 【答案】A 【解析】句意：老师让我们把句子按正确的顺序排列，以组成一个故事。 order：指顺序，强调按逻辑或规则排列（如句子顺序），符合 “将句子排成正确顺序以组成故事” 的语境。place：位置；time：时间， way：方式， 3.Linda is one of _______ in her class. A. the cleverest girls B. the cleverer girls C. clever girls D. cleverest girl 【答案】A 【解析】句意“琳达在他们班级是最聪明的女孩之一。 根据one of+the+形容词最高级+名词复数 最……之一可知，用形容词的最高级，排除B和C；且girl用复数形式girls，且形容词最高级前必须加the，故选A。 4. I spent _______ day cleaning my room yesterday. A. whole the B. the whole C. all D. every 【答案】B 【解析】the whole + 单数名词：固定搭配，如 the whole day（一整天）。 A 选项语序错误，正确应为 the whole；all需搭配 all the day，但初中阶段更常见 the whole day。 every强调每个，如 every day（每天），但题干指 具体某一天的全部时间，用 whole 更准确。 5.The _______ of the old man made everyone in the village sad. A. die B. dead C. dying D. death 【答案】D 【解析】death：名词，死亡，the death of... 表示 …… 的死亡，符合语法结构。 die：动词， dead/ dying：形容词，需搭配名词使用（如 the dead man），此处缺少核心名词。 题干 made everyone sad 提示老人的死亡这一事件，需用名词形式。 6. The _______ opinion is that exercise helps keep healthy. A. general B. popular C. strange D. personal 【答案】A 【解析】句意：普遍观点认为锻炼有助健康。 general opinion：固定搭配，意为：普遍观点，强调 大多数人认同的看法，如 the general public（普通大众）。 popular：流行的，如 popular music，但 popular opinion 侧重 受欢迎的观点，不如 general 强调普遍性。 strange（奇怪的）和personal（个人的）与 普遍观点 语义矛盾。 7. My father bought a new _______ of the encyclopedia. It’s the 15th book in the series. A. item B. number C. amount D. volume 【答案】D 【解析】volume：表示 （系列书籍中的）一卷，与 encyclopedia（百科全书） 和 15th book in the series（系列中的第 15 本） 匹配。number：通常用于编号或数量，如 a number of books（一些书），不指卷册。 amount：修饰不可数名词。item：指 单个物品，语义宽泛，不如 volume 贴合 系列书籍中的一卷。 8. The price of the tour _______ air tickets and hotel stays. Don't worry about extra costs. A. contains B. covers C. includes D. holds 【答案】C 【解析】句意：这次旅行的价格包括机票和酒店住宿。不要担心额外的费用。 includes：意为 包括，强调整体中包含部分，常用于举例说明。本题中旅游价格包含机票和酒店属于部分与整体关系，符合语境。contains：侧重 内含、容纳，强调实体内部包含的内容，如 The box contains toys.（盒子里装着玩具），不适合抽象的 价格包含项目。covers：指 涵盖、涉及，常搭配范围或主题。 holds：意为 持有；容纳。 9. Let’s use the camera to _______ the beautiful moment of our graduation ceremony. A. remember B. record C. report D. repeat 【答案】B 【解析】句意：让我们用相机记录下毕业典礼的美好时刻。record：作动词时表示 记录；录制， remember：记住，强调记忆report：报道；报告，repeat：重复。 10. Good communication _______ building strong friendships. We should learn to express ourselves clearly. A. plays an important role in B. takes pride in C. gets used to D. looks forward to 【答案】A 【解析】句意：良好的沟通在建立牢固的友谊方面起着重要作用。我们应该学会清晰地表达自己。 plays an important role in：意为 在…… 中起重要作用，后接名词或动名词，良好的沟通在建立友谊中起重要作用 符合语境。takes pride in：以…… 为自豪，gets used to：习惯于looks forward to：期待。 11. This story _______ the one I read last week. Both have a brave hero and an exciting ending. A. is similar to B. is famous for C. is good at D. is ready for 【解析】句意：这个故事和我上周读到的那个相似。两者都有一个勇敢的英雄和一个令人兴奋的结局。 is similar to：表示两个故事在人物设定和结局上有相似之处，符合都有勇敢的英雄和精彩结局的描述。 is famous for：因…… 而闻名。 is good at：擅长。is ready for：为…… 做好准备。 12. Mrs. Brown is nice. Every day she tries to cook__________ for me during my stay in Canada. A. something different B. anything different C. nothing different D. different nothing 【答案】A 【解析】试题分析：something一些东西，一般用于肯定句及表示请求建议等含义的疑问句中；anything也是表示一些东西，任何东西，一般用于否定及疑问句中。Nothing没有东西，用于肯定句表示否定含义；修饰这些由thing组成的符合词的形容词一般放在这些词的后面。句意：布朗先生很不错。我在加拿大期间，他每天早晨尽量为我不同的饭菜。 三、根据首字母或汉语提示完成单词 1. Please put these books in o________ on the shelf so they are easy to find. 2. Can you help me r_________ the score of our basketball game? 3. Our class plans to o_________ a picnic in the park next weekend. 4. I can’t find my o________ pencil case, so I need to buy a new one. 5. The little dog looked sad, and I could see its s_________. 6. The w________ class cheered when we won the football match. 7. The teacher gave a g_________ introduction to the history project. 8. These two dresses look s________, but the price is different. 9. The library has five v_________ of ancient Chinese poems. 10. Everyone felt sorry for the old cat’s d__________ last month. 【答案】1.order 2.record 3.organize 4.original 5.suffering 6.whole 7.general 8.similar 9.volumes 10.death 四、用词的适当形式填空 1. We need good _______, so _______ books are useful for us.（education） 2. It's _______ for us to know the ________ of keeping healthy.（important） 3. I _______ understand the plan, so I can _______the work on time.（complete） 4. The story _________by a famous writer last year.（write） 5. The________ will edit the article before the new_______ comes out.（edit） 6. Our teacher will ______ a charity sale for the local ________ next month.（organize） 7. An ________ needs to have ________ ideas to create beautiful works.（art） 8. After the dog's ________, the boy felt sad because his pet was _______.（die） 9. When people ______ from illness, their families share their_________ together.（suffer） 10. He made a _______decision and _______ ran to help the old man.（quick） 【答案】1.education educational 2.important importance 3.completely complete 4.was written 5.editor edition 6.organize organization 7.artist artistic 8.death dead 9.suffer suffering 10.quick quickly 五、完成句子 1.人们一直比较喜欢用纸质百科全书，他们通常分为若干卷。 Some still ___ ___ _____paper encyclopaedias. They often come ___ ____ _______volumes. 2.世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史 Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also ____ ____ ____ ____ _____in history. 3.它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。 They _____ ____ ______early Chinese encyclopaedias because they included _____ _____ ______ ______. 4.百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。 Encyclopaedias ______ _____ ______ _____ ________ history ______ recording and providing information. 5. 学生们需要了解历史上的重要人物来理解过去。 Students need to _____ _______important people _____ _____ to understand the past. 6.中国有编纂百科全书的悠久历史，大多数条目以时间编写的 China ____ ____ ____ ____ _____creating encyclopaedias，and most entries _____ ________in time order. 【答案】1.prefer to use in several volumes. 2.go back a long way 3.were similar to works by different scholars 4.play an important role in through 5.learn about in history 6.has a long history of are written 六、短文填空 A 短文填词 The Yongle Encyclopedia The Yongle Encyclopedia is a famous ancient Chinese encyclopedia. In the Ming Dynasty, the emperor wanted to 1.c______ a huge book to record all knowledge of that time. Scholars 2.o_______ thousands of old books and materials, then put them in o______ by topic. They worked carefully to edit the content, making sure each part was accurate. The encyclopedia has over 11,000 v_______, each filled with information about history, literature, science, and art. It not only r_______ ancient wisdom but also showed how people organized knowledge long ago. Though many books were lost, it remains an important record of Chinese culture. Even today, people study it to learn about the past! 【答案】1.create 2.organized 3.order 4.volumes 5.recorded B 语法填空 Lidong is a special day in the Chinese calendar. It means the 1 (begin) of winter. It usually happens around November 7th. It is the 2 (nineteen) lunar term (节气) of the year. On Lidong, the weather changes as the days get shorter and 3 (cold) in the northern hemisphere (半球). In northern China, it might even snow. 4 , in the south, it is still warm. The temperature difference between the north and south can be very big. Lidong is a time for people to get ready 5 winter. Farmers gather food and fuel for the cold months. People eat special foods 6 (stay) warm and healthy. Lidong is also a time for celebration. People eat delicious food and have fun. In some 7 (place), people even have swimming competitions in icy rivers. It is a time to enjoy the beauty of winter and to be thankful for the harvest. In ancient China, Lidong was 8 big festival. The emperor 9 (lead) people to offer sacrifices (祭祀) to heaven. Today, people still celebrate Lidong by eating delicious food, like meat and dumplings. Lidong is a reminder that winter is coming, and it’s time to take care of 10 (our) and our families. It is a time for change, preparation, and celebration. 【答案】1. beginning 2. nineteenth/19th 3. colder 4. However 5. for 6. to stay 7. places 8. a 9. led 10. ourselves 【解析】本文主要介绍了立冬的含义、发生时间、庆祝方式等。 1. 句意：它意味着冬天的开始。begin“开始”，动词，名词是beginning。the beginning of“……的开始”，固定短语。故填beginning。 2. 句意：它是一年中的第十九个节气。根据“It is the ... lunar term of the year.”可知，此处指“第十九个节气”，因此用序数词。nineteen“十九”，基数词，序数词是nineteenth。故填nineteenth/19th。 3. 句意：在立冬，天气的变化随着北半球的白天越来越短，越来越冷。根据“shorter”可知此处也用比较级，表示“越来越短”。cold“冷的”，形容词，比较级是colder。故填colder。 4. 句意：然而，在南方，仍然很暖和。分析句子可知，空格处用副词修饰整个句子。根据“In northern China, it might even snow. ... in the south, it is still warm.”可知，前后文之间是转折关系，因此用however“然而”，副词，首字母大写。故填However。 5. 句意：立冬是人们准备过冬的时候。get ready for“为……做准备”，固定短语。故填for。 6. 句意：人们吃特殊的食物来保持温暖和健康。根据“People eat special foods ... warm and healthy.”可知，此处用不定式作目的状语。stay“保持”，动词，不定式是to stay。故填to stay。 7. 句意：在一些地方，人们甚至在冰冷的河流里进行游泳比赛。根据“some”可知，此处用复数。place“地方”，可数名词，复数是places。故填places。 8. 句意：在中国古代，立冬是一个大节日。festival“节日”，可数名词，此处用单数，因此前面用不定冠词，big“大的”，是辅音音素开头的单词，因此不定冠词用a。故填a。 9. 句意：皇帝带领人们向天献祭。根据“In ancient China, Lidong was a big festival.”可知，此处用一般过去时，用过去式。lead“带领”，动词，过去式是led。故填led。 10. 句意：立冬提醒我们冬天来了，是时候照顾好自己和家人了。根据“it’s time to take care of ...”可知此处指“照顾好我们自己”，因此用反身代词。our“我们的”，形容词性物主代词，反身代词是ourselves。故填ourselves。 七、语法选择 Jane Goodall, the world-famous primatologist and UN Messenger of Peace, passed away 1 October 1, 2025, at the age of 91. She died of natural causes in California, US, while on a speaking tour peacefully. Goodall loved animals deeply even when she was a little kid. At 8, she saved her pocket money little by little 2 the book Tarzan. Later, she 3 fell in love with Doctor Dolittle—these books made her more and more 4 in wild animals. Her mother supported this passion instead of dismissing it, which pushed her to dream of studying animals in Africa, a place she finally visited in 1957. In 1960, Goodall started her important research on chimpanzees in Tanzania’s Gombe Park. She didn’t have formal science training, but she watched chimpanzees very 5 every day. She found that chimpanzees 6 make tools—they take leaves off small branches to get termites to eat. This finding challenged 7 long-held belief that only humans used tools. When Goodall got older, she turned her focus 8 research to advocating for nature. She set up the Jane Goodall Institute to keep working for nature protection and started 9 project—the “Roots and Shoots” program. This program was even 10 because it helped young people around the world do small things to protect the environment. Even when she was in her 11 , she traveled more than 300 days a year to spread messages about 12 the environment to more people. Her influence still lives on. UN Secretary-General Guterres said she left a great legacy for humans and nature. For many, she is a symbol of courage—proving that passion and persistence can change the world. Her 13 made people all over the world 14 : a museum in India planned an exhibition called “Celebrating Jane” to honor her, and a school in California planted a tree in memory of her and her work. 15 Jane Goodall is gone, her spirit will always encourage people to care for our Earth. 1. A. in B. on C. for D. since 2. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. bought 3. A. also B. as well C. too D. either 4. A. interest B. interesting C. interested D. interestedly 5. A. patient B. more patient C. patiently D. patience 6. A. can B. could C. should D. must 7. A. a B. an C. the D. \ 8. A. with B. from C. of D. on 9. A. other B. others C. another D. the other 10. A. meaningful B. most meaningful C. much meaningful D. more meaningful 11. A. eighty B. eightieth C. eighties D. the eightieth 12. A. to protect B. protecting C. protected D. protects 13. A. die B. dying C. dead D. death 14. A. sad B. sadder C. sadly D. more sadly 15. A. Although B. Even C. When D. After 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. A 【来源】广东省广州市2025-2026学年八年级上学期期中教学质量监测英语试题 【知识点】其他著名人物、记叙文 【解析】本文主要介绍了著名灵长类动物学家珍・古道尔的生平、研究贡献以及她对自然保护的影响。 1. 句意：世界著名的灵长类动物学家、联合国和平信使珍・古道尔于2025年10月1日去世，享年91岁。 in用于年、月、季节等；on用于具体某一天；for用于时间段；since自从。“October 1, 2025”是具体某一天，用on。故选B。 2. 句意：她8岁时一点点攒下零花钱来买《人猿泰山》这本书。 buy是动词原形，意为“买”；buying是动名词/现在分词形式；to buy是动词不定式；bought是过去式/过去分词形式。save money to do sth.为固定结构，意为“攒钱做某事”，后接动词不定式；选项中只有to buy 为不定式，故选C。 3. 句意：后来，她也爱上了《杜立德医生》这本书——这些书让她对野生动物越来越感兴趣。 also用于句中；as well用于句末，前无逗号；too用于句末，前有逗号；either用于否定句末。此处位于句中，用also。故选A。 4. 句意：后来，她也爱上了《杜立德医生》这本书—— 这些书让她对野生动物越来越感兴趣。 interest兴趣；interesting有趣的；interested感兴趣的；interestedly感兴趣地。be interested in是固定短语，意为“对……感兴趣”。故选C。 5. 句意：她没有接受过正规的科学训练，但她每天都非常耐心地观察黑猩猩。 patient耐心的，是形容词；more patient更有耐心的，是比较级；patiently耐心地，是副词；patience耐心，是名词。此处用副词patiently修饰动词watched。故选C。 6. 句意：她发现黑猩猩会制作工具——它们会把小树枝上的叶子去掉，用来吃白蚁。 can表示“能，会”，用于描述现在具备的能力；could是can的过去式，可表示过去具备的能力；should表示“应该”，侧重提出建议或义务；must表示“必须”，强调强制性。此处“黑猩猩会制作工具”是客观存在的能力和事实，属于客观真理范畴，即使主句“found”是过去式，从句仍用一般现在时的can来体现这一客观事实。故选A。 7. 句意：这一发现挑战了长期以来认为只有人类会使用工具的观点。 a是不定冠词，用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前，表示泛指“一个”；an是不定冠词，用于元音音素开头的单数可数名词前，表示泛指“一个”；the是定冠词，表示特指；/表示不填冠词。此处long-held belief表示“长期以来的观点”后有that only humans use tools表示“只有人类会使用工具”作定语限定，是特指某一种观点，用定冠词the。故选C。 8. 句意：随着古道尔年龄的增长，她将重心从研究转向了倡导保护自然。 with随着；from从……；of……的；on在……上面/关于。根据“turned her focus可知，转移重心后接“从研究到倡导保护自然”的范围变化，需用“from...to...”这一固定搭配，体现“从一个方面转向另一个方面”，因此用from。故选B。 9. 句意：她成立了珍・古道尔研究所，继续致力于自然保护，并启动了另一个项目——“根与芽” 计划。 other作形容词，后接可数名词复数，意为“其他的”；others是代词，相当于“other+复数名词”，后不接名词；another作形容词，后接可数名词单数，意为“另一个、又一个”，指三者及以上中的另一个；the other指两者中的另一个。此处修饰单数名词“project”，且“根与芽” 计划是众多项目中的另一个，用another。故选C。 10. 句意：这个项目更有意义，因为它帮助世界各地的年轻人做一些小事来保护环境。 meaningful是形容词原级，意为“有意义的”；most meaningful是最高级形式，意为“最有意义的”，常用“the most meaningful”，需搭配范围使用；much不能直接修饰形容词原级，可修饰比较级；more meaningful是比较级形式，意为“更有意义的”。此处暗含“这个项目比其他项目更有意义”的比较含义，应用比较级more meaningful。故选D。 11. 句意：即使在她八十多岁的时候，她每年也会旅行300多天，向更多人传播保护环境的信息。 eighty是基数词“八十”；eightieth是序数词“第八十”；eighties八十，复数；the eightieth第八十。in one’s+整十数的复数形式，表示“在某人几十多岁时”。in her eighties即“在她八十多岁时”，是正确表达。故选C。 12. 句意：即使在她八十多岁的时候，她每年也会旅行300多天，向更多人传播保护环境的信息。 to protect是动词不定式；protecting是其动名词形式；protected是过去式或过去分词；protects第三人称单数形式。about是介词，介词后面接动词时，动词需用动名词形式构成“spread the message about protecting the environment”，意为“传播保护环境的信息”。故选B。 13. 句意：她的去世让全世界的人都感到悲伤：印度的一个博物馆策划了一个名为“庆祝珍”的展览来纪念她，加利福尼亚的一所学校种了一棵树来纪念她和她的工作。 die是动词，意为“死亡”，不能作主语；dying是形容词，意为“垂死的”，或动名词/现在分词形式；dead是形容词，意为“死的”；death是名词，意为“死亡”。“她去世”这一事件，此处需要名词作主语，用death。故选D。 14. 句意：她的去世让全世界的人都感到悲伤：印度的一个博物馆策划了一个名为 “庆祝珍” 的展览来纪念她，加利福尼亚的一所学校种了一棵树来纪念她和她的工作。 sad是形容词，意为“悲伤的”；sadder是形容词比较级，意为“更悲伤的”；sadly是副词，意为“悲伤地”；more sadly是副词比较级，意为“更悲伤地”。“make sb.+形容词”是固定结构，意为“使某人处于某种状态”，此处需要形容词作宾语补足语，用sad。故选A。 15. 句意：虽然珍・古道尔去世了，但她的精神将永远鼓励人们关爱我们的地球。 Although虽然、尽管，引导让步状语从句；Even甚至，是副词，不能引导从句；When当……时候，引导时间状语从句；After在……之后，引导时间状语从句。根据“Jane Goodall is gone, her spirit will always encourage people to care for our Earth.”可知，此处前后句是“去世”与“精神永存鼓励他人”的让步关系，用Although引导从句。故选A。 八、完形填空 Psychologists (心理学家) believe that children learn important life lessons when they join sports. They even 1 that the things children learn in a team sport will directly influence how they behave in the future. What do children learn when they take part in a team sport? One of the skills is how to find a 2 between competing and teamwork. All sports are competitions and there is always going to be a winner and a loser. But in order to win, kids shouldn’t just 3 what they want for themselves. They should do what they need to do for the team. Many kids understand that winning isn’t everything. A study of 26,000 children found that winning was only the tenth most important reason for playing on a team. More important reasons were feeling the 4 of playing the game, being part of the team and developing skills. Having fun was the 5 reason. The parents of kids should understand that there is 6 more important than winning. Sports psychologists suggest using the idea of succeeding rather than winning. Succeeding means doing your best. It is not the same as winning. An important part of doing your best means trying to do better than 7 . Improving your own time and trying to get to your personal best are what everyone can enjoy. Psychologists say that 8 athletes don’t talk about winning. They just enjoy the process and talk about how they love the sport instead. Canadian Lloyd Eisler, an Olympic skater, is a good 9 . He remembers when he was a kid, his parents would never 10 him to go to the ice rink (溜冰场) to practice. “Their opinion was, if I didn’t want to, I didn’t have to. The result was that when I did go, I knew it was my choice. I went because I loved it.” 1. A. agree B. trust C. doubt D. mean 2. A. reason B. balance C. way D. point 3. A. take care B. make sure C. find out D. care about 4. A. excitement B. development C. agreement D. movement 5. A. valuable B. top C. perfect D. big 6. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything 7. A. others B. ourselves C. before D. later 8. A. negative B. humorous C. artistic D. excellent 9. A. player B. father C. boy D. example 10. A. encourage B. invite C. force D. allow 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C 【解析】本文探讨心理学家对儿童参与团队运动的研究，强调运动对培养竞争与团队平衡、享受过程而非结果的重要性。 1. 句意：他们甚至同意孩子们在团队运动中学到的东西会直接影响他们未来的行为。 agree同意；trust信任；doubt怀疑；mean意味着。根据“Psychologists (心理学家) believe that children learn important life lessons when they join sports.”以及“the things children learn in a team sport will directly influence how they behave in the future”可知，这是心理学家们的观点，agree符合语境。故选A。 2. 句意：其中一项技能是如何在竞争和团队合作之间找到平衡。 reason原因；balance平衡；way方式；point点。根据“between competing and teamwork”可知，此处指在竞争和团队合作之间找到平衡，balance符合语境，故选B。 3. 句意：但是为了赢，孩子们不应该只关心自己想要什么。 take care保重；make sure确保；find out查明；care about关心。根据“what they want for themselves”可知，此处指只关心自己想要什么，care about符合语境，故选D。 4. 句意：更重要的原因是感受比赛的兴奋感、成为团队的一员以及发展技能。 excitement兴奋；development发展；agreement同意；movement运动。根据“of playing the game”可知，此处指感受比赛的兴奋感，excitement符合语境，故选A。 5. 句意：玩得开心是最重要的原因之一。 valuable有价值的；top顶端的；perfect完美的；big大的。根据“A study of 26,000 children found that winning was only the tenth most important reason for playing on a team”以及“More important reasons were...”可知，此处指玩得开心是最重要的原因之一，top符合语境，表示“最重要的”，故选B。 6. 句意：孩子们的父母应该明白，有比赢更重要的东西。 something某事；anything任何事；nothing没有什么；everything每件事。根据“more important than winning”以及“Sports psychologists suggest using the idea of succeeding rather than winning”可知，此处指有比赢更重要的东西。故选A。 7. 句意：尽最大努力的一个重要部分就是努力比以前做得更好。 others其他人；ourselves我们自己；before以前；later后来。根据“Improving your own time and trying to get to your personal best”可知，此处指“比以前做得好”。故选C。 8. 句意：心理学家说，优秀的运动员不会谈论获胜。 negative消极的；humorous幽默的；artistic艺术的；excellent优秀的。根据“don’t talk about winning”以及“They just enjoy the process and talk about how they love the sport instead”可知，此处指优秀的运动员不谈论赢，excellent符合语境，故选D。 9. 句意：加拿大奥运滑冰选手Lloyd Eisler就是一个很好的例子。 player运动员；father父亲；boy男孩；example例子。根据“Canadian Lloyd Eisler, an Olympic skater”以及“He remembers when he was a kid, his parents would never...”可知，此处举例说明，指Lloyd Eisler是一个很好的例子，example符合语境，故选D。 10. 句意：他记得当他还是一个孩子的时候，他的父母从不强迫他去溜冰场练习。 encourage鼓励；invite邀请；force强迫；allow允许。根据“Their opinion was, if I didn’t want to, I didn’t have to. The result was that when I did go, I knew it was my choice”可知，此处指父母从不强迫他去溜冰场练习，force符合语境，故选C。 九、阅读理解 A、阅读选择 March of the Steel Torrent (钢铁洪流进行曲) is a famous military song (军歌) composed by Li Xuhao, a young Chinese musician born in 1991 who studied at the Central Conservatory of Music. Created for the 70th birthday of the People’s Republic of China, it debuted at the Tiananmen Square military parade and later became a symbol of China’s modern military strength and national pride. Li was tasked with embodying China’s “strong military” spirit, aiming to show armored forces’ power and the PLA (中国人民解放军)’s unyielding spirit. The title “Steel Torrent” is a metaphor combining steel’s hardness and a river’s unstoppable force, symbolizing China’s technological progress and the PLA’s modernization. Different from traditional military music, it combines symphony with a strong rhythm. Its speed of 88 beats per minute matches tanks’ speed, making listeners feel the power of armored troops directly. Brass instruments (trumpets, horns) play grand tunes to show the army’s greatness. Bass drums sound like tank engine noise, while snare drums beat quickly to create excitement. French horns play a high, beautiful tune in the middle. This contrasts with the strong brass music, showing the PLA’s discipline and wish for peace. Lyrics by Yuan Weiqing focus on patriotism and the PLA’s duty. Key lines like “Forward! We are young and bold, shining with strength to awe our enemies!向前！我们的血气方刚！展锋芒，震虎狼！” and the repeated chorus “Steel torrent rolls forward铁流滚滚向前”convey resolve to safeguard national independence and peace. The song is popular worldwide, praised by Japanese netizens and American veterans. It’s used in films, documentaries and video games, and was played at the 2025 Victory Day parade again. More than a military song, it’s a cultural work reflecting China’s development, inspiring national pride, and serving as a “sound monument” to the PLA’s spirit. 1. When was the military song first performed? A. In 2018 B. In 2019 C. In 2024 D. In 2025 2. What does the underlined word mean? A. strong and unshakable B. easy to give up C. always changing D. weak and negative 3. Which one is NOT TRUE about March of the Steel Torrent? A. It is the symbol of both China’s technological progress and the PLA’s moving toward modernization. B. With an 88-beat-per-minute tempo, it makes people feel like they are experiencing the power of military machines. C. It has received many praises worldwide while having little use in any movies or documentaries. D. March of the Steel Torrent is not just a military song but a popular cultural work. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce Li Xuhao’s life experience as a composer. B. To explain the history of Chinese military music. C. To introduce March of the Steel Torrent from its creation to its influence. D. To describe the 2025 Victory Day parade. 5. In which section of the newspaper can you read this article? A. Sports B. Culture & Art C. Business D. Local News 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国军乐《钢铁洪流进行曲》的创作背景、作曲家、音乐特点、歌词内涵以及其在国内外的影响和意义。 1. 细节理解题。根据“Created for the 70th birthday of the People’s Republic of China, it debuted at the Tiananmen Square military parade”可知，中华人民共和国成立于1949年，70周年即2019年。故选B。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第2段“The title ‘Steel Torrent’ is a metaphor combining steel’s hardness and a river’s unstoppable force, symbolizing China’s technological progress and the PLA’s unyielding spirit.”可知，“unyielding”与钢铁的硬度、河流不可阻挡的力量以及PLA的精神相关联，描述一种坚强、不屈不挠的品质。“unyielding”在这里表示“坚强且不可动摇”的意思。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据第5段“It’s used in films, documentaries and video games, and was played at the 2025 Victory Day parade again.”可知，该乐曲在电影、纪录片和视频游戏中都有被使用，并非“little use in any movies or documentaries”。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。全文围绕《钢铁洪流进行曲》展开，依次介绍了其创作背景与首演、标题寓意、音乐特点、歌词内涵、全球影响与文化意义，因此文章的主要目的是从创作到影响全面地介绍这首乐曲。故选C。 5. 推理判断题。文章主要围绕《钢铁洪流进行曲》这首乐曲的创作、特点、象征意义和文化影响展开，内容聚焦于文化艺术领域，因此最有可能出现在报纸的“文化与艺术”（Culture & Art）版块。故选B。 B As we all know, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, but do you know who developed the electricity system that makes our life more convenient? Nikola Tesla was one of the world’s greatest inventors. He made more than 300 inventions, including wireless power, radio, X-rays, remote control, and electric motors. He had amazing ideas that changed the world. When he was in high school, he began to love science. He saw his physics teacher do experiments with electricity. This looked like magic to Tesla, and he wanted to learn everything he could about it. One of Tesla’s special abilities was his memory. He could remember everything he saw, like books and pictures. After high school, he went to the Technical University of Graz, where he studied math, physics, and philosophy. He was an excellent student. He worked so hard that his teachers worried about his health. Tesla’s first job was in Budapest, where he worked as an electrical engineer. He was very good at his job and helped improve the telephone company. In 1882, he moved to Paris and worked for the Continental Edison Company. After that, he moved to the United States to work for Thomas Edison. Tesla worked very hard all his life. He once worked for 84 hours without sleeping. He spoke 8 languages and always wanted to make the world better. Tesla did not care about money. He only cared about science. He believed we should always try our best to create a good future for everyone. Interestingly, one of the most famous electric car companies is named Tesla. It was inspired by Nikola Tesla’s work. The car company wants to honor the inventor and continue his ideas by changing the electric vehicle industry. 1. What can we learn about Nikola Tesla? A. Tesla invented radio and light bulbs. B. One of Tesla’s special abilities was taking photos. C. He was not interested in money, but only in science. D. Tesla and Edison developed the electricity system together. 2. Why did Tesla’s teachers worry about him in university? A. He slept for too little time. B. He was not good at study. C. He did not attend enough classes. D. He spent too much time on his study. 3. Why does the writer mention the company Tesla in the last paragraph? A. To show us the achievements of Tesla. B. To make an advertisement of the car company. C. To show that Tesla’s ideas are still important today. D. To catch readers’ attention with a modern example. 4. What does the article mainly talk about? A. The importance of the AC motor. B. The life and inventions of Nikola Tesla. C. The challenge between Tesla and Edison. D. The development of electricity in the world. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了尼古拉·特斯拉的生平及其发明。 1. 细节理解题。根据“Tesla did not care about money. He only cared about science.”可知，特斯拉对钱不感兴趣，只对科学感兴趣。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据“He worked so hard that his teachers worried about his health.”可知，特斯拉的老师为他担心，是因为他在学习上花了太多的时间。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据“The car company wants to honor the inventor and continue his ideas by changing the electric vehicle industry.”可知，作者在最后一段提到了特斯拉公司，是为了表明特斯拉的想法在今天仍然很重要。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了尼古拉·特斯拉的生平及其发明。故选B。 C、阅读还原 Long before Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica, there was Historia Naturalis. Its writer was Pliny the Elder. Pliny worked hard and read a lot. His helper read to him while he was having meals and while he was bathing. 1 His helper even carried him around Rome in a chair while he was reading. He thought walking was a waste of time. 2 It was thought to be the oldest encyclopaedia in history. Historia Naturalis covered almost everything, from mice to Mars. “No Roman writer has completed such a project,” Pliny said proudly. Unluckily, two years after the encyclopaedia appeared, Pliny died. The world always changes, and accidents can hardly be stopped. 3 Editors of encyclopaedias like Pliny collect and write down the knowledge of our world. I think an encyclopaedia is not only a record of what its editors know, but also a record of what they don’t know. Pliny was wrong when he said there were seven planets, including the Sun and the Moon. 4 After all, Historia Naturalis was a book thousands of years ago. Those were all Pliny knew at that time. Similarly, both Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica have some wrong information. 5 Roger Lewinter, an American researcher, thinks encyclopaedias can’t record all human knowledge, but just some of it. They can never be completed. They are always waiting for someone—perhaps you—to improve them. A. Historia Naturalis came out in 77 AD. B. Pliny took notes carefully all the time. C. Luckily, these things can be written down. D. Even the best encyclopaedias only show what their editors know. E. He was also wrong when he said Africans were black because of the Sun. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. E 5. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了古罗马学者老普林尼及其著作《自然史》的历史意义，并探讨百科全书在记录人类知识方面的局限性。 1. 根据“Pliny worked hard and read a lot. His helper read to him while he was having meals and while he was bathing.”可知，此处与普林尼随时都在学习有关。选项B“普林尼总是认真地做笔记。”符合语境。故选B。 2. 根据“It was thought to be the oldest encyclopaedia in history. Historia Naturalis covered almost everything, from mice to Mars.”可知，此处需补充《自然史》的成书时间。选项A“《自然史》出版于公元77年。”符合语境。故选A。 3. 根据“The world always changes, and accidents can hardly be stopped.”和“Editors of encyclopaedias like Pliny collect and write down the knowledge of our world.”可知，此处应承上启下，强调记录的意义。选项C“幸运的是，这些东西可以被写下来。”符合语境。故选C。 4. 根据“Pliny was wrong when he said there were seven planets, including the Sun and the Moon.”可知，此处与错误说法有关。选项E“他说非洲人之所以黑是因为太阳，这也是错误的。”符合语境。故选E。 5. 根据“Similarly, both Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica have some wrong information.”可知，此处与百科全书的局限性有关。选项D“即使是最好的百科全书也只显示其编辑所知道的内容。”符合语境。故选D。 $