课时通关精练(12)Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World（Word练习）-【金版新学案】2027年高考英语高三总复习大一轮复习讲义（译林版）

**基本信息** 聚焦人物传记类语篇，融合题型解法与语言知识，系统培养学生语言理解、逻辑推理及知识迁移能力，助力一轮复习专项突破。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|3篇12题|推理判断题抓关键信息、细节理解题定位原文、主旨大意题归纳段落核心|以人物成长经历为线索，串联事实信息与深层含义理解，构建“信息定位-逻辑分析-主旨提炼”链条| |阅读七选五|1篇5题|段首句抓段落主题、上下文语境衔接、词汇复现匹配|依托人物贡献事迹，通过句间逻辑关系训练语篇结构认知，强化“主题一致-逻辑连贯”思维| |语法填空|1篇10空|动词时态语态分析、非谓语动词用法、词性转换规则|从词法（如existing/existence）到句法（定语从句、非谓语结构），形成“句子成分-语法规则-语境应用”递进逻辑|

[课时通关精练(十二)] (时间：35分钟　满分：57.5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共12小题，每小题2.5分，共30分) A (2025·江苏省盐城市射阳县射阳中学高三一模) Heman Bekele whipped up the most dangerous of what he called his “potions” when he was just 7 years old.He'd been conducting his own science experiments with keen interest for about three years by that point, mixing up whatever he could get his hands on at home and waiting eagerly to see the results. Last October, the 3M company and Discovery Education selected Heman, a rising 10th­grader, as the winner of the Young Scientist Challenge.His prize: $25，000.His accomplishment: inventing a soap that could one day treat and even prevent multiple forms of skin cancer. Born in Addis Ababa before moving to the US, Heman recalls that some of his earliest memories were of seeing labourers working in the burning sun, usually with no protection for their skin. It didn't take too long for him to start thinking about how he might help.A few years ago, he read about imiquimod, a drug that is approved to fight one form of skin cancer.Typically, imiquimod is prescribed as a front­line drug, but Heman wondered if it could be made available more easily to people in the earliest stages of the disease.A bar of soap, he thought, might be just the delivery system for such a lifesaving drug, not just because it was simple, but because it would be a lot more affordable. There was a long way to go between inspiration and application, however.Carrying out his idea was more complicated than simply mixing the drug into an ordinary bar of soap, since any healing power the imiquimod might possess would just be washed down the drain.The answer was to combine the soap with a lipid­based (脂质基) nanoparticle (纳米颗粒) that would stay on the skin when the soap was washed away. Heman remains humble about what he's accomplished.“Anybody could do what I did，” he says.“I just came up with an idea and worked towards it.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了14岁学生希曼通过自身努力和不断寻求帮助，发明了一种普通人能负担起的抗击皮肤癌的肥皂，因此获得了“美国顶尖年轻科学家”的称号。 1．What can we infer about Heman's personality as a young boy according to Paragraph 1? A．Ambitious and tolerant. B．Curious and passionate. C．Hard­working and athletic. D．Generous and determined. B　推理判断题。根据第一段可知，希曼7岁调配“药剂”、自主开展科学实验三年且“怀有浓厚兴趣”，体现他小时候好奇且充满热情。故选B。 2．What inspired Heman to invent the new type of soap? A．His desire to help those in need. B．His passion for science research. C．His dream of winning the prize. D．His pursuit of public recognition. A　细节理解题。根据第三段“Born in Addis Ababa ... with no protection for their skin.”以及第四段“It didn't take too long for him to start thinking about how he might help.”可知，想帮助那些需要帮助的人激发了希曼发明这种新型肥皂。故选A。 3．Why does Heman consider soap the best option for delivering the drug? A．It contains imiquimod. B．It provides shelter from sun exposure. C．It reduces side effects. D．It is inexpensive and accessible. D　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“A bar of soap ... a lot more affordable.”可知，希曼认为肥皂是输送药物的最佳选择，因为它既便宜又容易获得。故选D。 4．What does Paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A．The application of Heman's soap in daily life. B．The development of soap­making technology. C．Difficulty and resolution in delivering imiquimod. D．Process and requirements of using the special soap. C　主旨大意题。根据第五段可知，第五段主要讲了传递咪喹莫特的困难及解决办法。故选C。 B (2025·湖南省衡阳市衡阳四中高三上期中) Gladys West, the mathematician, was born in 1930 in Virginia and had to help harvest crops on her family's farm.The hard work started before daybreak and lasted well into the blistering heat of the afternoon.To get out of there, she was going to get an education. Her parents tried to save some money to send her to college, but unexpected bills kept hitting the fund.Then a teacher announced that the state was going to give a college scholarship to the two top students from her year.Finally, West got the scholarship, allowing her to attend Virginia State College, a historically black university. West decided to major in mathematics because it was a well­respected subject.It was largely studied by men, but she didn't take much notice of them as she knew deep in her heart that nothing was getting in her way.After graduating, she became a teacher.A few years later, she returned to the university and earned a master's degree in mathematics.Then she was offered a job at a naval base in Dahlgren, Virginia.This made her only the second black woman to be hired to work as a programmer at the base. Despite her intellectual abilities and career success, West felt she was inferior.It was this feeling, deeply rooted and felt by many African Americans, that drove her to work as hard as she could.West determined to commit herself to her work, hoping that by doing it to the best of her ability, she could get recognition for her work. West did just that.In 1979, she became project manager for the Seasat project, the first satellite that could monitor the oceans.She programmed an IBM 7030 Stretch computer, providing faster calculations for an accurate Earth model.This detailed mathematical model of the shape of the Earth was a building block for what would become the GPS orbit.In 1998, aged 68, she intended to focus on her PhD after retirement.She eventually finished her graduation thesis and gained her PhD in public administration and policy affairs in 2000 at the age of 70. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了出身于农民家庭的韦斯特，通过自己的不懈努力考进大学、主修数学专业，最终成为一名优秀的女科学家并作出巨大贡献的故事。 5．What helps Gladys West to go to the university? A．Her teacher's aiding her. B．Her parents' paying for the expenses. C．Her family background. D．The scholarship from the government. D　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Finally, West got the scholarship, allowing her to attend Virginia State College, a historically black university.”可知，是奖学金使得韦斯特能够进入大学。故选D项。 6．What can we infer from the text? A．West got all her degrees after retirement. B．Men dominated the maths field in West's days. C．Black women scientists' talent was fully appreciated. D．When she began to work, West felt she was superior to others. B　推理判断题。根据第三段中“It was largely studied ... in her way.”可知，在韦斯特那个时代，男人主导着数学领域。故选B项。 7．What does the underlined phrase “a building block” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．A basic part. B．A detailed map. C．A building material. D．A major obstacle. A　词义猜测题。画线词句前文说明这个数学模型是GPS的基础，从而推知画线短语应为“基础部分”的意思，与A项同义。故选A项。 8．What kind of person is Gladys West? A．Helpful and serious. B．Honest and hard­working. C．Ambitious and committed. D．Considerate and devoted. C　推理判断题。根据第三段中“West decided to ... a master's degree in mathematics.”以及最后一段中“In 1998, aged 68, she intended to ... at the age of 70.”可知，韦斯特是一位有雄心抱负的人；根据第四段中“West determined ... for her work.”可知，她是一位尽心尽力的人。故选C项。 C (2025·江苏省连云港市高三上期中) Dr.Joseph Needham (1900－1995) was an excellent biochemist and social activist who dedicated most of his life to the history of science and technology in China. He was born in London on December 9th, 1900.He entered Cambridge University in 1918.Soon he was attracted to the evolving modern science of biochemistry, and received a PhD in Chemical Embryology (胚胎学) in 1924.His research on this subject was so widely acknowledged that it earned him recognition as the “father of chemical embryology”． In 1937, he met Lu Gwei­Dien, a young graduate from China, at Cambridge, which completely changed his life.She challenged him to explore the great contributions of ancient Chinese science and technology to the rise of modern science.He started to study Chinese and later mastered it so well that he could easily read classical Chinese texts. Joseph Needham was the first Western scholar to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the history of Chinese science and technology related to the rise of modern science.By citing many modern scientific and technological advances that originated in ancient China, he powerfully dispelled a long­held view in the West that China neither had science nor made any contribution to modern science. He, together with his many distinguished co­workers, demonstrated that China and the Near East had made many outstanding contributions in the transformation of ancient to modern science.His monumental work Science and Civilisation in China has been characterised as “perhaps the greatest single act of historical synthesis (整合) and inter­cultural communication ever attempted ...” In one of his poems he describes himself as： Having written much, whether well or ill.I know not. But with devout (虔诚的) intention for the healing of the nations. This intention makes his work not simply impressive but important.As a scholar, he will always be remembered as a bridge­builder between the East and the West. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了李约瑟的生平事迹和贡献。 9．What can we learn about Joseph's personal background? A．He earned a PhD at the age of 37. B．He moved to London after graduation. C．He received high praise for his research. D．He was devoted to studying British history. C　细节理解题。根据第二段中“His research ... as the ‘father of chemical embryology’．”可知，他的研究受到了很高的赞誉。故选C。 10．What did Lu Gwei­Dien advise Joseph to do? A．Make great changes to his lifestyle. B．Read more classical Chinese works. C．Work with her teammates in biochemistry. D.Study ancient Chinese science and technology. D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“She challenged ... to the rise of modern science.”可知，鲁桂珍建议李约瑟研究古代中国的科学技术。故选D。 11．What does the underlined word “dispelled” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Challenged. B．Supported. C．Shared. D．Stated. A　词义猜测题。根据上下文及句子中的“powerfully”和“long­held view”可以推断出，李约瑟是通过引用事实来挑战和消除这个长期存在的观点，因此“dispelled”在此意为“消除”或“挑战”。故选A。 12．What is Joseph's intention of writing Science and Civilisation in China? A．To heal and bridge different countries. B．To gain personal fame and recognition. C．To provide entertainment for the readers. D．To document important historical events. A　推理判断题。根据引文部分“Having written much ... for the healing of the nations.”可知，李约瑟的写作意图是促进国家间的和谐与联结，而非追求个人名声。故选A。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(共5小题，每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Huang Xuhua's legacy as China's nuclear submarine pioneer embodies the triumph of intellect over adversity.His journey began in 1926, Guangdong, where a childhood enthusiasm for machinery saw him disassembling complex devices and accurately reassembling them.1( ) This amazing talent secured his place in Shanghai Jiao Tong University's naval architecture programme, shaping his destiny. When tasked in 1958 with developing China's first nuclear submarine, Huang faced great obstacles: zero foreign technical support and scarce resources.2( ) Astonishingly, his team verified hull curvature (船体曲率) precision using chicken bones as hydrodynamic models.Such ingenuity made up for the lack of supercomputers. The project's secrecy demanded extraordinary sacrifice.For three decades, Huang's family believed he worked at an ordinary factory.3( ) His mother only discovered his true mission in 1987 through a magazine article, tearfully embracing her son who had prioritized national duty over family obligations. 4( ) Contrary to global practice where designers observe from land, he insisted on boarding the submarine.This 300­metre successful dive cleared up technological skepticism and established China's naval strength. In his 90s, Huang advocated integrating traditional craftsmanship with AI­driven simulations.5( ) His life's philosophy—“scientific rigor (严谨) and patriotic devotion are inseparable”—perfectly demonstrated how individual devotion intertwined with national revival. A．He reinstalled a wall clock successfully after taking it down. B．Huang redefined the leadership during the 1988 deep­dive test. C．His sisters thought he performed routine maintenance tasks daily. D．Colleagues remember equations covering his office walls for years. E．Critics argued traditional methods couldn't achieve millimetre precision. F．Historical records showed 90% of technical solutions required original innovation. G．He instructed youths to balance technological advancement with ethical responsibility. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了黄旭华作为中国核潜艇先驱的一生及其贡献。 1．A　根据上文可知，此处讲述黄旭华童年时的天赋，所以A项“他把挂钟拆下来后，成功地重新安装了挂钟”是对上一句的具体举例，符合文意。故选A项。 2．F　根据上文可知，本段主要讲述黄旭华受命开发中国第一艘核潜艇时面临的困难，所以F项“历史记录显示，90%的技术解决方案需要原始创新”是对上文的详细举例，符合文意。故选F项。 3．C　根据上文可知，本段讲述因为保密需要，家人一直以为黄旭华做的普通的工作，所以C项“他的姐妹们认为他每天都在做日常维护工作”符合本段主题。故选C项。 4．B　设空处位于段首，为本段中心句，下文核心是“深潜测试中，黄旭华打破全球设计师‘陆地观察’的惯例，亲自登上潜艇测试”，所以B项“在1988年的深潜测试中，黄重新定义了领导力”符合本段主题。故选B项。 5．G　根据下文可知，本段讲述了黄旭华的人生哲理，所以G项“他教导年轻人在技术进步和道德责任之间取得平衡”符合本段主题，引出下文。故选G项。 Ⅲ.语法填空(共10个空，每空1.5分，共15分) (2025·南昌市高三摸底测试) In a testament to the incredible speed of construction in China, the ruins of two historic stone structures on Zhejiang's Dahuanglong Island have been reborn as a stylish bed­and­breakfast in less than 40 days. As part of the popular Chinese reality television show Beautiful House, a Beijing­based studio Evolution Design 1 (give)a budget for construction and interior(内部的)design last fall, as well as just two months to complete the transformation.Impressively, the architects finished the project 2 (slight)under budget and in just a total of 31 days. When the architecture firm first saw the site, the two 3 (exist)structures had fallen into severe ruin with caved­in roofs and weather­beaten walls.Since the television program celebrates adaptive reuse and a back­to­nature conception, the architects restored the two buildings and 4 (add) modern elements，including ample glazing and a new 5 (extend) to better embrace sea views. The refreshed buildings are used 6 (house) the bedrooms, while the new expansion comprises the combined spaces as well as a rooftop deck and a flight of stairs 7 lessens the site's approximate 13­foot change in height. 8 (complete) late last year, the adaptive reuse project covers 9 area of 2，900 square feet and was mainly constructed from locally sourced granite，concrete, and steel.The minimalist interiors are dressed 10 modern furnishings and natural materials. 【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。本文介绍了浙江大黄龙岛上两座历史悠久的石头建筑遗址在不到40天的时间里重生为一家时尚的住宿加早餐酒店，这证明了中国建设的惊人速度。 1．was given　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。本句主语a Beijing­based studio Evolution Design 为第三人称单数，和give是被动关系，且句中的时间状语last fall指过去的时间。故填was given。句意：去年秋天，作为中国热门电视真人秀《漂亮的房子》的一部分，空间进化(北京)建筑设计工作室被给了一份建筑和室内设计的预算，并被要求仅在两个月内完成改造。 2．slightly　考查副词。空处修饰介词短语 under budget，应用slight的副词形式slightly。句意：令人印象深刻的是，建筑师在仅31天内就以略低于预算的成本完成了该项目。 3．existing　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，该空在句中作定语，修饰structures，表示“现存的”，故填existing。句意：当建筑公司第一次看到这个场地时，这两座现存的建筑已经严重毁坏，屋顶塌陷，墙壁饱受风吹日晒。 4．added　考查动词时态。分析句子结构可知，空处和上文的“restored”并列作谓语，由语境可知此处表示发生在过去的动作，故填added。句意：由于电视节目赞扬适应性再利用和回归自然的概念，建筑师修复了两栋建筑，并添加了现代元素，包括充足的玻璃和一个新扩建部分，以更好地拥抱海景。 5．extension　考查名词。根据前面的“a new”可知，此处使用extend的名词形式extension(扩建部分)。故填extension。 6．to house　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用动词不定式充当目的状语，故填to house。此处house是熟词生义的用法，意思是“给……提供场地”。故填to house。句意：翻新后的建筑用于容纳卧室，而新的扩建包括组合空间、屋顶露台和一段楼梯，该段楼梯减少了场地大约13英尺的高度变化。 7．that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处应用关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词a flight of stairs，先行词指物，且空处在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which。 8．Completed/Having been completed　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，“the adaptive reuse project...”是句子的主干，所以此处用非谓语动词作状语。句子主语 the adaptive reuse project 和complete是逻辑上的动宾关系，根据时间状语last year可知，此处表示发生在过去的动作，也可强调在过去某一时间已经完成的动作。故填Completed/Having been completed。句意：该适应性再利用项目于去年年底完成，占地2 900平方英尺，主要由当地的花岗岩、混凝土和钢材建造而成。 9．an　考查冠词。此处 cover an area of...是固定搭配，意为“占地……”。area的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。 10．in　考查介词。be dressed in固定搭配，意为“用……装饰”。句中的dress是熟词生义的用法，意为“装饰，布置”。句意：简约主义的室内装饰采用现代家具和天然材料。 障碍词汇 A篇 potion n．(尤指有魔力作用的)药剂，饮剂　conduct vt.进行；实施(实验、调查等) B篇 blistering adj.酷热的；起水泡的　naval adj.海军的　intellectual adj.智力的；知识的 n．知识分子　inferior adj.自卑的；下级的；次等的 n．下级；晚辈 C篇 acknowledged adj.公认的；得到认可的　comprehensive adj.全面的；综合的　dispel vt.驱散；消除　monumental adj.不朽的；重大的 七选五 submarine n．潜艇　embody vt.体现；包含　triumph n．胜利；成功　hull n．(船、潜艇的)船体　simulation n．模拟；仿真 熟词生义 A篇 whip vt.鞭打；抽打(动作)；搅拌(液体等)(常用义)→(文章义)vt.快速制作 B篇 hit vt.撞击；击打(常用义)→(文章义)vt.消耗；动用(资金、资源等)；对……造成冲击 C篇 healing n．(身体的)治愈、康复(常用义)→(文章义)n.(国家、文化间的)调和、融洽 词缀变形 A篇 approve vi.赞成；同意vt.批准；通过；核准→approval n．赞成；批准→approving adj.赞同的→disapprove vi.不赞成；不同意 vt.不批准→disapproving adj.不赞同的　conduct n．行为；举止；管理方法 vt.组织；安排；带领；传导→misconduct n．失职；行为不端→conductor n．指挥；导体→conduction n．传导 B篇 recognition n．承认；认出；赞誉→recognise vt.识别；辨认出；意识到；认可，接受；赏识；公认→recognisable adj.容易认出的；易于识别的→recognised adj.公认的　committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的→commit vt.承诺；保证；犯(错误、罪行等)；花(钱/时间) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→commitment n．投入；承诺 C篇 dedicate vt.把……奉献给→dedication n．献身；奉献→dedicated adj.献身的；专心致志的　distinguish vi. & vt.区分；辨别vt.使有别于；看清；使出众；使著名→distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的→distinguishable adj.可区分的；隐约可辨的　transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变→transformation n．(彻底的)变化；改观；转变→transformative adj.有改革能力的；起改造作用的 核心词块 A篇 whip up快速制作；仓促调配　front­line drug一线药物　delivery system (药物)递送系统　wash down the drain被水冲掉；白白浪费 B篇 naval base海军基地　last well into持续到……很晚/很深入　be deeply rooted根深蒂固的　commit oneself to致力于；全身心投入 C篇 dedicate ... to ... 把(时间、精力、生命等)奉献给……；致力于……　dispel a view驳斥/消除一种观点 七选五 prioritize national duty over family obligations将国家责任置于家庭义务之上　secure one's place in ... 在……中赢得一席之地 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $