专题03 阅读理解 说明文（期末真题汇编，福建专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 高中英语说明文阅读理解专题汇编，涵盖人与自然、人与自我、人与社会三大主题，精选福建多地期末真题，注重情境真实性与思维层次性。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|16篇/64题|含科普知识（厨房海绵细菌研究）、环境保护（洞穴生态破坏）、科技发展（AI网球裁判）、情感态度（曝光效应）等|情境贴近生活与科技前沿，问题设计从细节理解（如“time dilation定义”）到推理判断（如“后续段落内容预测”），适配高中英语核心素养考查需求。|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 主题02 人与自我——情感、态度与价值观 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1：1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 主题04 人与社会——科技发展与体育竞技 Passage 1：1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 主题05 人与社会——商业经济与创新 Passage 1：1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 主题06 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 主题07 人与自然——生命科学与神经学 Passage 1：1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 主题08 人与社会——文化艺术与科学应用 Passage 1：1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 主题09 人与社会——道德品质与亲社会行为 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 主题10 人与社会——公共安全与城市规划 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 主题01 人与自然——动物习性与工具使用 Passage 1：1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 主题02 人与自我——读书与学习 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与科技应用 Passage 1：1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 主题04 人与自我——身体保健与疾病预防 Passage 1：1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B 主题05 人与自然——环境污染与公共健康 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 主题06 人与社会——历史发展与商业文化 Passage 1：1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 主题07 人与社会——科技发展与伦理道德 Passage 1：1．B 2．B 3．B 4．A 主题08 人与自然——科技创新与机器人技术 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D 2 / 36 1 / 36 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福州第十一中学·期末） Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1-2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．What encourages bacterial growth. B．How sponges are exactly structured. C．How bacteria grow independently. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Poorly adaptive. B．Relatively harmless. C．Partly distributed. D．Surprisingly unpleasant. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Evidence of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to help bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. 主题02 人与自我——情感、态度与价值观 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州第五中学·期末） Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应), also known as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism(机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we've got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones. It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships. It's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds us back from living our dreams. But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward big-picture thinking, which requires a huge and sudden change that we don't feel ready for. Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout. So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead? Familiarity is something we can learn to play with and enjoy. It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion. We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices. 1．What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more? A．The law of the market. B．The advertising cost. C．The improved service. D．The familiarity principle. 2．What can be learned from paragraph 2? A．Our preferences affect our decisions. B．The familiarity principle is a double-edged sword. C．There can be a mismatch between desires and actions. D．Familiarity tends to result in disrespect. 3．What is the author's attitude to complete exposure to new things? A．Negative. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Effective. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Step Out Of Your Familiarity Zone. B．Gently Expand Your Familiarity Zone. C．Spare A Thought For Your Preference. D．Change The Mere Exposure Effect. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州第五中学·期末） A dropped bag of chips disturbed a cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. This cave is almost cut off from the outside world, so introducing anything foreign can be harmful. “Things in the damp cave get wet quickly,” says park guide Ashley. The snack attracts tiny organisms, causing unwanted growth. Soon, small animals like crickets and spiders came to eat, spreading the pollution. Rangers found the bag within hours. “But that can be all it takes,” says Ashley. “I’m sure some crickets got a bit of the snack.” Over 500 million people visit American public lands each year, creating many chances to harm wild places. “When you look at the numbers, it’s incredible,” says Watts, head of the Leave No Trace Center in Colorado, an organization aimed at minimizing human impact on nature. Food waste takes a long time to break down, especially in certain areas. “It takes much longer for an apple core to rot in a desert than in a forest,” says Blye, a teacher at the University of Utah. Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous results. Bears who taste garbage and become a threat to humans may have to be put down. “Bears can get used to unnatural food in three weeks,” says Watts. “Everyone loses in this case.” Biological waste is also problematic. Dog waste brings new bacteria into the ecosystem and scares away deer. Meanwhile, human waste and toilet paper introduces dangerous bacteria into water sources. In national parks, trails (小路) are designed to avoid sensitive areas. Stepping off the trail, even for a quick photo, can scare wildlife away. Impacts from many visitors result in long-term damage to nature and wildlife. But people don’t think of that when they see the perfect photo opportunity. “It’s just such a hard thing to resist,” says Blye. The risk to sensitive ecosystems isn’t obvious. “It’s easy to think, oh, there’s wildflowers over there. I shouldn’t step on that,” says Blye, but these tiny ecosystems full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion (侵蚀) and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state. 1．What does Ashley mean by “But that can be all it takes.”? A．The rangers’ work is efficient. B．The damage has been done. C．The cleanup takes a long time. D．The pollution has spread widely. 2．What is a result of foreign waste in public lands? A．A shift in animal behavior. B．A shortage of food supplies. C．A decline in bacterial species. D．An increase in conflicts between animals. 3．Why does the writer mention wildflowers in paragraph 5? A．To praise their benefits to desert life. B．To highlight our ignorance of wildlife. C．To stress their significance for photography. D．To show our unawareness of nature’s sensitivity. 4．It is conveyed in this passage that we should ________. A．encourage wildlife protection B．leave no trace in the wild C．promote national park tourism D．restore ecological damage 主题04 人与社会——科技发展与体育竞技 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建龙岩·期末） Wimbledon’s tennis court has seen its share of rivalries (较量). But for David Almog, a behavioral economist at Northwestern University, the more fascinating rivalry is judges vs machine. How AI oversight affects human decision-making is an important issue. Drivers and traders already routinely see their poor judgment corrected by AI. Much of this correction happens out of the public eye, making it hard to analyze. But, according to Mr. Almog, “Tennis is one of the most visible settings where final decision rights are entrusted to AI.” Hence he and his colleagues studied nearly 100,000points from 700 matches worldwide, both before and after the introduction of Hawk-Eye ball-tracking system in 2006. Hawk-Eye, now used in most top tournaments, uses cameras around the court to create a 3D model of the ball’s track and display it on screens. Players can challenge calls, with Hawk-Eye’s decision considered final. The analysis from Mr Almog and his colleagues showed that Hawk-Eye oversight has motivated human judges 8% less mistakes. Such an improvement is to be expected, the researchers say, given the heightened watchfulness accompanying the threat of public shaming. Most of the error reduction occurred during rallies (回合) that follow a successful serve (发球) and return. However, when examining serves — especially those landing within 20mm of the line — the error rate surprisingly increased. It turned out judges had switched strategies. Before Hawk-Eye, judges were more likely to incorrectly call a serve out, but afterwards, they tended to let out balls go unchallenged. For every 100 mis-hit serves, post-Hawk-Eye judge left 39 unchallenged, compared to 26before. This shift makes sense; missed faults are less destructive than wrongly calling “out,” which ends the point early and may cause dissent (异议) from players and crowds. It seems that human judges take the less reputationally risky option, even if it leads to more incorrect calls. Tennis’s clear outcomes offer a simple model for AI oversight. But Almog warns similar patterns likely occur in medicine and law. These industries must consider the social costs of errors: judges may under-sentence, doctors over-diagnose. The effect of decision-making are far-reaching. Stay tuned! 1．According to Almog, what’s the rivalry between judges and machine? A．Judgment accuracy. B．Rule observance. C．Caution in match calling. D．Decision-making speed. 2．What did Hawk-Eye lead to when dealing with serves? A．Few misjudged serves overall. B．More unchallenged near-line serves. C．Players have more dissent. D．Judges trust their own calls more. 3．Why did judges make a shift after introducing Hawk-Eye? A．To justify Hawk-Eye’s judgments. B．To lower reputational losses. C．To speed up decision-making. D．To please players and crowds. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Human judgment is always better than AI. B．Hawk-Eye’s accuracy is beyond challenge. C．Technology could replace human judgement. D．Blind trust in AI may misguide decision-making. 主题05 人与社会——商业经济与创新 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建福州八县市协作校·期末） When Barry Libert and Jon Spector set out to write about how social networking might help businesses, they allowed just about anyone with an idea to help write the book. Thousands of people contributed to We Are Smarter Than Me, which is about the wisdom of the crowd. Spector says the book was initially modeled after a popular online encyclopedia (百科全书) written and edited by Internet users. “We’ve actually struggled throughout the process on the differences between the online encyclopedia and writing a book: How do you combine the ideas, and how do you get a single common voice across?” Spector says. Spector and Libert tried to set guidelines for how people should write, but that proved too restrictive. “Finally we said... you have to have no guidelines,“ Spector says. “And we talked to ourselves about giving up control. Were we ready to do it? And eventually we said to ourselves, ‘Look, if we believe in this concept, we have to carry it out.’ And we did. And that’s really when the contributions from the community began to pick up.” The authors felt that social networking wasn’t just about the famous social media platform. “It was really about how businesses might think about crowds,” Libert says. “Not just their employees as crowds, but also customers, partners, distributors, and investors as crowds-and to use those crowds as a way to improve whatever activity they’re working on...” In one success story that proved the power of the crowd, a gold mining company had essentially run out of places to look for gold. It decided to publish its geological data on the Web and allowed outsiders to contribute suggestions for new locations to mine. “They found $3 billion of new gold out there,” Spector says. “There’s just that knowledge out there and that’s the essential premise (前提) of the book: We, some of whom are unknown, are smarter than a small group of experts inside a company.” 1．What made the writing of We Are Smarter Than Me unique? A．It copied the encyclopedia’s editing rules. B．It collected ideas from the public. C．It followed strict writing guidelines. D．It focused on social media impact. 2．Why did the authors finally remove writing guidelines? A．To appeal to more professional writers. B．To make the book more interesting. C．To truly practice their belief in the public. D．To protect employees’ enthusiasm. 3．What does the gold mining company’s example prove? A．Crowds can outperform experts. B．Online data may risk business security. C．Business should involve outsiders. D．Geological data is vital for gold mining. 4．What does the text intend to do? A．Share a writing skill. B．Highlight a trend. C．Recommend a working procedure. D．Clarify a concept. 主题06 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建仙游一中·期末） The concept of time travel has fascinated humans for centuries, appearing in countless works of fiction. But is time travel really possible? According to some scientists, it might be.​ One of the key theories that suggests time travel could be possible is Einstein’s theory of relativity. The theory states that time is not absolute, but is relative to the observer. This means that time can pass at different rates depending on factors such as speed and gravity.​ For example, if an object is moving at a speed close to the speed of light, time for that object will pass more slowly relative to a stationary observer. This is known as time dilation. In theory, if a spaceship were to travel at near the speed of light for a few years, when it returned to Earth, hundreds of years might have passed.​ Another way time travel could be possible is through the use of wormholes. Wormholes are theoretical tunnels in space-time that connect two different points in time and space. If wormholes exist, they could potentially be used to travel back and forth in time.​ However, there are many challenges to making time travel a reality. For one thing, traveling at near the speed of light requires an enormous amount of energy. Wormholes, if they exist, are likely to be very small and unstable, making them unsuitable for travel.​ There are also paradoxes associated with time travel. For example, the grandfather paradox, which asks what would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather before your parent was born. This would mean you would never be born, so you couldn’t have traveled back in time to kill your grandfather.​ Despite these challenges, scientists continue to explore the possibility of time travel. Who knows, maybe one day we will be able to travel through time.​ 1．What theory suggests that time travel could be possible?​ A．Newton’s laws of motion.​ B．Darwin’s theory of evolution.​ C．Einstein’s theory of relativity.​ D．Quantum mechanics.​ 2．What is time dilation?​ A．The idea that time is absolute.​ B．The phenomenon where time passes more slowly for objects moving at near the speed of light.​ C．The theory that wormholes exist.​ D．The paradox associated with time travel.​ 3．What are wormholes?​ A．Tunnels in space-time that connect two different points.​ B．Objects that travel at the speed of light.​ C．Spaceships that can travel through time.​ D．Paradoxes associated with time travel.​ 4．What is the grandfather paradox?​ A．The idea that time travel is impossible.​ B．The theory that wormholes are unstable.​ C．The question of what would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather before your parent was born.​ D．The phenomenon where time passes more quickly for objects in space. 主题07 人与自然——生命科学与神经学 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建三明·期末） Brains play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity. Brains allow for advanced processing of senses, creating clever hunters, hard-to-catch prey, and complicated mating behaviors. They also allow larger, more regulated bodies to evolve. Even brainless plants owe their diversity to interactions with brainy animals, from pollinators to plant- eaters. Since modern human beings appeared, brains began analyzing themselves. A recent finding marks a milestone: researchers published a complete map of neurons 神经元), also called connectome, in an adult fruit fly’s brain. They traced 140,000 neurons and 55 million connections. Earlier projects mapped simpler organisms like worms or fly larvae (幼虫), but this is the first detailed map of a fully grown animal that can move in three dimensions, avoid hunters, and interact with others. In terms of its application prospect, the finding is an extraordinary achievement. It helps researchers comprehend how flies’ neurons work together to turn sensory information into actions. It helps them understand people, too. While fly and human brains operate differently, what works technologically to produce the fly connectome should work for vertebrates (脊椎动物)as well. That will start with mice. Eventually, with enough technology and funding prepared, a human-brain connectome should be double. When this happens, many tricky questions, ranging from how to treat mental diseases to what makes humans human, may be easier to answer. Some people believe brains’ evolutionary speeding up even more. Beyond self- analysis, modern brains now create copies of themselves. The new finding may help people gain a new perspective on the AI technology. Since the mid-20th century, computers have been called “electronic brains”, initially as praise. As AI advances, concerns grow about systems potentially escaping control. However, current AI remains inefficient, needing city- scale power and endless data. A fruit fly, powered by rotting food, outperforms AI in tasks like navigation— skills employed in self- driving cars. Combing evolutionary insights with human creativity might birth a new era of “electronic brains”, pushing neural solution forward. Yet this raises a major question: will human brains and bodies still matter on this journey? For now, the concerns are too early— but the horizon is uncertain. 1．The first paragraph is mainly about brains’ ______. A．origin B．diversity C．importance D．development 2．What sets the recent research apart from previous ones? A．It shows brains analyse themselves. B．It applies a new research technique. C．It maps the neurons of an adult animal. D．It traces more neurons than before. 3．How does the author feel about the application of the finding? A．Concerned. B．Optimistic. C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious. 4．Why is AI mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To show brains’ evolution. B．To raise people’s concern. C．To introduce AI’s development. D．To stress the advantage of brains. 主题08 人与社会——文化艺术与科学应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建莆田·期末） It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out to be wrong. A recent study finds that the woman in the famous painting is actually gazing 15.4 degrees to the right of the viewer—well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. The study’s author, Horstmann said, “She’s not really looking at you, which is kind of funny because people often think the subject’s gaze in artworks or photos seems to follow them around. This is called the ‘Mona Lisa effect’. Even if someone is painted looking straight, viewers from different angles still feel they’re being looked at.”As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the “Mona Lisa effect” occurs. Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him. To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers had 24 people look at pictures of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer. They put a ruler between the screen and the viewer. They asked the people to see where Mona Lisa’s eyes met the ruler. They moved the ruler to measure Mona Lisa’s gaze. They found that most people thought Mona Lisa wasn’t looking directly at them, but a bit to their right. So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first came up with the name “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name. 1．What gaze range in a painting will cause the “Mona Lisa effect”? A． B． C． D． 2．Why did Horstmann conduct the experiment? A．To confirm Horstmann’s new discovery. B．To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze. C．To prove Mona Lisa is looking straight back. D．To explain how the “Mona Lisa effect” can be applied. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The position of the ruler will determine the viewers’ judgement. B．Horstmann thinks it’s cool to invent the term “Mona Lisa effect”. C．The “Mona Lisa effect” contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence. D．Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Positive Effect of “Mona Lisa” B．The Magical Gaze of “Mona Lisa” C．The Measurement of Mona Lisa’ Gaze D．The Application of the “Mona Lisa effect” 主题09 人与社会——道德品质与亲社会行为 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建厦门·期末） When seeing someone being kind or generous, we feel warm inside. Researchers call this “moral elevation (提升),” and it not only feels good but inspires us to do good ourselves. But how much does witnessing good affect us—and why? A new analysis of decades of research aimed to find out the answers. The results suggest that our acts of kindness and generosity, online or offline, can have meaningful ripple effects (连锁反应) in our communities. Researchers combined results from 88 studies involving over 25,000 participants to measure how much our own kindness increases after witnessing someone acting generously—for example, comforting someone crying, donating to charity, or acting cooperatively in a competitive game. In the studies, people would read about or see someone act in a kind way and then have the opportunity to be kind and generous themselves. The analysis showed a reasonably strong effect, where people witnessing kindness tended to act kindness themselves. “The message that the prosocial (亲社会的) behaviors are quite infectious is a really important message that people should know.” says the lead researcher, Haesung Jung. Interestingly, her analyses showed that it didn’t matter how people witnessed a kind act. They could have read about it, watched a TV show, or actually been present when someone helped others. It also doesn’t matter whether or not they saw someone giving material or non-material help. But there were factors that did affect how inspired people were to pay it forward. The more time that had passed since people saw a selfless act, the lower their motivation to help others. It also mattered what kind of response to the kindness people observed. If witnesses saw such people praised or even rewarded with money, they would have a greater likelihood to pay it forward themselves. The research is of great value for society—particularly now, when we need people to act in more prosocial ways. “In organizations, educational settings, and just everyday life, it’s important to highlight kindness, caring, and good social behavior,” says Jung. “Doing good has a much larger impact than people realize.” 1．What is the core nature of moral elevation? A．The desire to help others directly. B．Online and off line community effects. C．Cooperation in taking generous actions. D．Positive impacts from observing kindness. 2．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By tracking witnesses’ behavior for decades. B．By interviewing subjects about their moral beliefs. C．By analyzing former studies about kindness increase. D．By comparing participants’ responses to being helped. 3．Who is more likely to pass on the kindness according to the text? A．A person reading stories of giving online. B．A person seeing kindness being recognized. C．A person noticing others offer non-material help. D．A person experiencing a kind act a few years ago. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Challenges in maintaining consistent generosity. B．Approaches to studying prosocial behavior trends. C．Significance of encouraging prosocial acts in society. D．Necessity for educating the public to present kindness. 主题10 人与社会——公共安全与城市规划 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建厦门·期末） Intersections are deadly places, where more than half of all car crashes occur. A study shows that solving part of this public health crisis could come down to a simple, surprising tool. It’s not a new traffic signal or a big structure: it’s a bucket of paint. Art projects painted onto streets and intersections significantly improve safety, reducing the rate of crashes involving cars and pedestrians (行人) by up to 50% and all crashes by 17%, according to the study. These road art projects include multi-colored wall decorations and paint jobs on the streets, crosswalks, and asphalt (沥青) in and around busy intersections. Often bright and hard for drivers to miss, they tend to cause drivers to slow down, be more careful, and be more attentive to pedestrians. The simple interventions have been adopted as part of Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Asphalt Art Initiative, which has issued funds to 41 U. S. cities and three European cities. This study focused on some of these projects, and its findings provide data to suggest they can make intersections safer. Sadik-Khan, a former commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation, started with a simple paint job on the street and some plastic traffic posts. The project had a positive effect on travel times, increased pedestrian activity, and even benefited businesses in the area. Now, such projects are being extended across the country with similar benefits. Some were completed for just a few thousand dollars. A few cost even hundreds. They don’t automatically translate into safety improvements, though. The study found that asphalt art projects in Atlanta and Decatur, Georgia, weren’t related to crash reductions, with crash rates increasing 41% and 28% respectively. But Bloomberg Philanthropies plans to continue the work. They’ll give $25,000 to as many as 20 European cities to do their own road art projects. With decreased crashes reported in the study, Sadik-Khan is hoping other cities will see the benefit of doing these kinds of projects. 1．What do we know about road art projects? A．They need a great deal of money. B．They function permanently. C．They raise concern in drivers. D．They help drivers concentrate. 2．What does the underlined word “interventions” refer to in paragraph 3? A．Financial investment plans. B．Street painting projects. C．Traffic control regulations. D．Wall decoration practices. 3．What can be inferred about the Asphalt Art Initiative’s future strategy? A．It will expand despite mixed outcomes. B．It will replace traditional traffic methods. C．It will focus on suburban intersections next. D．It will prioritize European cities over US cities. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Bloomberg’s Initiative Transforms American Arts. B．Colorful Roads Boost Local Tourism in Major Cities. C．Innovative Traffic Signals Enhance Pedestrian Safety. D．Cost-Efficient Street Art Ensures Safer Urban Roads. 主题01 人与自然——动物习性与工具使用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建漳州·期末联考） An international research team has discovered that wild chimps (黑猩猩) in Tanzania’s Gombe National Park demonstrate basic engineering skills when making tools. They deliberately select flexible plant materials to create effective“fishing rods” for catching termites (白蚁), showing advanced understanding of material properties. Published in the journal iScience, these findings provide new insights into how animals develop tools using easily damaged materials — a poorly understood aspect of human technological evolution. Termites serve as an important food source for chimps, rich in protein and nutrients. To extract these insects from their complicated underground nests, chimps require thin, bendable sticks that can navigate winding tunnels. Researchers tested plant materials using portable equipment to measure flexibility. They found that plants ignored by chimps were 175% stiffer than those regularly chosen. Even among plants growing near termite nests, those showing chimp bite marks produced more flexible tools than untouched ones. Lead researcher Dr. Alejandra Pascual-Garrido, who has studied chimp tools for over ten years, stated: “This is the first clear evidence that wild chimps select tool materials based on mechanical performance.” Remarkably, similar plant choices appear in chimp groups living up to 5,000 km from Gombe, suggesting shared engineering principles in their tool-making culture. This indicates chimps may possess“folk physics” — an instinctive understanding of material properties that guides their tool selection. Their engineering skills involve careful material testing rather than random choices. “By combining animal behavior studies with material science, we better understand how chimps evaluate tool effectiveness,” explained Dr. Pascual-Garrido. The research raises questions about how such knowledge is passed between generations, such as young chimps learning by observing their mothers. It also helps scientists understand early human tool-making skills that left no physical evidence. Dr. Adam van Casteren, a biomechanics expert, noted: “Though wooden tools rarely survive in ancient sites, the mechanical rules behind effective tools remain consistent across species.” This comparative approach helps reconstruct physical requirements that shaped early human technology, offering clues about prehistoric tool use that archaeology cannot preserve. 1．Why are specific plant materials often chosen by chimps as tools? A．They are more plentiful. B．They are commonly used. C．They fit into termite nests. D．They attract many termites. 2．What does the underlined word “stiffer” probably mean in paragraph 3? A．Lighter to carry. B．Easier to shape. C．Slower to dry. D．Harder to bend. 3．What does the study reveal about chimp tool-making? A．It follows an intentional process. B．It is passed down through genes. C．It proves chimps are as wise as humans. D．It is an ability limited to a specific group. 4．What is highlighted in the last paragraph? A．Potential criticism. B．Study significance. C．Supporting evidence. D．Research background. 主题02 人与自我——读书与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州永春一中·期末） Award-winning The Atlantic staff writes Zoe Schlanger delivers a groundbreaking work of popular science — The Light Eaters that explores the hidden world of the plant kingdom and reveals the astonishing capabilities of the green life all around us. It takes great biological creativity to be a plant. To survive and grow well while rooted in a single spot, plants have adapted clever methods of survival. In recent years, scientists have learned about their ability to communicate, recognize their relatives and behave socially, hear sounds, change to shape their bodies to blend into their surroundings, store useful memories that inform their life cycle, and trick animals into behaving to their benefit, to name just a few remarkable talents. The Light Eaters is a deep dive into the drama of green life and the complexity of this wild and awe-inspiring world that challenges our very understanding of agency. consciousness, and intelligence. In looking closely, we see that plants, rather than copy human intelligence, have perhaps formed a parallel (相似的) system. What is intelligent life if not a flower that shapes its bloom to fit exactly the bill of its pollinator (传粉者), a pea seedling that can hear water flowing and make its way toward it? Zoe Schlanger takes us across the globe, digging into her own memories and into the soil with the scientists who have spent their waking days studying these amazing organisms up close. What can we learn about life on Earth from the living things that grow well, adapt, consume, and accommodate at the same time? Examining the latest revelations in botanical research, Schlanger highlights the intellectual struggles among the researchers developing an entirely new view of their subject, offering a glimpse (一瞥) of a field in chaos as plant scientists debate the principles of ongoing discoveries and how they influence our understanding of what a plant is. We need plants to survive. But what do they need us for — if at all? Offering an eye opening and informative look at the ecosystem we live in, this book challenges us to rethink the role of plants and our own place-in the natural world. 1．What does the bock The Light Eaters mainly focus on? A．The importance of plants. B．Plants’ surprising survival abilities. C．Animal-plant communication methods. D．The scientists’ challenges in the study of green life. 2．Why does the author mention “a pea seedling” in paragraph 3? A．To compare different kinds of plant social behavior. B．To clarify how plants copy human intelligence. C．To indicate the link between humans and plants. D．To prove plants have their own unique intelligence. 3．What can we learn about plant scientists regarding the discoveries from paragraph 4? A．They reach no agreement. B．They have unified conclusions. C．They ignore plants’ memories. D．They struggle to redefine plant. 4．What does the author think of the book The Light Eaters? A．It is simple and plain. B．It is rich in insights. C．It is hard and complex. D．It is highly debatable. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与科技应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建宁德·期末） Scientists in Australia have used Artificial Intelligence (AI) to help them locate a rare bird called the Plains-wanderer. This new information will help scientists protect the birds, a critically endangered bird species native to Australia’s declining grasslands. This groundbreaking approach offers new hope for protecting these unique creatures whose population has dramatically decreased by over 85% in recent decades. The Plains-wanderer, standing merely 15cm tall, exhibits strange characteristics that make it evolutionarily distinct. Classified in its own family, this flight-challenged bird spends most of its life hiding in grasslands. Females display reversed gender roles — larger in size and responsible for territory defense, while smaller males hatch eggs. Their strict habitat requirements for “just right” grass density (密度) has earned them the “Goldilock” nickname among researchers. Zoos Victoria says, “There is no bird like it in the world.” In fact, scientists have put the species into a “family” all by itself, since there are no other similar birds. Facing habitat loss from agricultural expansion, current estimates suggest only 250 — 1,000 individuals remain in the wild. Traditional monitoring methods proved ineffective due to the birds’ exceptional hiding abilities and vast grassland ranges. Zoos Victoria partnered with Queensland University of Technology to develop an innovative solution: setting up 35 audio recording devices across nine potential habitats. To protect these rare birds, scientists first had to learn where they were. So Zoos Victoria worked with Queensland University of Technology on a plan to locate the birds. Since Plains-wanderers are hard to spot, the team chose to “listen” for the birds instead. The research team collected tens of thousands of hours of environmental recordings, focusing on the female’s distinctive “Ooom” mating call. Artificial Intelligence proved crucial in analyzing this massive dataset, successfully identifying Plains-wanderer calls at two sites west of Melbourne-the first confirmed sightings in this region in over three decades. Researchers continue expanding this AI-assisted monitoring program, demonstrating how technology can bridge conservation challenges in the modern age. 1．What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Opposite B．Traditional C．Maintained D．Enhanced 2．Why is Plains-wanderer called the “Goldilock”? A．It has golden feathers. B．It prefers suitable grassland. C．It is as small as Goldilock. D．It is particular about food. 3．What can we infer about Plains-wanderer from the text? A．It is widely distributed across Australia. B．Its number has increased with Al monitoring location. C．Its survival is threatened by human activities. D．It relies on flying to escape from danger. 4．（What is the main purpose of writing Paragraph 5? A．To explain the birds’ living habits. B．To describe the AI analysis process. C．To compare different research methods. D．To show the procedures of tracking the birds. 主题04 人与自我——身体保健与疾病预防 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建宁德·期末） Some people, when they have a physical examination around the age of 50, find that they have carotid plaques (颈动脉斑块), while others have smooth and healthy blood vessels. What causes this difference? Besides lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, sleep may be a crucial yet overlooked factor. A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association in May 2025 by researchers from Shandong Provincial Hospital indicates that lack of sleep is a risk factor for carotid plaques. The study involved 1,004 participants aged 40 and above, who bad no carotid plaques at the beginning. After an average follow-up of 3.95 years, it was found that compared with those who had sufficient sleep (7-9 hours), those who had short sleep duration (<7 hours) had a 58% increased risk of developing carotid plaques, a 196% increased risk of developing severe carotid plaques (with a maximum carotid plaque thickness >2.34mm), and a 157% increased risk of developing multiple carotid plaques. Additionally, for each additional hour of sleep, the risk of carotid plaques decreased by 9%, and the risk of multiple carotid plaques decreased by 16%. There was no significant correlation between excessive sleep duration (>9 hours) and carotid plaques. The study’s findings highlight the importance of maintaining good sleep habits. Adequate sleep is not only important for feeling refreshed during the day but also plays a vital role in preventing serious cardiovascular (心血管的) problems. It is recommended that adults get 7-9 hours of sleep per night to support overall health. However, modem lifestyle factors such as increased screen time before bed, high-stress jobs, and the commonness of shift work make achieving this goal challenging for many. By improving sleep quality, we may have a simple yet effective way to reduce the risk of carotid plaques and related cardiovascular diseases. Future studies may explore how different sleep-improvement strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia (失眠) or the use of sleep-enhancing devices, can further reduce these risks. 1．What do we know from the study in Paragraph 2? A．The participants had no carotid plaques originally. B．8 hours’ sleep brought about 58% higher rate of carotid plaques. C．Over 2.34 mm carotid plaque thickness was linked to 9 hours’ sleep. D．Two more hours of sleep reduced the chance of carotid plaques by 18%. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Barriers to adequate sleep. B．The significance of sleep habits. C．Tips of sleep duration for adults. D．The influence of sleep on heart health. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the results of the study? A．Positive. B．Indifferent. C．Skeptical. D．Critical. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Sleep Duration: An Impact on Cardiovascular Diseases B．Sufficient Sleep: Less Risk of Carotid Plagues C．Carotid Plaques: A Killer of Physical Health D．Body Clock: The Key to Sleep Quality 主题05 人与自然——环境污染与公共健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建龙岩·期末） Air pollution from traffic is linked to severe dementia (痴呆) and could be a significant cause of the condition among those without a genetic risk, research suggests. A study in Atlanta, Georgia, found that people exposed to higher levels of traffic-related fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) had more amyloid plaques (淀粉样蛋白沉积块) in their brains—a marker of Alzheimer. The findings, alarming for those living near busy roads, add to the long list of harms from traffic pollution, ranging from climate change to lung diseases. Researchers from Emory University investigated the effects of PM2.5 on the brain. PM2.5 consists of particles (微粒) known to enter deep into living tissue, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. Traffic-related PM2.5 concentrations are a major source of pollution in urban Atlanta, and also in urban centres across the planet. The Emory researchers examined the brain tissue from 224 late donors in Atlanta, 90% of whom had dementia. Researchers measured traffic-related PM2.5 exposure at the subjects’ home addresses in the years before their death, finding average exposure of 1.32μg/m3 (1 year prior) and 1.35μg/m3 (3 years prior). “Higher levels of air pollution were associated with higher levels of amyloid plaques,” said Anke Huels, the lead author of the study. Researchers also found that people whose PM 2.5 exposure was 1 μg/m3 higher in the year before death were nearly twice as likely to have higher levels of plaque in their brains, while those with higher exposure in the three years before death were 87% more likely to have higher levels of amyloid plaque. Huels’ team also investigated the role of the Alzheimer’s gene variant (变体), APOE4. “The air pollution-Alzheimer’s link was stronger among those without the APOE4 allele, suggesting that environmental air pollution may explain some Alzheimer’s risk in people whose risk cannot be explained by genetic factors.” 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．PM2.5 raises genetic risk. B．Traffic noise harms health. C．Traffic pollution may cause dementia. D．genetic factors determine dementia risk. 2．How did researchers obtain their data? A．By analyzing brain tissue of the dead. B．By recording donors' death time. C．Via testing traffic-related genes. D．Through monitoring patients. 3．What does the study mainly suggest? A．Diet affects dementia risk. B．Vehicle emissions harm brain. C．Pollution causes APOE4. D．Rural areas have less dementia. 4．What policy-related action might the study directly promote? A．Road closures. B．Brain research. C．Pollution control. D．Gene studies. 主题06 人与社会——历史发展与商业文化 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·厦门外国语学校·期末） No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job. Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things. Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows. How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plus. Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale. A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention. A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard among the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from an advertisement in modern media. 1．What probably led to the start of advertisement? A．The discovery of iron. B．The specialization of labor. C．The appearance of new jobs. D．The development of farming techniques. 2．Why does the writer make up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright? A．To explain the origin of advertising. B．To predict the future of advertising. C．To expose secrets to advertising. D．To provide ways of advertising. 3．In ancient times, a crier was probably someone who ______. A．possessed the loudest voice in a city B．functioned like contemporary commercials C．operated a newly arrived ship carrying goods D．managed a shop specializing in farm supplies 4．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about? A．The history of advertising. B．The benefits of advertising. C．The early forms of advertising. D．The basic design of advertising. 主题07 人与社会——科技发展与伦理道德 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·莆田华侨中学·期末） The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various sectors, including conservation biology. AI-powered tools now assist in monitoring endangered species, predicting habitat changes, and combating illegal wildlife trade. However, a recent study published in Conservation Letters reveals critical challenges in the ethical and practical implementation of these technologies. Researchers from the University of Oxford analyzed 127 AI systems used in conservation projects worldwide. They found that while 89% of these tools improved data collection efficiency, 62% suffered from algorithmic bias rooted in limited training datasets. For example, a facial recognition system designed to identify poachers in African savannas struggled in dense rainforest environments due to insufficient image diversity. “These biases aren’t just technical issues — they’re ethical ones,” notes lead author Dr. Maya Patel. “Conservation efforts must prioritize inclusivity (包容性), ensuring AI works for all ecosystems and communities.” Another concern is data privacy. Many AI models rely on sensitive location data of endangered species, which could be exploited by criminal networks. In 2023, a Sumatran tiger tracking project had to halt operations after its AI platform was hacked, exposing the animals’ migration routes. “We need robust cybersecurity measures integrated into AI systems from the start,” warns Dr. Patel. Despite these challenges, the study highlights promising solutions. A collaborative framework developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) emphasizes multidisciplinary partnerships between computer scientists, ecologists, and local communities. For instance, in the Amazon rainforest, indigenous tribes are co-designing AI algorithms to monitor deforestation, ensuring cultural knowledge is embedded into the technology. “By merging traditional ecological wisdom with AI, we create tools that are both effective and respectful of local contexts,” explains Dr. Patel. The study concludes that while AI holds immense potential for conservation, its success depends on addressing bias, privacy, and community engagement. “Technology alone won’t save species — people will,” says Dr. Patel. “We must build AI systems that empower, not replace, the diverse stakeholders in conservation.” 1．What does the underlined phrase “algorithmic bias” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The inability of AI to process large datasets B．The tendency of AI to favor certain environments C．The ethical concerns raised by AI developers D．The technical flaws in AI training methods 2．Why did the Sumatran tiger tracking project fail? A．The AI system lacked sufficient image diversity. B．The data privacy measures were inadequate. C．Local communities refused to participate. D．The algorithms were not updated regularly. 3．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The need for stricter cybersecurity regulations. B．The importance of integrating traditional knowledge. C．The challenges of AI implementation in remote areas. D．The collaboration between scientists and policymakers. 4．What is Dr. Patel’s attitude towards AI in conservation? A．Cautiously optimistic. B．Strongly critical. C．Indifferent. D．Uncertain. 主题08 人与自然——科技创新与机器人技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福州台江九校·期末联考） History was recently made at a half-marathon in Beijing. In addition to welcoming 12, 000 runners, the race also featured 21 robot participants. The only design rule for the competing robots was that they were bipedal (双足行走的) instead of running on wheels. Otherwise, it was a free for all, resulting in interesting design choices with mixed results. The strategies used included robots with kid-sized sneakers, or shoes made out of tape. Some didn’t have a head, while others did, resulting in teams fixing them mid-race to prevent them from falling. Others used knee pads (护膝) to prevent them from breaking in case they fall downwards — and many of them did. Only six of the 21 robots finished the race. Running on a separate track from the human competitors, almost every robot faced difficulties, from falling down to overheating. One robot needed a cooling pad to make it to the end while others had liquid sprayed on them. All robots were accompanied by two or three human operators who ran beside them to help control their speed with control panels or to clear their path. The winner was a robot named Tiangong Ultra, designed by UB Tech and the Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center. It finished the race in two hours and 40 minutes. Despite being the robot victor, its path was not free of accidents either. It fell down once and its team had to change its batteries three times. “Until five years ago or so, we didn’t really know how to get robots to walk reliably,” Alan Fem, a robotics professor at Oregon State. “And now we do, and this will be a good demonstration of that.” Fern also noted that there’s no market demand for running robots, which likely explains why it’s not a priority for developers, adding that it was definitely interesting to see them follow instructions in a challenging environment. As such, the half-marathon provided them with a platform to showcase their hardware robustness (稳 定性). Ultimately, there’s no need to worry — a robot will likely not beat you in a race. Not right now anyway. 1．How did the robot participants perform in the half-marathon? A．Uniform style of robots attracted public attention. B．All robot participants operated with the aid of teammates. C．Half of the robot participants lost their balance and fell down. D．Six robot participants quit the race because of the high temperature. 2．What barriers did the robot participants meet during the race? A．It was forbidden to charge the batteries. B．Human operators could not control their running speed. C．Running together with human competitors disturbed them. D．Some of them fell down and others had to be cooled with liquid. 3．What is special about the winner Tiangong Ultra? A．It defeated other running robot participants smoothly. B．It wouldn't have won the championship without its team's aid. C．It had the longest battery life among the robot participants. D．It set a good example for the marketers and other robot participants. 4．What can be inferred from Alan Fern's comment? A．The market for running robots will definitely boom. B．Humanoid robots will dominate humans sooner or later. C．Running robots could not follow instructions in different situations. D．Every small step in the half-marathon race is one giant leap in robotics. 2 / 36 1 / 36 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福州第十一中学·期末） Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1-2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．What encourages bacterial growth. B．How sponges are exactly structured. C．How bacteria grow independently. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Poorly adaptive. B．Relatively harmless. C．Partly distributed. D．Surprisingly unpleasant. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Evidence of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to help bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了细菌在厨房海绵中的生存情况，包括细菌的生长环境、种类、对人类的潜在影响以及海绵的特殊结构如何成为细菌生长的理想场所。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list.(细菌知道如何在地球上顽强生存。不过，问它们最希望定居在何处的话，厨房用的海绵可能会高居榜首。)”可知，厨房用的海绵是细菌的好家园。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth.(他发现，海绵上那些大小各异的孔隙对于促进细菌生长至关重要。)”可知，Lingchong You发现了是什么能促进细菌的生长。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段““The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan.(Quinlan说：“海绵上的绝大多数细菌并不会使人患病，它们只会让海绵散发出异味。”)”可知，Quinlan认为海绵上的细菌相对无害。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case.(如果有害细菌真的出现在现场，这种海绵特殊的结构特性就会使其成为细菌滋生和繁殖的理想场所。而且有证据表明情况确实如此。)”可知，由于最后一段提到有证据表明有害细菌会在海绵上生长繁殖，所以接下来很可能会讨论细菌威胁的证据具体是什么。故选A。 主题02 人与自我——情感、态度与价值观 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州第五中学·期末） Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应), also known as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism(机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we've got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones. It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don't quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships. It's easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds us back from living our dreams. But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward big-picture thinking, which requires a huge and sudden change that we don't feel ready for. Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout. So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead? Familiarity is something we can learn to play with and enjoy. It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion. We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices. 1．What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more? A．The law of the market. B．The advertising cost. C．The improved service. D．The familiarity principle. 2．What can be learned from paragraph 2? A．Our preferences affect our decisions. B．The familiarity principle is a double-edged sword. C．There can be a mismatch between desires and actions. D．Familiarity tends to result in disrespect. 3．What is the author's attitude to complete exposure to new things? A．Negative. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Effective. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Step Out Of Your Familiarity Zone. B．Gently Expand Your Familiarity Zone. C．Spare A Thought For Your Preference. D．Change The Mere Exposure Effect. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了熟悉性原则对我们决策的影响，并提出了一种平衡的观点来看待这个原则，而不是将其视为阻碍，作者建议我们可以通过逐步扩展熟悉区域来利用这一原则来促进创造性和成长。 1． 细节理解题。根据第一段“Studies have shown the mere exposure effect (曝光效应), also referred to as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism (机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring. So unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we’ve got used to. That is why companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers more than new ones.(研究表明，单纯的曝光效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可以帮助我们保持精力充沛，把注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新事物需要努力，而且可能会很累。因此，除非我们有糟糕的经历，否则我们很可能会从我们熟悉的公司购买产品或服 务。这就是为什么公司在广告和营销上花那么多钱，为什么保险公司公开向现有客户收取比新客户更高的费用)”可知，熟悉原则让保险公司向老客户收取更多费用。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It's not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar choices as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don’t quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships.(这并不是说我们只想要已知的东西。一些研究表明，当被邀请分享我们的偏好时，我们有时会认为不太熟悉的选择更可取。但当我们按照这种偏好行事时，我们又回到了我们所知道的。这也许可以解释为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并不完全匹配。我们甚至可能回到过去对我们不好的公司，或者保持糟糕的关系)”可知，本段解释了为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并不完全匹配，也就是说有时候我们的欲望和行动可能不匹配。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的 “Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity disappointment is complete exposure to new things. While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout.(一些文章认为，解决熟悉感带来的失望的方法是完全接触新事物。虽然这在短期内可能看起来有效，但我们最终可能只是用一个问题取代了另一个问题。它还存在让人不知所措和精疲力竭的风险。)” 可知，作者认为 “完全接触新事物” 虽短期看似有效，但会带来新问题（如精疲力竭），态度是负面的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Studies have shown the mere exposure effect(曝光效应),  also referred to as the familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism (机制) that helps us maintain our energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be tiring.(研究表明，单纯的曝光效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可以帮助我们保持精力充沛，把注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新事物需要努力，而且可能会很累)”以及最后一段“We can broaden the zone of familiarity little by little. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool of valuable choices.(我们可以一点一点地扩大熟悉的范围。如果我们认为熟悉是一种可以扩展的东西，我们可以考虑改变我们生活内部和周围的条件，为我们的偏好提供更多的空间，让它生根发芽。从这里开始，我们将开始从不断加深的有价值的选择中做出决定)”可知，文章主要讨论了熟悉性原则对我们决策的影响，以及如何利用这一原则进行创新和拓展。文章强调了我们可以逐步扩大熟悉的范围，通过改变生活中的条件，为我 们的偏好提供更多的空间，使其能够生根并温和地成长。因此，选项B“慢慢扩大你的熟悉范围”最能概括文章的标题。故选B。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州第五中学·期末） A dropped bag of chips disturbed a cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. This cave is almost cut off from the outside world, so introducing anything foreign can be harmful. “Things in the damp cave get wet quickly,” says park guide Ashley. The snack attracts tiny organisms, causing unwanted growth. Soon, small animals like crickets and spiders came to eat, spreading the pollution. Rangers found the bag within hours. “But that can be all it takes,” says Ashley. “I’m sure some crickets got a bit of the snack.” Over 500 million people visit American public lands each year, creating many chances to harm wild places. “When you look at the numbers, it’s incredible,” says Watts, head of the Leave No Trace Center in Colorado, an organization aimed at minimizing human impact on nature. Food waste takes a long time to break down, especially in certain areas. “It takes much longer for an apple core to rot in a desert than in a forest,” says Blye, a teacher at the University of Utah. Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous results. Bears who taste garbage and become a threat to humans may have to be put down. “Bears can get used to unnatural food in three weeks,” says Watts. “Everyone loses in this case.” Biological waste is also problematic. Dog waste brings new bacteria into the ecosystem and scares away deer. Meanwhile, human waste and toilet paper introduces dangerous bacteria into water sources. In national parks, trails (小路) are designed to avoid sensitive areas. Stepping off the trail, even for a quick photo, can scare wildlife away. Impacts from many visitors result in long-term damage to nature and wildlife. But people don’t think of that when they see the perfect photo opportunity. “It’s just such a hard thing to resist,” says Blye. The risk to sensitive ecosystems isn’t obvious. “It’s easy to think, oh, there’s wildflowers over there. I shouldn’t step on that,” says Blye, but these tiny ecosystems full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion (侵蚀) and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state. 1．What does Ashley mean by “But that can be all it takes.”? A．The rangers’ work is efficient. B．The damage has been done. C．The cleanup takes a long time. D．The pollution has spread widely. 2．What is a result of foreign waste in public lands? A．A shift in animal behavior. B．A shortage of food supplies. C．A decline in bacterial species. D．An increase in conflicts between animals. 3．Why does the writer mention wildflowers in paragraph 5? A．To praise their benefits to desert life. B．To highlight our ignorance of wildlife. C．To stress their significance for photography. D．To show our unawareness of nature’s sensitivity. 4．It is conveyed in this passage that we should ________. A．encourage wildlife protection B．leave no trace in the wild C．promote national park tourism D．restore ecological damage 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类活动，特别是游客在自然保护区的不当行为，对自然环境造成的负面影响。 1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A dropped bag of chips disturbed a cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. This cave is almost cut off from the outside world, so introducing anything foreign can be harmful. (在新墨西哥州的卡尔斯巴德洞穴国家公园，一袋掉落的薯片扰乱了洞穴生态系统。这个洞穴几乎与外界隔绝，因此引入任何外来物质都可能带来危害。)”和“The snack attracts tiny organisms, causing unwanted growth. Soon, small animals like crickets and spiders came to eat, spreading the pollution. Rangers found the bag within hours. (这种零食会吸引微小生物，导致不必要的生长。很快，蟋蟀和蜘蛛等小动物前来觅食，从而传播了污染。公园管理员在几小时内就发现了这个袋子。)”可知，一袋薯片掉落在洞穴里，虽然护林员在几小时内就发现了薯片，但是在此之前薯片已经吸引了微小生物，导致了不必要的生物生长，蟋蟀和蜘蛛等小动物也跑来觅食并扩散了污染。所以Ashley说“But that can be all it takes.”意思是损害已经造成了。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous results. Bears who taste garbage and become a threat to humans may have to be put down. “Bears can get used to unnatural food in three weeks,” says Watts. “Everyone loses in this case.” (留下垃圾会让动物接触到非自然的食物，并改变它们的行为，有时甚至会带来灾难性的后果。尝到过垃圾味道并对人类构成威胁的熊可能不得不被杀死。“熊能在三周内习惯非自然的食物，”Watts说。“在这种情况下，大家都输了。”)”可知，在公共土地上留下的外来垃圾会让动物接触到非自然的食物，进而改变它们的行为，有时还会带来灾难性的后果，比如尝到垃圾味道的熊会对人类构成威胁。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s just such a hard thing to resist,” says Blye. The risk to sensitive ecosystems isn’t obvious. “It’s easy to think, oh, there’s wildflowers over there. I shouldn’t step on that,” says Blye, but these tiny ecosystems full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion (侵蚀) and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state. (“这真的很难抗拒，”Blye说。敏感生态系统面临的风险并不明显。“人们很容易想，哦，那边有野花。我不应该踩到它们，”Blye说，但这些充满对沙漠生活至关重要的微生物的微小生态系统提供了许多好处，包括减少侵蚀的风险和帮助吸收降雨，而且可能需要数百年才能恢复到原始状态。)”可知，作者提到野花是为了举例说明：人们可能知道不应该踩踏野花，但却没意识到野花所在的微小生态系统对沙漠至关重要，且恢复难度极大，即突出人们对自然敏感性的无知。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A dropped bag of chips disturbed a cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. (在新墨西哥州的卡尔斯巴德洞穴国家公园，一袋掉落的薯片扰乱了洞穴生态系统。)”、第二段“Over 500 million people visit American public lands each year, creating many chances to harm wild places. (每年有超过5亿人参观美国的公共土地，这为破坏野生环境提供了许多机会。)”和第三段“Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous results. (留下垃圾会让动物接触到非自然的食物，并改变它们的行为，有时甚至会带来灾难性的后果。)”以及第五段“The risk to sensitive ecosystems isn’t obvious. (敏感生态系统面临的风险并不明显。)”可知，文章开篇以一袋薯片扰乱洞穴生态系统为例，接着讲述了食物垃圾、生物垃圾等人类在公共土地上留下的废弃物对生态系统的危害，如改变动物行为、引入有害细菌等，还提到游客踏出小径拍照等行为对自然和野生动物造成长期损害，强调了人类活动对自然环境的不良影响。所以文章传达的是我们应该在野外不留下痕迹。故选B。 主题04 人与社会——科技发展与体育竞技 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建龙岩·期末） Wimbledon’s tennis court has seen its share of rivalries (较量). But for David Almog, a behavioral economist at Northwestern University, the more fascinating rivalry is judges vs machine. How AI oversight affects human decision-making is an important issue. Drivers and traders already routinely see their poor judgment corrected by AI. Much of this correction happens out of the public eye, making it hard to analyze. But, according to Mr. Almog, “Tennis is one of the most visible settings where final decision rights are entrusted to AI.” Hence he and his colleagues studied nearly 100,000points from 700 matches worldwide, both before and after the introduction of Hawk-Eye ball-tracking system in 2006. Hawk-Eye, now used in most top tournaments, uses cameras around the court to create a 3D model of the ball’s track and display it on screens. Players can challenge calls, with Hawk-Eye’s decision considered final. The analysis from Mr Almog and his colleagues showed that Hawk-Eye oversight has motivated human judges 8% less mistakes. Such an improvement is to be expected, the researchers say, given the heightened watchfulness accompanying the threat of public shaming. Most of the error reduction occurred during rallies (回合) that follow a successful serve (发球) and return. However, when examining serves — especially those landing within 20mm of the line — the error rate surprisingly increased. It turned out judges had switched strategies. Before Hawk-Eye, judges were more likely to incorrectly call a serve out, but afterwards, they tended to let out balls go unchallenged. For every 100 mis-hit serves, post-Hawk-Eye judge left 39 unchallenged, compared to 26before. This shift makes sense; missed faults are less destructive than wrongly calling “out,” which ends the point early and may cause dissent (异议) from players and crowds. It seems that human judges take the less reputationally risky option, even if it leads to more incorrect calls. Tennis’s clear outcomes offer a simple model for AI oversight. But Almog warns similar patterns likely occur in medicine and law. These industries must consider the social costs of errors: judges may under-sentence, doctors over-diagnose. The effect of decision-making are far-reaching. Stay tuned! 1．According to Almog, what’s the rivalry between judges and machine? A．Judgment accuracy. B．Rule observance. C．Caution in match calling. D．Decision-making speed. 2．What did Hawk-Eye lead to when dealing with serves? A．Few misjudged serves overall. B．More unchallenged near-line serves. C．Players have more dissent. D．Judges trust their own calls more. 3．Why did judges make a shift after introducing Hawk-Eye? A．To justify Hawk-Eye’s judgments. B．To lower reputational losses. C．To speed up decision-making. D．To please players and crowds. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Human judgment is always better than AI. B．Hawk-Eye’s accuracy is beyond challenge. C．Technology could replace human judgement. D．Blind trust in AI may misguide decision-making. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是第一篇说明文。文章讲述研究通过温网引入鹰眼系统前后的判罚分析，发现AI监督虽减少人类裁判 8% 的错误，但也使近线发球误判增加，揭示AI影响下人类决策策略的调整及潜在社会成本。 1．细节理解题。 根据第五段“The analysis from Mr Almog and his colleagues showed that Hawk-Eye oversight has motivated human judges 8% less mistakes.(Almog先生和他的同事的分析表明，鹰眼监督使人类法官的错误减少了8%。)”可知，Almog认为裁判与机器的较量核心在于“判断准确性”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。 根据第六段“However, when examining serves—especially those landing within 20mm of the line—the error rate surprisingly increased. It turned out judges had switched strategies. Before Hawk-Eye, judges were more likely to incorrectly call a serve out, but afterwards, they tended to let out balls go unchallenged. For every 100 mis-hit serves, post-Hawk-Eye judge left 39 unchallenged, compared to 26 before.(然而，在检查发球时，尤其是那些落在距离球门线20毫米以内的发球时，错误率出乎意料地增加了。事实证明，评委们已经改变了策略。在鹰眼之前，裁判更有可能错误地判罚发球，但之后，他们倾向于让球不受挑战。每100次发球失误，鹰眼队后的裁判就有39次没有受到挑战，而之前是26次。)”可知，鹰眼系统导致更多近线发球未被挑战。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。 根据第七段 “This shift makes sense; missed faults are less destructive than wrongly calling ‘out,’ which ends the point early and may cause dissent (异议) from players and crowds. It seems that human judges take the less reputationally risky option, even if it leads to more incorrect calls.(这种转变是有道理的；错过的失误比错误地喊‘出局’更具破坏性，后者会提前结束比赛，并可能导致球员和观众的异议。似乎人类法官会选择声誉风险较小的选择，即使这会导致更多的错误判断。)”可知，裁判策略转变是为了降低声誉损失。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。 根据末段“But Almog warns similar patterns likely occur in medicine and law. These industries must consider the social costs of errors: judges may under-sentence, doctors over-diagnose. The effect of decision-making are far-reaching. (但Almog警告说，医学和法律领域也可能出现类似的模式。这些行业必须考虑错误的社会成本：法官可能会被判刑，医生可能会过度诊断。决策的影响是深远的。)”可知，AI监督下人类可能为规避风险做出错误决策，暗示盲目信任AI会误导判断。故选D项。 主题05 人与社会——商业经济与创新 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建福州八县市协作校·期末） When Barry Libert and Jon Spector set out to write about how social networking might help businesses, they allowed just about anyone with an idea to help write the book. Thousands of people contributed to We Are Smarter Than Me, which is about the wisdom of the crowd. Spector says the book was initially modeled after a popular online encyclopedia (百科全书) written and edited by Internet users. “We’ve actually struggled throughout the process on the differences between the online encyclopedia and writing a book: How do you combine the ideas, and how do you get a single common voice across?” Spector says. Spector and Libert tried to set guidelines for how people should write, but that proved too restrictive. “Finally we said... you have to have no guidelines,“ Spector says. “And we talked to ourselves about giving up control. Were we ready to do it? And eventually we said to ourselves, ‘Look, if we believe in this concept, we have to carry it out.’ And we did. And that’s really when the contributions from the community began to pick up.” The authors felt that social networking wasn’t just about the famous social media platform. “It was really about how businesses might think about crowds,” Libert says. “Not just their employees as crowds, but also customers, partners, distributors, and investors as crowds-and to use those crowds as a way to improve whatever activity they’re working on...” In one success story that proved the power of the crowd, a gold mining company had essentially run out of places to look for gold. It decided to publish its geological data on the Web and allowed outsiders to contribute suggestions for new locations to mine. “They found $3 billion of new gold out there,” Spector says. “There’s just that knowledge out there and that’s the essential premise (前提) of the book: We, some of whom are unknown, are smarter than a small group of experts inside a company.” 1．What made the writing of We Are Smarter Than Me unique? A．It copied the encyclopedia’s editing rules. B．It collected ideas from the public. C．It followed strict writing guidelines. D．It focused on social media impact. 2．Why did the authors finally remove writing guidelines? A．To appeal to more professional writers. B．To make the book more interesting. C．To truly practice their belief in the public. D．To protect employees’ enthusiasm. 3．What does the gold mining company’s example prove? A．Crowds can outperform experts. B．Online data may risk business security. C．Business should involve outsiders. D．Geological data is vital for gold mining. 4．What does the text intend to do? A．Share a writing skill. B．Highlight a trend. C．Recommend a working procedure. D．Clarify a concept. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。Barry Libert和Jon Spector创作《We Are Smarter Than Me》时集众人之智，以矿业公司案例证明群体智慧胜过专家。 1． 细节理解题。根据第一段“When Barry Libert and Jon Spector set out to write about how social networking might help businesses, they allowed just about anyone with an idea to help write the book.(当巴里·利伯特和乔恩·斯佩克特着手撰写有关社交网络如何能助力企业的相关书籍时，他们允许任何有想法的人都参与进来，共同完成这本书的编写工作)”可知，收集了公众的意见让《我们比自己想象的更聪明》这本书独具特色。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Look, if we believe in this concept, we have to carry it out.(看，如果我们相信这个理念，就必须将其付诸实践)”可知，作者们最终取消了写作指南是为了以实际行动来践行他们对公众的承诺。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““They found $3 billion of new gold out there,” Spector says. “There’s just that knowledge out there and that’s the essential premise (前提) of the book: We, some of whom are unknown, are smarter than a small group of experts inside a company.”(“他们在那里发现了价值 30 亿美元的新黄金资源，”斯佩克特说道。“那里存在着这种知识，这也是这本书的核心前提：我们，其中一些人并不知名，但却比公司内部的一小群专家更聪明。”)”可知，这家金矿公司的例子证明了众人能够胜过专家。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Barry Libert and Jon Spector set out to write about how social networking might help businesses, they allowed just about anyone with an idea to help write the book. Thousands of people contributed to We Are Smarter Than Me, which is about the wisdom of the crowd.(巴里·利伯特和乔恩·斯佩克特在着手撰写有关社交网络如何助力企业的相关书籍时，他们允许任何有想法的人都参与编写。成千上万的人为《我们比自己更聪明》一书贡献了自己的观点，该书探讨的是群体智慧的问题)”以及文章Barry Libert和Jon Spector创作《We Are Smarter Than Me》时集众人之智，以矿业公司案例证明群体智慧胜过专家。可知，文章的目的是解释“群体智慧”这个概念。故选D。 主题06 人与自然——科普知识与现代技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建仙游一中·期末） The concept of time travel has fascinated humans for centuries, appearing in countless works of fiction. But is time travel really possible? According to some scientists, it might be.​ One of the key theories that suggests time travel could be possible is Einstein’s theory of relativity. The theory states that time is not absolute, but is relative to the observer. This means that time can pass at different rates depending on factors such as speed and gravity.​ For example, if an object is moving at a speed close to the speed of light, time for that object will pass more slowly relative to a stationary observer. This is known as time dilation. In theory, if a spaceship were to travel at near the speed of light for a few years, when it returned to Earth, hundreds of years might have passed.​ Another way time travel could be possible is through the use of wormholes. Wormholes are theoretical tunnels in space-time that connect two different points in time and space. If wormholes exist, they could potentially be used to travel back and forth in time.​ However, there are many challenges to making time travel a reality. For one thing, traveling at near the speed of light requires an enormous amount of energy. Wormholes, if they exist, are likely to be very small and unstable, making them unsuitable for travel.​ There are also paradoxes associated with time travel. For example, the grandfather paradox, which asks what would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather before your parent was born. This would mean you would never be born, so you couldn’t have traveled back in time to kill your grandfather.​ Despite these challenges, scientists continue to explore the possibility of time travel. Who knows, maybe one day we will be able to travel through time.​ 1．What theory suggests that time travel could be possible?​ A．Newton’s laws of motion.​ B．Darwin’s theory of evolution.​ C．Einstein’s theory of relativity.​ D．Quantum mechanics.​ 2．What is time dilation?​ A．The idea that time is absolute.​ B．The phenomenon where time passes more slowly for objects moving at near the speed of light.​ C．The theory that wormholes exist.​ D．The paradox associated with time travel.​ 3．What are wormholes?​ A．Tunnels in space-time that connect two different points.​ B．Objects that travel at the speed of light.​ C．Spaceships that can travel through time.​ D．Paradoxes associated with time travel.​ 4．What is the grandfather paradox?​ A．The idea that time travel is impossible.​ B．The theory that wormholes are unstable.​ C．The question of what would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather before your parent was born.​ D．The phenomenon where time passes more quickly for objects in space. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章围绕时间旅行这一概念展开，先指出时间旅行数百年来让人类着迷且一些科学家认为其可能实现，接着介绍了爱因斯坦相对论表明时间非绝对，引出时间膨胀现象说明时间旅行的一种可能方式，还提及虫洞可作为时间旅行的另一种潜在途径，同时阐述了时间旅行面临的诸多挑战以及存在的悖论，尽管如此科学家仍在探索时间旅行的可能性。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“One of the key theories that suggests time travel could be possible is Einstein’s theory of relativity. The theory states that time is not absolute, but is relative to the observer(表明时间旅行可能性的关键理论之一是爱因斯坦的相对论。该理论指出时间不是绝对的，而是相对于观察者而言的)”可知，爱因斯坦的相对论表明时间旅行是可能的。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“For example, if an object is moving at a speed close to the speed of light, time for that object will pass more slowly relative to a stationary observer. This is known as time dilation(例如，如果一个物体以接近光速的速度运动，那么相对于静止的观察者，该物体的时间会过得更慢。这被称为时间膨胀)”可知，时间膨胀是指对于以接近光速运动的物体，时间会过得更慢这一现象。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据原文第四段“Wormholes are theoretical tunnels in space - time that connect two different points in time and space(虫洞是时空中的理论隧道，连接着时空中的两个不同点)”可知，虫洞是连接两个不同点的时空隧道。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据原文第六段“For example, the grandfather paradox, which asks what would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather before your parent was born(例如，祖父悖论，它问的是如果你回到过去，在你的父母出生前杀了你的祖父会发生什么)”可知，祖父悖论就是思考如果你回到过去在父母出生前杀死祖父会发生什么这个问题。故选C项。 主题07 人与自然——生命科学与神经学 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建三明·期末） Brains play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity. Brains allow for advanced processing of senses, creating clever hunters, hard-to-catch prey, and complicated mating behaviors. They also allow larger, more regulated bodies to evolve. Even brainless plants owe their diversity to interactions with brainy animals, from pollinators to plant- eaters. Since modern human beings appeared, brains began analyzing themselves. A recent finding marks a milestone: researchers published a complete map of neurons 神经元), also called connectome, in an adult fruit fly’s brain. They traced 140,000 neurons and 55 million connections. Earlier projects mapped simpler organisms like worms or fly larvae (幼虫), but this is the first detailed map of a fully grown animal that can move in three dimensions, avoid hunters, and interact with others. In terms of its application prospect, the finding is an extraordinary achievement. It helps researchers comprehend how flies’ neurons work together to turn sensory information into actions. It helps them understand people, too. While fly and human brains operate differently, what works technologically to produce the fly connectome should work for vertebrates (脊椎动物)as well. That will start with mice. Eventually, with enough technology and funding prepared, a human-brain connectome should be double. When this happens, many tricky questions, ranging from how to treat mental diseases to what makes humans human, may be easier to answer. Some people believe brains’ evolutionary speeding up even more. Beyond self- analysis, modern brains now create copies of themselves. The new finding may help people gain a new perspective on the AI technology. Since the mid-20th century, computers have been called “electronic brains”, initially as praise. As AI advances, concerns grow about systems potentially escaping control. However, current AI remains inefficient, needing city- scale power and endless data. A fruit fly, powered by rotting food, outperforms AI in tasks like navigation— skills employed in self- driving cars. Combing evolutionary insights with human creativity might birth a new era of “electronic brains”, pushing neural solution forward. Yet this raises a major question: will human brains and bodies still matter on this journey? For now, the concerns are too early— but the horizon is uncertain. 1．The first paragraph is mainly about brains’ ______. A．origin B．diversity C．importance D．development 2．What sets the recent research apart from previous ones? A．It shows brains analyse themselves. B．It applies a new research technique. C．It maps the neurons of an adult animal. D．It traces more neurons than before. 3．How does the author feel about the application of the finding? A．Concerned. B．Optimistic. C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious. 4．Why is AI mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To show brains’ evolution. B．To raise people’s concern. C．To introduce AI’s development. D．To stress the advantage of brains. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了科学家首次完成成年果蝇全脑神经连接图谱的研究成果。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段的内容“Brains play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity. Brains allow for advanced processing of senses, creating clever hunters, hard-to-catch prey, and complicated mating behaviors. They also allow larger, more regulated bodies to evolve. Even brainless plants owe their diversity to interactions with brainy animals, from pollinators to plant- eaters.(大脑对维系生物多样性至关重要。其高级感知处理能力造就了狡黠的猎手、难擒的猎物与复杂的求偶行为，更促使生物演化出更庞大且调控精准的躯体。即便是无脑植物，其多样性亦归功于与智性动物（从传粉者到食植者）的协同演化。)”可知，作者旨在说明大脑在维持生物多样性中的重要作用。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“A recent finding marks a milestone: researchers published a complete map of neurons(神经元), also called connectome, in an adult fruit fly’s brain. They traced 140,000 neurons and 55 million connections. Earlier projects mapped simpler organisms like worms or fly larvae(幼虫), but this is the first detailed map of a fully grown animal that can move in three dimensions, avoid hunters, and interact with others.(最近的一项发现标志着一个里程碑：研究人员发表了成年果蝇大脑中神经元（也称为连接组）的完整图谱。他们追踪了14万个神经元和5500万个连接。早期的项目绘制了蠕虫或苍蝇幼虫等更简单的生物，但这是第一次详细绘制了能够在三维空间中移动、躲避猎人并与其他动物互动的成熟动物的地图)”可知，此次研究与以往不同之处在于首次绘制了“成年”动物的完整神经元连接图。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段的句子“In terms of its application prospect, the finding is an extraordinary achievement.(就其应用前景而言，这一发现是一项非凡的成就。)”和“Eventually, with enough technology and funding prepared, a human-brain connectome should be double. When this happens, many tricky questions, ranging from how to treat mental diseases to what makes humans human, may be easier to answer.(最终，有了足够的技术和资金准备，人类大脑连接体应该是现在的两倍。当这种情况发生时，许多棘手的问题，从如何治疗精神疾病到什么使人类成为人类，可能更容易回答。)”可知，作者对该发现的应用前景持积极、乐观的态度。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。 根据第四段的句子“However, current AI remains inefficient, needing city- scale power and endless data.(然而，目前的人工智能仍然效率低下，需要城市规模的电力和无尽的数据。)”先指出 AI 能耗巨大、效率低下，再根据“A fruit fly, powered by rotting food, outperforms AI in tasks like navigation— skills employed in self- driving cars.(一只以腐烂食物为能源的果蝇，在导航等任务上竟能超越人工智能——这类能力正是自动驾驶汽车所依赖的核心技术。)”，目的在于通过与 AI 的对比，突出生物大脑在效率与能力上的优势。故选D项。 主题08 人与社会——文化艺术与科学应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建莆田·期末） It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out to be wrong. A recent study finds that the woman in the famous painting is actually gazing 15.4 degrees to the right of the viewer—well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. The study’s author, Horstmann said, “She’s not really looking at you, which is kind of funny because people often think the subject’s gaze in artworks or photos seems to follow them around. This is called the ‘Mona Lisa effect’. Even if someone is painted looking straight, viewers from different angles still feel they’re being looked at.”As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the “Mona Lisa effect” occurs. Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him. To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers had 24 people look at pictures of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer. They put a ruler between the screen and the viewer. They asked the people to see where Mona Lisa’s eyes met the ruler. They moved the ruler to measure Mona Lisa’s gaze. They found that most people thought Mona Lisa wasn’t looking directly at them, but a bit to their right. So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first came up with the name “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name. 1．What gaze range in a painting will cause the “Mona Lisa effect”? A． B． C． D． 2．Why did Horstmann conduct the experiment? A．To confirm Horstmann’s new discovery. B．To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze. C．To prove Mona Lisa is looking straight back. D．To explain how the “Mona Lisa effect” can be applied. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．The position of the ruler will determine the viewers’ judgement. B．Horstmann thinks it’s cool to invent the term “Mona Lisa effect”. C．The “Mona Lisa effect” contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence. D．Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Positive Effect of “Mona Lisa” B．The Magical Gaze of “Mona Lisa” C．The Measurement of Mona Lisa’ Gaze D．The Application of the “Mona Lisa effect” 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了所谓的“蒙娜丽莎效应”，即人们常认为艺术作品或照片中的人物似乎在注视他们，即使人物的目光并未直接对准观众。研究者通过实验证实了这一点，并探讨了人们为何会普遍产生蒙娜丽莎在注视他们的错觉，推测可能是因为人们有被注视的渴望。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the ‘Mona Lisa effect’ occurs. (只要观察者的目光偏离画面中心的位置不超过约 5 度（左右方向），就会出现“蒙娜丽莎效应”。)”可知，只要观察者的目光偏离画面中心的位置不超过约 5 度（左右方向），就会出现“蒙娜丽莎效应，即感觉画中人物在注视自己。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars (虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him. To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers had 24 people look at pictures of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer. (Horstmann和他的合著者正在研究这一效应在人工智能虚拟头像创建中的应用，这时霍斯特曼仔细端详了《蒙娜丽莎》，并意识到她并没有看着自己。为了确保不只是他一个人的错觉，研究人员让24个人在电脑上观看《蒙娜丽莎》的图片。)”可知，Horstmann在观察“蒙娜丽莎”时发现她并没有看着自己，为了确认这一点，他进行了实验。这表明其进行实验的目的是为了验证他自己的新发现，即“蒙娜丽莎”的目光并不是直视观众的。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. (他说，人们可能渴望被注视，所以他们觉得这个女人在直视他们。)”这表明人们感觉被“蒙娜丽莎”注视可能是出于对关注的渴望。因此，选项D“Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention. (感觉被蒙娜丽莎注视可能是由对关注的渴望引起的)”符合题意。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要介绍了“蒙娜丽莎效应”和Horstmann通过实验验证这一现象的过程，同时探讨了人们为何会有这种感觉的原因。选项B“The Magical Gaze of ‘Mona Lisa’(蒙娜丽莎的神奇目光)”准确地概括了文章的主旨，突出了“蒙娜丽莎效应”的核心内容，即蒙娜丽莎的目光似乎能够跟随观众，给人一种被注视的错觉。故选B。 主题09 人与社会——道德品质与亲社会行为 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建厦门·期末） When seeing someone being kind or generous, we feel warm inside. Researchers call this “moral elevation (提升),” and it not only feels good but inspires us to do good ourselves. But how much does witnessing good affect us—and why? A new analysis of decades of research aimed to find out the answers. The results suggest that our acts of kindness and generosity, online or offline, can have meaningful ripple effects (连锁反应) in our communities. Researchers combined results from 88 studies involving over 25,000 participants to measure how much our own kindness increases after witnessing someone acting generously—for example, comforting someone crying, donating to charity, or acting cooperatively in a competitive game. In the studies, people would read about or see someone act in a kind way and then have the opportunity to be kind and generous themselves. The analysis showed a reasonably strong effect, where people witnessing kindness tended to act kindness themselves. “The message that the prosocial (亲社会的) behaviors are quite infectious is a really important message that people should know.” says the lead researcher, Haesung Jung. Interestingly, her analyses showed that it didn’t matter how people witnessed a kind act. They could have read about it, watched a TV show, or actually been present when someone helped others. It also doesn’t matter whether or not they saw someone giving material or non-material help. But there were factors that did affect how inspired people were to pay it forward. The more time that had passed since people saw a selfless act, the lower their motivation to help others. It also mattered what kind of response to the kindness people observed. If witnesses saw such people praised or even rewarded with money, they would have a greater likelihood to pay it forward themselves. The research is of great value for society—particularly now, when we need people to act in more prosocial ways. “In organizations, educational settings, and just everyday life, it’s important to highlight kindness, caring, and good social behavior,” says Jung. “Doing good has a much larger impact than people realize.” 1．What is the core nature of moral elevation? A．The desire to help others directly. B．Online and off line community effects. C．Cooperation in taking generous actions. D．Positive impacts from observing kindness. 2．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By tracking witnesses’ behavior for decades. B．By interviewing subjects about their moral beliefs. C．By analyzing former studies about kindness increase. D．By comparing participants’ responses to being helped. 3．Who is more likely to pass on the kindness according to the text? A．A person reading stories of giving online. B．A person seeing kindness being recognized. C．A person noticing others offer non-material help. D．A person experiencing a kind act a few years ago. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Challenges in maintaining consistent generosity. B．Approaches to studying prosocial behavior trends. C．Significance of encouraging prosocial acts in society. D．Necessity for educating the public to present kindness. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究表明，目睹善举（无论方式、形式）会让人更愿行善，其受时间和对善举的回应影响，此研究对社会意义重大。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Researchers call this “moral elevation (提升),” and it not only feels good but inspires us to do good ourselves.( 研究人员称之为“道德提升”，它不仅让人感觉良好，还激励我们自己做好事。)”以及第二段中“The results suggest that our acts of kindness and generosity, online or offline, can have meaningful ripple effects (连锁反应) in our communities.( 研究结果表明，我们的善良和慷慨行为，无论是在线上还是线下，都能在我们的社区产生有意义的连锁反应。)”可知，“道德提升”指的是目睹善举后产生的积极影响，包括内心的温暖和行善的动力。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Researchers combined results from 88 studies involving over 25,000 participants to measure how much our own kindness increases after witnessing someone acting generously(研究人员综合了88项研究的结果，涉及25000多名参与者，以衡量在目睹某人的慷慨行为。)”可推知，研究人员通过分析 88 项过往研究的结果来开展这项研究。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“If witnesses saw such people praised or even rewarded with money, they would have a greater likelihood to pay it forward themselves.( 如果目击者看到这样的人受到表扬，甚至得到金钱奖励，他们更有可能把自己的爱传递出去。)”，可推知，看到善举得到认可（表扬或奖励）的人更有可能传递善意。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“The research is of great value for society—particularly now, when we need people to act in more prosocial ways.( 这项研究对社会有很大的价值，尤其是现在，当我们需要人们以更亲社会的方式行事的时候。)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是在社会中鼓励亲社会行为的意义。故选C项。 主题10 人与社会——公共安全与城市规划 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建厦门·期末） Intersections are deadly places, where more than half of all car crashes occur. A study shows that solving part of this public health crisis could come down to a simple, surprising tool. It’s not a new traffic signal or a big structure: it’s a bucket of paint. Art projects painted onto streets and intersections significantly improve safety, reducing the rate of crashes involving cars and pedestrians (行人) by up to 50% and all crashes by 17%, according to the study. These road art projects include multi-colored wall decorations and paint jobs on the streets, crosswalks, and asphalt (沥青) in and around busy intersections. Often bright and hard for drivers to miss, they tend to cause drivers to slow down, be more careful, and be more attentive to pedestrians. The simple interventions have been adopted as part of Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Asphalt Art Initiative, which has issued funds to 41 U. S. cities and three European cities. This study focused on some of these projects, and its findings provide data to suggest they can make intersections safer. Sadik-Khan, a former commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation, started with a simple paint job on the street and some plastic traffic posts. The project had a positive effect on travel times, increased pedestrian activity, and even benefited businesses in the area. Now, such projects are being extended across the country with similar benefits. Some were completed for just a few thousand dollars. A few cost even hundreds. They don’t automatically translate into safety improvements, though. The study found that asphalt art projects in Atlanta and Decatur, Georgia, weren’t related to crash reductions, with crash rates increasing 41% and 28% respectively. But Bloomberg Philanthropies plans to continue the work. They’ll give $25,000 to as many as 20 European cities to do their own road art projects. With decreased crashes reported in the study, Sadik-Khan is hoping other cities will see the benefit of doing these kinds of projects. 1．What do we know about road art projects? A．They need a great deal of money. B．They function permanently. C．They raise concern in drivers. D．They help drivers concentrate. 2．What does the underlined word “interventions” refer to in paragraph 3? A．Financial investment plans. B．Street painting projects. C．Traffic control regulations. D．Wall decoration practices. 3．What can be inferred about the Asphalt Art Initiative’s future strategy? A．It will expand despite mixed outcomes. B．It will replace traditional traffic methods. C．It will focus on suburban intersections next. D．It will prioritize European cities over US cities. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Bloomberg’s Initiative Transforms American Arts. B．Colorful Roads Boost Local Tourism in Major Cities. C．Innovative Traffic Signals Enhance Pedestrian Safety. D．Cost-Efficient Street Art Ensures Safer Urban Roads. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究表明，街道和十字路口的艺术彩绘项目可显著提升安全性，减少车祸，该项目成本低，虽部分城市效果不佳，但相关计划仍将扩展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Often bright and hard for drivers to miss, they tend to cause drivers to slow down, be more careful, and be more attentive to pedestrians.(这些作品通常色彩鲜艳、难以被司机忽视，往往会促使司机减速、更加小心，并更加留意行人)”可知，道路艺术项目有助于司机集中注意力。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Art projects painted onto streets and intersections significantly improve safety, reducing the rate of crashes involving cars and pedestrians (行人) by up to 50% and all crashes by 17%, according to the study.(根据这项研究，将艺术作品绘制在街道和交叉路口能够显著提高安全性，可将涉及汽车和行人的事故率降低多达50%，并将所有事故率降低17%)”可知，第三段中“interventions”指代前文提到的内容。第二段主要介绍“Art projects painted onto streets and intersections”（街道和十字路口的艺术彩绘项目），第三段承接上文，说明这些简单的“干预措施”被纳入相关计划，因此“interventions”指“街头彩绘项目”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“They don’t automatically translate into safety improvements, though. The study found that asphalt art projects in Atlanta and Decatur, Georgia, weren’t related to crash reductions, with crash rates increasing 41% and 28% respectively.(然而，这些举措并不会自动带来安全方面的改善。研究发现，在佐治亚州的亚特兰大和迪凯特市开展的沥青艺术项目与事故减少并无关联，事故率分别上升了41%和28%)”以及第六段“But Bloomberg Philanthropies plans to continue the work.(但布隆伯格慈善基金会计划继续开展这项工作)”可知，尽管结果好坏参半，该计划仍将扩大实施。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Intersections are deadly places, where more than half of all car crashes occur. A study shows that solving part of this public health crisis could come down to a simple, surprising tool. It’s not a new traffic signal or a big structure: it’s a bucket of paint.(交叉路口是极其危险的地方，这里发生的车祸占所有车祸总数的一半以上。一项研究表明，解决这一公共健康危机的部分问题或许可以依靠一个简单而令人意想不到的工具。它并非新的交通信号灯或大型建筑，而是一桶油漆)”结合文章主要说明了研究表明，街道和十字路口的艺术彩绘项目可显著提升安全性，减少车祸，该项目成本低，虽部分城市效果不佳，但相关计划仍将扩展。可知，D选项“成本效益高的街头艺术能确保城市道路更加安全”最符合文章标题。故选D。 主题01 人与自然——动物习性与工具使用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建漳州·期末联考） An international research team has discovered that wild chimps (黑猩猩) in Tanzania’s Gombe National Park demonstrate basic engineering skills when making tools. They deliberately select flexible plant materials to create effective“fishing rods” for catching termites (白蚁), showing advanced understanding of material properties. Published in the journal iScience, these findings provide new insights into how animals develop tools using easily damaged materials — a poorly understood aspect of human technological evolution. Termites serve as an important food source for chimps, rich in protein and nutrients. To extract these insects from their complicated underground nests, chimps require thin, bendable sticks that can navigate winding tunnels. Researchers tested plant materials using portable equipment to measure flexibility. They found that plants ignored by chimps were 175% stiffer than those regularly chosen. Even among plants growing near termite nests, those showing chimp bite marks produced more flexible tools than untouched ones. Lead researcher Dr. Alejandra Pascual-Garrido, who has studied chimp tools for over ten years, stated: “This is the first clear evidence that wild chimps select tool materials based on mechanical performance.” Remarkably, similar plant choices appear in chimp groups living up to 5,000 km from Gombe, suggesting shared engineering principles in their tool-making culture. This indicates chimps may possess“folk physics” — an instinctive understanding of material properties that guides their tool selection. Their engineering skills involve careful material testing rather than random choices. “By combining animal behavior studies with material science, we better understand how chimps evaluate tool effectiveness,” explained Dr. Pascual-Garrido. The research raises questions about how such knowledge is passed between generations, such as young chimps learning by observing their mothers. It also helps scientists understand early human tool-making skills that left no physical evidence. Dr. Adam van Casteren, a biomechanics expert, noted: “Though wooden tools rarely survive in ancient sites, the mechanical rules behind effective tools remain consistent across species.” This comparative approach helps reconstruct physical requirements that shaped early human technology, offering clues about prehistoric tool use that archaeology cannot preserve. 1．Why are specific plant materials often chosen by chimps as tools? A．They are more plentiful. B．They are commonly used. C．They fit into termite nests. D．They attract many termites. 2．What does the underlined word “stiffer” probably mean in paragraph 3? A．Lighter to carry. B．Easier to shape. C．Slower to dry. D．Harder to bend. 3．What does the study reveal about chimp tool-making? A．It follows an intentional process. B．It is passed down through genes. C．It proves chimps are as wise as humans. D．It is an ability limited to a specific group. 4．What is highlighted in the last paragraph? A．Potential criticism. B．Study significance. C．Supporting evidence. D．Research background. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于黑猩猩制作工具能力的研究，揭示了它们如何根据材料特性选择适合的植物材料来制作工具，并探讨了这一发现对人类早期工具制作技能研究的启示。 1． 细节理解题。根据第二段“Termites serve as an important food source for chimps, rich in protein and nutrients. To extract these insects from their complicated underground nests, chimps require thin, bendable sticks that can navigate winding tunnels.(白蚁是黑猩猩的重要食物来源，富含蛋白质和营养物质。为了从复杂的地下巢穴中获取这些昆虫，黑猩猩需要使用细长且可弯曲的树枝，因为这些树枝能够穿过蜿蜒的隧道)”可知，黑猩猩 选择特定的植物材料来制作工具，是因为这些材料可以适应白蚁巢穴的复杂结构，便于它们捕捉白蚁。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“To extract these insects from their complicated underground nests, chimps require thin, bendable sticks that can navigate winding tunnels.(为了从复杂的地下巢穴中获取这些昆虫，黑猩猩需要使用细长且可弯曲的树枝，因为这些树枝能够穿过蜿蜒的隧道)”以及第三段划线词所在的句子“They found that plants ignored by chimps were 175% stiffer than those regularly chosen.(他们发现，被黑猩猩忽视的植物比它们经常选择的植物stiffer175%)”可知，黑猩猩需要细小、可弯曲的棍子来捕捉白蚁，那么，被黑猩猩忽视的植物就是更硬，更不易弯曲的，因此可推断出“stiffer”在这里的意思是“更硬，更不易弯曲”。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“This indicates chimps may possess “folk physics” — an instinctive understanding of material properties that guides their tool selection. Their engineering skills involve careful material testing rather than random choices.(这表明黑猩猩可能具备‘民间物理学’——一种对物质特性的本能理解，这种理解指导着它们对工具的选择。它们的工程技能体现在对材料的仔细测试上，而非随意的选择)”可知，研究揭示了黑猩猩在制作工具时遵循了一个有意识的过程，它们会根据材料的机械性能来选择合适的材料。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The research raises questions about how such knowledge is passed between generations, such as young chimps learning by observing their mothers. It also helps scientists understand early human tool-making skills that left no physical evidence. Dr. Adam van Casteren, a biomechanics expert, noted: “Though wooden tools rarely survive in ancient sites, the mechanical rules behind effective tools remain consistent across species.” This comparative approach helps reconstruct physical requirements that shaped early human technology, offering clues about prehistoric tool use that archaeology cannot preserve.(这项研究引发了关于此类知识在代际之间如何传承的疑问，比如幼年黑猩猩是通过观察母亲来学习的。它还帮助科学家理解早期人类的工具制作技能，这些技能没有留下任何实物证据。生物力学专家亚当·范·卡斯特伦博士指出：‘尽管木制工具在古代遗址中很少能保存下来，但有效工具背后的机械原理在不同物种中是保持一致的。’这种比较方法有助于重建塑造早期人类技术的物理要求，为考古学无法保存的史前工具使用情况提供了线索)”可知，最后一段主要介绍了这项研究的意义。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我——读书与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·泉州永春一中·期末） Award-winning The Atlantic staff writes Zoe Schlanger delivers a groundbreaking work of popular science — The Light Eaters that explores the hidden world of the plant kingdom and reveals the astonishing capabilities of the green life all around us. It takes great biological creativity to be a plant. To survive and grow well while rooted in a single spot, plants have adapted clever methods of survival. In recent years, scientists have learned about their ability to communicate, recognize their relatives and behave socially, hear sounds, change to shape their bodies to blend into their surroundings, store useful memories that inform their life cycle, and trick animals into behaving to their benefit, to name just a few remarkable talents. The Light Eaters is a deep dive into the drama of green life and the complexity of this wild and awe-inspiring world that challenges our very understanding of agency. consciousness, and intelligence. In looking closely, we see that plants, rather than copy human intelligence, have perhaps formed a parallel (相似的) system. What is intelligent life if not a flower that shapes its bloom to fit exactly the bill of its pollinator (传粉者), a pea seedling that can hear water flowing and make its way toward it? Zoe Schlanger takes us across the globe, digging into her own memories and into the soil with the scientists who have spent their waking days studying these amazing organisms up close. What can we learn about life on Earth from the living things that grow well, adapt, consume, and accommodate at the same time? Examining the latest revelations in botanical research, Schlanger highlights the intellectual struggles among the researchers developing an entirely new view of their subject, offering a glimpse (一瞥) of a field in chaos as plant scientists debate the principles of ongoing discoveries and how they influence our understanding of what a plant is. We need plants to survive. But what do they need us for — if at all? Offering an eye opening and informative look at the ecosystem we live in, this book challenges us to rethink the role of plants and our own place-in the natural world. 1．What does the bock The Light Eaters mainly focus on? A．The importance of plants. B．Plants’ surprising survival abilities. C．Animal-plant communication methods. D．The scientists’ challenges in the study of green life. 2．Why does the author mention “a pea seedling” in paragraph 3? A．To compare different kinds of plant social behavior. B．To clarify how plants copy human intelligence. C．To indicate the link between humans and plants. D．To prove plants have their own unique intelligence. 3．What can we learn about plant scientists regarding the discoveries from paragraph 4? A．They reach no agreement. B．They have unified conclusions. C．They ignore plants’ memories. D．They struggle to redefine plant. 4．What does the author think of the book The Light Eaters? A．It is simple and plain. B．It is rich in insights. C．It is hard and complex. D．It is highly debatable. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要评述了科普著作《光之食者》，介绍了其揭示植物生存智慧、挑战传统认知的内容及学术价值。 1． 细节理解题。根据第一段“Award-winning The Atlantic staff writes Zoe Schlanger delivers a groundbreaking work of popular science — The Light Eaters that explores the hidden world of the plant kingdom and reveals the astonishing capabilities of the green life all around us. (屡获殊荣的《大西洋月刊》撰稿人佐伊·施朗格为我们带来了一部开创性的科普作品——《光之食者》，这本书探索了植物王国的隐秘世界，揭示了我们周围绿色生物的惊人能力)”和第二段中“To survive and grow well while rooted in a single spot, plants have adapted clever methods of survival. In recent years, scientists have learned about their ability to communicate, recognize their relatives and behave socially, hear sounds, change to shape their bodies to blend into their surroundings, store useful memories that inform their life cycle, and trick animals into behaving to their benefit, to name just a few remarkable talents. (为了在一个地方扎根生存和生长，植物已经适应了聪明的生存方法。近年来，科学家们 已经了解了它们的交流能力，识别亲缘植株和社交行为，感知声音，改变身体形状以融入周围环境，储存告知其生命周期的有用记忆，以及欺骗动物为他们的利益行事，这只是一些非凡的才能)”可知，书籍聚焦于植物令人惊叹的生存能力。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“What is intelligent life if not a flower that shapes its bloom to fit exactly the bill of its pollinator (传粉者), a pea seedling that can hear water flowing and make its way toward it?(如果一朵花调整绽放的形状以完全适应传粉者的需求，一株豌豆幼苗能听到水流声并朝着水流方向生长，那么这难道不是智慧生命吗？)”可知，提到豌豆幼苗是为了证明植物有自己独特的智慧。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Examining the latest revelations in botanical research, Schlanger highlights the intellectual struggles among the researchers developing an entirely new view of their subject, offering a glimpse (一瞥) of a field in chaos as plant scientists debate the principles of ongoing discoveries and how they influence our understanding of what a plant is.(在考察植物学研究的最新发现时，Schlanger强调了研究人员之间的智力斗争，这些研究人员正在开发他们的学科的全新观点，当植物科学家们争论正在进行的发现的原理以及它们如何影响我们对植物的理解时，他们提供了一个混乱的领域的一瞥)”可知，科学家对植物新发现尚未达成共识。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Offering an eye opening and informative look at the ecosystem we live in, this book challenges us to rethink the role of plants and our own place-in the natural world.(这本书让我们对我们所处的生态系统提供了开阔眼界且信息丰富的视角，促使我们重新思考植物在自然界中的作用以及我们自己的位置)”可知，作者认为这本书富有洞察力。故选B。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与科技应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建宁德·期末） Scientists in Australia have used Artificial Intelligence (AI) to help them locate a rare bird called the Plains-wanderer. This new information will help scientists protect the birds, a critically endangered bird species native to Australia’s declining grasslands. This groundbreaking approach offers new hope for protecting these unique creatures whose population has dramatically decreased by over 85% in recent decades. The Plains-wanderer, standing merely 15cm tall, exhibits strange characteristics that make it evolutionarily distinct. Classified in its own family, this flight-challenged bird spends most of its life hiding in grasslands. Females display reversed gender roles — larger in size and responsible for territory defense, while smaller males hatch eggs. Their strict habitat requirements for “just right” grass density (密度) has earned them the “Goldilock” nickname among researchers. Zoos Victoria says, “There is no bird like it in the world.” In fact, scientists have put the species into a “family” all by itself, since there are no other similar birds. Facing habitat loss from agricultural expansion, current estimates suggest only 250 — 1,000 individuals remain in the wild. Traditional monitoring methods proved ineffective due to the birds’ exceptional hiding abilities and vast grassland ranges. Zoos Victoria partnered with Queensland University of Technology to develop an innovative solution: setting up 35 audio recording devices across nine potential habitats. To protect these rare birds, scientists first had to learn where they were. So Zoos Victoria worked with Queensland University of Technology on a plan to locate the birds. Since Plains-wanderers are hard to spot, the team chose to “listen” for the birds instead. The research team collected tens of thousands of hours of environmental recordings, focusing on the female’s distinctive “Ooom” mating call. Artificial Intelligence proved crucial in analyzing this massive dataset, successfully identifying Plains-wanderer calls at two sites west of Melbourne-the first confirmed sightings in this region in over three decades. Researchers continue expanding this AI-assisted monitoring program, demonstrating how technology can bridge conservation challenges in the modern age. 1．What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Opposite B．Traditional C．Maintained D．Enhanced 2．Why is Plains-wanderer called the “Goldilock”? A．It has golden feathers. B．It prefers suitable grassland. C．It is as small as Goldilock. D．It is particular about food. 3．What can we infer about Plains-wanderer from the text? A．It is widely distributed across Australia. B．Its number has increased with Al monitoring location. C．Its survival is threatened by human activities. D．It relies on flying to escape from danger. 4．（What is the main purpose of writing Paragraph 5? A．To explain the birds’ living habits. B．To describe the AI analysis process. C．To compare different research methods. D．To show the procedures of tracking the birds. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家利用人工智能技术定位并保护澳大利亚濒危鸟类平原鹨的情况。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前“Females(雌性)”及划线词后“gender roles — larger in size and responsible for territory defense, while smaller males hatch eggs.(性别角色——体型较大，负责领地防御，而体型较小的雄性则负责孵蛋)”可知，平原鹨雌性的性别角色与传统的相反，即雌性体型较大，负责领地防御，而雄性体型较小，负责孵蛋。因此划线词reversed与A项opposite“相反的”意义相近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Their strict habitat requirements for “just right” grass density has earned them the “Goldilock” nickname among researchers.(它们对“恰到好处”的草密度有着严格的栖息地要求，因此在研究人员中获得了“金凤花姑娘”的绰号)”可知，平原鹨被称为“金凤花姑娘”是因为它们对栖息地的草密度有非常严格的要求，即它们偏好适合的草地。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Facing habitat loss from agricultural expansion, current estimates suggest only 250 — 1,000 individuals remain in the wild.(由于农业扩张导致栖息地丧失，目前的估计显示，野外仅剩下250至1000只个体)”可知，平原鹨的生存正受到人类活动（农业扩张）的威胁。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中“To protect these rare birds, scientists first had to learn where they were. So Zoos Victoria worked with Queensland University of Technology on a plan to locate the birds. Since Plains-wanderers are hard to spot, the team chose to “listen” for the birds instead. The research team collected tens of thousands of hours of environmental recordings, focusing on the female’s distinctive “Ooom” mating call. Artificial Intelligence proved crucial in analyzing this massive dataset, successfully identifying Plains-wanderer calls at two sites west of Melbourne-the first confirmed sightings in this region in over three decades.(为了保护这些珍稀鸟类，科学家们首先必须知道它们在哪里。因此，维多利亚动物园与昆士兰科技大学合作制定了一项定位鸟类的计划。由于平原鹨很难被发现，研究小组选择“听”鸟的声音。研究小组收集了数万小时的环境录音，重点关注雌鸟独特的“Ooom”求偶叫声。人工智能在分析这一庞大数据集方面发挥了至关重要的作用，成功地在墨尔本以西的两个地点识别出了平原鹨的叫声——这是30多年来该地区首次确认发现这种鸟)”可知，本段主要描述了科学家们如何利用人工智能技术来定位平原鹨的过程，包括收集环境录音、分析数据 以及成功识别出平原鹨的叫声等步骤。因此，本段的主要目的是展示追踪平原鹨的过程。故选D。 主题04 人与自我——身体保健与疾病预防 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建宁德·期末） Some people, when they have a physical examination around the age of 50, find that they have carotid plaques (颈动脉斑块), while others have smooth and healthy blood vessels. What causes this difference? Besides lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, sleep may be a crucial yet overlooked factor. A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association in May 2025 by researchers from Shandong Provincial Hospital indicates that lack of sleep is a risk factor for carotid plaques. The study involved 1,004 participants aged 40 and above, who bad no carotid plaques at the beginning. After an average follow-up of 3.95 years, it was found that compared with those who had sufficient sleep (7-9 hours), those who had short sleep duration (<7 hours) had a 58% increased risk of developing carotid plaques, a 196% increased risk of developing severe carotid plaques (with a maximum carotid plaque thickness >2.34mm), and a 157% increased risk of developing multiple carotid plaques. Additionally, for each additional hour of sleep, the risk of carotid plaques decreased by 9%, and the risk of multiple carotid plaques decreased by 16%. There was no significant correlation between excessive sleep duration (>9 hours) and carotid plaques. The study’s findings highlight the importance of maintaining good sleep habits. Adequate sleep is not only important for feeling refreshed during the day but also plays a vital role in preventing serious cardiovascular (心血管的) problems. It is recommended that adults get 7-9 hours of sleep per night to support overall health. However, modem lifestyle factors such as increased screen time before bed, high-stress jobs, and the commonness of shift work make achieving this goal challenging for many. By improving sleep quality, we may have a simple yet effective way to reduce the risk of carotid plaques and related cardiovascular diseases. Future studies may explore how different sleep-improvement strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia (失眠) or the use of sleep-enhancing devices, can further reduce these risks. 1． What do we know from the study in Paragraph 2? A．The participants had no carotid plaques originally. B．8 hours’ sleep brought about 58% higher rate of carotid plaques. C．Over 2.34 mm carotid plaque thickness was linked to 9 hours’ sleep. D．Two more hours of sleep reduced the chance of carotid plaques by 18%. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Barriers to adequate sleep. B．The significance of sleep habits. C．Tips of sleep duration for adults. D．The influence of sleep on heart health. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the results of the study? A．Positive. B．Indifferent. C．Skeptical. D．Critical. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Sleep Duration: An Impact on Cardiovascular Diseases B．Sufficient Sleep: Less Risk of Carotid Plagues C．Carotid Plaques: A Killer of Physical Health D．Body Clock: The Key to Sleep Quality 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了睡眠不足增加颈动脉斑块风险及睡眠重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study involved 1,004 participants aged 40 and above, who had no carotid plaques at the beginning.(这项研究涉及1004名40岁及以上的参与者，他们一开始没有颈动脉斑块)”可知，参与者一开始没有颈动脉斑块。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“The study’s findings highlight the importance of maintaining good sleep habits. Adequate sleep is not only important for feeling refreshed during the day but also plays a vital role in preventing serious cardiovascular (心血管的) problems.(研究结果强调了保持良好睡眠习惯的重要性。充足的睡眠不仅对白天感到精神焕发很重要，而且在预防严重心血管问题方面也起着至关重要的作用)”以及全段内容可知，第三段主要讲的是睡眠习惯的重要性。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The study’s findings highlight the importance of maintaining good sleep habits.(研究结果强调了保持良好睡眠习惯的重要性)”以及最后一段中“By improving sleep quality, we may have a simple yet effective way to reduce the risk of carotid plaques and related cardiovascular diseases.(通过改善睡眠质量，我们可能有一种简单而有效的方法来降低颈动脉斑块和相关心血管疾病的风险)”可推知，文章介绍了 研究发现睡眠不足与颈动脉斑块的关联，强调充足睡眠的重要性，还提到改善睡眠质量是降低相关风险的有效方法，体现出作者对研究结果的认可和积极态度。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association in May 2025 by researchers from Shandong Provincial Hospital indicates that lack of sleep is a risk factor for carotid plaques.(2025年5月，山东省立医院的研究人员在《美国心脏协会杂志》上发表的一项研究表明，睡眠不足是颈动脉斑块的一个风险因素)”以及第三段中“The study’s findings highlight the importance of maintaining good sleep habits. Adequate sleep is not only important for feeling refreshed during the day but also plays a vital role in preventing serious cardiovascular (心血管的) problems.(研究结果强调了保持良好睡眠习惯的重要性。充足的睡眠不仅对白天感到精神焕发很重要，而且在预防严重心血管问题方面也起着至关重要的作用)”结合文章内容可知，本文主要说明了研究发现睡眠不足是颈动脉斑块的一个风险因素，强调了保持良好睡眠习惯的重要性，指出充足的睡眠不仅对白天感到精神焕发很重要，而且在预防严重心血管问题方面也起着至关重要的作用。可知，B选项“充足的睡眠：颈动脉斑块风险降低”最符合文章标题。故选B。 主题05 人与自然——环境污染与公共健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福建龙岩·期末） Air pollution from traffic is linked to severe dementia (痴呆) and could be a significant cause of the condition among those without a genetic risk, research suggests. A study in Atlanta, Georgia, found that people exposed to higher levels of traffic-related fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) had more amyloid plaques (淀粉样蛋白沉积块) in their brains—a marker of Alzheimer. The findings, alarming for those living near busy roads, add to the long list of harms from traffic pollution, ranging from climate change to lung diseases. Researchers from Emory University investigated the effects of PM2.5 on the brain. PM2.5 consists of particles (微粒) known to enter deep into living tissue, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. Traffic-related PM2.5 concentrations are a major source of pollution in urban Atlanta, and also in urban centres across the planet. The Emory researchers examined the brain tissue from 224 late donors in Atlanta, 90% of whom had dementia. Researchers measured traffic-related PM2.5 exposure at the subjects’ home addresses in the years before their death, finding average exposure of 1.32μg/m3 (1 year prior) and 1.35μg/m3 (3 years prior). “Higher levels of air pollution were associated with higher levels of amyloid plaques,” said Anke Huels, the lead author of the study. Researchers also found that people whose PM 2.5 exposure was 1 μg/m3 higher in the year before death were nearly twice as likely to have higher levels of plaque in their brains, while those with higher exposure in the three years before death were 87% more likely to have higher levels of amyloid plaque. Huels’ team also investigated the role of the Alzheimer’s gene variant (变体), APOE4. “The air pollution-Alzheimer’s link was stronger among those without the APOE4 allele, suggesting that environmental air pollution may explain some Alzheimer’s risk in people whose risk cannot be explained by genetic factors.” 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．PM2.5 raises genetic risk. B．Traffic noise harms health. C．Traffic pollution may cause dementia. D．genetic factors determine dementia risk. 2．How did researchers obtain their data? A．By analyzing brain tissue of the dead. B．By recording donors' death time. C．Via testing traffic-related genes. D．Through monitoring patients. 3．What does the study mainly suggest? A．Diet affects dementia risk. B．Vehicle emissions harm brain. C．Pollution causes APOE4. D．Rural areas have less dementia. 4．What policy-related action might the study directly promote? A．Road closures. B．Brain research. C．Pollution control. D．Gene studies. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述研究表明交通产生的 PM2.5与痴呆症相关，尤其对无遗传风险人群影响显著，从而呼吁控制污染。 1． 推理判断题。根据第一段“Air pollution from traffic is linked to severe dementia and could be a significant cause of the condition among those without a genetic risk, research suggests.(研究表明，交通产生的空气污染与 严重痴呆症有关，并且可能是那些没有遗传风险的人患这种疾病的一个重要原因。)”以及第二段“A study in Atlanta, Georgia, found that people exposed to higher levels of traffic-related fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) had more amyloid plaques in their brains—a marker of Alzheimer.(佐治亚州亚特兰大的一项研究发现，暴露于更高水平的交通相关细颗粒物空气污染（PM2.5）的人，其大脑中有更多的淀粉样蛋白沉积块 —— 这是阿尔茨海默病的一个标志。)”可知，交通污染可能导致痴呆症。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The Emory researchers examined the brain tissue from 224 late donors in Atlanta, 90% of whom had dementia. Researchers measured traffic-related PM2.5 exposure at the subjects’ home addresses in the years before their death, finding average exposure of 1.32μg/m3 (1 year prior) and 1.35μg/m3 (3 years prior).(埃默里大学的研究人员检查了亚特兰大224名晚期捐献者的脑组织，其中90%患有痴呆症。研究人员在受试者去世前几年测量了他们家中与交通有关的PM2.5暴露量，发现平均暴露量为1.32μg/m3（1年前）和1.35μg/m3。)”可知，研究人员通过分析死者的脑组织来获取数据。故选A。 3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，全文围绕交通产生的PM2.5与痴呆症的关联展开，第五段 “Higher levels of air pollution were associated with higher levels of amyloid plaques(更高水平的空气污染与更高水平的淀粉样蛋白沉积块相关)”进一步表明车辆排放的污染物（PM2.5）会损害大脑。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“The air pollution-Alzheimer’s link was stronger among those without the APOE4 allele, suggesting that environmental air pollution may explain some Alzheimer’s risk in people whose risk cannot be explained by genetic factors.(在没有APOE4等位基因的人群中，空气污染与阿尔茨海默氏症的联系更强，这表明环境空气污染可能解释了一些无法用遗传因素解释的人患阿尔茨海默氏症风险。)”可知，研究指出交通污染与痴呆症的关联，为减少污染对健康的危害，最直接的政策行动可能是污染控制。故选C。 主题06 人与社会——历史发展与商业文化 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·厦门外国语学校·期末） No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job. Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things. Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows. How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plus. Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale. A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention. A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard among the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from an advertisement in modern media. 1．What probably led to the start of advertisement? A．The discovery of iron. B．The specialization of labor. C．The appearance of new jobs. D．The development of farming techniques. 2．Why does the writer make up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright? A．To explain the origin of advertising. B．To predict the future of advertising. C．To expose secrets to advertising. D．To provide ways of advertising. 3．In ancient times, a crier was probably someone who ______. A．possessed the loudest voice in a city B．functioned like contemporary commercials C．operated a newly arrived ship carrying goods D．managed a shop specializing in farm supplies 4．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about? A．The history of advertising. B．The benefits of advertising. C．The early forms of advertising. D．The basic design of advertising. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了广告的起源发展史。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job. (它有可能源于一项发现，即有些人在某些工作上比其他人做得更好。这就产生了专业化的概念，这意味着人们会专攻或专注于做一项特定的工作。)”可知，劳动的专业化可能促进了广告的产生，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. (许多历史学家认为，第一个户外标志是在大约五千年前使用的。甚至在大多数人能够阅读之前，他们就已经理解了这些符号。)”可知，许多历史学家相信5000年以前，最初的户外标示被使用。由此可以推断出作者讲这两个故事是为了说明广告的起源，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“His job was, in other words, not too different from an advertisement in modern media. (换句话说，他的工作与现代媒体上的广告没有太大区别。)”可知，在古埃及，一个叫卖的小贩的功能类似于今天的电视或广播中的商业广告，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention. (最初，只有人的声音和一些简单的乐器，比如铃铛，被用来吸引人们的注意力。)”和最后一段“A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard among the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from an advertisement in modern media. (从历史意义上讲，“crier”（街头叫卖者）并非指容易哭泣的人。它指的是一个人，很可能是一个男人，他的声音足够大，能在城市的其他嘈杂声中被听到。在古埃及，店主们可能会雇用这样的人来宣传他们的商品。通常，这种最早的广告形式与一艘满载货物的船只刚刚抵达有关。也许街头叫卖者会描述货物，说明它们来自哪里，并称赞其质量。换句话说，他的工作与现代媒体中的广告并无太大差别。)”可知，最后两个自然段主要讲述的是广告的早期形式，没有媒体，靠的是人声或是一些简单的工具发出的声音，故选C。 主题07 人与社会——科技发展与伦理道德 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·莆田华侨中学·期末） The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various sectors, including conservation biology. AI-powered tools now assist in monitoring endangered species, predicting habitat changes, and combating illegal wildlife trade. However, a recent study published in Conservation Letters reveals critical challenges in the ethical and practical implementation of these technologies. Researchers from the University of Oxford analyzed 127 AI systems used in conservation projects worldwide. They found that while 89% of these tools improved data collection efficiency, 62% suffered from algorithmic bias rooted in limited training datasets. For example, a facial recognition system designed to identify poachers in African savannas struggled in dense rainforest environments due to insufficient image diversity. “These biases aren’t just technical issues — they’re ethical ones,” notes lead author Dr. Maya Patel. “Conservation efforts must prioritize inclusivity (包容性), ensuring AI works for all ecosystems and communities.” Another concern is data privacy. Many AI models rely on sensitive location data of endangered species, which could be exploited by criminal networks. In 2023, a Sumatran tiger tracking project had to halt operations after its AI platform was hacked, exposing the animals’ migration routes. “We need robust cybersecurity measures integrated into AI systems from the start,” warns Dr. Patel. Despite these challenges, the study highlights promising solutions. A collaborative framework developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) emphasizes multidisciplinary partnerships between computer scientists, ecologists, and local communities. For instance, in the Amazon rainforest, indigenous tribes are co-designing AI algorithms to monitor deforestation, ensuring cultural knowledge is embedded into the technology. “By merging traditional ecological wisdom with AI, we create tools that are both effective and respectful of local contexts,” explains Dr. Patel. The study concludes that while AI holds immense potential for conservation, its success depends on addressing bias, privacy, and community engagement. “Technology alone won’t save species — people will,” says Dr. Patel. “We must build AI systems that empower, not replace, the diverse stakeholders in conservation.” 1．What does the underlined phrase “algorithmic bias” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The inability of AI to process large datasets B．The tendency of AI to favor certain environments C．The ethical concerns raised by AI developers D．The technical flaws in AI training methods 2．Why did the Sumatran tiger tracking project fail? A．The AI system lacked sufficient image diversity. B．The data privacy measures were inadequate. C．Local communities refused to participate. D．The algorithms were not updated regularly. 3．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The need for stricter cybersecurity regulations. B．The importance of integrating traditional knowledge. C．The challenges of AI implementation in remote areas. D．The collaboration between scientists and policymakers. 4．What is Dr. Patel’s attitude towards AI in conservation? A．Cautiously optimistic. B．Strongly critical. C．Indifferent. D．Uncertain. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了人工智能在保护生物学中的应用及其面临的挑战和解决方案。 1．词句猜测题。根据下文“For example, a facial recognition system designed to identify poachers in African savannas struggled in dense rainforest environments due to insufficient image diversity.(例如，一个旨在识别非洲稀树草原偷猎者的面部识别系统，由于图像多样性不足，在茂密的热带雨林环境中表现不佳。)”可知，他们发现，尽管89%的这些工具提高了数据收集效率，但62%的工具存在源于训练数据集有限的算法偏见。由此可知，“algorithmic bias”指的是人工智能倾向于在某些特定环境中表现不佳或存在偏差。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Many AI models rely on sensitive location data of endangered species, which could be exploited by criminal networks. In 2023, a Sumatran tiger tracking project had to halt operations after its AI platform was hacked, exposing the animals’ migration routes.(许多人工智能模型依赖于濒危物种的敏感位置数据，这些数据可能被犯罪网络利用。2023年，一个苏门答腊虎追踪项目在人工智能平台被黑客攻击后不得不停止运营，该平台泄露了动物的迁徙路线。)”可知，苏门答腊虎追踪项目失败的原因是数据隐私措施不足，导致人工智能平台被黑客攻击，泄露了动物的迁徙路线。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“A collaborative framework developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) emphasizes multidisciplinary partnerships between computer scientists, ecologists, and local communities. For instance, in the Amazon rainforest, indigenous tribes are co-designing AI algorithms to monitor deforestation, ensuring cultural knowledge is embedded into the technology.(国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）开发的一个合作框架强调计算机科学家、生态学家和当地社区之间的多学科合作。例如，在亚马逊雨林，土著部落正在共同设计人工智能算法来监测森林砍伐，确保文化知识融入这项技术。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了通过多学科合作和整合传统知识来改进人工智能在保护中的应用。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The study concludes that while AI holds immense potential for conservation, its success depends on addressing bias, privacy, and community engagement. “Technology alone won’t save species — people will,” says Dr. Patel. “We must build AI systems that empower, not replace, the diverse stakeholders in conservation.”(这项研究得出结论：尽管人工智能在保护领域具有巨大潜力，但其成功取决于解决偏见、隐私和社区参与问题。“仅靠技术无法拯救物种——人类才能做到，”帕特尔博士说，“我们必须构建赋能保护领域多元利益相关者的人工智能系统，而非取代他们。”)”可知，帕特尔博士认为人工智能在保护方面具有巨大潜力，但同时也指出了其面临的挑战和需要解决的问题，因此她的态度是谨慎乐观的。故选A。 主题08 人与自然——科技创新与机器人技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·福州台江九校·期末联考） History was recently made at a half-marathon in Beijing. In addition to welcoming 12, 000 runners, the race also featured 21 robot participants. The only design rule for the competing robots was that they were bipedal (双足行走的) instead of running on wheels. Otherwise, it was a free for all, resulting in interesting design choices with mixed results. The strategies used included robots with kid-sized sneakers, or shoes made out of tape. Some didn’t have a head, while others did, resulting in teams fixing them mid-race to prevent them from falling. Others used knee pads (护膝) to prevent them from breaking in case they fall downwards — and many of them did. Only six of the 21 robots finished the race. Running on a separate track from the human competitors, almost every robot faced difficulties, from falling down to overheating. One robot needed a cooling pad to make it to the end while others had liquid sprayed on them. All robots were accompanied by two or three human operators who ran beside them to help control their speed with control panels or to clear their path. The winner was a robot named Tiangong Ultra, designed by UB Tech and the Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center. It finished the race in two hours and 40 minutes. Despite being the robot victor, its path was not free of accidents either. It fell down once and its team had to change its batteries three times. “Until five years ago or so, we didn’t really know how to get robots to walk reliably,” Alan Fem, a robotics professor at Oregon State. “And now we do, and this will be a good demonstration of that.” Fern also noted that there’s no market demand for running robots, which likely explains why it’s not a priority for developers, adding that it was definitely interesting to see them follow instructions in a challenging environment. As such, the half-marathon provided them with a platform to showcase their hardware robustness (稳定性). Ultimately, there’s no need to worry — a robot will likely not beat you in a race. Not right now anyway. 1．How did the robot participants perform in the half-marathon? A．Uniform style of robots attracted public attention. B．All robot participants operated with the aid of teammates. C．Half of the robot participants lost their balance and fell down. D．Six robot participants quit the race because of the high temperature. 2．What barriers did the robot participants meet during the race? A．It was forbidden to charge the batteries. B．Human operators could not control their running speed. C．Running together with human competitors disturbed them. D．Some of them fell down and others had to be cooled with liquid. 3．What is special about the winner Tiangong Ultra? A．It defeated other running robot participants smoothly. B．It wouldn't have won the championship without its team's aid. C．It had the longest battery life among the robot participants. D．It set a good example for the marketers and other robot participants. 4．What can be inferred from Alan Fern's comment? A．The market for running robots will definitely boom. B．Humanoid robots will dominate humans sooner or later. C．Running robots could not follow instructions in different situations. D．Every small step in the half-marathon race is one giant leap in robotics. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍北京半程马拉松赛中21个机器人参赛者的表现、遇到的障碍及获胜者情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“All robots were accompanied by two or three human operators who ran beside them to help control their speed with control panels or to clear their path.(所有机器人都由两到三名人类操作员陪同，他们跑在机器人旁边，帮助用控制面板控制速度或清理路径)”可知，所有机器人参赛者在队友的帮助下操作。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Running on a separate track from the human competitors, almost every robot faced difficulties, from falling down to overheating. One robot needed a cooling pad to make it to the end while others had liquid sprayed on them. (与人类参赛者在不同跑道上运行时，几乎每台机器人都面临着从摔倒到过热等各种困难。一台机器人需要冷却垫才能坚持到终点，而其他机器人则被喷洒了液体)”可知，机器人参赛者在比赛中遇到的障碍是有些摔倒了，有些必须用液体冷却。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Despite being the robot victor, its path was not free of accidents either. It fell down once and its team had to change its batteries three times.(尽管它是机器人的胜利者，但它的道路也并非没有意外。它摔倒了一次，它的团队不得不三次更换电池)”可推断，获胜者天宫Ultra如果没有团队的帮助，就不会赢得冠军。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中的““Until five years ago or so, we didn’t really know how to get robots to walk reliably,” Alan Fem, a robotics professor at Oregon State. “And now we do, and this will be a good demonstration of that.”(俄勒冈州立大学机器人学教授艾伦·费姆说：“直到大约五年前，我们还不太清楚如何让机器人稳定行走。而现在我们知道了，这将是对此的一个很好展示。”)”及最后一段中的“As such, the half-marathon provided them with a platform to showcase their hardware robustness. (因此，半程马拉松为他们提供了一个展示硬件稳健性的平台。)”可推断，从艾伦·费姆的评论中可以看出，半程马拉松比赛中的每一小步都是机器人技术进步的一大步。故选D项。 2 / 36 1 / 36 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $