暑假作业01 名词 & 代词（巩固培优）七年级英语新教材译林版

**基本信息** 以“概念-分类-用法-应用”为逻辑链，系统构建名词（分类/数/所有格）和代词（人称/物主/不定等）知识体系，通过规则表格与典型例题实现语法能力与思维品质的协同提升。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |名词|分类/数/所有格3大模块+例词20+|复数规则/特殊变化表；所有格三形式（-'s/of/双重）辨析|从定义到分类（专有/普通），再到数（可数/不可数）和所有格，层层递进| |代词|5类代词+固定搭配10+|人称代词并列顺序；some/any、both/all等易混点对比|以“指代功能”为核心，从人称代词拓展到物主、反身、指示、不定代词，形成完整代词网络| |综合应用|单选20+完成句子10+|结合语境辨析（如experience可数/不可数）|通过典型例题（如第7题、12题）实现知识点迁移，强化语言应用能力|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 暑假作业01 名词 & 代词（巩固培优）（解析版） 名词：表示人、事物、地点等的具体名称或抽象概念的词 名词 分类 专有名词 人名、地名 Lily, Paris 国家、机构 China, the United Nations 事物 the Yellow River 月份、星期、节日 April, Tuesday, National Day 普通名词 个体名词 pencil, book, dog, apple 集体名词 people, family, team 物质名词 wood, water, air, rice 抽象名词 information, health, education 名词的数 可数名词 chair, box, man 不可数名词 water, milk, homework 常见的既可数又不可数的名词 chicken, fish, hair 名词所有格 -’s所有格的构成及用法 Jimmy's book of 所有格的构成及用法 the legs of the table 双重所有格 a novel of Lu Xun’ s 一、名词的分类 1、专有名词是指具体的人、地点、国家、机构、事物、月份、星期、节日等的专有名称。 专有名词的首字母要大写，但其中的定冠词、介词等的首字母一般不需要大写。如：the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国 2、普通名词是某类人、事物和抽象概念的名称。 普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，其中可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 (1) 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或事物。 个体名词有单、复数之分，表示一个人或事物时用单数形式，前面可直接用a/an修饰；表示两个或两个以上的人或事物时用复数形式，前面可用数词修饰。 (2)集体名词表示由若干个体组成的集合体，是同一类许多个体的集合的总称。 集体名词表示的是一群人或一些事物，有些集体名词虽然没有形式变化，但表示复数意义，其作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 如：The people in the village are very friendly.这个村子里的人都很友好。 有些集体名词常以单数形式出现，当它们侧重整体概念，表示单数意义且作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它们侧重整体中的成员，表示复数意义且作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 His family are waiting for him.他的家人正在等他。 His family comes from China. 他家来自中国。 物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物。常见的物质名词有材料、食物、饮品以及气体等。 抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。 二、名词的数 1、可数名词：可以用数目来计算的人或物。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个及以上的人或事物时，用复数形式。 单数形式：单数的可数名词或名词短语前一般有限定词，如：冠词a/an、the，指示代词this、that，形容词性物主代词my、your、his、her、our、their，名词所有格Mary’s 等。 注意： 冠词a用于辅音音素开头的可数名词前；an用于元音音素开头的可数名词前，而不是元音字母开头的名词前。如： There is an apple on the table. Marry dances for an hour every day. She has an umbrella and a useful book. 单数可数名词变复数形式的常见规则： 变化规则 例词 直接在词尾加-s，清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/。 map→maps地图；bag→bags袋子 以 s,x, sh, ch 结尾的名词,后加-es,读/ɪz/。 glass→glasses 玻璃杯；box→boxes 盒子； 以f或 fe结尾的名词，先将f 或 fe变成v,再加-es,-ves读/ vz/。 knife→knives 刀；wife→wives妻子； 以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词，先将 y变成i,再加-es,读/ɪz/。 city→cities 城市；baby→babies 婴儿； 以元音字母加 y结尾的名词，直接加-s，读/z/。 boy→boys 男孩；toy→toys玩具 辅音字母加o结尾 有生命的人或事物词尾加-es，读/z/； hero→heroes英雄 ；tomato→tomatoes 西红柿photo→photos 照片；radio→radios 收音机 无生命的事物词尾加-s，读/z/ 特殊变化 a 变 e man→men 男人；Englishman→ Englishmen 英格兰人 oo变 ee goose→geese 鹅； tooth→teeth 牙齿；foot→feet 脚 特殊变化 mouse→mice 老鼠 词尾变化 ox→oxen 公牛 children孩子 单复数同形 sheep→sheep 绵羊； deer→deer 鹿； fish→fish 鱼(指条数) 注意： 1.由两个名词构成的复合名词(中间有空格)变复数时，通常只需将后面的名词变复数即可。 如：apple tree--apple trees 2.当man 和woman 为复合名词的第一部分时，两部分皆变为复数 如：man worker→men workers 男工人 2、不可数名词：不可以计数的名词。不可数名词没有单、复数之分，前面有无限定词均可。 不可数名词前不能用a/an或表示具体数量的数词，但可以用the或表示数量多少的some、much、a little、little、a lot of 等词或短语来修饰。 不可数名词前还可以用表示数量的可数名词+of 短语来表示数量 如果主语是不可数名词，谓语动词常用单数。 常见的不可数名词：time（时间）、money（钱）、work（工作/劳动）、homework（家庭作业）、news（新闻）、luck（运气）等。 常见的既可数又不可数的名词：chicken、fish、hair、paper、glass、orange、light、time、room、word、work、exercise 三、名词所有格：用来表示名词之间的所属关系，通常译为“……的”。名词所有格有-'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。 -'s所有格 变化规则 例词 在名词词尾直接加“-'s” the cat's tail 那只猫的尾巴 以s或es结尾的名词复数，直接加“-'”或“-'s” the teachers’ office 教师办公室 不以s结尾的名词复数，直接在词后加“-'s” children's toys 孩子们的玩具 复合名词，在词尾加“-'s”或“-'” Jim and Kate's father 吉姆和凯特的爸爸 and连接两个或多个名词 共同所有，只将最后一个名词变为所有格形式； Jim's and Kate's books 吉姆的书和凯特的书 各自所有，则每一个名词都要变为所有格形式 用法 (1) 用于表示人或动物的名词后，意为“……的” (2)用于表示时间、距离、价格、国家、城市、团体等的名词后 (3)用来表示店铺、诊所、学校、住宅等公共建筑时，-'s所有格后常常省略所修饰的名词 (4)-'s所有格表示节日 (5)有时为了避免重复，可以省略上文已提到过或两个所有格修饰的相同的名词，单独使用-'s所有格 of所有格：“名词+ of+名词” (1)无生命的事物或抽象概念常用 of所有格表示所属关系 the top of the hill 山顶 (2)名词化的形容词的所属关系用 of所有格 the life of the poor 穷人的生活 注意：-'s所有格和 of所有格有时可以互换 如：today's weather= the weather of today 今天的天气 双重所有格 ①名词+ of+-'s所有格 如：Lily is a friend of my mother's.莉莉是我妈妈的朋友中的一个。 ②名词+of+名词性物主代词 如：She is a classmate of mine.她是我(众多)同班同学中的一个。 注意：双重所有格和 of所有格的区别 当 of 前的名词是 photo, picture 等时,双重所有格与 of 所有格表示的意义不同。 a photo of Mr. Smith's 史密斯先生(拥有)的一张照片 a photo of Mr. Smith史密斯先生(本人)的一张照片 代词：代替名词以及名词性短语或句子的词，以避免重复 代 词 人称代词 主格、宾格 it的用法 指提到过的或正在谈论的动物或事物 指不明性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人 物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 oneself 指示代词 this, that, these, those this 和 these 指代时间或空间上离说话者较近的人或事物； that 和 those指代时间或空间上离说话者较远的人或事物 that 和 those可用来指代上文内容，以避免重复 在电话用语中，通常用 this指自己，用 that指对方 不定代词 one的用法, some 和 any 的用法, both 和 all 的用法, each 和every 的用法； other, the other 和another 的用法, many 和 much 的用法； few, a few, little 和 a little 的用法, no one, none 和 none of 的用法 一、代词的分类 1、人称代词是指代人或事物的代词，有人称、数和格的变化。 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her they them it it they them 注意： 多个人称代词并列时的顺序 单数：你、他/她、我 (you→he/she→I) 复数：我们、你们、他们 (we→you→they) 常用 it的固定句型 (1) It is/ was+形容词/名词短语(+ for sb.) + to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)… (2) It is/ was+形容词+ of sb.+ to do sth.某人做某事是······的 (3) It's time for/ to do...到······的时间了 (4) It takes sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间 2、物主代词：物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 我的 你的 他(她/它)的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性物主代词 my your his/ her/ its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/ hers/ its ours yours theirs 形容词性物主代词 1、形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词前，用作定语。 2、形容词性物主代词后加 own表示强调，意为“某人自己的”；在组成“of one’s own”结构时，其后不加名词，只能置于名词后作定语 3、常用的含形容词性物主代词的固定搭配 all one's life一生;终生；lose one's way迷路；in one's mind在某人看来；on one's way 在去往某地的路上 try/ do one's best尽某人最大努力；to one's surprise令某人惊讶的是；with one's help 在某人的帮助下 名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词起名词的作用，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，不能用于名词之前，常置于系动词、介词和及物动词之后，用作主语、宾语或表语。 2、名词性物主代词与 of连用构成双重所有格，作后置定语。 3、反身代词：反身代词是表示反身或强调作用的代词，用于指代某人或者某物本身，表示“我(们)自己”“他(们)/她(们)/它(们)自己” 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself/ herself/ itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词的固定搭配 by oneself 独自；for oneself 亲自；help oneself 自便；cannot help oneself 情不自禁；teach oneself 自学； 反身代词与所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性质、数上应保持一致 4、指示代词 单数 复数 近指 this these 远指 that those 注意： 1、this 和 that有时可用作状语，表示程度，分别意为“这么”和“那么”。 2、this和these指时间或空间上离说话者较近的人/物；that和those指时间或空间上离说话者较远的人/物 3、that和 those可用来指代上文内容，以避免重复 4、在电话用语中，通常用 this指自己，用 that 指对方 5、不定代词：不定代词是指不明确指代某个人、某些人、某个事物或某些事物的代词。 one：表示具体的一个人或一个事物 1、one具有名词和形容词的性质，表示“一个”，指代可数名词单数，既可指人也可指物。 单数 复数 物主代词 反身代词 one ones one’ s oneself 2 、单独使用时，泛指“人，一个人，人们” 3、指代上文已经出现过的可数名词单数，表示泛指含义，以避免重复 4、one泛指与前面提到的名词是同类的另一件东西，即“同名异物”；it指代前面提到的同一件东西，即“同名同物”。 some和any 的用法 1、some意为“一些，几个”，通常用于肯定句中；any意为“一些，任何”，通常用于否定句和疑问句中。但在表示请求、建议，并期望得到对方的肯定回答时，通常用 some而不用 any 2、any也可用于肯定句中，与可数名词单数连用，意为“任一” 3、在否定句中，some表示部分否定，any表示全部否定 4、由 some和 any构成的合成词的用法 somebody= someone某人 something 某物/某事 anybody= anyone任何人 anything 任何事/任何东西 注意： (1) something 和 anything 有形容词修饰时,形容词要置于其后 (2) something 和 anything 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 both和 all的用法 1、both和all都表示“全都，全部”，用于指代或修饰可数名词复数，但both特指两个人或事物，而all特 指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 2、both和 all均位于实义动词之前，连系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。 3、both与not连用时表部分否定,意为“两者并不都”;all与not连用时也表示部分否定，意为“并非所有 的” 4、若 both of/all of后面为名词,of 可省略;若用于人称代词前，则of不可省略。 other, the other和 another的用法 1、other表泛指，意为“另外的，其他的”，修饰名词复数，不能单独使用，前面可用 some, any, no, many,a few等修饰,表示除已经提到之外的其他人或事物 2、the other表示“两者中的另一个”，可单独使用，也可修饰可数名词，在句中作主语或宾语,常与 one连用,构成“one... the other...” 3、others相当于“other+可数名词复数”。常与 some连用,构成“some…, others…”,意为“一些……,另一些……” 4、the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”,特指一定范围内“其余的人或物” 5、another用于名词单数前，可以作代词或形容词，泛指三者或三者以上不确定数目中的“另一个”或“再一个” 6、“another+数词”=“数词+ more”,表示“另外……” many 和 much 的用法 1、 many 和 much都表示“许多，大量”，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等。many修饰可数名词，作主语 时，谓语动词用复数；much修饰不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数 2、 more 是 many和 much 的比较级,意为“较多的,更多的”; most是many和 much的最高级，意为“大多 数的，最多的” 3、too many和 too much都表示“太多”, too many修饰可数名词复数,too much修饰不可数名词 4、too much 和 much too都用来表达过度的意思, too much意为“太多”, much too 意为“太……” 5、many of 和 much of都表示“许多……”, many of后接可数名词复数，much of后接不可数名词 few,a few, little和 a little的用法 代词 含义 句法功能 用法 few 很少，几乎没有 主语、宾语、表语或定语 修饰或代替可数名词复数 a few 有几个 little 很少，几乎没有 主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语 修饰或代替不可数名词 a little 有一点儿 no one, none和 none of的用法 代词 含义及用法 例句 no one 意为“没有人”，相当于nobody,后面不能接 of短语 No one/ Nobody likes it.没人喜欢它。 none 意为“没有任何(人或事物)”，强调数量一个都没有，通常只用作名词，在句子中作主语、宾语等，既可以指人，又可以指物 — Did any of your friends come to see you? — None. ——你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗? ———个也没来。 I have many books, but none is interesting. 我有很多书，但没有一本是有趣的。 none of 意为“没有任何⋯⋯”，后用可数名词复数或不可数名词，有时也可接代词 None of these soldiers are afraid of danger. 这些士兵们没有一个害怕危险。 None of us was going to the party. 我们之中没人打算去那个聚会。 注意：no one常用来回答 who 的提问; none 常用来回答 how many/ much的提问。 一、单项选择 1．It’s a _________ you missed the school’s basketball match yesterday. A．problem B．pleasure C．pity D．dream 【答案】C 【详解】句意：你错过了昨天学校的篮球比赛，真是遗憾。   problem问题；pleasure愉快；pity遗憾，可惜；dream梦想。根据“missed the school’s basketball match”（错过了学校的篮球比赛）可知，此处表达的是惋惜之情，固定句型“It’s a pity + that从句”意为“真是遗憾……”，故选用pity。 2．________ flat is on the third floor, but ________ is on the fifth floor. A．Li Lei and Li Hua’s; my B．Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; mine C．Li Lei and Li Hua’s; mine D．Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; my 【答案】C 【详解】句意：李雷和李华的公寓在三楼，但我的（公寓）在五楼。 第一空，中心词flat是单数，表示两人共同拥有，所有格形式为“Li Lei and Li Hua’s”；若表示各自拥有，名词通常为复数。第二空，空格后无名词，需用名词性物主代词mine充当主语，指代“my flat”；my为形容词性物主代词，后必须接名词。 3．________ change makes many glaciers disappear. A．Social B．Balanced C．Climate D．Large 【答案】C 【详解】句意：气候变化使许多冰川消失。   Social社会的；Balanced平衡的；Climate气候；Large大的。根据常识，冰川消失的主要原因是全球变暖导致的气候变化，故选用Climate。 4．We only have ________ meat left. Let’s go to the supermarket to buy some. A．a little B．a few C．many D．enough 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们只剩下一点肉了。我们去超市买一些吧。 a little一点（修饰不可数名词，表示肯定意义）；a few一些（修饰可数名词复数）；many许多（修饰可数名词复数）；enough足够。根据“Let’s go to the supermarket to buy some”（我们去超市买一些吧）可知，剩下的肉很少，但并非完全没有；meat为不可数名词，应用a little。 5．________ smile, like a cup of hot milk on a cold morning, always brings us ________. A．Parents; health B．Parent’s; luck C．Parents’; warmth D．Parent; surprise 【答案】C 【详解】句意：父母的微笑，就像寒冷早晨的一杯热牛奶，总是带给我们温暖。 health健康；luck运气；warmth温暖；surprise惊喜。第一空修饰名词“smile”，表泛指父母双方，要用复数名词所有格形式Parents’；第二空根据“like a cup of hot milk on a cold morning”可知，带来的是温暖，对应warmth。 6．I don’t have ________ money to buy this new phone. A．many B．much C．a few D．enough 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我没有足够的钱买这部新手机。 many许多（修饰可数名词复数）；much许多（修饰不可数名词）；a few一些（修饰可数名词复数）；enough足够的。根据“to buy this new phone”可知，缺乏的是足够的钱；money为不可数名词，且表示“足够的钱”应用enough。 7．—Is Mr Liu a teacher with a lot of teaching ______? —Yes, he is. He also likes telling us his funny ______ after class. A．experience; experiences B．experiences; experiences C．experiences; experience D．experience; experience 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——刘老师是一位有丰富教学经验的老师吗？——是的，他是。他还喜欢在课后给我们讲他的有趣经历。 experience作“经验”讲时，是不可数名词；作“经历”讲时，是可数名词。第一空表示“教学经验”，是不可数名词，用experience；第二空表示“有趣的经历”，是可数名词，用experiences。 8．The Summer Palace is worth _______. You _______ its beauty until you go there yourself. A．a visit; will know B．to visit; will know C．a visit; won’t know D．to visit; won’t know 【答案】C 【详解】句意：颐和园值得一游。直到你亲自去那里，你才会了解它的美。 be worth a visit表示“值得一游”，not...until...表示“直到……才……”；根据“be worth+名词”和“not...until...”的固定用法，应填a visit；won’t know。 9．—How much are these ________? I want to buy them for my brother. — They’re 30 yuan. They’re on sale today. A．pair of cotton sock B．pairs of cotton socks C．pair of cotton socks D．pairs of cotton sock 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——这些棉袜多少钱？我想给我弟弟买。——它们30元。今天特价。 考查名词单复数。pair of cotton sock一双棉袜，sock应为复数socks；pairs of cotton socks多双棉袜，正确；pair of cotton socks一双棉袜，但these后需用复数pairs；pairs of cotton sock多双棉袜，sock应为复数socks。根据问句中“these”和答句中“They’re”可知，此处指多双袜子，需用复数形式“pairs of cotton socks”。故选B。 10．—How many ________ doctors are there in your hospital, David? —________ them ________ over one hundred. A．woman；The number of；is B．women；A number of；are C．woman；A number of；is D．women；The number of；is 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——戴维，你们医院有多少女医生？——她们的数量超过一百。 考查名词作定语和主谓一致。第一空：名词作定语时，通常用单数形式，但“woman”和“man”修饰复数名词时需变为复数“women/men”，此处修饰复数名词“doctors”，故用“women”；第二空和第三空：“The number of”意为“……的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数；“A number of”意为“许多”，修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数，根据答语“over one hundred”可知是描述总数量，应用“The number of...is”。故选D。 11．—Did you make this cake by ________? —Yes, I learned it all by ________. A．you; myself B．yourself; me C．yourself; myself D．you; me 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——这个蛋糕是你自己做的吗？ ——是的，我全是自学的。 you你；myself我自己；yourself你自己；me我（宾格）。“by oneself”表示“独自地”，主语“you”对应的反身代词是yourself；答句中主语“I”对应的反身代词是myself。所以选C。 12．—Is this eraser ________? I found it in the lost and found box. —No, it isn’t ________. It’s Tom’s. A．hers; yours B．your; mine C．yours; mine 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——这块橡皮是你的吗？我在失物招领箱发现的。 ——不是我的，它是汤姆的。   hers她的；yours你的；your你的；mine我的。两空后均无名词，需用名词性物主代词，结合对话语境依次填yours；mine。 13．There are many fun activities, but ________ of my family likes playing video games too much. A．none B．all C．both D．either 【答案】A 【详解】句意：有很多娱乐活动，但我的家人中没有人太喜欢玩电子游戏。 none没有一个，毫无（常用于‌三者或三者以上的人或物‌的否定）；all所有的，全部的（常用于‌三者或三者以上的人或物‌的肯定）；both两者都；either两者任一。根据句中的转折词but和谓语动词likes（第三人称单数形式）可知，此处表达的是“没有一个家人喜欢玩电子游戏”，只有none符合语法和语境。 14．—How ________ water did the bottle hold originally? —It could hold 500ml, but now there is only ________ left, not ________ for us to drink. A．much; a little; enough B．many; a few; much C．much; few; enough D．many; a little; many 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——这个瓶子原来装了多少水？——它能装500毫升，但现在只剩下一点了，不够我们喝。 much许多（修饰不可数名词）；many许多（修饰可数名词复数）；a little一点（修饰不可数名词）；a few几个（修饰可数名词复数）；few几乎没有（修饰可数名词复数）；enough足够的。第一空water为不可数名词，用much；第二空表示“只剩下一点水”，water为不可数名词，用a little；第三空表示“不够我们喝”，用enough。应填much; a little; enough。 15．—Wow! You have so many skirts. —But _________ of them are in fashion now. I want to buy some in fashion. A．all B．both C．neither D．none 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——哇！你有这么多裙子。—— 但是现在它们没有一个是流行的。我想买一些流行的。 all全部；both两者都；neither两者都不；none三者或以上都不。根据“so many skirts”可知裙子数量超过两件，排除指代两者的Both和Neither；根据But转折及后句“想买一些流行的”可知现在的都不流行，表示三者或以上的“都不”用none表示。 16．— How ________ money did you spend on the new pen? — I spent ________ money on it, only 5 yuan, which is ________ than I thought. A．much; a little; less B．many; a few; fewer C．much; few; less D．many; a little; fewer 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你买这支新钢笔花了多少钱？——我只花了一点钱在上面，只有5元，这比我想象的少。 many/much：many后接可数名词复数，much后接不可数名词，句中money是不可数名词，所以第一空用much； a few/few/a little/little：a few/few修饰可数名词复数，a little/little修饰不可数名词，money是不可数名词，所以第二空用a little（表示“一点，少量”，含肯定意味）； fewer/less：fewer是few的比较级，修饰可数名词复数，less是little的比较级，修饰不可数名词，句中比较的对象是money（不可数名词），所以第三空用less。 17．—Hey, Helen. ________ is waiting for you in the library. —It must be Jenny. A．Someone B．Everyone C．Anyone D．No one 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——嘿，海伦。有人在图书馆等你。——一定是珍妮。 Someone有人，某人；Everyone每个人；Anyone任何人；No one没有人。根据答语“It must be Jenny.”可知，此处指有某个人在等海伦，且用于肯定句中。因此选A。 18．—Who helped you look after ________ when you were ill? —Nobody. I looked after ________ all by myself. A．yourself; me B．you; me C．yourself; myself D．yourselves; ourselves 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你生病时是谁帮你照顾你自己的？——没人。我完全靠自己照顾自己。 yourself你自己；me我（宾格）；you你（主格/宾格）；myself我自己；yourselves你们自己；ourselves我们自己。根据答句主语I以及固定搭配“look after oneself”可知，第一空对应问句的主语you，需用反身代词yourself；第二空对应答句主语I，需用反身代词myself。 19．—Who is in the classroom? —______. The classroom ______. A．Nobody; locks B．None; locks C．Nobody; is locked D．None; locked 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——谁在教室里？——没有人。教室被锁上了。 Nobody没有人；None没有人；lock锁上。根据“Who is in the classroom?”，“The classroom”以及选项可知，教室里没有人，教室被锁上了；主语The classroom与动词lock之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；第一空应填Nobody，第二空应填is locked。 20．It ________ me half an hour ________ my homework every day. A．takes; to do B．takes; doing C．spends; doing D．spends; to do 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我每天做作业要花费半个小时。 本题考查固定句式it takes sb some time to do sth“做某事花费某人多少时间”，根据“every day”可知，本句时态为一般现在时，主语是it，第一空要填动词的第三人称单数形式takes，第二空要填不定式to do。spend“花费”的用法为sb spend time (in) doing sth，与句子成分不符。 二、完成句子 21．Are her running shoes black?（改为同义句） ________ the black running shoes ________? 【答案】 Are hers 【详解】句意：她的跑鞋是黑色的吗？改为同义句，需转换物主代词形式。原句中“her running shoes”表示“她的跑鞋”，可用名词性物主代词“hers”直接指代；句子主语“the black running shoes”为复数，句首的be动词用 Are。 22．旅行能给我们新的经历。 Travel can ________ ________ new experiences. 【答案】 give us 【详解】原句中“给我们”是关键词，表示“给我们……”的固定搭配为“give us…”。句中有情态动词can，后面用动词原形。故填give；us。 23．Soon, these animals won’t have any places to live. (同义句改写) Soon, these animals will ________ ________ place to live. 【答案】 have no 【详解】句意：很快，这些动物将没有任何地方栖息。not...any+名词=no+名词，因此“won’t have any”可转换为“will have no”。 24．当我感到沮丧时，我可以做什么来使自己振奋起来呢？ What can I do ________ when I feel down? 【答案】 to cheer myself up 【详解】原句中“来使自己振奋起来”是关键词，表示“振奋起来”用cheer up，“使自己”表明动作的承受者是主语（I）自己，用反身代词myself“我自己”，cheer up是“动词+副词”结构，代词作宾语时放在中间，即cheer myself up。此处用不定式作目的状语，对应中文的“来……”。 25．There isn’t anything in the river. (同义句转换) There _________ _________ in the river. 【答案】 is nothing 【详解】句意：河里没有任何东西。isn’t anything=is nothing，二者表示相同含义“没有任何东西”。故填is nothing。 26．为何不带领这些来访者参观四合院？   Why not ________? 【答案】show these visitors around the siheyuan 【详解】原句中“带领……参观”是关键词，表示“带领某人参观”的动词短语是show sb. around。Why not后接动词原形，these visitors作宾语，around后接地点the siheyuan。 27．在这个博物馆你可以欣赏来自全世界的数十万珍宝。 You can enjoy ___________________________________ all over the world in this museum. 【答案】hundreds of thousands of treasures from 【详解】原句中“数十万珍宝”是关键词，表示“数十万的”短语是hundreds of thousands of，此处后接名词复数treasures；“来自”用介词from。 28．四合院是由一组四座传统中国房屋组成的一个方形布局。   A siheyuan is ________ ________ ________ four ________ ________ ________ arranged in a ________ ________. 【答案】 made up of traditional Chinese houses square shape 【详解】原句中“由传统中国房屋组成的方形布局”为关键词，表示“由……组成”的短语为“be made up of”，句中be动词为is；表示“传统中国房屋”的短语为“traditional Chinese houses”；表示“方形布局”的短语为“arranged in a square shape”。 29．see    can    crafts    many    you    traditional    different kinds of _______________________________. 【答案】You can see many different kinds of traditional crafts 【详解】根据所给标点可知，应用陈述句的形式。分析所给单词，you作主语，can是情态动词，意为“能够”，后接动词原形，see是动词原形，意为“看见”，many different kinds of是固定短语，表示“许多不同种类的”，traditional是形容词，意为“传统的”，修饰名词crafts“手工艺品”。 30．连词成句。Why, show, not, the, around, the, new, couple, palace _______________________________ 【答案】Why not show the new couple around the palace? 【详解】根据所给标点及所给词可知，本句是特殊疑问句。通常why not用于建议；show表示“展示”，show sb around sp“带某人参观某地”；the new couple表示“这对新人”；the palace表示“宫殿”。 三、完形填空 I am in Shanghai now. The wind is very strong. Leaves fly everywhere. The sky becomes dark. 31 rain pours down because I can see the raindrops are hitting (击打) our windows. My family are staying at home and 32 TV. A big 33 named Bebinca comes to Shanghai at around 7:30 this morning. It is very strong and scary. The 34 of the typhoon has maximum (最大的) winds of 14 levels (级别). The wind is blowing 35 all day and it sounds terrible. My parents stop their work and 36 . My brother and I can’t go to school either. The TV and the Internet both say it is 37 for people to go outside on such a bad day. So there is no one outside now. For me, it’s not a good 38 . People can’t take planes, buses or other public traffic. The weather report says the typhoon brings strong 39 and rain to Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui. It may 40 windows. Two days later, the sun 41 . Our family go outside and find that trees and road signs are uprooted (连根拔起). The heavy rain turns 42 into rivers. Workers are working hard to clear (清理) the water and branches on the streets. Everyone tries their best to 43 . 44 the storm is strong, we work together to overcome it. Everyone stays safe and gets 45 this typhoon. 31．A．Heavy B．Big C．Huge D．Freezing 32．A．watching B．hearing C．looking D．seeing 33．A．voice B．sight C．storm D．energy 34．A．north B．west C．south D．center 35．A．quickly B．strongly C．quietly D．brightly 36．A．stay in B．drop off C．hang out D．work out 37．A．common B．magical C．dangerous D．tiring 38．A．habit B．message C．example D．experience 39．A．clouds B．sand C．winds D．snow 40．A．cut B．break C．kill D．build 41．A．rises B．picks C．pours D．turns 42．A．shops B．houses C．supermarkets D．roads 43．A．treat B．change C．save D．help 44．A．Although B．As C．Because D．Instead 45．A．across B．on C．through D．with 【答案】 31．A 32．A 33．C 34．D 35．B 36．A 37．C 38．D 39．C 40．B 41．A 42．D 43．D 44．A 45．C 【导语】本文以作者的第一视角，讲述了强台风贝碧嘉影响上海的完整经历。 【详解】31．句意：大雨倾泻而下，因为我能看到雨滴打在我们的窗户上。 Heavy重的；Big大的；Huge巨大的；Freezing冷冻的。修饰rain，用heavy，表示大雨。故选A。 32．句意：我的家人呆在家里看电视。 watching看；hearing听；looking看；seeing看见。根据TV可知，用watch修饰，表示看电视。故选A。 33．句意：今天早上7:30左右，一场名为Bebinca的大风暴袭击了上海。 voice声音；sight景象；storm风暴；energy能量。根据“The wind is very strong. Leaves fly everywhere. The sky becomes dark. Heavy rain pours down because I can see the raindrops are hitting (击打) our windows.”可知，是风暴袭击了上海。故选C。 34．句意：台风中心的最大风力为14级。 north北方；west西边的；south南方；center中心。根据“...of the typhoon has maximum (最大的) winds of 14 levels (级别).”可知，是台风中心的最大风力达到14级。故选D。 35．句意：风整天刮得很大，听起来很可怕。 quickly快；strongly强；quietly安静；brightly明亮。根据“it sounds terrible.”可知，风是刮得很大。故选B。 36．句意：我父母停止工作，留在家里。 stay in待在家里；drop off下车；hang out闲逛；work out解决。根据“My parents stop their work”可知，是父母是待在家里。故选A。 37．句意：电视和互联网都说，人们在这么糟糕的一天外出是危险的。 common普通的；magical有魔力的；dangerous危险的；tiring累的。根据“such a bad day.”可知，在糟糕的天气外出是危险的。故选C。 38．句意：对我来说，这不是一次好的经历。 habit习惯；message信息；example例子；experience经历。根据“My brother and I can’t go to school either.”可知，台风天待在家里是不好的经历。故选D。 39．句意：天气预报说，台风给上海、浙江、江苏和安徽带来了强风和暴雨。 clouds云；sand沙；winds风；snow雪。根据“the typhoon”可知，台风是带来强风。故选C。 40．句意：它可能会打碎窗户。 cut切断；break打破；kill杀死；build建立。根据“windows.”可知，台风是会打碎窗户。故选B。 41．句意：两天后，太阳升起。 rises升起；picks捡；pours倒；turns转变。根据“the sun”可知，是太阳升起。故选A。 42．句意：大雨把道路变成了河流。 shops商店；houses房子；supermarkets市场；roads道路。根据“Workers are working hard to clear (清理) the water and branches on the streets.”可知，是把道路变成了河流。故选D。 43．句意：每个人都尽力帮忙。 treat对待；change改变；save拯救；help帮助。根据“Workers are working hard to clear (清理) the water and branches on the streets.”可知，大家是尽力帮忙。故选D。 44．句意：虽然风暴很强，但我们共同努力克服它。 Although虽然；As当；Because因为；Instead代替。根据“the storm is strong, we work together to overcome it.”可知，前后是转折关系，用although引导让步状语从句。故选A。 45．句意：每个人都保持安全，度过这场台风。 across通过；on在……上面；through通过；with和。get through“度过”，固定搭配。故选C。 四、阅读理解 Baduanjin, a kind of Chinese traditional Qigong, has a long history dating back to the Song Dynasty. In the beginning, it was a way to make soldiers strong. It became an exercise practiced by common people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Why is this exercise named “Baduanjin”? The name comes from brocade (锦缎), a kind of beautiful and colorful silk. It shows that the movements are as smooth and soft as silk. For example, the movement called “Draw the Bow to Shoot the Eagle” is lively. You slowly and softly reach out your arms just like pulling a bow. Baduanjin is really good for our health. In fact, every part of it helps our body in different ways. For example, to finish the movement “Shaking Head and Tail”, you need to lean forward and swing the head and hips (髋). It is good for your back and makes you feel relaxed and calm. Another movement “Raising One Arm” is good for your stomach and digestion (消化). To finish it, you need to raise one hand up and press the other down. Today, Baduanjin is getting more and more popular. One reason is that it is good for our health. Another reason is that people of all ages can practice it without any tools, experience or partners. Also, it doesn’t need much time. And you can see people practicing it in parks, on squares or even in their own rooms. It is not only a good exercise, but also a way to show our traditional Chinese culture. 46．When did Baduanjin start? A．Tang Dynasty. B．Song Dynasty. C．Ming Dynasty. D．Qing Dynasty. 47．Why is the movement “Draw the Bow to Shoot the Eagle” mentioned (提到) in paragraph 2? A．To tell us the history of this movement. B．To explain how to do this movement quickly. C．To introduce a lively movement of Baduanjin. D．To show that this movement is smooth and soft. 48．According to the passage, which movement is good for our stomach and digestion? A． B． C． D． 49．What makes Baduanjin so popular according to the passage? a. It’s easy for us to play with friends.    b. It’s good for both our mind and body. c. Both old and young people can practice it.    d. It doesn’t need much time or special space. e. It can make people look young and beautiful. A．abc B．bcd C．cde D．ade 【答案】46．B 47．D 48．A 49．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了中国传统气功“八段锦”的历史起源、名称由来、代表性动作及功效，以及它在当代越来越受欢迎的原因。 【详解】46．由第一段“Baduanjin... has a long history dating back to the Song Dynasty”可知，八段锦起源于宋代。 47．由第二段“It shows that the movements are as smooth and soft as silk. For example, the movement called ‘Draw the Bow to Shoot the Eagle’ is lively”可知，提到“弯弓射雕”这个动作是为了说明八段锦的动作像锦缎一样光滑柔软。 48．由第三段“Another movement ‘Raising One Arm’ is good for your stomach and digestion”可知，“Raising One Arm”（单手托天）对胃和消化有好处。 49．由第四段“One reason is that it is good for our health. Another reason is that people of all ages can practice it... Also, it doesn’t need much time. And you can see people practicing it in parks, on squares or even in their own rooms”可知，八段锦受欢迎的原因包括：对身心健康有益（b）、老少皆宜（c）、不需要太多时间和特殊场地（d）。a项“容易和朋友一起练”文中未提及；e项“让人看起来年轻漂亮”文中未提及。因此选bcd，对应选项B。 五、任务型阅读 As spring arrives, Nanjing’s Zhongshan Mountain becomes lively and beautiful. This mountain is the home of Yuhua Tea. Tea growing here dates from the Six Dynasties period (222 — 589), when ancient tea farmers started to improve (改进) their tea-making skills. The tea grows between forests and plum trees. This special planting way gives the tea a nice natural smell and good quality. People usually pick and make Yuhua Tea around March 20 every year. They only choose the youngest and softest leaves. People later shape the tea into long, thin forms. Making Yuhua Tea needs great care, including picking, drying a little, pan-firing, rolling, shaping, drying again, refining (精制) and roasting (炒). These steps give the tea its special look, rich taste and nice smell. The growing environment makes Yuhua Tea so special. Walk along Wangshan Street in Nanjing, and you can see beautiful tea fields everywhere. Tea pickers move quickly between the rows, picking new leaves. At the same time, tea makers roast the leaves carefully, and a warm, nice smell fills the air. Here, tradition and modern life come together. On one side, quiet tea houses keep the old tea-making craft alive. On the other, lively markets are filled with the warmth of daily life. This spring, visit a comfortable tea house on Wangshan Street and enjoy the sweet smell of Yuhua Tea. 注意：1 — 4 题每个答案不超过6 个单词，5 题词数不限。 50．When does tea growing in Zhongshan Mountain start? 51．What kind of leaves do people choose to make Yuhua Tea? 52．How many steps are there to make the tea? 53．What makes Yuhua Tea truly special? 54．What can we do to keep Yuhua Tea culture alive? 【答案】50．From the Six Dynasties period. 51．The youngest and softest leaves. 52．Eight steps. 53．The growing environment. 54．We can visit tea houses to learn the old tea-making craft and promote Yuhua Tea. 【导语】本文主要介绍了南京钟山雨花茶的种植历史、生长环境、采摘制作的工序与特点，还展现了南京望山街周边的茶文化风貌，说明雨花茶的独特之处，以及传统制茶工艺与现代生活的融合。 50．第一段提到“Tea growing here dates from the Six Dynasties period.”，由此可直接得出答案，钟山的茶叶种植始于六朝时期。 51．第二段提到“They only choose the youngest and softest leaves.”，由此可直接得出答案，人们会选择最嫩、最软的叶子来制作雨花茶。 52．第三段提到制作雨花茶的步骤包括“picking, drying a little, pan-firing, rolling, shaping, drying again, refining and roasting”，共8个步骤。 53．第四段提到“The growing environment makes Yuhua Tea so special.”，由此可直接得出答案，生长环境让雨花茶如此特别。 54．本题为开放性试题，答案不唯一，但观点需基于事实，结合文章内容和自己对茶文化传承的看法、理由，合理作答即可。 六、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 May Day, also called International Workers’ Day, is on May 1st. It is a day to honor all the hard-working people around the world. On this day, most people have a day off from work or school. A lot of 55 (family) go on a short trip or have 56 picnic in the park.Some people use the free time 57 (clean) their houses or gardens. In some cities, there are concerts. People 58 (sing) and dance to celebrate May Day.   59 school, students may learn about the history of the labor movement. They also make thank-you 60 (card) for workers like teachers, doctors, and cleaners. Remember, every job is important. A farmer 61 (grow) our food in the field. A driver takes 62 (we) to places. A nurse takes care of the sick (病人) 63 (careful) in the hospital. So on May Day, let’s say “ 64 (thank) you!” to all workers. 【答案】 55．families 56．a 57．to clean 58．sing 59．At 60．cards 61．grows 62．us 63．carefully 64．Thank 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了五一劳动节的意义，以及人们庆祝这个节日的不同方式，并强调了每一份工作的重要性。 【详解】55．句意：很多家庭会去短途旅行或者在公园野餐。a lot of后接可数名词复数，family的复数形式为families。 56．句意：很多家庭会去短途旅行或者在公园野餐。have a picnic是固定搭配，表示“去野餐”。 57．句意：有些人利用空闲时间打扫他们的房子或花园。use the free time to do sth.是固定用法，表示“利用空闲时间做某事”。 58．句意：人们唱歌跳舞来庆祝五一。全文时态为一般现在时，主语People是复数，谓语动词用原形。 59．句意：在学校，学生们可能会了解劳工运动的历史。at school是固定搭配，表示“在学校”，且句首首字母要大写。 60．句意：他们还会为老师、医生和清洁工等工人制作感谢卡。thank-you card是可数名词，此处表示泛指，需用复数形式。 61．句意：农民在田里种植我们的食物。全文时态为一般现在时，主语A farmer是第三人称单数，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式，grow的第三人称单数形式为grows。 62．句意：司机带我们去不同的地方。take sb. to sp.中sb.作宾语，需用宾格形式，we的宾格为us。 63．句意：护士在医院里细心地照顾病人。此处修饰动词短语takes care of，需用副词形式，careful的副词形式为carefully。 64．句意：所以在五一节，让我们对所有的工人说声 “谢谢！”。thank you是固定表达，且句中引号内首字母要大写。 阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后第1—10小题的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每空一词。 There are many interesting things in different countries. If you are looking for a new thing to experience, maybe you can try to visit the house on the water. There is a special house called the floating (漂浮的) house. It is on the water. The houseboat is a kind of floating house. It is just like a boat on the river, but people can live in it. People can find lots of houseboats in the UK. Many families live on houseboats. They have their own rooms, kitchens and bathrooms on the houseboats. They live their life just like on land. There are lots of floating houses in Canada too. They are different from the houseboats. They are not on the river. They are on the lake. People use very big logs (原木) to make the houses. They connect (连接) the logs together and then build houses on them. They look very beautiful. People in the Netherlands also love floating houses. Their houses are very modern. They are very strong. They can stand big storms (暴风雨). They are very cool. The floating houses are very popular now. They are interesting places for visitors to visit. Many people want to live in them. Country Different floating houses The UK ★ People call them 65 . ★ They are on the 66 . ★ People live on them just like on 67 . 68 ★ They are on the 69 . ★ People use 70 logs to build them. ★ They are very 71 . The Netherlands ★ They are modern and 72 . ★ They can stand 73 storms. ★ They are 74 with visitors. 【答案】 65．houseboats 66．river 67．land 68．Canada 69．lake 70．big 71．beautiful 72．strong 73．big 74．popular 【导语】本文介绍了英国、加拿大和荷兰三个国家的不同水上房屋类型及其特点。 【详解】65．第二段提到“The houseboat is a kind of floating house.”和“People can find lots of houseboats in the UK.”，英国人把这种漂浮房屋称为“houseboats”。故填houseboats。 66．第二段提到“It is just like a boat on the river”，说明了英国的水上房屋位于河流上。故填river。 67．第二段提到“They live their life just like on land.”，可知人们在水上房屋的生活就像在陆地上一样。故填land。 68．第三段提到“There are lots of floating houses in Canada too.”以及表格右侧内容描述的是加拿大的水上房屋特点说明了此处国家应为Canada。 69．第三段中提到“They are not on the river. They are on the lake.”，可知加拿大的漂浮房屋位于湖泊上。故填lake。 70．第三段提到“People use very big logs (原木) to make the houses.”，可知人们使用非常大的原木来建造房屋。故填big。 71．第三段提到“They look very beautiful.”，可知这些房屋看起来很漂亮。故填beautiful。 72．第四段提到“Their houses are very modern. They are very strong.”可知荷兰的房屋既现代又坚固。故填strong。 73．第四段提到“They can stand big storms.”可知这些房屋能承受大的暴风雨。故填big。 74．最后一段提到“The floating houses are very popular now.”和“They are interesting places for visitors to visit.”可知这些漂浮房屋很受游客欢迎。故填popular。 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 暑假作业01 名词 & 代词（巩固培优）（原卷版） 名词：表示人、事物、地点等的具体名称或抽象概念的词 名词 分类 专有名词 人名、地名 Lily, Paris 国家、机构 China, the United Nations 事物 the Yellow River 月份、星期、节日 April, Tuesday, National Day 普通名词 个体名词 pencil, book, dog, apple 集体名词 people, family, team 物质名词 wood, water, air, rice 抽象名词 information, health, education 名词的数 可数名词 chair, box, man 不可数名词 water, milk, homework 常见的既可数又不可数的名词 chicken, fish, hair 名词所有格 -’s所有格的构成及用法 Jimmy's book of 所有格的构成及用法 the legs of the table 双重所有格 a novel of Lu Xun’ s 一、名词的分类 1、专有名词是指具体的人、地点、国家、机构、事物、月份、星期、节日等的专有名称。 专有名词的首字母要大写，但其中的定冠词、介词等的首字母一般不需要大写。如：the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国 2、普通名词是某类人、事物和抽象概念的名称。 普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，其中可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 (1) 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或事物。 个体名词有单、复数之分，表示一个人或事物时用单数形式，前面可直接用a/an修饰；表示两个或两个以上的人或事物时用复数形式，前面可用数词修饰。 (2)集体名词表示由若干个体组成的集合体，是同一类许多个体的集合的总称。 集体名词表示的是一群人或一些事物，有些集体名词虽然没有形式变化，但表示复数意义，其作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 如：The people in the village are very friendly.这个村子里的人都很友好。 有些集体名词常以单数形式出现，当它们侧重整体概念，表示单数意义且作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它们侧重整体中的成员，表示复数意义且作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 His family are waiting for him.他的家人正在等他。 His family comes from China. 他家来自中国。 物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物。常见的物质名词有材料、食物、饮品以及气体等。 抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。 二、名词的数 1、可数名词：可以用数目来计算的人或物。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个及以上的人或事物时，用复数形式。 单数形式：单数的可数名词或名词短语前一般有限定词，如：冠词a/an、the，指示代词this、that，形容词性物主代词my、your、his、her、our、their，名词所有格Mary’s 等。 注意： 冠词a用于辅音音素开头的可数名词前；an用于元音音素开头的可数名词前，而不是元音字母开头的名词前。如： There is an apple on the table. Marry dances for an hour every day. She has an umbrella and a useful book. 单数可数名词变复数形式的常见规则： 变化规则 例词 直接在词尾加-s，清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/。 map→maps地图；bag→bags袋子 以 s,x, sh, ch 结尾的名词,后加-es,读/ɪz/。 glass→glasses 玻璃杯；box→boxes 盒子； 以f或 fe结尾的名词，先将f 或 fe变成v,再加-es,-ves读/ vz/。 knife→knives 刀；wife→wives妻子； 以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词，先将 y变成i,再加-es,读/ɪz/。 city→cities 城市；baby→babies 婴儿； 以元音字母加 y结尾的名词，直接加-s，读/z/。 boy→boys 男孩；toy→toys玩具；day→days 日子 辅音字母加o结尾 有生命的人或事物词尾加-es，读/z/； hero→heroes英雄 ；tomato→tomatoes 西红柿photo→photos 照片；radio→radios 收音机 无生命的事物词尾加-s，读/z/ 特殊变化 a 变 e man→men 男人；Englishman→ Englishmen 英格兰人 oo变 ee goose→geese 鹅； tooth→teeth 牙齿；foot→feet 脚 特殊变化 mouse→mice 老鼠 词尾变化 ox→oxen 公牛 children孩子 单复数同形 sheep→sheep 绵羊； deer→deer 鹿； fish→fish 鱼(指条数) 注意： 1.由两个名词构成的复合名词(中间有空格)变复数时，通常只需将后面的名词变复数即可。 如：apple tree--apple trees 2.当man 和woman 为复合名词的第一部分时，两部分皆变为复数 如：man worker→men workers 男工人 2、不可数名词：不可以计数的名词。不可数名词没有单、复数之分，前面有无限定词均可。 不可数名词前不能用a/an或表示具体数量的数词，但可以用the或表示数量多少的some、much、a little、little、a lot of 等词或短语来修饰。 不可数名词前还可以用表示数量的可数名词+of 短语来表示数量 如果主语是不可数名词，谓语动词常用单数。 常见的不可数名词：time（时间）、money（钱）、work（工作/劳动）、homework（家庭作业）、news（新闻）、luck（运气）等。 常见的既可数又不可数的名词：chicken、fish、hair、paper、glass、orange、light、time、room、word、work、exercise 三、名词所有格：用来表示名词之间的所属关系，通常译为“……的”。名词所有格有-'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。 -'s所有格 变化规则 例词 在名词词尾直接加“-'s” the cat's tail 那只猫的尾巴 以s或es结尾的名词复数，直接加“-'”或“-'s” the teachers’ office 教师办公室 不以s结尾的名词复数，直接在词后加“-'s” children's toys 孩子们的玩具 复合名词，在词尾加“-'s”或“-'” Jim and Kate's father 吉姆和凯特的爸爸 and连接两个或多个名词 共同所有，只将最后一个名词变为所有格形式； Jim's and Kate's books 吉姆的书和凯特的书 各自所有，则每一个名词都要变为所有格形式 用法 (1) 用于表示人或动物的名词后，意为“……的” (2)用于表示时间、距离、价格、国家、城市、团体等的名词后 (3)用来表示店铺、诊所、学校、住宅等公共建筑时，-'s所有格后常常省略所修饰的名词 (4)-'s所有格表示节日 (5)有时为了避免重复，可以省略上文已提到过或两个所有格修饰的相同的名词，单独使用-'s所有格 of所有格：“名词+ of+名词” (1)无生命的事物或抽象概念常用 of所有格表示所属关系 the top of the hill 山顶 (2)名词化的形容词的所属关系用 of所有格 the life of the poor 穷人的生活 注意：-'s所有格和 of所有格有时可以互换 如：today's weather= the weather of today 今天的天气 双重所有格 ①名词+ of+-'s所有格 如：Lily is a friend of my mother's.莉莉是我妈妈的朋友中的一个。 ②名词+of+名词性物主代词 如：She is a classmate of mine.她是我(众多)同班同学中的一个。 注意：双重所有格和 of所有格的区别 当 of 前的名词是 photo, picture 等时,双重所有格与 of 所有格表示的意义不同。 a photo of Mr. Smith's 史密斯先生(拥有)的一张照片 a photo of Mr. Smith史密斯先生(本人)的一张照片 代词：表示人、事物、地点等的具体名称或抽象概念的词 代 词 人称代词 主格、宾格 it的用法 指提到过的或正在谈论的动物或事物 指不明性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人 物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 oneself 指示代词 this, that, these, those this 和 these 指代时间或空间上离说话者较近的人或事物； that 和 those指代时间或空间上离说话者较远的人或事物 that 和 those可用来指代上文内容，以避免重复 在电话用语中，通常用 this指自己，用 that指对方 不定代词 one的用法, some 和 any 的用法, both 和 all 的用法, each 和every 的用法； other, the other 和another 的用法, many 和 much 的用法； few, a few, little 和 a little 的用法, no one, none 和 none of 的用法 一、代词的分类 1、人称代词是指代人或事物的代词，有人称、数和格的变化。 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her they them it it they them 注意： 多个人称代词并列时的顺序 单数：你、他/她、我 (you→he/she→I) 复数：我们、你们、他们 (we→you→they) 常用 it的固定句型 (1) It is/ was+形容词/名词短语(+ for sb.) + to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)… (2) It is/ was+形容词+ of sb.+ to do sth.某人做某事是······的 (3) It's time for/ to do...到······的时间了 (4) It takes sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间 2、物主代词：物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 我的 你的 他(她/它)的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性物主代词 my your his/ her/ its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/ hers/ its ours yours theirs 形容词性物主代词 1、形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词前，用作定语。 2、形容词性物主代词后加 own表示强调，意为“某人自己的”；在组成“of one’s own”结构时，其后不加名词，只能置于名词后作定语 3、常用的含形容词性物主代词的固定搭配 all one's life一生;终生；lose one's way迷路；in one's mind在某人看来；on one's way 在去往某地的路上 try/ do one's best尽某人最大努力；to one's surprise令某人惊讶的是；with one's help 在某人的帮助下 名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词起名词的作用，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，不能用于名词之前，常置于系动词、介词和及物动词之后，用作主语、宾语或表语。 2、名词性物主代词与 of连用构成双重所有格，作后置定语。 3、反身代词：反身代词是表示反身或强调作用的代词，用于指代某人或者某物本身，表示“我(们)自己”“他(们)/她(们)/它(们)自己” 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself/ herself/ itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词的固定搭配 by oneself 独自；for oneself 亲自；help oneself 自便；cannot help oneself 情不自禁；teach oneself 自学； 反身代词与所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性质、数上应保持一致 4、指示代词 单数 复数 近指 this these 远指 that those 注意： 1、this 和 that有时可用作状语，表示程度，分别意为“这么”和“那么”。 2、this和these指时间或空间上离说话者较近的人/物；that和those指时间或空间上离说话者较远的人/物 3、that和 those可用来指代上文内容，以避免重复 4、在电话用语中，通常用 this指自己，用 that 指对方 5、不定代词：不定代词是指不明确指代某个人、某些人、某个事物或某些事物的代词。 one：表示具体的一个人或一个事物 1、one具有名词和形容词的性质，表示“一个”，指代可数名词单数，既可指人也可指物。 单数 复数 物主代词 反身代词 one ones one’ s oneself 2 、单独使用时，泛指“人，一个人，人们” 3、指代上文已经出现过的可数名词单数，表示泛指含义，以避免重复 4、one泛指与前面提到的名词是同类的另一件东西，即“同名异物”；it指代前面提到的同一件东西，即“同名同物”。 some和any 的用法 1、some意为“一些，几个”，通常用于肯定句中；any意为“一些，任何”，通常用于否定句和疑问句中。但在表示请求、建议，并期望得到对方的肯定回答时，通常用 some而不用 any 2、any也可用于肯定句中，与可数名词单数连用，意为“任一” 3、在否定句中，some表示部分否定，any表示全部否定 4、由 some和 any构成的合成词的用法 somebody= someone某人 something 某物/某事 anybody= anyone任何人 anything 任何事/任何东西 注意： (1) something 和 anything 有形容词修饰时,形容词要置于其后 (2) something 和 anything 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 both和 all的用法 1、both和all都表示“全都，全部”，用于指代或修饰可数名词复数，但both特指两个人或事物，而all特 指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 2、both和 all均位于实义动词之前，连系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。 3、both与not连用时表部分否定,意为“两者并不都”;all与not连用时也表示部分否定，意为“并非所有 的” 4、若 both of/all of后面为名词,of 可省略;若用于人称代词前，则of不可省略。 other, the other和 another的用法 1、other表泛指，意为“另外的，其他的”，修饰名词复数，不能单独使用，前面可用 some, any, no, many,a few等修饰,表示除已经提到之外的其他人或事物 2、the other表示“两者中的另一个”，可单独使用，也可修饰可数名词，在句中作主语或宾语,常与 one连用,构成“one... the other...” 3、others相当于“other+可数名词复数”。常与 some连用,构成“some…, others…”,意为“一些……,另一些……” 4、the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”,特指一定范围内“其余的人或物” 5、another用于名词单数前，可以作代词或形容词，泛指三者或三者以上不确定数目中的“另一个”或“再一个” 6、“another+数词”=“数词+ more”,表示“另外……” many 和 much 的用法 1、 many 和 much都表示“许多，大量”，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等。many修饰可数名词，作主语 时，谓语动词用复数；much修饰不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数 2、 more 是 many和 much 的比较级,意为“较多的,更多的”; most是many和 much的最高级，意为“大多 数的，最多的” 3、too many和 too much都表示“太多”, too many修饰可数名词复数,too much修饰不可数名词 4、too much 和 much too都用来表达过度的意思, too much意为“太多”, much too 意为“太……” 5、many of 和 much of都表示“许多……”, many of后接可数名词复数，much of后接不可数名词 few,a few, little和 a little的用法 代词 含义 句法功能 用法 few 很少，几乎没有 主语、宾语、表语或定语 修饰或代替可数名词复数 a few 有几个 little 很少，几乎没有 主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语 修饰或代替不可数名词 a little 有一点儿 no one, none和 none of的用法 代词 含义及用法 例句 no one 意为“没有人”，相当于nobody,后面不能接 of短语 No one/ Nobody likes it.没人喜欢它。 none 意为“没有任何(人或事物)”，强调数量一个都没有，通常只用作名词，在句子中作主语、宾语等，既可以指人，又可以指物 — Did any of your friends come to see you? — None. ——你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗? ———个也没来。 I have many books, but none is interesting. 我有很多书，但没有一本是有趣的。 none of 意为“没有任何⋯⋯”，后用可数名词复数或不可数名词，有时也可接代词 None of these soldiers are afraid of danger. 这些士兵们没有一个害怕危险。 None of us was going to the party. 我们之中没人打算去那个聚会。 注意：no one常用来回答 who 的提问; none 常用来回答 how many/ much的提问。 一、单项选择 1．It’s a _________ you missed the school’s basketball match yesterday. A．problem B．pleasure C．pity D．dream 2．________ flat is on the third floor, but ________ is on the fifth floor. A．Li Lei and Li Hua’s; my B．Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; mine C．Li Lei and Li Hua’s; mine D．Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; my 3．________ change makes many glaciers disappear. A．Social B．Balanced C．Climate D．Large 4．We only have ________ meat left. Let’s go to the supermarket to buy some. A．a little B．a few C．many D．enough 5．________ smile, like a cup of hot milk on a cold morning, always brings us ________. A．Parents; health B．Parent’s; luck C．Parents’; warmth D．Parent; surprise 6．I don’t have ________ money to buy this new phone. A．many B．much C．a few D．enough 7．—Is Mr Liu a teacher with a lot of teaching ______? —Yes, he is. He also likes telling us his funny ______ after class. A．experience; experiences B．experiences; experiences C．experiences; experience D．experience; experience 8．The Summer Palace is worth _______. You _______ its beauty until you go there yourself. A．a visit; will know B．to visit; will know C．a visit; won’t know D．to visit; won’t know 9．—How much are these ________? I want to buy them for my brother. — They’re 30 yuan. They’re on sale today. A．pair of cotton sock B．pairs of cotton socks C．pair of cotton socks D．pairs of cotton sock 10．—How many ________ doctors are there in your hospital, David? —________ them ________ over one hundred. A．woman；The number of；is B．women；A number of；are C．woman；A number of；is D．women；The number of；is 11．—Did you make this cake by ________? —Yes, I learned it all by ________. A．you; myself B．yourself; me C．yourself; myself D．you; me 12．—Is this eraser ________? I found it in the lost and found box. —No, it isn’t ________. It’s Tom’s. A．hers; yours B．your; mine C．yours; mine 13．There are many fun activities, but ________ of my family likes playing video games too much. A．none B．all C．both D．either 14．—How ________ water did the bottle hold originally? —It could hold 500ml, but now there is only ________ left, not ________ for us to drink. A．much; a little; enough B．many; a few; much C．much; few; enough D．many; a little; many 15．—Wow! You have so many skirts. —But _________ of them are in fashion now. I want to buy some in fashion. A．all B．both C．neither D．none 16．— How ________ money did you spend on the new pen? — I spent ________ money on it, only 5 yuan, which is ________ than I thought. A．much; a little; less B．many; a few; fewer C．much; few; less D．many; a little; fewer 17．—Hey, Helen. ________ is waiting for you in the library. —It must be Jenny. A．Someone B．Everyone C．Anyone D．No one 18．—Who helped you look after ________ when you were ill? —Nobody. I looked after ________ all by myself. A．yourself; me B．you; me C．yourself; myself D．yourselves; ourselves 19．—Who is in the classroom? —______. The classroom ______. A．Nobody; locks B．None; locks C．Nobody; is locked D．None; locked 20．It ________ me half an hour ________ my homework every day. A．takes; to do B．takes; doing C．spends; doing D．spends; to do 二、完成句子 21．Are her running shoes black?（改为同义句） ________ the black running shoes ________? 22．旅行能给我们新的经历。 Travel can ________ ________ new experiences. 23．Soon, these animals won’t have any places to live. (同义句改写) Soon, these animals will ________ ________ place to live. 24．当我感到沮丧时，我可以做什么来使自己振奋起来呢？ What can I do ________ when I feel down? 25．There isn’t anything in the river. (同义句转换) There _________ _________ in the river. 26．为何不带领这些来访者参观四合院？   Why not ________? 27．在这个博物馆你可以欣赏来自全世界的数十万珍宝。 You can enjoy ___________________________________ all over the world in this museum. 28．四合院是由一组四座传统中国房屋组成的一个方形布局。   A siheyuan is ________ ________ ________ four ________ ________ ________ arranged in a ________ ________. 29．see    can    crafts    many    you    traditional    different kinds of _______________________________. 30．连词成句。Why, show, not, the, around, the, new, couple, palace _______________________________ 三、完形填空 I am in Shanghai now. The wind is very strong. Leaves fly everywhere. The sky becomes dark. 31 rain pours down because I can see the raindrops are hitting (击打) our windows. My family are staying at home and 32 TV. A big 33 named Bebinca comes to Shanghai at around 7:30 this morning. It is very strong and scary. The 34 of the typhoon has maximum (最大的) winds of 14 levels (级别). The wind is blowing 35 all day and it sounds terrible. My parents stop their work and 36 . My brother and I can’t go to school either. The TV and the Internet both say it is 37 for people to go outside on such a bad day. So there is no one outside now. For me, it’s not a good 38 . People can’t take planes, buses or other public traffic. The weather report says the typhoon brings strong 39 and rain to Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui. It may 40 windows. Two days later, the sun 41 . Our family go outside and find that trees and road signs are uprooted (连根拔起). The heavy rain turns 42 into rivers. Workers are working hard to clear (清理) the water and branches on the streets. Everyone tries their best to 43 . 44 the storm is strong, we work together to overcome it. Everyone stays safe and gets 45 this typhoon. 31．A．Heavy B．Big C．Huge D．Freezing 32．A．watching B．hearing C．looking D．seeing 33．A．voice B．sight C．storm D．energy 34．A．north B．west C．south D．center 35．A．quickly B．strongly C．quietly D．brightly 36．A．stay in B．drop off C．hang out D．work out 37．A．common B．magical C．dangerous D．tiring 38．A．habit B．message C．example D．experience 39．A．clouds B．sand C．winds D．snow 40．A．cut B．break C．kill D．build 41．A．rises B．picks C．pours D．turns 42．A．shops B．houses C．supermarkets D．roads 43．A．treat B．change C．save D．help 44．A．Although B．As C．Because D．Instead 45．A．across B．on C．through D．with 四、阅读理解 Baduanjin, a kind of Chinese traditional Qigong, has a long history dating back to the Song Dynasty. In the beginning, it was a way to make soldiers strong. It became an exercise practiced by common people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Why is this exercise named “Baduanjin”? The name comes from brocade (锦缎), a kind of beautiful and colorful silk. It shows that the movements are as smooth and soft as silk. For example, the movement called “Draw the Bow to Shoot the Eagle” is lively. You slowly and softly reach out your arms just like pulling a bow. Baduanjin is really good for our health. In fact, every part of it helps our body in different ways. For example, to finish the movement “Shaking Head and Tail”, you need to lean forward and swing the head and hips (髋). It is good for your back and makes you feel relaxed and calm. Another movement “Raising One Arm” is good for your stomach and digestion (消化). To finish it, you need to raise one hand up and press the other down. Today, Baduanjin is getting more and more popular. One reason is that it is good for our health. Another reason is that people of all ages can practice it without any tools, experience or partners. Also, it doesn’t need much time. And you can see people practicing it in parks, on squares or even in their own rooms. It is not only a good exercise, but also a way to show our traditional Chinese culture. 46．When did Baduanjin start? A．Tang Dynasty. B．Song Dynasty. C．Ming Dynasty. D．Qing Dynasty. 47．Why is the movement “Draw the Bow to Shoot the Eagle” mentioned (提到) in paragraph 2? A．To tell us the history of this movement. B．To explain how to do this movement quickly. C．To introduce a lively movement of Baduanjin. D．To show that this movement is smooth and soft. 48．According to the passage, which movement is good for our stomach and digestion? A． B． C． D． 49．What makes Baduanjin so popular according to the passage? a. It’s easy for us to play with friends.    b. It’s good for both our mind and body. c. Both old and young people can practice it.    d. It doesn’t need much time or special space. e. It can make people look young and beautiful. A．abc B．bcd C．cde D．ade 五、任务型阅读 As spring arrives, Nanjing’s Zhongshan Mountain becomes lively and beautiful. This mountain is the home of Yuhua Tea. Tea growing here dates from the Six Dynasties period (222 — 589), when ancient tea farmers started to improve (改进) their tea-making skills. The tea grows between forests and plum trees. This special planting way gives the tea a nice natural smell and good quality. People usually pick and make Yuhua Tea around March 20 every year. They only choose the youngest and softest leaves. People later shape the tea into long, thin forms. Making Yuhua Tea needs great care, including picking, drying a little, pan-firing, rolling, shaping, drying again, refining (精制) and roasting (炒). These steps give the tea its special look, rich taste and nice smell. The growing environment makes Yuhua Tea so special. Walk along Wangshan Street in Nanjing, and you can see beautiful tea fields everywhere. Tea pickers move quickly between the rows, picking new leaves. At the same time, tea makers roast the leaves carefully, and a warm, nice smell fills the air. Here, tradition and modern life come together. On one side, quiet tea houses keep the old tea-making craft alive. On the other, lively markets are filled with the warmth of daily life. This spring, visit a comfortable tea house on Wangshan Street and enjoy the sweet smell of Yuhua Tea. 注意：1 — 4 题每个答案不超过6 个单词，5 题词数不限。 50．When does tea growing in Zhongshan Mountain start? 51．What kind of leaves do people choose to make Yuhua Tea? 52．How many steps are there to make the tea? 53．What makes Yuhua Tea truly special? 54．What can we do to keep Yuhua Tea culture alive? 六、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 May Day, also called International Workers’ Day, is on May 1st. It is a day to honor all the hard-working people around the world. On this day, most people have a day off from work or school. A lot of 55 (family) go on a short trip or have 56 picnic in the park.Some people use the free time 57 (clean) their houses or gardens. In some cities, there are concerts. People 58 (sing) and dance to celebrate May Day.   59 school, students may learn about the history of the labor movement. They also make thank-you 60 (card) for workers like teachers, doctors, and cleaners. Remember, every job is important. A farmer 61 (grow) our food in the field. A driver takes 62 (we) to places. A nurse takes care of the sick (病人) 63 (careful) in the hospital. So on May Day, let’s say “ 64 (thank) you!” to all workers. 阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后第1—10小题的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每空一词。 There are many interesting things in different countries. If you are looking for a new thing to experience, maybe you can try to visit the house on the water. There is a special house called the floating (漂浮的) house. It is on the water. The houseboat is a kind of floating house. It is just like a boat on the river, but people can live in it. People can find lots of houseboats in the UK. Many families live on houseboats. They have their own rooms, kitchens and bathrooms on the houseboats. They live their life just like on land. There are lots of floating houses in Canada too. They are different from the houseboats. They are not on the river. They are on the lake. People use very big logs (原木) to make the houses. They connect (连接) the logs together and then build houses on them. They look very beautiful. People in the Netherlands also love floating houses. Their houses are very modern. They are very strong. They can stand big storms (暴风雨). They are very cool. The floating houses are very popular now. They are interesting places for visitors to visit. Many people want to live in them. Country Different floating houses The UK ★ People call them 65 . ★ They are on the 66 . ★ People live on them just like on 67 . 68 ★ They are on the 69 . ★ People use 70 logs to build them. ★ They are very 71 . The Netherlands ★ They are modern and 72 . ★ They can stand 73 storms. ★ They are 74 with visitors. 7 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $