Unit 8 Make a Difference (Grammar)（现在完成时）核心知识点精讲精练-2025-2026学年八年级英语下册单元全方位精练（新教材人教版）

该初中英语讲义围绕“现在完成时”构建系统知识体系，通过分模块解析核心功能、时间标志词、与一般过去时的区别等要点，并用对比表格呈现非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换规则，清晰梳理知识脉络与重难点联系。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计，随学随练即时巩固，基础练习覆盖单空、填空等基础题型，提升练习包含语法填空和翻译，助力学生发展语言能力与思维品质。如延续性动词转换练习培养精准表达，不同层次练习满足差异化需求，为教师精准教学和学生自主复习提供有力支持。

Unit 8 Make a Difference 核心知识点精讲精练 2 (Grammar)（现在完成时） 【主要内容】 · 【单元核心知识点精讲精练】每个单元按照教材安排分为Section A；Grammar和Section B三个部分。 · Grammar 部分精讲本单元的重点语法，讲解部分配有随学随练。 · Grammar 部分还设置了单元语法基础练习和单元语法提升练习，丰富多样的习题帮助学生更好地学习并掌握单元语法知识。 1、 单元语法解析 1. 现在完成时的核心功能 (1) 现在完成时可以表示过去某个时候发生的动作或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。也可以表示过去某个时间发生的事与现在有关联。（本部分已经在上个单元重点学习了） 如：They have just arrived at the airport. 他们刚刚到机场。(刚刚到机场，现在已经在机场了) Have you ever read The Journey to West? 你读过西游记吗？(询问过往的经历，参照现在) (2) 现在完成时还可以表示某个动作或状态从过去的某个时刻开始，一直持续到现在完成。（本单元重点学习） 如：They have lived there since 1999. 自1999年以来，他们就一直住在这里。 2. 现在完成时时间标志词 (1) for+时间段 for表示持续，后接时间段，表示持续一段时间。 如：I’ve lived here for ten years.我在这住了十年了。 He has exercised for a long time. 他已经锻炼了很长一段时间了。 (2) since+时刻 since表示“自从...”，后接时间点。since可用用作介词，后接表示时间点的名词或名词短语。 since也可以用作连词，后接时间状语从句。 如：Mum hasn’t visited the museum since last September. 自从去年9月份，妈妈就没有再参观过 博物馆。 Grandpa has lived alone since Grandma passed away. 自从奶奶去世，爷爷一个人居住。 (3) in/over/during the past/last few years；in recent years in/over/during the past/last few years表示“在过去的几年以来”，类似用法：in the last five months “在过去的5个月以来”。 in recent years表示“近年来”。 如：Our city has made great changes in the past few years.在过去的几年以来，我们的城市有了巨大 变化。 Many people have bought new energy cars in recent years.近年来，很多人买了新能源汽车。 (4) 其他标志词 · already, yet表示“已经” already表示“已经”，用于肯定句；yet用于否定句或疑问句尾，意为“尚未，还没有”。 如：Some workers have watered all the flowers already. 一些工人已经浇过花了。 Have you finished your task yet? 你已经完成任务了吗？ · just表示“刚刚” 如：The bus to the theatre has just left! 去剧院的车刚刚走。 · recently,lately表示“近期，最近” 如：Our government has done a lot to make our city more lively recently.最近，我们的政府做了很多 工作，让我们的城市变得更加热闹。 · up to now, so far, to date表示“迄今为止，到目前为止” 如：To date, we have received over 200 replies.到目前为止，我们已收到200多封回信。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) Built in 2019, the first underground line in Changzhou ________ in service for over 6 years. A．is B．was C．has been D．will be (2) Scientists ________ great progress in AI technology since 2023. A．make B．have made C．made D．are making (3) My cousin ________ as a volunteer in the Suqian Charity Federation since he left college. A．works B．worked C．has worked D．will work (4) —Becky, we’re leaving in several minutes. Are you ready? —No, I ________ my clothes yet. A．have packed B．haven’t packed C．didn’t pack D．packed (5) —Do you know that we won the football match? —Yes, I ________ the news. A．hear B．to hear C．have just heard D．hearing (6) Our country ________ great progress in science and technology in recent years. We’re really proud of our motherland. A．makes B．made C．has made D．will make (7) —The Three-Body Problem is fantastic. It’s the best book I have ever read. — I agree. I ________ it several times up to now. A．read B．am reading C．have read D．will read (8) In the past 70 years, our country ________ historic changes and made great achievements. A．experiencing B．experiences C．has experienced D．would experience 3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的用法区别 (1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在没有联系。 如：Linda has watched the film. 琳达已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知晓电影的内容) Linda watched the film last Sunday.琳达上周日看了这部电影。(只表明上周日看了这部电影， 不涉及现在的情况) (2) 一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, three days ago,just now, in 1999等。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用，现在完成时常与recently, so far/up to now(到目前为 止), already/yet, for 10 years等连用。 如：He played volleyball with his friends last night.他昨晚和他的朋友打排球了。 He has learnt about 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止，他已经学习了大约1000个英文单 词。 (3) 有少数时间状语既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，选择哪种时态需要根据上下文情境而定。 如：I discussed with Mr. Green this morning. I’ve discussed with Mr. Green this morning. 第一句用过去时，表明说话的时候已不是上午，即上午已过去。第二句用现在完成时，表明 说话的时候还是上午，即说话时的时间跟现在相关。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —Look! Someone ________ the classroom. It’s so clean.   —Well, it wasn’t me. I ________ outside just now. A．has cleaned; was playing B．cleaned; played C．is cleaning; was playing D．was cleaning; played (2) Our school ________ several activities about traditional Chinese culture since last term. A．holds B．held C．has held D．will hold (3) —You did a great job in the art festival. Everyone likes your painting. —Thank you! And Mr. Lee ________ me in front of the whole class this morning. I feel happy now. A．praises B．was praising C．has praised D．will praise (4) —Excuse me, may I use your ruler? I ________ mine behind. —Sure. Here you are. A．leave B．will leave C．have left D．was leaving (5) With the help of the local government, the small village ________ a popular tourist attraction in the past five years. A．becomes B．became C．has become D．will become (6) —Sandy, how long have you had the phone?    —________ a couple of days ago. I ________ it last week. A．For; bought B．For; have bought C．Since; bought D．Since; have bought 4. 延续性动词与非延续性动词 (1) 延续性动词与非延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作能够延续。如：sleep；stay；keep；own等。 非延续性动词表示的动作是短暂性，通常发生即结束。如：begin；arrive；buy；borrow等 (2) 当现在完成时与表示持续性时间的状语连用时，该句中的动作或状态需要持续，因而需与延续性动词连用。否定句不受此限制。 如：The baby has slept for five hours. 小孩已经睡了五个小时了。 I haven’t left here for three years. 我已经三年没离开这里了。 (3) 当现在完成时与表示持续性时间的状语连用时，动词是非延续性动词时，在肯定句中要转化成延续性动词或表示状态的动词短语。 常见的转换如下： 非延续性动词 延续性动词或短语 非延续性动词 延续性动词或短语 become be borrow keep buy have put on wear get to know know catch a cold have a cold leave be away go out be out die be dead open be open start/begin be on finish be over fall asleep be asleep join be in/ be a member of make friends be friends get married be married 如： I have bought the book for 10 years. 上句是错句。应改为：I have had the book for 10 years. The film has begun for 10 minutes. 上句是错句。应改为：The film has been on for 10 minutes. [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —I am really not used to the silence now. What is little Tommy doing? —Well, you can hardly believe it. He ________ asleep since we went back. A．fell B．has fallen C．was D．has been (2) —How long have you ________ this book? —For two weeks. I ________ it from the school library. A．borrowed; borrowed B．kept; borrowed C．kept; kept D．borrowed; kept (3) —Tom, you are late. The talk show ________ for an hour. —What a pity! No wonder all the students have left. A．has started B．has been on C．has ended D．has been over (4) The World No.1 player ________ the national table tennis team for over ten years. A．has joined B．has been in C．joined D．was in (5) —When did you go to middle school? —Four years ago. I ________ my primary school for four years. A．am away from B．left C．was away from D．have been away from 5. have been to / have gone to / have been in用法区别 (1) have been to 表示"曾经去过某地"，已从该地回来。 如：I have been to Beijing three times.我去过北京三次了。 (2) have gone to表示"已经去了某地"，表示去了某地还没有回来，或在去某地的过程中。 如：It can’t be Mr. Green. He has gone to Ningbo. 不可能是格林先生，他去宁波了。 (3) have been in 表示"待在某地（现在还没走）"，侧重持续状态。 如：He has been in Shanghai for three years. 他在上海已经三年了。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —Shenzhou XVI spacecraft successfully reached space on May 30! How amazing! —And as far as I know, the astronaut Jing Haipeng ________ space three times before this. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has been in D．have been to (2) Lisa ________ to Chengdu last week. She ________ there three times. A．has gone to; has been B．went; has been C．went; has gone D．has been; has gone (3) —Where is your grandmother? —She together with her friends ________ Geyuan Garden. A．have been to B．has gone to C．have gone to D．has been to (4) —Jack, I haven’t seen your father for a long time. —He ________ Shanghai on business for two months and he is still there now. A．went to B．has gone to C．has been in D．has been to (5) —Yunnan is very beautiful! I ________ there last year. —Yes! I ________ there twice. A．went; has gone B．went; have been C．have gone; went D．have been; went (6) — Daniel with his cousins ________ the shopping mall to buy drinks. — Oh, that’s why I can’t find them now. A．have gone to B．have been to C．has gone to D．has been to 2、 单元语法基础练习 1. 单项填空 (1) —Where is Mr. Smith? —He ________ to the library. I ________ him there five minutes ago. A．has been; have met B．has been; met C．has gone; have met D．has gone; met (2) —The Whites have ________ Macao on vacation. They’ll stay there for a week. —Oh, really? I have never ________ there. A．gone to; been B．gone to; been to C．been to; gone D．been to; gone to (3) —I haven’t seen your brother for a long time. Where is he now? —He ______ to Beijing to visit the Palace Museum. He ______ there for three days. A．went; has gone B．has been; has gone C．has gone; has been D．went; has been (4) —When _____ she_______ to Dalian? —She ________ Dalian for half a year. A．did, go, has gone to B．has, gone, has been to C．did, go, has been to D．did, go, has been in (5) —Daniel, ________ did you move here with your parents? —We ________ here since two years ago. A．when, have lived B．how long, lived C．how long, have moved D．when, moved (6) These traditional folk songs ________ local people for many years, while that new song ________ its beautiful melody all over the city now. A．are popular with; is popular for B．have been popular with; is popular for C．have been popular with; are popular for D．are popular with; are popular for (7) — Sally, the beginning of the new film is quite touching. — What a pity! I am late and the film ________ for several minutes. A．began B．has begun C．was on D．has been on (8) —How long have you ________ this computer? —It’s two weeks since I bought it. A．borrowed B．kept C．bought D．bad (9) —I came here to watch the film, but the cinema is already empty. —That’s because the film ________ since 7:30. A．has ended B．has been on C．has started D．has been over (10) So far, Tom ______ at the local nursing home for two years, and he will continue to do so in the future. A．will volunteer B．volunteered C．has volunteered D．volunteers (11) —Why haven’t you asked her to come here? —She __________ an important experiment when I found her and she __________ it. A．is doing; didn’t finish B．did; wouldn’t finish C．was doing; hasn’t finished D．has done; hasn’t finished (12) The little boy ________ asleep for two hours. He must be tired after playing for a whole day. A．has fallen B．went to C．has gone D．has been (13) —Do you remember when you last ________ Changzhou? —Ten years ago. I hear great changes ________ place over the last ten years. A．visited; took B．have visited; took C．visited; have taken D．have visited; have taken (14) —Has your daughter come back from Australia? —Yes. She ________ there for three years. A．has stayed B．stays C．stayed D．has been stayed (15) My friend Kate, who ________ in the UK for two years as a child, told me that practice makes perfect. A．lives B．lived C．has lived D．will live 2. 用所给词的适当形式填空 (1) The Father of Hybrid Rice, Yuan Longping ________ (die) for 5 years. (2) So far, our country ________ (send) many satellites into space. (3) I ________ (not do) my homework yet. I’m afraid I can’t go to the park with you. (4) Over the years, each of us ________ (learn) much useful knowledge about robots and AI in our wonderful science lessons. (5) Millie borrowed a book from the town library last Sunday. She has ________ (borrow) this book for about a week. (6) We ________ (have) plenty of valuable experience in voluntary work since this term began. (7) Li Ning _________ (be) a volunteer in the community library for 3 years since he entered middle school. (8) —How long ________ the two heroes ________ (marry)? —They ________ (get) married in 2015, so they ________ (be) together for over 10 years. (9) Tom ________ (join) the football club for three months. He likes playing with his teammates. (10) My father ________ (go) to Shanghai on business. He won’t come back until next week. (11) For some years now, ________ (there be) government programmes, and now there is a big project. (12) My father ________ (teach) me how to swim when I was seven. (13) There has been less air pollution in Wuxi since the project ________ (start). (14) The strong wind ________ (blow) the umbrella into pieces just now. (15) Enok ________ (study) at Jiangnan University in Wuxi for four years and is now back to his homeland, Zimbabwe, to contribute to (贡献) its development. 3. 根据要求完成句子 (1) He went to Shanghai yesterday. He is still there now. （合并为一句） He ________ ________ ________ Shanghai. (2) Mr. Smith teaches math. He came to our school in 2025. (since) (用现在完成时合并句子) (3) We are good friends. We met each other in May. (since)  (用现在完成时合并句子) (4) The movie began 20 minutes ago. (改为现在完成时) The movie ________ ________ ________ for 20 minutes. (5) I bought the bike three years ago.  (改为现在完成时) I ________ ________ the bike for three years. (6) Tom lives in this city. He came here last month.(since) （用现在完成时合并句子） (7) She has already finished reading the novel.（改为否定句） She ________ finished reading the novel ________. (8) Global warming has become a serious problem.   一般疑问句：   肯定回答：______________ 否定回答：______________ (9) Jack knows Cindy. He knew her ten years ago. (合并为一句) Jack ________ ________ Cindy ________ ten years ago. (10) He borrowed a storybook from the library yesterday.（改为现在完成时） He ________ ________ a storybook from the library since yesterday. (11) My grandpa and grandma got married fifty years ago. My grandpa and grandma ________ ________ ________ for fifty years. (12) They opened the gate of the museum an hour ago. The gate of the museum ________ ________ ________ for an hour. (13) He joined the Party ten years ago. (同义句转换) He ________ ________ a Party member ________ ten years. (14) Jim has been away from his hometown for 20 years. (改为同义句) 20 years ________ since Jim ________ his hometown. (15) Many volunteers came to the area last month, and they are still there. (同义句转换) Many volunteers ________ ________ in the area since last month. 3、 单元语法提升练习 1. 语法填空 A Dear Lucy, How is everything in London? I 1 (not see) you for so long. I miss you very much. Since last summer I 2 (stay) in Beijing, China. Last month I 3 (start) to learn Chinese. So far I 4 (learn) fifty Chinese words but I keep 5 (forget) them. I think it’s hard to learn Chinese but my sister Linda doesn’t think so. She 6 (begin) to learn Chinese already. She started it last Tuesday. So far, she 7 (remember) forty Chinese words. Linda only 8 (practice) Chinese for an hour a day. However, I spend five hours 9 (practice) Chinese. Her Chinese is better than mine. I feel very sad. Since last night I 10 (spend) all my time practicing Chinese. If I do that every night, I’m sure I will be able to use Chinese freely. Yours Joe B A short video recently got popular online. It shows a young man stopping traffic (交通) to let an old woman 1 (cross) a busy road. It took place in Hezhou, Guangxi. When 2 old woman started crossing the road with the help of her walking stick, the green light for pedestrians (行人) was on. She walked so 3 (slow)—the traffic light turned red when she was in the middle of the road. She looked helpless in the video. 4 some cars stopped for her, others continued moving on the wide road. At that time, a young man saw her and 5 (stop) his motorcycle (摩托车) in front of the traffic to make the cars stop. Then she was able to reach the other side of the road safely. So far, millions of people 6 (watch) this video and 7 (many) than 50 million people took part in the discussion. The young 8 (man) action won wide praise (赞扬). A lot of people left messages 9 the Internet. “That was very heart-warming. We should learn from him. Helping others is helping 10 (we),” one person said. “We should find out the man and praise him in some way.” another one said. 2. 翻译句子 (1) 总的来说，AI机器人已经改变了我们的生活方式。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (2) 近几年来我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(take place) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (3) 事实上，我已经在一家动物收容所担任志愿者两年了。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (4) 自从我加入这个组织以来，我已经结交了很多朋友。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (5) —你买这本词典两年了吗？ —是的。我是在泰安买的。 — — (6) 银杏树(ginkgo)来自中国，从远古时代就生活在地球上。 (7) 你去过上海的外滩(the Bund)吗？ (8) 这三位中国宇航员(taikonaut)已经在太空中待了多长时间? (9) 顺便问一下，你叔叔已经去成都出差了吗？ (10) 到目前为止我还没去过长城呢。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 8 Make a Difference 核心知识点精讲精练 2 (Grammar)（现在完成时） 【主要内容】 · 【单元核心知识点精讲精练】每个单元按照教材安排分为Section A；Grammar和Section B三个部分。 · Grammar 部分精讲本单元的重点语法，讲解部分配有随学随练。 · Grammar 部分还设置了单元语法基础练习和单元语法提升练习，丰富多样的习题帮助学生更好地学习并掌握单元语法知识。 1、 单元语法解析 1. 现在完成时的核心功能 (1) 现在完成时可以表示过去某个时候发生的动作或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。也可以表示过去某个时间发生的事与现在有关联。（本部分已经在上个单元重点学习了） 如：They have just arrived at the airport. 他们刚刚到机场。(刚刚到机场，现在已经在机场了) Have you ever read The Journey to West? 你读过西游记吗？(询问过往的经历，参照现在) (2) 现在完成时还可以表示某个动作或状态从过去的某个时刻开始，一直持续到现在完成。（本单元重点学习） 如：They have lived there since 1999. 自1999年以来，他们就一直住在这里。 2. 现在完成时时间标志词 (1) for+时间段 for表示持续，后接时间段，表示持续一段时间。 如：I’ve lived here for ten years.我在这住了十年了。 He has exercised for a long time. 他已经锻炼了很长一段时间了。 (2) since+时刻 since表示“自从...”，后接时间点。since可用用作介词，后接表示时间点的名词或名词短语。 since也可以用作连词，后接时间状语从句。 如：Mum hasn’t visited the museum since last September. 自从去年9月份，妈妈就没有再参观过 博物馆。 Grandpa has lived alone since Grandma passed away. 自从奶奶去世，爷爷一个人居住。 (3) in/over/during the past/last few years；in recent years in/over/during the past/last few years表示“在过去的几年以来”，类似用法：in the last five months “在过去的5个月以来”。 in recent years表示“近年来”。 如：Our city has made great changes in the past few years.在过去的几年以来，我们的城市有了巨大 变化。 Many people have bought new energy cars in recent years.近年来，很多人买了新能源汽车。 (4) 其他标志词 · already, yet表示“已经” already表示“已经”，用于肯定句；yet用于否定句或疑问句尾，意为“尚未，还没有”。 如：Some workers have watered all the flowers already. 一些工人已经浇过花了。 Have you finished your task yet? 你已经完成任务了吗？ · just表示“刚刚” 如：The bus to the theatre has just left! 去剧院的车刚刚走。 · recently,lately表示“近期，最近” 如：Our government has done a lot to make our city more lively recently.最近，我们的政府做了很多 工作，让我们的城市变得更加热闹。 · up to now, so far, to date表示“迄今为止，到目前为止” 如：To date, we have received over 200 replies.到目前为止，我们已收到200多封回信。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) Built in 2019, the first underground line in Changzhou ________ in service for over 6 years. A．is B．was C．has been D．will be 【答案】C 【详解】句意：建于2019年，常州第一条地铁线路已经运营超过6年了。 根据时间状语“for over 6 years”可知，动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，应用现在完成时，结构为have/has+过去分词。主语the first underground line是第三人称单数，助动词用has。 (2) Scientists ________ great progress in AI technology since 2023. A．make B．have made C．made D．are making 【答案】B 【详解】句意：自2023年以来，科学家们在人工智能技术领域取得了巨大进步。 make“取得”；have made“已经取得了”；made“取得”；are making“正在取得”。考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语“since 2023”可知，此处应用现在完成时表示从过去某一时间到现在的持续动作或影响。应填have made。 (3) My cousin ________ as a volunteer in the Suqian Charity Federation since he left college. A．works B．worked C．has worked D．will work 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我的表哥自从大学毕业后就在宿迁慈善总会做志愿者。 根据标志词“since he left college”可知，句子要用现在完成时，其结构为have/has+过去分词，主语为单数，助动词用has。应填has worked。 (4) —Becky, we’re leaving in several minutes. Are you ready? —No, I ________ my clothes yet. A．have packed B．haven’t packed C．didn’t pack D．packed 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——Becky，我们几分钟后就要出发了，你准备好了吗？——没有，我还没有打包好我的衣服。 have packed已经打包好；haven’t packed还没打包好；didn’t pack没打包；packed打包了。关键词“yet”常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中，表示“还没”，并结合答句中的“No”可知该句为否定句，表示动作尚未完成，应用“haven’t+动词过去分词”结构。 (5) —Do you know that we won the football match? —Yes, I ________ the news. A．hear B．to hear C．have just heard D．hearing 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你知道我们赢了足球比赛吗？——是的，我刚刚听到这个消息。 根据“Yes”及语境可知，说话人已经知道了结果，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时。应填have just heard。 (6) Our country ________ great progress in science and technology in recent years. We’re really proud of our motherland. A．makes B．made C．has made D．will make 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我国近年来在科学技术方面取得了巨大进步。我们真为祖国感到骄傲。 考查动词时态。makes 取得（一般现在时）；made 取得（一般过去时）；has made 已经取得（现在完成时）；will make 将取得（一般将来时）。根据时间状语"in recent years"可知，句子应用现在完成时。故选C。 (7) —The Three-Body Problem is fantastic. It’s the best book I have ever read. — I agree. I ________ it several times up to now. A．read B．am reading C．have read D．will read 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——《三体》太棒了。这是我读过的最好的书。——我同意。到目前为止我已经读了好几遍了。 根据时间状语“up to now”可知，动作发生在过去且对现在造成影响，句子时态应用现在完成时。 (8) In the past 70 years, our country ________ historic changes and made great achievements. A．experiencing B．experiences C．has experienced D．would experience 【答案】C 【详解】句意：在过去 70 年里，我们国家经历了历史性的变化并取得了巨大的成就。 根据时间状语“In the past 70 years”可知，句子强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时。故选C。 3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的用法区别 (1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在没有联系。 如：Linda has watched the film. 琳达已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知晓电影的内容) Linda watched the film last Sunday.琳达上周日看了这部电影。(只表明上周日看了这部电影， 不涉及现在的情况) (2) 一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, three days ago,just now, in 1999等。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用，现在完成时常与recently, so far/up to now(到目前为 止), already/yet, for 10 years等连用。 如：He played volleyball with his friends last night.他昨晚和他的朋友打排球了。 He has learnt about 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止，他已经学习了大约1000个英文单 词。 (3) 有少数时间状语既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，选择哪种时态需要根据上下文情境而定。 如：I discussed with Mr. Green this morning. I’ve discussed with Mr. Green this morning. 第一句用过去时，表明说话的时候已不是上午，即上午已过去。第二句用现在完成时，表明 说话的时候还是上午，即说话时的时间跟现在相关。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —Look! Someone ________ the classroom. It’s so clean.   —Well, it wasn’t me. I ________ outside just now. A．has cleaned; was playing B．cleaned; played C．is cleaning; was playing D．was cleaning; played 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——看！有人已经打扫了教室。现在它非常干净。——嗯，不是我。我刚才正在外面玩。 根据“It’s so clean.”可知，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，第一空应用现在完成时has cleaned；根据“just now”及语境可知，强调刚才那一刻正在进行的动作，第二空应用过去进行时was playing。 (2) Our school ________ several activities about traditional Chinese culture since last term. A．holds B．held C．has held D．will hold 【答案】C 【详解】句意：自从上学期以来，我们学校已经举办了几项关于中国传统文化的活动。 时间状语“since last term”表明句子时态是现在完成时，结构为“have/has+过去分词”。应填has held。 (3) —You did a great job in the art festival. Everyone likes your painting. —Thank you! And Mr. Lee ________ me in front of the whole class this morning. I feel happy now. A．praises B．was praising C．has praised D．will praise 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你在艺术节上做得很棒。每个人都喜欢你的画。——谢谢！李老师今天早上在全班面前表扬了我。我现在感觉很开心。 praises表扬（一般现在时）；was praising正在表扬（过去进行时）；has praised已经表扬（现在完成时）；will praise将表扬（一般将来时）。根据“I feel happy now”可知，表扬的动作已经发生且对现在造成了影响（感到开心），强调过去动作对现在的结果，应用现在完成时。选项中无一般过去时，has praised符合语境。 (4) —Excuse me, may I use your ruler? I ________ mine behind. —Sure. Here you are. A．leave B．will leave C．have left D．was leaving 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——打扰一下，我可以用一下你的尺子吗？我把我的落下了。——当然。给你。 根据“may I use your ruler”可知，现在需要借用，表明把尺子落下这一过去发生的动作对现在造成了影响，符合现在完成时的用法，结构为have/has done。空处填have left。 (5) With the help of the local government, the small village ________ a popular tourist attraction in the past five years. A．becomes B．became C．has become D．will become 【答案】C 【详解】句意：在当地政府的帮助下，这个小村庄在过去的五年中已经成为一个受欢迎的旅游景点。 becomes变成（一般现在时）；became变成（一般过去时）；has become已经变成（现在完成时）；will become将变成（一般将来时）。根据时间状语“in the past five years”可知，句子强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 (6) —Sandy, how long have you had the phone?    —________ a couple of days ago. I ________ it last week. A．For; bought B．For; have bought C．Since; bought D．Since; have bought 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——Sandy，你拥有这部手机多久了？——从几天前开始。我上周买的。 for后接一段时间，since后接时间点或“一段时间+ago”。根据“a couple of days ago”可知，第一空应填Since；根据“last week”可知，第二空所在句子叙述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，动词使用过去式bought。 4. 延续性动词与非延续性动词 (1) 延续性动词与非延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作能够延续。如：sleep；stay；keep；own等。 非延续性动词表示的动作是短暂性，通常发生即结束。如：begin；arrive；buy；borrow等 (2) 当现在完成时与表示持续性时间的状语连用时，该句中的动作或状态需要持续，因而需与延续性动词连用。否定句不受此限制。 如：The baby has slept for five hours. 小孩已经睡了五个小时了。 I haven’t left here for three years. 我已经三年没离开这里了。 (3) 当现在完成时与表示持续性时间的状语连用时，动词是非延续性动词时，在肯定句中要转化成延续性动词或表示状态的动词短语。 常见的转换如下： 非延续性动词 延续性动词或短语 非延续性动词 延续性动词或短语 become be borrow keep buy have put on wear get to know know catch a cold have a cold leave be away go out be out die be dead open be open start/begin be on finish be over fall asleep be asleep join be in/ be a member of make friends be friends get married be married 如： I have bought the book for 10 years. 上句是错句。应改为：I have had the book for 10 years. The film has begun for 10 minutes. 上句是错句。应改为：The film has been on for 10 minutes. [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —I am really not used to the silence now. What is little Tommy doing? —Well, you can hardly believe it. He ________ asleep since we went back. A．fell B．has fallen C．was D．has been 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——我真的不习惯现在的安静。小汤米在做什么？——嗯，你简直不敢相信。自从我们回去后，他一直睡着。 fell为过去式；has fallen为现在完成时，但fall为瞬间动词；was为过去式；has been为现在完成时，be为延续性动词。根据时间状语“since we went back”可知，句子应用现在完成时，排除 A、C；又因fall asleep是瞬间动作，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，需改为延续性状态be asleep的完成时形式。 (2) —How long have you ________ this book? —For two weeks. I ________ it from the school library. A．borrowed; borrowed B．kept; borrowed C．kept; kept D．borrowed; kept 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——这本书你借了多久了？——两周了。我是从学校图书馆借的。 borrowed借；kept保留，保存。“How long”提问时间段，与延续性动词连用，borrow是短暂性动词，不能与时间段连用，需换成延续性动词keep。第一空用kept；第二空描述从图书馆借的动作，用一般过去时borrowed。 (3) —Tom, you are late. The talk show ________ for an hour. —What a pity! No wonder all the students have left. A．has started B．has been on C．has ended D．has been over 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——汤姆，你迟到了。脱口秀节目已经结束一小时了。——真遗憾！难怪所有学生都离开了。 根据“for an hour”可知，谓语动词需用延续性动词，start和end为瞬时动词，不能与时间段连用，排除A、C；根据“No wonder all the students have left”可知，节目已经结束，而非进行中，排除B。be over表示结束的状态，具有延续性。 (4) The World No.1 player ________ the national table tennis team for over ten years. A．has joined B．has been in C．joined D．was in 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这位世界排名第一的运动员在国家乒乓球队已经十多年了。 has joined已经加入，短暂性动词；has been in已经在，延续性动词；joined加入了，一般过去时，表过去动作；was in曾在，一般过去时，表过去状态。根据“for over ten years”可知，句子应用现在完成时；join是瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用；be in表示延续性状态，可与时间段连用。应填has been in。 (5) —When did you go to middle school? —Four years ago. I ________ my primary school for four years. A．am away from B．left C．was away from D．have been away from 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你什么时候上的中学？——四年前。我离开我的小学已经四年了。 根据“for four years”可知，句子应用现在完成时，且谓语动词需用延续性动词，应填have been away from。 5. have been to / have gone to / have been in用法区别 (1) have been to 表示"曾经去过某地"，已从该地回来。 如：I have been to Beijing three times.我去过北京三次了。 (2) have gone to表示"已经去了某地"，表示去了某地还没有回来，或在去某地的过程中。 如：It can’t be Mr. Green. He has gone to Ningbo. 不可能是格林先生，他去宁波了。 (3) have been in 表示"待在某地（现在还没走）"，侧重持续状态。 如：He has been in Shanghai for three years. 他在上海已经三年了。 [随学随练] 单项填空 (1) —Shenzhou XVI spacecraft successfully reached space on May 30! How amazing! —And as far as I know, the astronaut Jing Haipeng ________ space three times before this. A．has gone to B．has been to C．has been in D．have been to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——神舟十六号飞船于5月30日成功进入太空！太令人惊讶了！——据我所知，航天员景海鹏在此之前已经去过三次太空。 has gone to表示去了某地未回；has/have been to表示去过某地已回；has been in表示待在某地。本句的主语“the astronaut Jing Haipeng”是第三人称单数，have been to主谓不一致。根据“three times before this”可知，此处强调去过某地的经历，应填has been to。 (2) Lisa ________ to Chengdu last week. She ________ there three times. A．has gone to; has been B．went; has been C．went; has gone D．has been; has gone 【答案】B 【详解】句意：丽莎上周去了成都。她去过那里三次了。 has gone (to)去了某地（但未回），现在完成时；went去了，一般过去时；has been (to)去过某地（已回），现在完成时。根据“last week”可知，第一空表示过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时went；根据“three times”可知，第二空强调过往经历，应用现在完成时has been，表示去过某地已回，且there为地点副词，前面不加to。 (3) —Where is your grandmother? —She together with her friends ________ Geyuan Garden. A．have been to B．has gone to C．have gone to D．has been to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你祖母在哪里？——她和她的朋友们一起去个园了。 have been to表示去过某地（已回）；have gone to 表示去了某地（未回）。根据“Where is your grandmother?”可知，祖母不在现场，说明去了未回，应用have gone to；主语She后接together with her friends，谓语动词遵循就远原则，与She保持一致，故用has。 (4) —Jack, I haven’t seen your father for a long time. —He ________ Shanghai on business for two months and he is still there now. A．went to B．has gone to C．has been in D．has been to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——杰克，我很久没见到你爸爸了。——他去上海出差已经两个月了，而且他现在还在那里。 went to去了（一般过去时）；has gone to去了某地（还未回来）；has been in在某地（延续性）；has been to去过某地（已回来）。根据“for two months”及“he is still there now”可知，此处表示在某地持续待了一段时间，需用延续性短语has been in。 (5) —Yunnan is very beautiful! I ________ there last year. —Yes! I ________ there twice. A．went; has gone B．went; have been C．have gone; went D．have been; went 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——云南非常美丽！我去年去过那里。——是的！我去过那里两次。 根据“last year”可知，第一空所在句是一般过去时，动词用过去式went，排除选项C和选项D；根据“twice”可知，第二空所在句用现在完成时，have been to表示“去过某地（已经回来）”，have gone to表示“去了某地（还未回来）”，结合语境可知，此处表示去过两次，且已经回来，所以用have been。 (6) — Daniel with his cousins ________ the shopping mall to buy drinks. — Oh, that’s why I can’t find them now. A．have gone to B．have been to C．has gone to D．has been to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——丹尼尔和他的表兄弟们已经去了购物中心买饮料。——哦，难怪我现在找不到他们。 根据“I can’t find them now”可知，他们去了没有回来，have/has gone to表示去了某地没有回来，have/has been to表示去过某地已经回来；主语为Daniel with his cousins，with短语作伴随状语，主语中心词为Daniel，助动词用第三人称单数has。has gone to符合语境和语法要求。 2、 单元语法基础练习 1. 单项填空 (1) —Where is Mr. Smith? —He ________ to the library. I ________ him there five minutes ago. A．has been; have met B．has been; met C．has gone; have met D．has gone; met 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——史密斯先生在哪里？——他去图书馆了。我五分钟前在那里遇见了他。 has gone to去了某地（未回）；has been to去过某地（已回）。根据“Where is Mr. Smith?”可知史密斯先生不在这里，说明他去了图书馆还没回来，第一空用has gone；根据时间状语“five minutes ago”可知第二空用一般过去时，meet的过去式为met。故选D。 (2) —The Whites have ________ Macao on vacation. They’ll stay there for a week. —Oh, really? I have never ________ there. A．gone to; been B．gone to; been to C．been to; gone D．been to; gone to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——怀特夫妇去澳门度假了。他们将在那里待一个星期。——哦，真的吗？我从未去过那里。 have gone to表示“去了某地（未回）”；have been to表示“去过某地（已回）”。第一空，根据“They’ll stay there for a week.”可知他们还没回来，应用have gone to；第二空，表示“从未去过”，应用have been to，但“there”是副词，前面省略to，直接用been。 (3) —I haven’t seen your brother for a long time. Where is he now? —He ______ to Beijing to visit the Palace Museum. He ______ there for three days. A．went; has gone B．has been; has gone C．has gone; has been D．went; has been 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——我很久没见到你哥哥了。他现在在哪儿？——他去北京参观故宫博物院了。他在那里已经三天了。 根据问句“Where is he now?”可知哥哥现在不在说话现场，去了某地未回，第一空应填has gone；根据“for three days”可知表示持续一段时间的状态，go是瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用，需要改为表示状态的has been，且“there”是副词，前面不加介词to。故选C。 (4) —When _____ she_______ to Dalian? —She ________ Dalian for half a year. A．did, go, has gone to B．has, gone, has been to C．did, go, has been to D．did, go, has been in 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——她什么时候去的大连？——她在大连已经待了半年了。 第一句根据“When”可知询问具体过去时间，用一般过去时，句型为When did+主语+动词原形，用did...go；第二句根据“for half a year”可知与时间段连用，谓语动词需用持续性动词。has gone to表示去了某地未回，不能与时间段连用；has been in表示待在某地，可与时间段连用；have been to表示去过某地，已回来，不符合句意。 (5) —Daniel, ________ did you move here with your parents? —We ________ here since two years ago. A．when, have lived B．how long, lived C．how long, have moved D．when, moved 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——丹尼尔，你什么时候和父母搬到这里来的？——自从两年前以来我们就住在这里了。 when什么时候；have lived已经居住，现在完成时；how long多长时间；lived居住，一般过去时；have moved已经搬家；moved搬家。根据答句中时间状语“since two years ago”可知，句子应用现在完成时，排除B、D选项；move是瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，live是延续性动词，可以与since连用，排除C选项。问句中助动词为did，询问搬家时间点用when。所以选A。 (6) These traditional folk songs ________ local people for many years, while that new song ________ its beautiful melody all over the city now. A．are popular with; is popular for B．have been popular with; is popular for C．have been popular with; are popular for D．are popular with; are popular for 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这些传统民歌多年来一直受到当地人的喜爱，而那首新歌现在因其优美的旋律在全市流行。 are popular with受……欢迎；is popular for因……而流行；have been popular with一直受……欢迎；are popular for因……而流行。根据“for many years”可知，第一空应用现在完成时，主语These traditional folk songs为复数，故填have been popular with；根据“now”可知，第二空应用一般现在时，主语that new song为单数，故填is popular for。 (7) — Sally, the beginning of the new film is quite touching. — What a pity! I am late and the film ________ for several minutes. A．began B．has begun C．was on D．has been on 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——Sally，这部新电影的开头很感人。——真遗憾！我迟到了，电影已经上演几分钟了。 根据“for several minutes”可知，谓语动词需用延续性动词，begin是瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用，其对应的延续性状态为be on；根据“I am late”可知，迟到对现在造成影响，应用现在完成时，结构为have/ has+过去分词。 (8) —How long have you ________ this computer? —It’s two weeks since I bought it. A．borrowed B．kept C．bought D．bad 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你持有这台电脑多长时间了？——自从我买它以来已经两周了。 borrowed借入；kept保持；bought买；bad坏的。根据“How long”可知提问时间段，谓语动词需用延续性动词。buy和borrow是瞬间动词，不能与时间段连用；bad是形容词，语法不符。kept是延续性动词，符合语境。 (9) —I came here to watch the film, but the cinema is already empty. —That’s because the film ________ since 7:30. A．has ended B．has been on C．has started D．has been over 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——我来这里看电影，但电影院已经空了。——那是因为电影7:30就结束了。 end结束；on上映；start开始；over结束。根据since可知，句子时态为现在完成时，结构为have/has+过去分词，且动词为延续性动词，end和start为非延续性动词，排除。根据句意可知，此处表示电影已经结束了，应填has been over。 (10) So far, Tom ______ at the local nursing home for two years, and he will continue to do so in the future. A．will volunteer B．volunteered C．has volunteered D．volunteers 【答案】C 【详解】句意：到目前为止，汤姆在当地养老院做志愿者已经两年了，并且他未来将继续这样做。 根据时间状语“So far”可知，句子应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去持续到现在，其结构为have/has + 动词过去分词，主语Tom是第三人称单数，因此用has volunteered。 (11) —Why haven’t you asked her to come here? —She __________ an important experiment when I found her and she __________ it. A．is doing; didn’t finish B．did; wouldn’t finish C．was doing; hasn’t finished D．has done; hasn’t finished 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你为什么没叫她过来？——当我发现她的时候，她正在做实验，而且还没有完成。 考查时态。根据“when I found her”可知，此处描写我找到她的过去那一刻，她正在做某事，故第一个空用过去进行时，其结构为was/were doing，主语为She，需用was；实验“未完成”的状态从过去持续到现在，强调对现在的影响，故第二空需用现在完成时，其结构为has/have+done，主语为she，助动词否定形式需hasn’t；finish的过去分词为finished。故选C。 (12) The little boy ________ asleep for two hours. He must be tired after playing for a whole day. A．has fallen B．went to C．has gone D．has been 【答案】D 【详解】句意：这个小男孩已经睡了两个小时了。玩了一整天，他一定累坏了。 考查现在完成时。根据“for two hours”可知这里指的是持续了2个小时，应用现在完成时，结构为have/has done，且动词要用延续性动词，fall asleep的延续性动词为be asleep，be应用过去分词形式been。故选D。 (13) —Do you remember when you last ________ Changzhou? —Ten years ago. I hear great changes ________ place over the last ten years. A．visited; took B．have visited; took C．visited; have taken D．have visited; have taken 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你记得上次参观常州是什么时候吗？——十年前。我听说过去十年间那里发生了巨大变化。 考查时态。根据“Ten years ago.”可知，空一处时态是一般过去时，动词用过去式visited；根据“over the last ten years.”可知，空二处用现在完成时have taken。故选C。 (14) —Has your daughter come back from Australia? —Yes. She ________ there for three years. A．has stayed B．stays C．stayed D．has been stayed 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你女儿从澳大利亚回来了吗？——是的。她在那里待了三年。 根据“Yes”和“come back”可知，女儿已经回来了，待在澳大利亚的动作发生在过去并没有延续到现在，应用一般过去时。 (15) My friend Kate, who ________ in the UK for two years as a child, told me that practice makes perfect. A．lives B．lived C．has lived D．will live 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我的朋友凯特，她小时候曾在英国住了两年，告诉我熟能生巧。 根据时间状语“as a child”可知，居住在英国是过去发生的事情，且该阶段已结束，应用一般过去时。故选B。 2. 用所给词的适当形式填空 (1) The Father of Hybrid Rice, Yuan Longping ________ (die) for 5 years. 【答案】has been dead 【详解】句意：杂交水稻之父袁隆平已经去世5年了。括号内的单词die是短暂性动词，句中出现“for 5 years”表示一段持续的时间，需要使用现在完成时，且短暂性动词要转换为对应的延续性表达be dead；主语Yuan Longping是第三人称单数，因此用has been dead。 (2) So far, our country ________ (send) many satellites into space. 【答案】has sent 【详解】句意：到目前为止，我国已向太空发射了多颗卫星。句中“so far”是现在完成时的时间状语，要求谓语用现在完成时，结构：have/has+动词过去分词。send的过去分词是sent，主语our country是单数，助动词用has。 (3) I ________ (not do) my homework yet. I’m afraid I can’t go to the park with you. 【答案】haven’t done 【详解】句意：我还没有做作业。恐怕我不能和你去公园了。根据yet可知，本句应用现在完成时的否定形式，结构为have/has+not+过去分词，主语为I，故填haven’t done。 (4) Over the years, each of us ________ (learn) much useful knowledge about robots and AI in our wonderful science lessons. 【答案】has learned/has learnt 【详解】句意：这些年来，我们每个人在精彩的科学课上学到了许多关于机器人和人工智能的有用知识。句中“Over the years”是现在完成时的标志词，主语“each of us”为单数概念，括号内所给词为“learn”，其过去分词形式为“learned”或“learnt”，故填has learned或has learnt。 (5) Millie borrowed a book from the town library last Sunday. She has ________ (borrow) this book for about a week. 【答案】kept 【详解】句意：米莉上周日从镇上的图书馆借了一本书，这本书她已经借（持有）了大约一周了。borrow是瞬间动词，不能和“for about a week”这类的时间段连用。要表达（从过去某时）持续拥有某物，需要用延续性动词keep，句子是现在完成时，构成：have/has + 动词的过去分词，故填kept。 (6) We ________ (have) plenty of valuable experience in voluntary work since this term began. 【答案】have had 【详解】句意：自从这学期开始以来，我们在志愿工作中已经获得了大量宝贵的经验。时间状语为“since this term began”，句子时态为现在完成时 (have/has done)；主语“We”是复数，助动词用have，动词have的过去分词为had。故填have had。 (7) Li Ning _________ (be) a volunteer in the community library for 3 years since he entered middle school. 【答案】has been 【详解】句意：李宁从进入中学以来，已经在社区图书馆做了3年的志愿者。句中“since he entered middle school”是现在完成时的标志，且“for 3 years”表示动作从过去持续到现在，主语Li Ning是第三人称单数，因此用现在完成时has been。be动词的现在完成时第三人称单数形式为has been，故填has been。 (8) —How long ________ the two heroes ________ (marry)? —They ________ (get) married in 2015, so they ________ (be) together for over 10 years. 【答案】 have been married got have been 【详解】句意：——这两位英雄结婚多久了？——他们在 2015 年结婚，所以他们已经在一起十多年了。how long提问持续时长，marry/get married是短暂动词，不能与一段时间连用，要用延续性短语be married，现在完成时中，主语为复数用have been married。in 2015是过去具体时间，用一般过去时got。for over 10 years表示持续一段时间，用现在完成时；主语they，be动词延续形式为have been。 (9) Tom ________ (join) the football club for three months. He likes playing with his teammates. 【答案】has been in 【详解】句意：汤姆加入足球俱乐部已经三个月了。他喜欢和队友们一起踢球。join“加入”，动词；表示“加入（某个组织）”并持续一段时间，应用延续性动词或状态。join为非延续性动词，需转换为延续性状态has been in...“一直在……里”。根据“for three months”可知，动作从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时has been in。故填has been in。 (10) My father ________ (go) to Shanghai on business. He won’t come back until next week. 【答案】has gone 【详解】句意：我爸爸去上海出差了，他要到下周才回来。后一句He won’t come back until next week.说明人现在在上海，没回来，用has gone to表示去了某地，人现在不在原地，还没回来。 (11) For some years now, ________ (there be) government programmes, and now there is a big project. 【答案】there have been 【详解】句意：几年来，一直有政府项目在实施，而现在又有一个大型项目。时间状语“For some years now”是现在完成时的典型标志，表示动作从过去持续到现在；There be句型的现在完成时结构为“There have/has been”。因主语“government programmes”是复数，故助动词用have。故填there have been。 (12) My father ________ (teach) me how to swim when I was seven. 【答案】taught 【详解】句意：我七岁时，父亲教我游泳。时间状语从句when I was seven表示过去的时间，故主句动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。teach用过去式taught。 (13) There has been less air pollution in Wuxi since the project ________ (start). 【答案】started 【详解】句意：自从这个项目启动以来，无锡的空气污染就减少了。此处since引导时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时（There has been...），从句需用一般过去时，表示“过去发生的动作（项目启动）”，start的过去式是started。 (14) The strong wind ________ (blow) the umbrella into pieces just now. 【答案】blew 【详解】句意：刚才大风把雨伞吹成了碎片。所给词blow是动词，在句中作谓语。句中时间状语just now意为“刚才”，说明动作发生在过去，需要使用一般过去时，blow的过去式为不规则变化，形式是blew。 (15) Enok ________ (study) at Jiangnan University in Wuxi for four years and is now back to his homeland, Zimbabwe, to contribute to (贡献) its development. 【答案】studied 【详解】句意：Enock在无锡江南大学学习了四年，现在回到祖国津巴布韦，为其发展贡献力量。根据后半句“and is now back to his homeland”可知，“学习”这个动作发生在过去且已经结束，与现在无关，需用一般过去时；study的过去式为studied，在句中作谓语。 3. 根据要求完成句子 (1) He went to Shanghai yesterday. He is still there now. （合并为一句） He ________ ________ ________ Shanghai. 【答案】 has gone to 【详解】句意：他昨天去了上海。他现在还在那里。合并后体现“去了某地且尚未返回”的含义，所以要用现在完成时的固定结构“have/has gone to”来表达。主语He是第三人称单数，助动词用has。 (2) Mr. Smith teaches math. He came to our school in 2025. (since) (用现在完成时合并句子) 【答案】Mr. Smith has taught math since he came to our school in 2025. 【详解】句意：史密斯先生教数学。他于2025年来到我们学校。用since合并句子时，主句需用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。主句主语是Mr. Smith，谓语需改为has taught，宾语math保持不变；从句用since连接，内容保持不变，即“Mr. Smith has taught math since he came to our school in 2025.” (3) We are good friends. We met each other in May. (since)  (用现在完成时合并句子) 【答案】We have been good friends since we met each other in May. 【详解】句意：我们是好朋友。我们在五月相遇。用现在完成时和since合并句子，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时，表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的状态，其结构为“have/has+过去分词”；主语是We，助动词用have，be的过去分词是been。 (4) The movie began 20 minutes ago. (改为现在完成时) The movie ________ ________ ________ for 20 minutes. 【答案】 has been on 【详解】句意：电影20分钟前开始了。改为现在完成时，用持续动词be on表示“上映/进行中”。主语The movie为单数，助动词用has，been on构成谓语。 (5) I bought the bike three years ago.  (改为现在完成时) I ________ ________ the bike for three years. 【答案】 have had 【详解】句意：我三年前买了这辆自行车。原句时态为一般过去时，动词bought是短暂性动词，改为现在完成时，需要将短暂性动词buy改为延续性动词have；现在完成时的基本结构为“have/has+过去分词”，主语为I，助动词用have，have的过去分词为had，应填have；had。 (6) Tom lives in this city. He came here last month.(since) （用现在完成时合并句子） 【答案】Tom has lived in this city since he came here last month. 【详解】句意：汤姆住在这个城市。他上个月来到这里。since表示“从过去某个时间点一直持续到现在”，主句使用现在完成时，从句使用一般过去时。主语Tom是第三人称单数，现在完成时结构为“has lived”。后面接since引导的一般过去时从句，谓语动词已经是come的过去式came，无需变化。    (7) She has already finished reading the novel.（改为否定句） She ________ finished reading the novel ________. 【答案】 hasn’t/has not yet 【详解】句意：她已经读完了这本小说。原句含有助动词has，改为否定句时，直接在has后加not，缩写为hasn’t。already用于肯定句，否定句中需替换为yet，置于句末。 (8) Global warming has become a serious problem.   一般疑问句：   肯定回答：______________ 否定回答：______________ 【答案】 Has global warming become a serious problem? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. 【详解】句意：全球变暖已经成为一个严重的问题。原句是现在完成时的陈述句，结构为：主语(Global warming)+助动词has+过去分词(become)+其他。变一般疑问句时，直接将助动词has提至句首，且首字母要大写，其余部分保持不变，句末将句号改为问号。故填Has global warming become a serious problem?肯定回答结构为Yes, 主语+助动词，主语用it指代不可数名词短语global warming，助动词用has，故填Yes, it has.否定回答结构为No, 主语 + 助动词的否定形式，has的否定形式是hasn’t，故填No, it hasn’t. (9) Jack knows Cindy. He knew her ten years ago. (合并为一句) Jack ________ ________ Cindy ________ ten years ago. 【答案】 has known since 【详解】句意：杰克认识辛迪。他十年前就认识她了。原句可以用since引导的时间状语从句来表达，意为“自从……以来”。since+过去时间，通常用于现在完成时态，结构为have/has+动词的过去分词。主语“Jack”是单数，助动词用has；know的过去分词为known。因此填has；known；since。 (10) He borrowed a storybook from the library yesterday.（改为现在完成时） He ________ ________ a storybook from the library since yesterday. 【答案】 has kept 【详解】句意：从昨天起，他就一直从图书馆借着一本故事书。句子为一般过去时，改写为现在完成时用have/has + 过去分词。主语He，助动词用has；borrow是短暂动词，不能持续，所以要把borrow换成keep的过去分词kept。故填has；kept。 (11) My grandpa and grandma got married fifty years ago. My grandpa and grandma ________ ________ ________ for fifty years. 【答案】 have been married 【详解】句意：我的爷爷和奶奶在五十年前结婚了。“在五十年前结婚了”可表达为“结婚五十年了”，时态用现在完成时（have/has been done），marry“结婚”为非延续性动词，需变为be married，主语是My grandpa and grandma，助动词要用have。 (12) They opened the gate of the museum an hour ago. The gate of the museum ________ ________ ________ for an hour. 【答案】 has been open 【详解】原句中“an hour ago”和“for an hour”是关键信息，原句是一般过去时主动语态，转换后是现在完成时的系表结构，且open作形容词表示“开着的”状态，可与时间段连用。主语The gate是单数，故填has；been；open。   (13) He joined the Party ten years ago. (同义句转换) He ________ ________ a Party member ________ ten years. 【答案】 has been for 【详解】句意：他十年前入了党。原句“ten years ago”是一般过去时，改写句意在表达“入党这一状态持续了十年”，强调对现在的影响，需用现在完成时“have/has+过去分词”。原句动词join是瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语“ten years”连用。在现在完成时中，需将其转换为延续性状态be a Party member。主语He是第三人称单数，助动词用has，be的过去分词是been，后接时间段ten years，需加介词for。 (14) Jim has been away from his hometown for 20 years. (改为同义句) 20 years ________ since Jim ________ his hometown. 【答案】 has passed left 【详解】句意：吉姆离开家乡已经20年了。原句“Jim has been away… for 20 years”是现在完成时，表示状态持续了20年。同义句通常使用“It is/has been + 时间段 + since…”结构。当主语直接是时间段时，结构变为“时间段 + has passed + since + 一般过去时从句”。主语“20 years”在此处被视为一个整体时间段，谓语动词常用单数形式，且强调对现在的影响，所以填has passed。since引导的时间状语从句需用一般过去时。原句中的延续性状态“be away”需转换为瞬间动作“leave”，其过去式为left。 (15) Many volunteers came to the area last month, and they are still there. (同义句转换) Many volunteers ________ ________ in the area since last month. 【答案】 have been 【详解】句意：许多志愿者上个月来到了这个地区，并且他们仍然在那里。原句表明志愿者上个月来且仍在那，强调从过去持续到现在的状态，用现在完成时。“many volunteers”是复数，用“have”，“be”的过去分词是“been”，故填“have been”。 3、 单元语法提升练习 1. 语法填空 A Dear Lucy, How is everything in London? I 1 (not see) you for so long. I miss you very much. Since last summer I 2 (stay) in Beijing, China. Last month I 3 (start) to learn Chinese. So far I 4 (learn) fifty Chinese words but I keep 5 (forget) them. I think it’s hard to learn Chinese but my sister Linda doesn’t think so. She 6 (begin) to learn Chinese already. She started it last Tuesday. So far, she 7 (remember) forty Chinese words. Linda only 8 (practice) Chinese for an hour a day. However, I spend five hours 9 (practice) Chinese. Her Chinese is better than mine. I feel very sad. Since last night I 10 (spend) all my time practicing Chinese. If I do that every night, I’m sure I will be able to use Chinese freely. Yours Joe 【答案】 1．haven’t seen 2．have stayed 3．started 4．have learned 5．forgetting 6．has begun 7．has remembered 8．practices 9．practicing 10．have spent 【导语】本文是一封Joe写给Lucy的书信，主要讲了Joe学习汉语的经历和感受。 1．句意：我这么久没有看到你了。根据时间状语“for so long”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词see“看见”的过去分词形式为seen，主语I为第一人称，因此助动词是have，与not连用缩写为haven’t，故填haven’t seen。 2．句意：自从去年夏天我就一直待在中国北京。根据“Since last summer”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词stay“停留，待”的过去分词形式为stayed，主语I为第一人称，因此助动词是have，故填have stayed。 3．句意：上个月我开始来学习中文。根据时间状语“Last month”可知，句子时态应为一般过去时，动词用过去式，故填started。 4．句意：到目前为止，我学了五十个汉语单词，但是我一直都在忘记。根据“So far”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词learn“学习”的过去分词形式为learned，主语I为第一人称，助动词是have，故填have learned。 5．句意：到目前为止，我学了五十个汉语单词，但是我一直都在忘记。keep doing sth“一直做某事”，forget“忘记”，现在分词形式为forgetting，故填forgetting。 6．句意：她已经开始学汉语了。根据标志词“already”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词begin“开始”的过去分词形式为begun，主语She为第三人称，助动词是has，故填has begun。 7．句意：到目前为止，她记住40个汉字。根据“So far”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词remember“记住”的过去分词形式为remembered，主语she为第三人称，助动词是has，故填has remembered。 8．句意：Linda每天只练习一小时中文。此处描述事实，句子时态应为一般现在时，主语Linda为第三人称，谓语动词应用三单形式，故填practices。 9．句意：然而，我花了五个小时练习汉语。sb spend sometime doing sth“某人花费多长时间做某事”，故填practicing。 10．句意：从昨晚开始，我把所有的时间都花在了练习汉语上。根据“Since last night”可知，句子时态应为现在完成时，谓语动词spend“花费”的过去分词形式为spent，主语I为第一人称，助动词是have，故填have spent。 B A short video recently got popular online. It shows a young man stopping traffic (交通) to let an old woman 1 (cross) a busy road. It took place in Hezhou, Guangxi. When 2 old woman started crossing the road with the help of her walking stick, the green light for pedestrians (行人) was on. She walked so 3 (slow)—the traffic light turned red when she was in the middle of the road. She looked helpless in the video. 4 some cars stopped for her, others continued moving on the wide road. At that time, a young man saw her and 5 (stop) his motorcycle (摩托车) in front of the traffic to make the cars stop. Then she was able to reach the other side of the road safely. So far, millions of people 6 (watch) this video and 7 (many) than 50 million people took part in the discussion. The young 8 (man) action won wide praise (赞扬). A lot of people left messages 9 the Internet. “That was very heart-warming. We should learn from him. Helping others is helping 10 (we),” one person said. “We should find out the man and praise him in some way.” another one said. 【答案】 1．cross 2．the 3．slowly 4．Although/Though 5．stopped 6．have watched 7．more 8．man’s 9．on 10．ourselves 【导语】本文介绍了网上一个很受欢迎的短视频，视频描述了一个年轻人为了让一个老妇人穿过一条繁忙的道路而拦住车辆的事情。 1．句意：它显示了一个年轻人为了让一个老妇人穿过一条繁忙的道路而拦住车辆。cross“横穿”，动词，let sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”。故填cross。 2．句意：当那位老妇人拄着拐杖开始过马路时，行人专用的绿灯亮着。句中“old woman”指前面提到的老妇人，表示特指，用定冠词the，句首首字母大写。故填the。 3．句意：她走得很慢，当她走到路中间时，交通灯变成了红色。句中“walked”为动词，应用副词修饰。slow“慢慢的”，形容词，其副词为slowly，意为“慢慢地”。故填slowly。 4．句意：虽然有些车为她停下来，但其他的车继续在宽阔的道路上行驶。根据“others continued moving on the wide road.”可知，此句是说虽然有些车为她停下来。although/though“虽然，即使”，句首首字母大写。故填Although/Though。 5．句意：当时，一个年轻人看到了她，把他的摩托车停在车流前面，让汽车停下来。stop“拦住”，动词，根据“a young man saw her”和句中并列连词“and”可知，此句用一般过去时，动词应用过去式。故填stopped。 6．句意：到目前为止，已经有数百万人观看了这个视频，超过5000万人参与了讨论。根据“So far”可知，此句应用现在完成时，其构成为“has/have done”，主语“millions of people”表示复数，用have构成时态。故填have watched。 7．句意：到目前为止，已经有数百万人观看了这个视频，超过5000万人参与了讨论。根据“than”可知，此处用many的比较级more，意为“更多的”，more than“超过”。故填more。 8．句意：这个年轻人的行为赢得了广泛的赞扬。所给词“man”和“action”构成所属关系，此处说的是这个年轻人的行为，用“’s”构成所有格。故填man’s。 9．句意：很多人在网上留言。根据“A lot of people left messages”可知，此句是说很多人在网上留言，on“在……上面”。故填on。 10．句意：帮助别人就是帮助自己。根据“Helping others”可知，此句是说帮别人就是帮我们自己，用“we”的反身代词ourselves，意为“我们自己”。故填ourselves。 2. 翻译句子 (1) 总的来说，AI机器人已经改变了我们的生活方式。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In general, AI robots have changed our way of life. (2) 近几年来我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(take place) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years./Great changes have taken place in my hometown in recent years/Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the last few years (3) 事实上，我已经在一家动物收容所担任志愿者两年了。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In fact, I have been a volunteer at an animal shelter for two years. (4) 自从我加入这个组织以来，我已经结交了很多朋友。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I have made a lot of friends since I joined the organization. (5) —你买这本词典两年了吗？ —是的。我是在泰安买的。 — — 【答案】 —Have you had this dictionary for two years? —Yes. I bought it in Tai’an. (6) 银杏树(ginkgo)来自中国，从远古时代就生活在地球上。 【答案】The ginkgo is from China and has lived on the planet since ancient times. (7) 你去过上海的外滩(the Bund)吗？ 【答案】Have you ever been to the Bund in Shanghai? (8) 这三位中国宇航员(taikonaut)已经在太空中待了多长时间? 【答案】How long have the three taikonauts been in space? (9) 顺便问一下，你叔叔已经去成都出差了吗？ 【答案】By the way, has your uncle gone to Chengdu on business? (10) 到目前为止我还没去过长城呢。 【答案】I haven’t been to the Great Wall so far. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $