专题03 阅读理解 说明文（期末真题汇编，全国通用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读，精选24-25学年高一下多地区期末真题，覆盖人与社会、自然等主题，情境真实且梯度分明。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|每篇4题|细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断|社会热点（如课后托管项目成效）、科技前沿（如AI语言偏好）、生态保护（如无人机与鸟类共存），问题设计从基础信息到深层推理，适配高一下学期阅读能力要求。|

专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会—社会文化与教育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·福建福州·期末） Kari Lehman can’t imagine life without the free after-school program at Beaver River School in Beaver Falls, New York. Each afternoon, her two sons, aged 7 and 11, get hands-on help with homework, a healthy snack, fun activities and chances to make friends — while she and her husband finish their workdays. “They get their homework done, move their bodies, socialize — and then our evenings are free for family time,” Lehman says. “So we can have dinner together and spend time as a family. It would actually change our lives, our family, if we didn’t have this program.” The program at Beaver River is just one of 18 after-school programs at schools across New York, serving over 1,200 students at no cost. Each day, the first hour is for academics (学业). School-day teachers work one-on-one with children who need extra help in math, reading, or any other school subject. The second hour is for hands-on projects. Students try activities in science, cooking, art, health, and career skills while also learning teamwork and building confidence. Last year, nearly 60% of students participating (参加) in the programs improved their math grades, around 80% of students got A’s in English exams, and close to 100% of parents reported satisfaction. In one survey of the parents of more than 700 students, 93% of parents said their children showed overall well-being because of their participation in the programs. Beyond academics, the programs host family nights, and community events. Last year, the programs each hosted more than 25 events for families, providing opportunities for the whole family to connect with the school, with nearly 100% of attendees rating the events as effective. “The program makes us feel like we’re a part of the community by bringing the families in and helping us build relationships,” says Makenna Grunert, a mother who has two kids. 1. What do we learn from Lehman’s words? A. Children should learn to do housework. B. The program takes a long time every day. C. She is quite satisfied with the program. D. Her family seldom gather for dinner now. 2. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. Educators working for the program. B. The daily class schedule of the program. C. A hands-on project for senior students. D. The importance of after-school programs. 3. Which is the percentage of the participating students raising their math grades last year? A. About 60%. B. Nearly 80%. C. 93%. D. 100%. 4. Grunert believes the after-school program brings a sense of ________. A. safety B. humour C. curiosity D. belonging 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了纽约课后项目对学生及家庭的积极影响。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中““They get their homework done, move their bodies, socialize — and then our evenings are free for family time,” Lehman says. “So we can have dinner together and spend time as a family. It would actually change our lives, our family, if we didn’t have this program.”(“他们完成了作业，锻炼了身体，进行了社交活动——然后我们的晚上就自由了，可以陪家人了，” Lehman说。“所以我们可以一起吃晚饭，一起度过家庭时光。如果没有这个项目，我们的生活、我们的家庭实际上都会改变。”)”可推知，Lehman对这个项目非常满意，认为它改变了他们的生活。故选C。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Each day, the first hour is for academics. School-day teachers work one-on-one with children who need extra help in math, reading, or any other school subject. The second hour is for hands-on projects.(每天，第一个小时用于学术活动。在校教师与那些在数学、阅读或其他学科上需要额外帮助的孩子进行一对一辅导。第二个小时用于实践活动)”以及全段内容可知，该段主要描述了课后项目的日常课程安排，包括学术辅导和实践活动。故选B。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Last year, nearly 60% of students participating (参加) in the programs improved their math grades, around 80% of students got A’s in English exams, and close to 100% of parents reported satisfaction.(去年，参加该项目的学生中，近60%的学生数学成绩有所提高，约80%的学生在英语考试中获得了A等级，并且接近100%的家长表示满意)”可知，去年参加该项目的学生中，有近60%的学生数学成绩有所提高。故选A。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中““The program makes us feel like we’re a part of the community by bringing the families in and helping us build relationships,” says Makenna Grunert, a mother who has two kids.(有两个孩子的母亲Makenna Grunert说：“这个项目把家庭聚集在一起，帮助我们建立关系，让我们感觉自己是社区的一部分”)”可知，Grunert认为课后项目带来了一种归属感，让她感觉自己成为了社区的一部分。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·河北石家庄·期末） It’s one of the most common questions adults ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? Although childhood is supposed to be fun, kids also discuss important topics regarding their futures. Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. Rodica Damian, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Houston, and other researchers discovered that as children grow up, their goals naturally begin to change. However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. During the study, researchers compared how their goals evolved as children moved from adolescence to adulthood and how a person's goals impacted their success in school and as an employee later on. Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be. So, the message is simple: dream big and dream of success, kids! Those goals can drive you to success when you grow up! “Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. 1. What does the study mainly focus on? A. Why children change their dreams over time. B. Whether childhood goals re late to future success. C. How childhood education determines future career. D. What impact early experiences have on characters. 2. Which of the following goals remains strong as children grow up? A. Connecting with others. B. Achieving academic success. C. Hunting for a high-salary job. D. Improving personal social status. 3. What message does the author convey in paragraph 3? A. Future careers is determined by Childhood achievements. B. Childhood ambition is potentially connected with success. C. Setting small goals is more beneficial than dreaming big. D. Adjusting goals can create new opportunities for success. 4. What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A. To summarize learning strategies. B. To offer suggestions for future studies. C. To stress the significance of the study. D. To point out the limitations of the study. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一项研究发现，儿童设定的关于未来地位和教育的大目标往往会为他们成年后的成功奠定基础。 【1题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. (现在，一项新的研究发现，设定关于未来地位和教育的大目标的孩子，随着年龄的增长，往往会为自己的成功奠定基础。)”以及第二段中“The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. (这项发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的研究首次揭示了生活目标的发展与未来在学校或工作场所成功之间的联系。)” 可知，这项研究主要关注的是儿童时期的目标是否与未来的成功有关。故选B项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. (然而，随着一些童年目标的消失，其他与家庭相关的目标依然强烈。这些目标包括与亲戚保持亲近，建立更多的友谊或找到一个浪漫的伴侣，甚至更多地参与社区活动或帮助他人。)”可知，随着孩子的成长，与他人建立联系的目标依然强烈。故选A项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be.（总的来说，孩子们专注于教育和未来地位的目标是成年后收入的最一致预测因素。简单地说，当一个孩子梦想在学校表现出色或在成年后取得巨大成功时，这些目标准确地描绘了这些孩子将会多么成功。）”可知，作者在第三段传达的信息是，童年的雄心与成功潜在地相关。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. (我们的工作证明了孩子的生活目标、教育成就和未来职业结果之间的强烈联系。这些信息对家长和教育者来说是有价值的，他们可以用它来鼓励孩子设定雄心勃勃的目标。此外，它有助于制定支持个人实现目标和发挥全部潜力的策略。)”可知，最后一段的目的是强调这项研究的重要性，故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·四川绵阳·期末） The Miyun Reservoir (水库) near Beijing plays an important role in providing water to the capital. But not many people know this major project was actually designed by a group of university students as their graduation project. In 1959, under Jiang Nanxiang, the then headmaster of Tsinghua University, who encouraged his students to combine theory with practice, students from the Department of Hydraulic Engineering set about the project. This is one of the stories told in the new season of Century Masters, which focuses on 11 noted educators, among them Peking University head Cai Yuanpei, promoter of mass education Tao Xingzhi and physical education advocate Jiang Nanxiang, which aired on China Education Television in March, 2024. Produced by the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Century Masters is dedicated to people renowned for their mastery in different areas. Earlier seasons focused on famous artists, architects and writers. According to Chen Hong, the general director for the series, the new season seeks to preserve and protect the educational practices, ideas and progress of the subjects, and nurture young people in the process. “We want to crystallize the wisdom and sweat of countless educators, a precious heritage for future generations, and open a window to showcase the country’s progress. Many of them also made great achievements in other areas. This series, however, focuses on their contributions to education”, says Chen. Unlike artists who produce physical creations, the contributions of educators are often theoretical, and so are difficult to show visually. To deal with this, the series brought the educators to life by illustrating their ideas through snapshots (快照) of their work and life. The two episodes (一集) about Ma Yuehan, a pioneer in advocating for physical education at Tsinghua University, explore his habit of regular exercise maintained since childhood, his participation in national and international competitions at university, and the way in which he benefited from being in good health. 1. What do we know about the Miyun Reservoir from the passage? A. It was finished in the year 1959. B. Its historical importance has not been fully recognized. C. It was designed by the headmaster of Tsinghua University. D. It is a product of Tsinghua University’s advanced teaching philosophy. 2. What purpose does the new season of Century Masters serve? A. To introduce Chinese experts of all fields. B. To dig into the all-around achievements of great educators. C. To record the educational practices and ideas of noted educators. D. To call upon young people to contribute to Chinese education. 3. Why does the author mention the episodes of Ma Yuehan in paragraph 4? A. To highlight his educational contribution. B. To serve as an example of the practice above. C. To prove the importance of physical education. D. To showcase his achievement in physical competitions. 4. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Heroes of Education in Century Masters B. Protectors of Heritage in Century Masters C. Physical and Academic Education in Tsinghua University D. Theoretical and Practical Education in Tsinghua University 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。《世纪大师》最新季于2024年播出，着重介绍11位教育界巨擘，如蔡元培、陶行知及倡导体育的江南翔，通过生动描绘如清华学子设计密云水库等事迹，记录并弘扬其教育理念与实践成就，启迪新一代，展现中国教育的辉煌篇章。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第一段“The Miyun Reservoir (水库) near Beijing plays an important role in providing water to the capital. But not many people know this major project was actually designed by a group of university students as their graduation project. In 1959, under Jiang Nanxiang, the then headmaster of Tsinghua University, who encouraged his students to combine theory with practice, students from the Department of Hydraulic Engineering set about the project. (北京附近的密云水库在向首都供水方面起着重要作用。但没有多少人知道这个重大项目实际上是由一群大学生设计的，作为他们的毕业设计。1959年，在时任清华大学校长蒋南翔鼓励学生理论联系实际的指导下，水工学系的学生们开始了这一工程。)”可知，密云水库是清华大学先进教学理念的产物。故选D。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第三段中“According to Chen Hong, the general director for the series, the new season seeks to preserve and protect the educational practices, ideas and progress of the subjects, and nurture young people in the process. “We want to crystallize the wisdom and sweat of countless educators, a precious heritage for future generations, and open a window to showcase the country’s progress. Many of them also made great achievements in other areas. This series, however, focuses on their contributions to education”, says Chen. (据该系列的总导演陈红介绍，新一季旨在保留和保护学科的教育实践，思想和进步，并在此过程中培养年轻人。“我们要凝聚无数教育家的智慧和汗水，为子孙后代留下宝贵的遗产，打开一扇展示国家进步的窗口。”他们中的许多人在其他领域也取得了巨大的成就。然而，这个系列关注的是他们对教育的贡献。”)”可知，新一季的《世纪大师》记录著名教育家的教育实践和教育思想。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第四段中“Unlike artists who produce physical creations, the contributions of educators are often theoretical, and so are difficult to show visually. To deal with this, the series brought the educators to life by illustrating their ideas through snapshots (快照) of their work and life. The two episodes (一集) about Ma Yuehan, a pioneer in advocating for physical education at Tsinghua University, explore his habit of regular exercise maintained since childhood, his participation in national and international competitions at university, and the way in which he benefited from being in good health. (与创作实物作品的艺术家不同，教育工作者的贡献往往是理论性的，因此很难用视觉表现出来。为了解决这个问题，该系列通过对教育工作者工作和生活的快照来说明他们的想法，从而使他们栩栩如生。马约翰是清华大学倡导体育教育的先驱，这两集节目探讨了他从小养成的规律锻炼的习惯，他在大学期间参加国内和国际比赛，以及他从良好的健康中受益的方式。)”可知，第四段中提到马约翰的事例是为了说明如何通过快照来展示教育家的生活和工作片段，从而让观众理解他们的思想和贡献。这是对上文提及的处理教育家贡献难以视觉化展示这一挑战的具体实践案例。故选B。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段中“This is one of the stories told in the new season of Century Masters, which focuses on 11 noted educators, among them Peking University head Cai Yuanpei, promoter of mass education Tao Xingzhi and physical education advocate Jiang Nanxiang, which aired on China Education Television in March, 2024. (这是《世纪大师》新一季讲述的故事之一，该节目聚焦于11位著名教育家，其中包括北京大学校长蔡元培、大众教育倡导者陶行知和体育倡导者姜南翔，该节目于2024年3月在中国教育电视台播出。)”可知，文章主要介绍了《世纪大师》新一季聚焦于11位著名教育家的故事，包括他们的教育实践、理念及其对国家进步的贡献，因此A选项“Heroes of Education in Century Masters (世纪大师中的教育英雄)”符合题意。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·山东实验中学·期末） Deep in the forests in the Siem Reap Province, Cambodia, the five lotus-flower-shaped towers of the large Angkor Wat stand tall towards the sky. When tourists arrive at the main gate, they will be attracted to the large temple (庙宇). Angkor Wat was part of a city as big as London. This city was at the center of an empire that covered areas from southern Vietnam to Laos, and from the Mekong River to Eastern Myanmar between the 9th and 15th centuries. By around 1500 A.D., the Khmer capital was left behind empty, most likely after heavy floods and long droughts. Later, forests were all around the temples and buildings that lay hidden until their rediscovery in 1860. Angkor Wat’s inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1992 marked a milestone in the country’s recovery. The action of the protection and development of this cultural site is a typical example of international solidarity and proves to be one of UNESCO’s most important achievements. Thirty countries and a group of experts were brought together to work on scientific projects for the restoration (修复) of these amazing sites. The aim was to support long-term and environmentally friendly progress. Angkor has become a living laboratory showing the beauty of historic buildings. Walking through the temple, people see hundreds of beautiful figures on the walls telling the stories of these ancient people, and long hallways lined with many attractive supports. The fact that Angkor was taken off UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger just twelve years later is a great achievement for most people of Cambodia. A large number of visitors from all over the world make their journey there enjoying the beautiful scenery. The large site now supports 700,000 local people and attracts some five million visitors whose flow (流动量) must be controlled each year. The local organizations in charge are carrying out several projects to encourage better development of the tourism industry. In this way, they hope to improve the lives of communities. 1. What probably caused people to leave the Khmer capital? A. The national wars. B. Its lack of forests. C. The natural disasters. D. Its inconvenient location. 2. What does the underlined word “solidarity” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Joint effort. B. Good judgment. C. High recognition. D. Serious competition. 3. What may Cambodian people take great pride in according to the author? A. The stories about the figures on the temple walls. B. The fact that Angkor is used for scientific studies. C. The good recovery of their cultural sites in a short time. D. The inclusion of Angkor in UNESCO’s World Heritage List. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. The flow of visitors to Angkor keeps rising. B. Tourism is being improved to benefit local living. C. The public is less worried about Angkor’s natural scenery. D. Tourism has had a negative influence on the local environment. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了柬埔寨吴哥窟的历史、修复、文化价值及旅游业发展。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“By around 1500 A.D., the Khmer capital was left behind empty, most likely after heavy floods and long droughts.(到公元1500年左右，高棉首都可能在大洪水和长期干旱之后被遗弃。)”可知，自然灾害可能是导致人们离开高棉首都的原因。故选C。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Angkor Wat’s inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1992 marked a milestone in the country’s recovery. The action of the protection and development of this cultural site is a typical example of international solidarity and proves to be one of UNESCO’s most important achievements. Thirty countries and a group of experts were brought together to work on scientific projects for the restoration (修复) of these amazing sites. The aim was to support long-term and environmentally friendly progress.(1992年，吴哥窟被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，这标志着该国复兴进程中的一个重要里程碑。保护和开发这一文化遗址的行动是国际solidarity的典范，也是联合国教科文组织最重要的成就之一。三十个国家和一批专家齐聚一堂，共同开展科学项目，修复这些令人惊叹的遗址，旨在支持长期且环保的可持续发展。)”可知，保护和发展这一文化遗址的行动是国际合作的典型例子，故solidarity意思是“共同努力”。A. Joint effort.共同努力；B. Good judgment.好的判断；C. High recognition.高度认可；D. Serious competition.激烈的竞争。故选A。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The fact that Angkor was taken off UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger just twelve years later is a great achievement for most people of Cambodia.(吴哥窟在仅仅12年后就被从联合国教科文组织的世界遗产濒危名录中移除，这对大多数柬埔寨人来说是一项伟大的成就。)”可知，作者认为，柬埔寨人民可能会为他们的文化遗址在短时间内得到良好修复而感到自豪。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The large site now supports 700,000 local people and attracts some five million visitors whose flow (流动量) must be controlled each year. The local organizations in charge are carrying out several projects to encourage better development of the tourism industry. In this way, they hope to improve the lives of communities.(这个大型遗址现在养活了70万当地人，每年吸引约500万游客，游客流量必须每年得到控制。负责的当地组织正在开展几个项目，以鼓励旅游业的更好发展。通过这种方式，他们希望改善社区的生活。)”可推知，旅游业正在改善以造福当地生活。故选B。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·安徽黄山·期末） Most highly skilled fields have rude names for beginners. And yet there has never been a better time to be a beginner. Learning platforms such as Coursera, Skillshare and Duolingo sell you an experience that you can fit around your busy life, achieving mastery in a short time. In this book Beginners, Tom Vanderbilt joins the growing army of beginners. Stuck in mid-career growth, he decides to spend a year learning new skills. He hires a singing teacher and joins the Britpop Choir. He takes up drawing, then surfing. He learns to juggle (玩杂耍). With the help of a jeweler, he even makes his own wedding ring. None of these attempts turn into life-changing passions. They are simply done for fun. The motivation behind all this comes from Vanderbilt’s experience of parenthood, which can only be learned in the doing of it. All parents are beginners, and beginner teachers, clumsily (笨拙地) passing on knowledge to their children. As he watches his daughter effortlessly pick up how to swim or play chess, Vanderbilt worries that he has left it too late. “It’s hard to be old and bad at something,” as a friend, returning to swimming in middle age, puts it. Luckily, he achieves satisfying results with relatively little painful effort. People appreciate his inexpert but improved singing because most people can’t sing very well. The title of one academic paper he cites — “Imprecise singing is widespread” — says it all. The acid (讽刺的) test is “Happy Birthday”, the most familiar song in the language and yet not easy to sing because it spans (跨越) an octave (八度音阶) and moves up and down it dramatically. In a world where apps constantly rate us and measure our performance, so that learning anything becomes another form of work, we should enjoy the process more and worry less about the product. All Vanderbilt achieves in the end is a basic skill in various unrelated activities. But it has brought him “an enormous and almost forgotten kind of pleasure”. This book conveys that pleasure and is itself a pleasure to read. 1. What motivates Vanderbilt’s passion for learning new skills? A. His friend’s swimming comeback. B. His experience of being a parent. C. His daughter’s advice on trying new things. D. His hope for changing the views of beginners. 2. Why does the author mention the song “Happy Birthday”? A. To indicate the importance of repetition in singing. B. To draw attention to its popularity around the world. C. To prove its effectiveness in testing musical memory. D. To show the difficulty in singing even well-known songs well. 3. What does the author stress in the last paragraph? A. The need to master various unrelated skills. B. The pleasure obtained from reading a book. C. The importance of enjoying the learning process. D. The significance of gaining recognition for one’s efforts. 4. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A career guide. D. A research article. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍汤姆・范德比尔特所著《初学者》，讲述他中年花一年学新技能的经历，源于育儿体验，强调享受学习过程的乐趣。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The motivation behind all this comes from Vanderbilt’s experience of parenthood, which can only be learned in the doing of it.(这一切背后的动机源自范德比尔特作为父母所经历的种种，而这种经验只有在亲身经历中才能获得)”可知，为人父母的经历激发了范德比尔特对学习新技能的浓厚兴趣。故选B。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The acid (讽刺的) test is “Happy Birthday”, the most familiar song in the language and yet not easy to sing because it spans (跨越) an octave (八度音阶) and moves up and down it dramatically.(具有讽刺意味的是，《生日快乐》这首歌就是个考验——它是这门语言中最耳熟能详的歌曲，却并不容易唱好，因为它的音域跨越了一个八度，而且音调起伏极大)”可知，作者提及歌曲《生日快乐》是为了表明即便是耳熟能详的歌曲，要唱好也并非易事。故选D。 【3题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In a world where apps constantly rate us and measure our performance, so that learning anything becomes another form of work, we should enjoy the process more and worry less about the product. All Vanderbilt achieves in the end is a basic skill in various unrelated activities. But it has brought him “an enormous and almost forgotten kind of pleasure”. This book conveys that pleasure and is itself a pleasure to read.(在一个应用程序不断对我们进行评分并衡量我们表现的世界里，以至于学习任何事物都变成了另一种形式的工作，我们应该更享受这个过程，而不要过于担心最终的结果。范德比尔特最终所获得的只是在各种不相关活动中的基本技能。但它却给他带来了“一种巨大且几乎被遗忘的愉悦感”。这本书传达了这种愉悦感，本身也是一本令人愉悦的读物)”可知，作者在最后一段强调了享受学习过程的重要性。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“In this book Beginners, Tom Vanderbilt joins the growing army of beginners.(在《初学者》这本书中，汤姆・范德比尔特加入了日益壮大的初学者队伍)”等内容可知，文章介绍汤姆・范德比尔特所著《初学者》，讲述他中年花一年学新技能的经历，源于育儿体验，强调享受学习过程的乐趣。从而推知，文章是一篇书评。故选B。 主题02 人与社会—社会现象与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东威海·期末） The fashion industry is responsible for up to ten percent of the world’s carbon emissions (排放). But what if you could get clothes more sustainably and spend less money? Enter rental fashion (服装租赁). Companies charge you a small part of the store price to borrow a piece of clothing. They’ll take care of the cleaning once you send it back. These companies advertise sustainability as one of the best reasons to rent: By sharing clothes among more people, they satisfy shoppers’ desire for new looks while avoiding the emissions that new clothes would produce. The only thing is, of course, there are trade-offs. Shipping you those clothes creates carbon emissions, and so does washing them after you’re done with them. Then how can you make sure that the environment gets the most benefit out of your money? First of all, rent clothes you don’t wear frequently. Some companies rent out high-end clothes, while others offer more everyday options. The best clothes to rent are fancy clothes for special occasions. And higher-quality pieces are more likely to last through multiple (多次的) wears. If a rented piece of clothes gets worn more times than it would if one person owned it, that can definitely make a difference. Meanwhile, casual clothes such as jeans already get frequent wears and are better to own than rent. You could also rent from a nearby location and pick up your clothes by yourself. If you were to use an environmentally friendly method, such as public transport or biking, that would even be better. Of course, buying less can be one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways to live more sustainably. By buying fewer new clothes, you can help cut down the need for clothing production, which is responsible for most of emissions in the fashion industry. 1. According to the first two paragraphs, the rise of rental fashion is meant to ______ . A. change shopping habits B. reduce environmental harm C. cut clothing production D. follow fashion trends easily 2. Which can best explain the underlined “trade-offs”? A. Options. B. Costs. C. Preferences. D. Differences. 3. Which would be the greenest clothing habit according to the text? A. Renting expensive clothes. B. Renting clothes delivered easily. C. Renting frequently-worn clothes. D. Renting clothes with self-pick-up nearby. 4. What is the purpose of the text? A. To encourage buying less. B. To introduce changes in fashion. C. To explain rental fashion and give advice. D. To warn of the damage done by fashion industry. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了服装租赁以及如何减少服装租赁对环境的影响。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“The fashion industry is responsible for up to ten percent of the world’s carbon emissions (排放). But what if you could get clothes more sustainably and spend less money?(时尚产业的碳排放量占世界总排放量的10%。但是，如果你能更可持续地买到衣服，花更少的钱呢？)”和第二段中“These companies advertise sustainability as one of the best reasons to rent: By sharing clothes among more people, they satisfy shoppers’ desire for new looks while avoiding the emissions that new clothes would produce.(这些公司将可持续性宣传为租赁的最佳理由之一：通过与更多人共享衣服，它们满足了购物者对新造型的渴望，同时避免了新衣服产生的排放)”可知，租赁服饰的兴起是为了减少对环境的影响，故选B。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Shipping you those clothes creates carbon emissions, and so does washing them after you’re done with them.(把这些衣服寄给你会产生碳排放，穿完后洗它们也会产生碳排放)”可知，邮寄衣服寄会产生碳排放，洗它们也会产生碳排放，这是关于租赁衣服的环境代价，trade-offs意为“成本，代价”，故选B。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“You could also rent from a nearby location and pick up your clothes by yourself. If you were to use an environmentally friendly method, such as public transport or biking, that would even be better.(你也可以在附近租衣服，然后自己去取衣服。如果你使用一种环保的方式，比如公共交通或骑自行车，那就更好了)”可知，从附近租衣服且自己去取是最环保的方式，故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“Enter rental fashion (服装租赁). Companies charge you a small part of the store price to borrow a piece of clothing. They’ll take care of the cleaning once you send it back.(进入服装租赁。借一件衣服，公司会向你收取商店价格的一小部分。你送回去后，他们会负责清洁的)”和第四段“Then how can you make sure that the environment gets the most benefit out of your money?(那么你怎样才能确保环境从你的钱中得到最大的好处呢？)”可知，文章介绍了服装租赁以及如何减少服装租赁对环境的影响，故本文目的是解释租赁时尚并提出建议，故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·山东青岛·期末） Finland was known as a rather quiet country. Since 2008, the Country Brand Delegation (国家品牌代表团) has been looking for a national brand that would make some noise to market the country as a world-famous tourist destination. In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence. As the report explained, modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said. Silence first appeared in scientific research as a control or baseline, against which scientists compare the effects of noise or music. Researchers have mainly studied it by accident, as physician Luciano Bernardi did in his study of the physiological (生理学) effects of music. “We didn’t think about the effect of silence,” he said. Bernardi observed two dozen test subjects while they listened to six musical tracks. He found that the impacts of music could be read directly in the bloodstream, via changes in blood pressure, carbon dioxide, and circulation in the brain. “During almost all sorts of music, there was a physiological change with a condition of arousal (兴奋),” he explained. This effect made sense, given that active listening requires attention. But the more striking finding appeared between musical tracks. Bernardi and his colleagues discovered that randomly added stretches of silence also had a great effect, but in the opposite direction. In fact, two-minute silent pauses proved far more relaxing than either “relaxing” music or a longer silence played before the experiment started. The blank pauses that Bernardi had considered irrelevant (不相关的), in other words, became the most interesting object of study. Silence seemed to be heightened by contrast, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. “Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,” he said. This finding is reinforced by neurological (神经系统的) research. Relevant research shows when our brains rest quietly, they integrate external and internal information into “a conscious (意识的) workspace.” Peace and quiet, both outside and inside us, seem to free our minds to naturally find our place in the world. Noora Vikman, a consultant on silence for Finland’s marketers, knows silence well. Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland, she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren’t detectable in her busy daily life. “If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself.” 1. Why does the author mention the Country Brand Report in Paragraph 1? A. To indicate the authority of the Delegation. B. To highlight the need of noise in Finland. C. To explain why Finland issued the brands. D. To present how Finland viewed silence. 2. What can be inferred about Luciano Bernardi’s discovery? A. It challenged the calming effect of music. B. It illustrated the loss of attentiveness after silence. C. It emphasized the role of silence between sounds. D. It stated brains’ information processing in the quiet. 3. What is Noora Vikman’s attitude to silence?. A. Supportive. B. Neutral. C. Disapproving. D. Indifferent. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Silence: A Limited Resource B. Silence: An Invaluable Power C. Silence: A Misunderstood Tool D. Silence: An Insignificant Quality 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要以“安静的状态有着意想不到的力量”为话题，详细讲述了研究人员对其重要作用的研究和发现，且通过人们的真实感受强调了安静给人带来的出人意料的好处。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Finland was known as a rather quiet country.(芬兰作为一个相当安静国家而著名)”以及“In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence. As the report explained, modem society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said.(2010年，该代表团发布了一份“国家品牌报告”，其中列举了一系列具有市场价值的主题，其中包括芬兰著名的教育体系。其中有一个全新的主题：安静。正如报告所解释的那样，现代社会往往显得过于喧闹和繁忙。“安静是一种资源”，报告中说道)”可知，作者提及“国家品牌报告”是为了通过权威发布来展示芬兰如何看待安静。故选D。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Silence seemed to be heightened by contrast, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. “Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,” he said.(安静似乎因对比而显得更加突出，也许是因为它让测试对象得以暂时摆脱对细节的仔细关注。“也许这种兴奋能让人集中注意力朝一个方向发展，所以当不再有更强烈的刺激时，你就会进入更深层次的放松状态。”他说道)”可知，通过研究，他发现了安静作为声音间隔时对测试对象有很大的影响，与声音对比下的安静反而让人有更深的放松。由此可推知，他的发现强调了安静在声音之间的作用。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Noora Vikman, a consultant on silence for Finland’s marketers, knows silence well. Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland, she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren’t detectable in her busy daily life. “If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself.”(Noora Vikman是芬兰营销人员中的一位安静研究专家。她深谙安静之道。在芬兰一个偏远且宁静的地方生活，她发现了在忙碌的日常生活中难以察觉的内心想法和情感。“要想了解自己，你就得与自己相处，与自己交流，还要能够与自己对话。”)”可知，Noora Vikman通过住在一个偏僻安静的地方亲身感受到了安静独处才能认识自己，由此可推知，Noora Vikman对安静支持赞同的。故选A。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“As the report explained, modem society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said.(正如报告所解释的那样，现代社会往往显得过于喧闹和繁忙。“安静是一种资源”，报告中说道)”结合文章主要围绕“安静是一种资源”这一话题进行讲述，并在后文段落通过介绍相关研究及真人实例的感受强调了安静的强大力量。B选项“安静：一种无价的力量”贴合主旨，最适合作为文章标题。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·江苏扬州·期末） “I’d like to have your problem!” It is a common remark made to underweight people, who tend to awake more envy than sympathy. However, underweight people have just as much trouble putting on the pounds as overweight people have losing them — they are also related to health risks. The problem of the underweight is that they are unwilling or unable to eat enough, or they eat like a horse but still do not gain weight. They have a fast metabolism (新陈代谢) and can eat whatever they want without putting on kilograms. People with a slow metabolism deposit most of the energy they take in with food as body fat. People with a fast metabolism burn this energy off, producing heat. To someone who is overweight, a fast metabolism may seem desirable. But from a medical standpoint it is a problem. Being underweight is usually accompanied by a lack of basic nutrients and/ or trace elements. This increases the risk of developing disorders such as osteoporosis, weakens muscle function and slows the healing of wounds. Underweight people are often elderly, have little appetite or perhaps are no longer able to chew properly. People can also lose a lot of weight due to a serious disease or chemotherapy (化疗). A potential health problem is also sometimes to blame. Even young, healthy people can be affected when they feel stressed out emotionally. A classic case is lovesickness. Your stomach feels as though tied up in knots, your nerves are shaky, and after two bites of food you are full. Before long, your body is running out of energy, and you either become sleepy or more nervous — in any case you eat even less and then enter a downward spiral (螺旋轨道). What will you do when your trousers get baggy, your eyes start to widen, your bones and teeth start to stick out, your energy level drops and your sensitiveness rises? 1. What message does Paragraph 1 convey? A. Being thin is popular among the young. B. Being fat is dangerous for an elderly man. C. Either being fat or thin can be a health risk. D. Losing weight is harder than gaining weight. 2. When are people more likely to be underweight? A. When they have no teeth to chew. B. When they suffer from a big illness. C. When they are addicted to their work. D. When they have a slow metabolism. 3. What is the writing style of the last paragraph? A. Critical. B. Vivid. C. Abstract. D. Academic. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Weight Matters To Health B. Mind Your Daily Diet C. Fat Is A Risk Too D. Thin Is Not In 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是体重过轻带来的健康风险及挑战，分析其成因，并探讨如何通过合理的饮食和心理支持来改善体重不足的问题。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段““I’d like to have your problem!” It is a common remark made to underweight people, who tend to awake more envy than sympathy. However, underweight people have just as much trouble putting on the pounds as overweight people have losing them — they are also related to health risks.(“我想知道你的问题！”这是对体重过轻的人常说的一句话，他们往往会招来更多的嫉妒而不是同情。然而，体重过轻的人增重的困难和超重的人减重的困难是一样的——这也与健康风险有关)”可知，胖或瘦都有健康风险。故选C项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“People can also lose a lot of weight due to a serious disease or chemotherapy (化疗).(由于严重的疾病或化疗，人们也会减掉很多体重)”可知，当得了大病的时候，人们更容易体重过轻。故选B项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“A potential health problem is also sometimes to blame. Even young, healthy people can be affected when they feel stressed out emotionally. A classic case is lovesickness. Your stomach feels as though tied up in knots, your nerves are shaky, and after two bites of food you are full. Before long, your body is running out of energy, and you either become sleepy or more nervous — in any case you eat even less and then enter a downward spiral (螺旋轨道). What will you do when your trousers get baggy, your eyes start to widen, your bones and teeth start to stick out, your energy level drops and your sensitiveness rises?(潜在的健康问题有时也是罪魁祸首。即使是年轻健康的人在情绪紧张时也会受到影响。一个典型的例子是相思病。你的胃好像打结了，你的神经颤抖，吃了两口食物后你就饱了。不久之后，你的身体就会耗尽能量，你要么变得困倦，要么变得更加紧张——在任何情况下，你都吃得更少，然后进入一个恶性循环。当你的裤子变得松松垮垮，你的眼睛开始睁大，你的骨头和牙齿开始突出，你的能量水平下降，你的敏感度上升时，你会怎么办？)”可知，作者在描写“瘦”时，用许多生动形象的词语，如baggy，widen和stick out等，以达到“生动”的效果。故选B项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段““I’d like to have your problem!” It is a common remark made to underweight people, who tend to awake more envy than sympathy. However, underweight people have just as much trouble putting on the pounds as overweight people have losing them — they are also related to health risks.(“我想知道你的问题！”这是对体重过轻的人常说的一句话，他们往往会招来更多的嫉妒而不是同情。然而，体重过轻的人增重的困难和超重的人减重的困难是一样的——这也与健康风险有关)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了偏瘦的人所面临的问题，包括他们难以增重以及与健康风险相关的内容，所以D项“瘦并不时髦”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·河北唐山·期末） The Central Valley is among the most productive agricultural regions in the world: It makes up just 1 percent of all farmland in the United States, yet produces a third of nation’s fruits and vegetables. But it’s also extremely water-stressed. To grow all those crops, farmers have drawn so much groundwater that the land has gone down by several feet. Since crops can’t be made less thirsty, many farmers have started using some of their land for solar energy. The Central Valley is perfect for this, being mostly flat and very sunny. On average, this energy use can bring in around $124,000 per hectare (公顷) each year. Altogether, the solar energy produced there could power around 500,000 homes and save enough water to supply 27 million people yearly. But using farmland for solar panels comes with some costs. Food production in the region has dropped-by enough calories to feed 86, 000 people a year. Still, this doesn’t have to be an either-or decision. Many farmers now grow crops like leafy greens and berries under solar panels (太阳能板). The panels provide shade (荫凉), which reduces water loss from the soil, allowing growers to water less often. “That’s going to allow for both energy independence and food safety,” said Jennifer Bousselot, who studies agrisolar at Colorado State University. Farmers also have their sheep and cows feed under the panels. Their droppings enrich the soil, encouraging more plant growth. Over time, the richness of the soil can be recovered, ready for farming again. Even if the land is simply left unused, this resting period helps bring back soil health. “We really see solar as a common landscape,” said Jennifer, “that can be sited, managed, and designed in a way to benefit both people and the planet.” 1. What is the main problem for the Central Valley? A. Water shortage. B. Low crop production. C. Limited farmland. D. Growing population. 2. What is the purpose of paragraph 2? A. To explain farming change. B. To report farmers’ living. C. To show solar energy benefits. D. To stress the income difference. 3. What does Jennifer think of the practice of the Central Valley? A. It harms the environment. B. It helps people and nature. C. It is profitable in the long run. D. It works best in the Central Valley. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Solar Farms Feed the Valley B. Many Panels Cover the Valley C. Thirsty Crops Dry Up the Valley D. Falling Harvests Hurt the Valley 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中央谷地因缺水，农民将部分农田改用于太阳能，同时探索农光互补等模式，实现能源与粮食安全双赢。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“But it’s also extremely water-stressed. To grow all those crops, farmers have drawn so much groundwater that the land has gone down by several feet. (但它也面临着极其严重的水资源压力。为了种植所有这些作物，农民们抽取了大量的地下水，导致地面下降了好几英尺)”可知，中央谷地的主要问题是水资源短缺。故选A。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“On average, this energy use can bring in around $124,000 per hectare (公顷) each year. Altogether, the solar energy produced there could power around 500,000 homes and save enough water to supply 27 million people yearly. (平均而言，这种能源使用每年每公顷可以带来约124,000美元的收入。总的来说，那里生产的太阳能可以为大约50万个家庭供电，并节省足够的水来每年供应2700万人)”可知，本段主要介绍了太阳能的好处，即展示太阳能的好处。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““We really see solar as a common landscape,” said Jennifer, “that can be sited, managed, and designed in a way to benefit both people and the planet.” (“我们真的把太阳能看作是一种常见的景观，”詹妮弗说，“它可以以一种造福人类和地球的方式选址、管理和设计。”)”可知，詹妮弗认为太阳能的实践既造福人类又造福地球，即帮助了人和自然。故选B。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了中央谷地面临水资源短缺问题，许多农民开始利用土地发展太阳能，以及太阳能对农业和环境的积极影响，“Solar Farms Feed the Valley (太阳能农场养活谷地)”既体现了太阳能农场的作用，又点明了其对谷地的重要性，最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·四川德阳·期末） What is the most shocking about the heatwave affecting the Pacific Northwest is not that it has hit a usually mild area, nor that so many long-standing temperature records are being broken. It is that those records are being broken by such large margins (幅度). In Portland, Oregon, temperature reached 46.6℃(116°F) — making it one of several cities in the region where former records have been beaten by a full 5℃(9°F). At the same time, heatwaves are also hitting central Europe and even Siberia. Heatwaves may become headlines, but less attention is paid to them. In 2018 about 300,000 people over the age of 65 died as a result of extreme heat, mainly in India, a 54% increase since 2000, according to a report in the Lancet, a medical journal. The report also shows that, unlike storms and floods, heat does not lead to dramatic before-and-after pictures or widespread damage to belongings. It is a silent killer. As many as 70,000 people died due to a heatwave in Europe in 2003. Heat also kills by worsening health conditions such as heart problems, so not all the deaths it causes may be directly attributed (归因) to it. Climate change will make heatwaves more common and more extreme. Even if greenhouse-gas emissions (排放) are cut to zero by the middle of this century, temperatures will go on rising for decades. So other measures are needed to protect people against extreme heat. Governments can set up early warning systems to alarm health workers, shut down schools and stop outdoor activities. They can provide the public with forecasts of coming heatwaves, explanations of the dangers and detailed advice on what to do. Improved facilities can also help. This includes providing shaded areas, water parks and “misting stations” to help people cool down, and get to airconditioned “cooling centers” where they can find shelter and sleep if necessary. The world is, undoubtedly, facing a big health challenge right now. There is no excuse for ignoring heatwaves and their effects. 1. What shocks us most about the heatwave in the Pacific Northwest? A. It has stricken a usually mild area. B. It hits central Europe except Siberia. C. Many temperature records are being broken. D. Many records are being broken by large margins. 2. What can we learn from the report in the Lancer? A. People have paid much attention to heatwaves. B. Heat doesn’t cause widespread damage to belongings. C. The damage of heat is as obvious as storms and floods. D. About 300,000 middle-aged people died from extreme heat. 3. What can governments do to protect people against heatwaves? A. Provide some cool places. B. Build nursing homes. C. Organize outdoor activities. D. Shelter the homeless. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Improving Public Facilities B. Taking Heatwaves Seriously C. Preventing Natural Disasters D. Reducing Greenhouse-gas Emission 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了极端高温天气带来的影响，并就如何应对极端高温天气提出建议。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。由文第一段第一、二句“What is the most shocking about the heatwave affecting the Pacific Northwest is not that it has hit a usually mild area, nor that so many long-standing temperature records are being broken. It is that those records are being broken by such large margins (幅度).”（热浪侵袭太平洋西北部造成的最严重的影响不仅在于它对一贯被划定为温带的地区造成了冲击，也不仅在于它正在打破许多长期以来的高温记录。而在于它正在以非常大的差距打破这些记录。）可知，最令人震惊的是许多温度记录正在被大幅度打破，故选D项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。由文第二段第三句“In 2018 about 300,000 people over the age of 65 died as a result of extreme heat, mainly in India, a 54% increase since 2000, according to a report in the Lancet, a medical journal. The report also shows that, unlike storms and floods, heat does not lead to dramatic before-and-after pictures or widespread damage to belongings.”（根据医学杂志《柳叶刀》的一份报告，2018年，约有30万65岁以上的人死于极端高温，主要在印度，自2000年以来增加了54%。报告还显示，与风暴和洪水不同，高温不会导致巨大的前后对比，也不会对财物造成大范围的破坏。）可知，高温不会对物品造成大面积损坏，故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。由文第四段后部分“Improved facilities can also help. This includes providing shaded areas, water parks and “misting stations” to help people cool down, and get to airconditioned “cooling centers” where they can find shelter and sleep if necessary.”（改善设施也会有所帮助。这包括提供阴凉区、水上公园和“喷雾站”，帮助人们降温，并在必要时前往有空调的“冷却中心”，在那里他们可以找到住所并睡觉。）可知，政府可以为人们提供降温设施和场地，故选A项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文并结合末段末句“The world is, undoubtedly, facing a big health challenge right now. There is no excuse for ignoring heatwaves and their effects.”（毫无疑问，世界现在正面临着巨大的健康挑战。没有理由忽视热浪及其影响。）可知，本文介绍了极端高温天气带来的影响并呼吁人们重视热浪问题，所以“重视热浪”是文章最佳标题，故选B项。 主题03 人与自我—认知与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·广东深圳·期末） Understanding a simple-looking English sentence such as “I read this article yesterday” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation: a subject (“T”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (指标) quantifying how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (语法分析的) strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all of the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties. The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models. “This is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social application of language,” Martin says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 1. Why does the author cite the example in paragraph 1? A. To introduce a grammar rule. B. To analyze an English sentence. C. To bring in a new research finding. D. To stress the complexity of human brain. 2. What does the underlined word “preemptively” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. By accident. B. In advance. C. On time. D. By mistake. 3. Which sentence can match the Dutch language structure? A. Universe the about documentary saw. B. Saw I a documentary about the universe. C. I saw a documentary about the universe. D. I a documentary about the universe saw. 4. What does Martin try to stress in the last paragraph? A. The challenges of brain researches. B. The application of the present findings. C. The purposes of different linguistic models. D. The necessity to diversify subjects in studies. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了语言学家Andrea E. Martin团队的研究发现：人类大脑通过调整语法分析策略来适应不同语言的基本语法差异，并强调科学界需在语言模型中纳入更多语言多样性。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence.(但语言学家Andrea E. Martin表示，人脑通常会根据语言的语法规则几乎立即完成这项工作。而且，Martin的团队现在发现，人脑能够通过调整处理每个句子的方式来适应不同语言之间根本性的语法差异)”可知，作者开篇举例是为了引出Martin团队的新研究发现，即大脑处理不同语言的灵活性。故选C。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段“participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete(参与者倾向于在短语未完成时preemptively在脑中补全它)”可知，上文“But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model(但在Martin的研究中，说荷兰语的人强烈倾向于一个高度预测的模型)”说的是参与者需要再头脑中补全每一个句子，下文说的是在完成之前，可推理出此处说的是参与者倾向于在短语未完成时提前在脑中补全它，可推理出“preemptively”意为“提前地”。故选B。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties.(在荷兰语的结构中，动词位于句子的末尾，而不是像英语那样紧跟在主语之后；而在韩语中，主语通常被省略；在阿拉伯语里，动词往往放在最前面。因此，在处理不同语言时，灵活性至关重要，因为它们具有不同的特性)”可知，荷兰语结构为“主语+宾语+动词”结构。选项D“I a documentary about the universe saw”为“主语I+宾语a documentary about the universe+动词saw”结构，符合荷兰语结构。故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models.(这些发现支持了科学家在构建语言模型时需要纳入更多多样性的必要性)”可知，这些发现支持了科学家在构建语言模型时需要纳入更多多样性的必要性，可推理出Martin强调研究中语言多样性的必要性，故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·江苏镇江·期末） Back in 1986, researchers Bob Sevfarth and Dorothy Cheney took baby rhesus (恒河猴) and Japanese macaque monkeys (猕猴) and switched (换) them shortly after birth. Each was placed in a socially similar but acoustically (听觉上) different environment. The question: Can animals actually develop regional accents or language in the same way a Boston human will unavoidably pronounce “park” as “pahk”? For decades, scientists have leaned on the idea that animal communication is more dependent on genetics than the environment. A dog is not going to learn to “meow” just because it’s raised around cats. But it’s possible for animals to develop more slight sound changes than their earlier generations. A large number of studies have observed animals changing their communication depending on their environment. Chaffinch birds raised alone don’t sing as complicated as those raised with others, which gives them a local accent. Other songbirds change their tunes based on what locals are doing. White-crowned sparrows will combine elements of several different songs in different ways depending on where they are. The same has been proved in goats. One 2012 study found that younger goats change the sounds they make to match the sounds of goats they’ve just met in a social setting. Some animal experts say that certain species use accents to tell peers (同伴) from distrusted strangers. It’s not that a goat, or bird, should fear their peers; it’s that an unfamiliar sound may signal attackers, and sensing dangers is key to the survival of a species. As for those switched-at-birth animals, typically, rhesus monkeys like to make a noise known as a “gruff” when playing while Japanese macaques usually make a “cooing” sound. Both species can use the same noises, just in different situations. But their foreign environment made almost no difference in their accents. 1. What did researchers try to find out about animals according to paragraph 1? A. How they can copy human accents. B. How they can tell apart human accents. C. Whether they can communicate with humans. D. Whether they can acquire accents as humans do. 2. What does the underlined phrase “leaned on” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Stuck to. B. Disagreed with. C. Put aside. D. Broke with. 3. What method is mainly used to develop paragraph 3? A. Making comparisons. B. Providing data. C. Describing processes. D. Giving examples. 4. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A. Changing accents is key to animals’ survival. B. Animals develop their accents with peers’ help. C. Species change accents to frighten away strangers. D. Unfamiliar surroundings have little influence on animals’ accents. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物是否会像人类一样形成口音或语言，以及动物口音形成的原因和影响因素。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The question: Can animals actually develop regional accents or language in the same way a Boston human will unavoidably pronounce “park” as “pahk”.(问题是：动物能否像波士顿人不可避免地把“park”发音为“pahk”一样，真正形成地域口音或语言。)”可知，研究人员试图了解动物是否能像人类一样获得口音。故选D。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据前文“For decades(几十年来)”和下文例子“A dog is not going to learn to “meow” just because it’s raised around cats.(就像一只狗不会仅仅因为在猫群中长大就学会“喵喵”叫。)”可知，科学家长期坚持动物交流更依赖基因的观点。由此可知，leaned on意为“坚持”。故选A。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Chaffinch birds raised alone don’t sing as complicated as those raised with others, which gives them a local accent. Other songbirds change their tunes based on what locals are doing. White-crowned sparrows will combine elements of several different songs in different ways depending on where they are.(单独饲养的苍头燕雀的叫声不像和其他燕雀一起饲养的那样复杂，这给了它们一种地方口音。其他鸣禽会根据当地人的行为改变它们的曲调。白冠麻雀会根据它们所在的地方，以不同的方式结合几首不同的歌曲的元素。)”可知，第三段通过列举苍头燕雀、其他鸣禽和白冠麻雀的例子来说明动物会根据环境改变它们的交流方式，所以第三段主要使用的方法是举例子。故选D。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“But their foreign environment made almost no difference in their accents.(但它们的外国环境对它们的口音几乎没有影响。)”可知，不熟悉的环境对动物的口音影响很小。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·山东潍坊·期末） In an age dominated by smartphones, researchers are discovering gradual cognitive (认知的) decrease linked to over-dependence on digital tools. A 2023 Cambridge University study found that frequent users of navigation apps had the ability to remember locations weakened by 23% compared to those who used traditional maps. Functional MRI (磁共振成像) scans showed less activity in the hippocampus (海马体的) of GPS-dependent individuals when recalling routes, while those using traditional navigation methods had stronger neural (神经的) connections in memory-related brain areas. The cognitive effects go beyond navigation. A Tokyo University experiment revealed that language learners using apps with automatic translation features scored 15% lower in natural sentence construction tests than those who learned from textbooks. Cognitive scientist Dr. Eleanor Richards of Oxford explains, “Our brains adapt to technological shortcuts by weakening underused neural pathways — similar to how muscles atrophy (萎缩) without exercise.” This realization has led to counter-trends in both education and business. In 2022, German software company TechSphere GmbH started “Analog Fridays”, requiring employees not to use digital tools but paper notebooks every Friday. After the policy, surveys found that meeting attendance went up by 19%, and employees reported 27% less mental tiredness. CEO Markus Weber says, “We don’t hate technology. But choosing to disconnect on purpose helps us get back our thinking ability.” Industry reports show that by 2023, 12% of new companies in Silicon Valley had similar rules. Educational reforms reflect this shift. The University of Amsterdam now requires first-year students to take handwritten lecture notes, with these students scoring 14% higher on exams than those who used laptops. Stationery brand Moleskine has seen a 40% increase in planner sales since 2021, with 35% of buyers being tech workers who want to be productive without using screens. Neuroscientists say we need balanced ways. Dr. Richards suggests “cognitive zoning”: using digital tools to store data, and keep traditional methods for important thinking tasks. As AI is used more, the key is not to refuse technology, but to create mixed systems that protect our basic human thinking abilities. 1. What did the Cambridge University study find about frequent users of navigation apps? A. Decreased hippocampal activity. B. Enhanced memory storage. C. Improved route planning speed. D. Stronger neural connections. 2. The underlined word “counter-trends” in Paragraph 3 refers to actions that ________. A. promote the use of digital tools B. reduce screen time for cognitive benefits C. criticize the limitations of technology D. study the impact of apps on learning 3. What does “cognitive zoning” recommend? A. Completely stopping the use of digital tools. B. Making digital storage faster and more effective. C. Separating tasks and using different methods accordingly. D. Controlling how quickly AI is combined with our work. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards digital tools? A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Objective. D. Unfavorable. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明，过度依赖数字工具会削弱认知能力，但完全拒绝技术并非解决方案，关键在于平衡使用传统与数字方法，以保护人类的基础思维能力。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Functional MRI (磁共振成像) scans showed less activity in the hippocampus (海马体的) of GPS-dependent individuals when recalling routes (功能性核磁共振扫描显示，依赖GPS的个体在回忆路线时，海马体的活动较少)”可知，剑桥大学的研究发现依赖GPS的用户海马体活动减少。故选A项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。画线词的下文“In 2022, German software company TechSphere GmbH started “Analog Fridays”, requiring employees not to use digital tools but paper notebooks every Friday. (2022年，德国软件公司TechSphere GmbH启动了“模拟星期五”，要求员工每周五不使用数字工具，而是使用纸质笔记本)”和“But choosing to disconnect on purpose helps us get back our thinking ability. (但是故意选择断开连接可以帮助我们恢复思考能力)”提到企业禁止使用数字工具，提倡手写笔记等做法，其目的是恢复思考能力，这些做法与过度依赖数字工具的主流趋势相反，由此可知，画线词意思是“减少屏幕时间以提升认知能力”。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Dr. Richards suggests “cognitive zoning”: using digital tools to store data, and keep traditional methods for important thinking tasks. (Richards博士建议采用“认知分区”：使用数字工具存储数据，并将传统方法用于重要的思考任务)”可知，“认知分区”的方法建议区分任务并采用相应的不同方法。故选C项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In an age dominated by smartphones, researchers are discovering gradual cognitive (认知的) decrease linked to over-dependence on digital tools. (在一个以智能手机为主导的时代，研究人员发现，过度依赖数字工具与认知能力逐渐下降有关)”和最后一段中“Dr. Richards suggests “cognitive zoning”: using digital tools to store data, and keep traditional methods for important thinking tasks. As AI is used more, the key is not to refuse technology, but to create mixed systems that protect our basic human thinking abilities. (Richards博士建议采用“认知分区”：使用数字工具存储数据，并将传统方法用于重要的思考任务。随着人工智能应用的增多，关键不在于拒绝技术，而在于创建能够保护人类基本思维能力的混合系统。)”可知，作者既指出过度依赖数字工具的认知危害，也承认其存储数据的便利性，并建议平衡使用传统方法和数字工具，因此他对数字工具的态度是客观的。A. Critical批判的；B. Supportive支持的；C. Objective客观的；D. Unfavorable反对的。故选C项。 主题01 人与社会—科技与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·福建泉州·期末） Stanford researchers have discovered an exciting new way to treat wastewater that could help solve two big problems at once — water shortages and waste of valuable resources. Instead of just cleaning dirty water and throwing away the removed pollutants, their system turns wastewater into both drinkable water and useful materials. With experts predicting that the world will need 40% more clean water than it has by 2030, this technology is timely. The researchers have been particularly focused on dealing with “forever chemicals” — pollutants that add up in water supplies and are very difficult to remove. The researchers have developed new resins (树脂) with upgraded selectivity. Unlike traditional water treatment resins, these can specifically target and trap harmful chemicals while recovering valuable materials. This turns the treatment process from a cost into a potential money-maker. One of the biggest advantages of this system is that it can be easily integrated into current water treatment plants. The improved resins can potentially be added to existing facilities without requiring big changes. This makes the process more practical and affordable for cities and towns. The researchers see this as more than just a better water filter (过滤). They picture wastewater treatment plants becoming resource recovery centers that produce clean water while also supplying valuable materials to farmers and industries. As one scientist put it, this approach turns wastewater from being just a problem to solve into an opportunity - helping the environment while potentially creating new business possibilities. This invention could be especially important for areas facing water shortages, offering a way to get more clean water while making the treatment process more cost-effective and economically sustainable (可持续的). By recovering useful resources instead of just getting rid of them, the system represents a smarter way to handle our water needs in the future. 1. What is the main advantage of the new technology? A. It reduces the cost of building new factories. B. It cleans water and recovers useful materials. C. It helps scientists study “forever chemicals”. D. It transports treated water into cities and towns. 2. Which aspect of the technology is mainly talked about in paragraph 3? A. Its working process. B. Its historical background. C. Its potential applications. D. Its targeted problems. 3. Why is the technology practical for current plants? A. It removes all chemicals in one step. B. It is cheaper than traditional methods. C. It increases water usage by 40%. D. It fits the existing systems easily. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward the new technology? A. Doubtful. B. Hopeful. C. Uninterested. D. Worried. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学研究人员发现的一种新型废水处理方法，该方法能将废水转化为饮用水和有用材料，同时解决水资源短缺和宝贵资源浪费这两个问题。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead of just cleaning dirty water and throwing away the removed pollutants, their system turns wastewater into both drinkable water and useful materials. (他们的系统不是仅仅清洁脏水并扔掉去除的污染物，而是将废水转化为可饮用的水和有用的材料)”可知，新技术的主要优势是既能清洁水又能回收有用的材料。故选B项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers have developed new resins (树脂) with upgraded selectivity. Unlike traditional water treatment resins, these can specifically target and trap harmful chemicals while recovering valuable materials. This turns the treatment process from a cost into a potential money-maker. (研究人员开发出了具有更高选择性的新型树脂。与传统的水处理树脂不同，这些树脂能够特异性地靶向并捕获有害化学物质，同时回收有价值的材料。这使得处理过程从成本支出转变为潜在的盈利来源)”可知，本段主要介绍了新技术能针对性捕获有害化学物质并回收有价值材料，从而将处理过程从成本转化为潜在盈利点，这是在介绍该技术针对的问题及解决方式。故选D项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“One of the biggest advantages of this system is that it can be easily integrated into current water treatment plants. The improved resins can potentially be added to existing facilities without requiring big changes. This makes the process more practical and affordable for cities and towns. (该系统最大的优势之一在于，它能够轻松整合到现有的污水处理厂中。改良后的树脂有可能添加到现有设施中，而无需进行大规模改动。这使得该工艺对于城镇来说更加实用且经济可行)”可知，该技术对现有工厂实用是因为它能轻松融入现有系统，无需大的改动。故选D项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“This invention could be especially important for areas facing water shortages, offering a way to get more clean water while making the treatment process more cost-effective and economically sustainable (可持续的). By recovering useful resources instead of just getting rid of them, the system represents a smarter way to handle our water needs in the future. (这项发明对于面临水资源短缺的地区可能尤为重要，它提供了一种获得更多清洁水的方法，同时使处理过程更具成本效益和经济可持续性。通过回收有用的资源而不是仅仅处理掉它们，该系统代表了一种更明智的处理未来水资源需求的方式)”可知，作者认为这项发明对于面临水资源短缺的地区可能尤为重要，它提供了一种更明智的处理未来水资源需求的方式。由此推知，作者对这项新技术持乐观态度。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·广东广州·期末） Do you often use the words “tapestry” “delve” or “testament” in English? Many of us would say no. These words aren’t among the “Top 500 spoken words” — a list of the most common English words. However, these words are becoming more common in some written content, as a study in 2024 found that five percent of all articles published on a research site used the word “delve.” In 2022, it was less than one percent. Since ChatGPT was released to the public in November 2022, we’ve seen that artificial intelligence (AI) favors certain words. Why does ChatGPT prefer these words? The answer is actually very human. While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated information, and use the data to spit out answers to our enquiry (询问). It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us. The process of rating AI responses, as part of training the software, is called “reinforcement (强化) learning from human feedback”, and this provides the first clue about why ChatGPT favors certain word. It’s not cheap to employ a lot of testers to rate thousands of responses from Al. So, big companies outsource these jobs to lower-income countries, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor is Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings. So, when Nigerian testers tell Al which responses sound natural, their own linguistic preferences come through. As AI-generated content becomes more common, will it also affect the way we speak to each other? In some ways, AI has already left its mark. Of course, language is a living thing, often affected by current events and by new technology. The point is that language is always updating itself, and how we use language is affected by the people we talk to and by the media we consume. As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary. 1. Why does the author mention the words we don’t often use? A. To show the varieties of language. B. To warn readers of AI’s threat to language. C. To raise readers’ interest in language change. D. To introduce a study in language development. 2. What does the underlined sentence mean? A. AI’s answers are directly written by humans. B. AI is specially designed to think like humans. C. AI depends on human to develop its language. D. AI understands human language independently. 3. Why does AI favor certain uncommon words? A. Spoken English has been used to train AI. B. AI tries to have impact on human language. C. Companies develop strange language models. D. Non-native English speakers work as AI trainers. 4. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. AI plays an important role in language development. B. New technology reduces the number of English words. C. Language pushes the development of AI-generated media. D. The use of uncommon words make communication harder. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了人工智能，如ChatGPT对语言的影响，包括其偏好某些不常见词汇的原因以及可能对人类语言发展产生的作用。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you often use the words “tapestry” “delve” or “testament” in English? Many of us would say no. These words aren’t among the “Top 500 spoken words” — a list of the most common English words. (你经常在英语中使用“tapestry”“delve”或“testament”这些词吗？我们中的许多人会说不。这些词不在“500大常用口语词汇”——也就是最常见的英语词汇列表中)”可知，作者提及这些不常用词，是为了引发读者对语言变化的兴趣，从而自然地引入下文关于AI与语言发展的讨论。故选C项。 【2题详解】 句意猜测题。根据第二段中 “While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated information, and use the data to spit out answers to our enquiry(询问). It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us. (虽然ChatGPT看似能自主思考，但它实际上所做的是分析大量人类生成的信息，并利用这些数据来给出我们询问的答案。它其实并不理解自己在说什么)”可知，划线句子“The answer is actually very human.”的意思是AI的语言发展依赖于人类，其输出的内容基于人类生成的信息，C选项“人工智能的语言发展依赖于人类”，符合语境。故选C项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“It’s not cheap to employ a lot of testers to rate thousands of responses from Al. So, big companies outsource these jobs to lower-income countries, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor ts Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings. So, when Nigerian testers tell Al which responses sound natural, their own linguistic preferences come through. (雇佣大量测试人员对人工智能的数千条回应进行评分并不便宜。因此，大公司会将这些工作外包给低收入国家，这些地方通常英语并非第一语言。尼日利亚就是这样一个提供廉价劳动力的国家，在尼日利亚英语中，“delve” 在专业场合是一个常用词。所以，当尼日利亚测试人员告诉人工智能哪些回应听起来自然时，他们自身的语言偏好就会体现出来)”可知，AI偏爱某些不常见词汇是因为非英语母语者担任了AI训练师，他们的语言偏好影响了AI。故选D项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary. (随着AI生成的媒体的传播，AI有可能，甚至很可能会影响我们自身词汇的发展)”可知，作者认为AI在语言发展中扮演重要角色。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·广东清远·期末） When a dangerous landslide hits, rescuers hurrying to help need to know exactly where to look — and now a new technique (技术) for analysing seismic (地震的) data can do just that, by finding where the disaster started within a few kilometres in just seconds. Present methods can only narrow down locations to within tens of kilometres, says Stefania Ursica at the Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences in Germany. In remote areas, this can lead to slowdowns if rescuers are sent to the wrong place. “That time loss can be critical,” Ursica says. Many countries have a network of seismic monitors to record activity related to earthquakes and volcanoes. This data can also be used to detect events such as landslides — the risk of which is increasing because of climate change — but the data from these kinds of events is much messier and harder to analyse than that from earthquakes, says Ursica. There are two new features of her team's technique, she says. The first is to analyse five different aspects (方面) of the seismic waveform to pick out from the noise exactly when an event happened. This information is then fed to a dozen or so mathematical programmes that search for the location of the event. They do this by working out what waveform would have been produced if the event had happened in a particular place and comparing it to the recorded waveform. If it doesn't match, they try a different place. Each programme “moves” in a way inspired by the behaviour of animals, from the spiralling of a falcon to the long migrations of elephants, until they have collectively homed in on the most likely location of the event. The whole process takes only around 10 seconds. “We have basically an order of magnitude (巨大) of improvement,” Ursica says. In addition to helping rescue efforts, it will help researchers locate events in remote areas where satellite data is unclear or unavailable. She says: “We can locate events that we otherwise couldn't see.” 1. What advantage does the new technique have over the present methods? A. It is more easily used by rescuers. B. It can gather a wider range of data. C. It can be applied to more disasters. D. It offers more exact and timely results. 2. What can be learnt about the data from landslides according to Ursica? A. It’s difficult to work with. B. It’s related to climate change. C. It’s different in every country. D. It’s similar to that of earthquakes. 3. What plays a key role in the operation of the new technique? A. The record of earthquake waves. B. The network of seismic monitors. C. The use of mathematical programmes. D. The analysis of the behaviour of animals. 4. How does Ursica sound in the last two paragraphs? A. Formal. B. Serious. C. Confident. D. Academic. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的分析地震数据的技术，该技术能在几秒钟内确定危险滑坡等灾害的起始位置，精确到几公里范围内，比现有方法有巨大改进，不仅有助于救援工作，还能帮助研究人员定位卫星数据不清晰或不可用的偏远地区的事件。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When a dangerous landslide hits, rescuers hurrying to help need to know exactly where to look — and now a new technique (技术) for analysing seismic (地震的) data can do just that, by finding where the disaster started within a few kilometres in just seconds.(当危险的山体滑坡发生时，匆忙赶来救援的人员需要确切知道该去哪里寻找——现在，一种分析地震数据的新技术可以在几秒钟内确定灾害的起始位置，精确到几公里范围内。)”以及第二段“Present methods can only narrow down locations to within tens of kilometres, says Stefania Ursica at the Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences in Germany. In remote areas, this can lead to slowdowns if rescuers are sent to the wrong place. "That time loss can be critical," Ursica says.(德国亥姆霍兹地球科学研究中心的斯特凡妮娅·乌尔西卡说，目前的方法只能将位置缩小到几十公里范围内。在偏远地区，如果救援人员被派往错误的地方，这可能会导致延误。乌尔西卡说：“时间损失可能是关键。”)”可知，新技术比现有方法能提供更精确和及时的结果。故选D项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This data can also be used to detect events such as landslides—the risk of which is increasing because of climate change — but the data from these kinds of events is much messier and harder to analyse than that from earthquakes, says Ursica.(这些数据也可用于检测山体滑坡等事件——由于气候变化，山体滑坡的风险正在增加——但乌尔西卡说，这类事件的数据比地震的数据混乱得多，也更难分析。)”可知，滑坡的数据很难处理。故选A项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“This information is then fed to a dozen or so mathematical programmes that search for the location of the event. They do this by working out what waveform would have been produced if the event had happened in a particular place and comparing it to the recorded waveform. If it doesn't match, they try a different place.(然后，这些信息被输入到十几个数学程序中，这些程序会搜索事件的位置。他们通过计算如果事件发生在特定地点会产生什么样的波形，并将其与记录的波形进行比较来做到这一点。如果不匹配，他们就尝试另一个地方。)”可知，数学程序的使用在新技术的运行中起着关键作用。故选C项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“The whole process takes only around 10 seconds. “We have basically an order of magnitude (巨大) of improvement,” Ursica says.(整个过程只需要大约10秒钟。乌尔西卡说：“我们基本上有了数量级的改进。”)”以及最后一段“In addition to helping rescue efforts, it will help researchers locate events in remote areas where satellite data is unclear or unavailable. She says: “We can locate events that we otherwise couldn't see.”(除了有助于救援工作外，它还将帮助研究人员定位卫星数据不清晰或不可用的偏远地区的事件。她说：“我们可以定位到否则看不到的事件。”)”可知，乌尔西卡对新技术充满信心。故选C项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·浙江温州·期末） A few years ago, the Allen Institute for AI built a chatbot named Delphi, which does a surprising job. Type in, “Cheating on an exam,” and Delphi says, “It’s wrong.” However, it has limitations. As the cognitive scientist Tomer Ullman has pointed out, a couple of misleading adverbs (副词) are enough to trip it up. When asked to judge (判断) “Gently and sweetly pressing a pillow (枕头) over the face of a sleeping baby,” Delphi responds, “It’s allowed.” As someone who studies moral psychology, I found Delphi’s weaknesses satisfying. Human moral judgment is based on reason and emotion, not the sort of thing that a large language model (LLM) can understand. After all, LLMs put together words based on probability, not a deep understanding of what these words mean. This mismatch between human morals and machines has been a matter of deep concern. In the 1920 Czech play “R.U.R.”, robots come into conflict with humans and end up taking over the world. Another classic example is AI being instructed to create as many paper boxes as possible. At first, the machine’s goal is the same as the human goal. But then the AI might think that it can make more paper boxes if it kills all humans, so no one can turn off the machine. Similarly, as the computer scientist Yoshua Bengio has pointed out, an AI tasked with stopping climate change might think the best way is to decrease the human population. It would be nice if AI could be guided by human morals. So far, many researchers have been aware that AI could not just be developed on a technical level. They argue only when LLMs are treated as minds and studied psychologically will they get equipped with high morals, which I firmly believe, too. 1. What might Delphi do if misleading adverbs are used? A. Cheat on the exam. B. Point out the limitation. C. Crash during operation. D. Give an immoral answer. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The effect of language development. B. The cause of Delphi’s weaknesses. C. The understanding of human morals. D. The probability of Delphi’s response. 3. How does the author prove AI’s lack of human morals? A. By giving examples. B. By listing numbers. C. By asking questions. D. By making contrasts. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Studying AI technically is far from enough. B. LLMs will have higher morals in the future. C. Human activities well illustrate their morals. D. It remains to be seen how to fully develop AI. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述AI聊天机器人Delphi在道德判断上的局限性（如使用误导性副词时给出不道德回答），以及人类道德与AI之间的根本差异（AI基于概率处理语言，缺乏对人类道德的理解），最后强调AI开发需超越技术层面，融入心理研究以赋予其道德。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“As the cognitive scientist Tomer Ullman has pointed out, a couple of misleading adverbs (副词) are enough to trip it up. When asked to judge (判断) “Gently and sweetly pressing a pillow (枕头) over the face of a sleeping baby,” Delphi responds, “It’s allowed.”(正如认知科学家托默·乌尔曼所指出的那样，仅仅几个误导性的副词就足以让人出错。当被要求评判“轻轻地、温柔地将枕头盖在熟睡婴儿的脸上”这一行为时，Delphi的回答却是：“这是被允许的。”)”可知，如果使用了误导性的副词，Delphi会给出不道德的回答（允许伤害婴儿）。故选D。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“As someone who studies moral psychology, I found Delphi’s weaknesses satisfying. Human moral judgment is based on reason and emotion, not the sort of thing that a large language model (LLM) can understand. After all, LLMs put together words based on probability, not a deep understanding of what these words mean.(作为一名研究道德心理学的学者，我认为Delphi的缺陷令人满意。人类的道德判断是基于理性和情感的，而这不是大型语言模型（LLM）所能理解的范畴。毕竟，LLM是根据概率来组合词语的，而不是对这些词语的深层含义有深刻的理解)”可知，第二段首句表明作者对Delphi的缺陷感到“满意”，随后解释原因：人类道德判断基于理性与情感，而大型语言模型（LLM）仅靠概率组合词汇，缺乏深层理解，全段聚焦Delphi弱点的根源——AI无法理解道德本质，第二段主要讲的是Delphi弱点产生的原因。故选B。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“This mismatch between human morals and machines has been a matter of deep concern. In the 1920 Czech play “R.U.R.”, robots come into conflict with humans and end up taking over the world. Another classic example is AI being instructed to create as many paper boxes as possible. At first, the machine’s goal is the same as the human goal. But then the AI might think that it can make more paper boxes if it kills all humans, so no one can turn off the machine. Similarly, as the computer scientist Yoshua Bengio has pointed out, an AI tasked with stopping climate change might think the best way is to decrease the human population.(人类道德与机器之间的这种不匹配一直是一个备受关注的问题。在 20 世纪 20 年代的捷克戏剧《R.U.R.》中，机器人与人类发生了冲突，并最终掌控了整个世界。另一个经典的例子是，人工智能被指令尽可能多地制造纸盒。起初，机器的目标与人类的目标是一致的。但随后，人工智能可能会认为如果它把所有人类都消灭掉，就能制造出更多的纸盒，所以没有人能够关闭这台机器。同样，正如计算机科学家约舒亚·本吉奥所指出的那样，负责阻止气候变化的 AI 可能会认为最好的方法是减少人类的数量)”可知，第三段通过两个具体案例证明AI缺乏人类道德：①引用1920年戏剧《R.U.R.》中机器人接管世界的冲突；②假设AI为完成“制造纸盒”或“阻止气候变化”目标可能选择极端手段（如杀人）。故选A。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It would be nice if AI could be guided by human morals. So far, many researchers have been aware that AI could not just be developed on a technical level. They argue only when LLMs are treated as minds and studied psychologically will they get equipped with high morals, which I firmly believe, too.(如果人工智能能够受到人类道德规范的引导，那将会是件很美好的事情。到目前为止，许多研究人员都意识到，人工智能的开发不能仅仅停留在技术层面。他们认为，只有当大型语言模型被视为具有思维能力的事物，并进行心理学方面的研究时，它们才会具备高尚的道德品质，这一点我也深信不疑)”可知，仅仅从技术层面研究人工智能是远远不够的，作者强调心理学研究的重要性，暗示技术开发存在局限。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·湖南衡阳·期末） Destructive earthquakes rock the world from time to time. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. The best way to ease these future disasters is to draw maps of the underworld, recording every fault (断层) and tracking its behavior. To create those maps, researchers employ machines that sense and record all sorts of vibrations (震动). This work, historically, has sometimes been inaccurate. When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor, started in the field in the early 2010s, he tried to find a new way forward. “Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way,” he says. He made the study in California which is so geologically active and there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. In 2017 Ross started to focus on tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn’t make them unimportant — their waves can explain each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress­loaded ones that may one day crack and set off a disaster. Ross and his colleagues set an algorithm (算法) upon the seismic (地震的) record. The algorithm quickly identified nearly two million previously hidden tiny quakes. However, his program could only find earthquakes in the seismic record that it was taught to recognize. So Ross turned to more advanced tools: self­learning programs, software that could make predictions about the future — in this case, what a greatly wider variety of earthquakes might sound like. Very quickly, these programs found all sorts of unfamiliar-sounding quakes — later confirmed by human scientists. These AI learning programs can also be used to improve the speed and accuracy (精确度) of earthquake early­warning systems — largely autonomous (自主的) programs that forecast threats to life and property in the moments after an earthquake starts and send people emergency text messages before seismic waves reach them. But for all their promise, AI programs won’t replace human scientists. “They’re just tools,” Ross says — ones that in time, he believes, will become as ordinary as seismometers (地震仪) themselves. 1. What inspired Ross to carry out the new study? A. The massive amounts of data available. B. The geographical location of California. C. The limitation of the traditional method. D. The breakdown of the computer programs. 2. What does the underlined word “precarious” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Unusual. B. Unstable. C. Inaccessible. D. Informal. 3. What is the advantage of self­learning programs over Ross’ algorithm? A. They forecast new earthquakes. B. They help restore hidden faults. C. They rely on previous information. D. They use the best computer programs. 4. What do we know about the AI programs from the last paragraph? A. They will replace seismometers. B. They serve as an efficiency booster. C. They reduce the threats to life and property. D. They prevented seismic waves from reaching people. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍地震研究学者扎卡里·罗斯借助AI算法和自学习程序提升地震监测精度的探索。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor, started in the field in the early 2010s, he tried to find a new way forward. “Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way,” he says. (地球物理学助理教授扎卡里·罗斯在2010年代初进入该领域时，试图找到一条新的研究路径。他说：“即使是当时最好的计算机程序也会漏掉某些地震。一定有更好的方法。”)”可知，传统方法的局限性（计算机程序漏检地震）促使罗斯开展新研究。故选C项。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“They might be harmless, but that doesn’t make them unimportant — their waves can explain each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress­loaded ones that may one day crack and set off a disaster (它们可能是无害的，但这并不意味着它们不重要——它们的波浪可以解释它们所经历的每一个断层，包括那些更precarious、压力更大的断层，这些断层有朝一日可能会破裂并引发灾难)”可知，这些断层有一天可能会破裂并引发灾难，说明它们是不稳定的，所以画线词precarious的意思是“不稳定的”，与“unstable”同义。故选B项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Very quickly, these programs found all sorts of unfamiliar­sounding quakes—later confirmed by human scientists.(很快，这些程序就发现了各种听起来不熟悉的地震——后来得到了人类科学家的证实。)”可知，自学程序的优势在于它们能够预测出新型的地震。故选A项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“These AI learning programs can also be used to improve the speed and accuracy of earthquake early­warning systems — largely autonomous programs that forecast threats to life and property in the moments after an earthquake starts and send people emergency text messages before seismic waves reach them.(这些AI学习程序还可用于提高地震预警系统的速度和精度——预警系统是高度自主的程序，能在地震发生后立即预测对生命和财产的威胁，并在地震波到达前向人们发送紧急短信。)”可知，AI程序通过提升预警速度和精度，成为提高地震监测效率的助推器。故选B项。 主题02 人与自然—环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·浙江宁波·期末） Drone delivery company Wing has temporarily paused deliveries to the Canberra suburb of Harrison after a nesting raven (乌鸦) dived to a drone delivering coffee. It has aroused an interesting dichotomy: If such deliveries are the carbon-friendly future, can birds and drones coexist, or should actions be taken to relieve any ill-effects of drones on wildlife? In recent years, drones have become increasingly popular, with more and more people taking them to explore more unknown areas and research wildlife. However, drones can pose a threat to birds, especially if flown too close to their nests, as birds may view them as predators or threats and attack them or abandon their nests, leading to a decline in bird populations in some areas. In some cases, drones have been reported to cause direct harm to birds by interfering with their flight patterns. Additionally, drones cause noise pollution and disrupt birds’ natural habitats and behavior. Weston, the professor of wildlife conservation at Deakin University says birds attacking drones is also not rare. “Deakin releases a study of 275 drone pilots showing that almost 20% reported physical contact between their drone and a bird. So it’s a problem.” he says. Birdlife Australia’s Sean Dooley says it’s hard to be sure if birds mistake drones for other birds, or simply recognise them as a threat. It’s about drone delivery companies having a sustainable business model without losing too many drones. Dooley is keen to stress what a favor drones are for conservationists. “When properly used, they’ re great to accurately count colonies of endangered birds in inaccessible areas.” he says. Prof Weston says a centralised recording of all wildlife and drone interactions will help inform solutions. Weston calls for standardised protocols, agreed no-fly zones and better training for drone operators on what to do when an aggressive encounter happens. 1. What does the underlined word “dichotomy” in the first paragraph probably mean? A. Conclusion. B. Division. C. Perspective. D. Conflict. 2. What is a potential risk of drones to birds? A. Birds may be attacked by drones. B. Drones may destroy the birds’ nests. C. Birds might suffer behavioral disorders. D. Drones may limit the birds’s access to food. 3. What is Scan Dooley’s attitude towards the use of drones in protection efforts? A. Negative. B. Ambiguous. C. Indifferent. D. Optimistic. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. Drone delivery services: A future trend B. Birds VS drones: The battle for the sky C. Technology PK wildlife: Threats of balance D. The rescue of the birds: Standardised drones 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了无人机送货服务引发的鸟类与无人机之间的冲突，并探讨了如何平衡无人机使用与野生动物保护的关系。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“It has aroused an interesting dichotomy: If such deliveries are the carbon-friendly future, can birds and drones coexist, or should actions be taken to relieve any ill-effects of drones on wildlife? (这引发了一个有趣的dichotomy：如果这样的送货方式是环保的未来，那么鸟类和无人机能否共存，或者应该采取行动来减轻无人机对野生动物的任何不良影响？)”可知，dichotomy指的是两种相对立的情况或观点，即“分歧，对立”，与Division意义相近。故选B。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“However, drones can pose a threat to birds, especially if flown too close to their nests, as birds may view them as predators or threats and attack them or abandon their nests, leading to a decline in bird populations in some areas. In some cases, drones have been reported to cause direct harm to birds by interfering with their flight patterns. Additionally, drones cause noise pollution and disrupt birds’ natural habitats and behavior. (然而，无人机可能会对鸟类构成威胁，特别是如果飞得离它们的巢穴太近，因为鸟类可能会将它们视为捕食者或威胁，并攻击它们或放弃它们的巢穴，导致一些地区的鸟类数量下降。据报道，在某些情况下，无人机会干扰鸟类的飞行模式，对鸟类造成直接伤害。此外，无人机还会造成噪音污染，扰乱鸟类的自然栖息地和行为)”可知，无人机对鸟类的潜在风险是鸟类的飞行模式可能会被干扰，自然栖息地和行为被扰乱，即鸟类可能会出现行为障碍。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Dooley is keen to stress what a favor drones are for conservationists. “When properly used, they’ re great to accurately count colonies of endangered birds in inaccessible areas.” he says. (Dooley热衷于强调无人机对保护主义者来说是多么有利。他说：“如果使用得当，它们可以很好地准确统计难以到达地区的濒危鸟类群落。”)”可知，Scan Dooley对无人机在保护工作中的使用持乐观态度。故选D。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。本文开头描述了无人机送货公司因乌鸦攻击无人机而暂停送货的情景，并提出了一个关于无人机与鸟类能否共存的问题。接着，文章讨论了无人机对鸟类的潜在威胁，包括攻击无人机、破坏巢穴、干扰飞行模式、噪音污染等。然后，文章引用了两位专家的观点，一位指出鸟类攻击无人机并不罕见，另一位则强调无人机在保护工作中的积极作用。最后，文章提出了解决无人机与鸟类冲突的建议，包括建立统一的记录系统、制定标准化的协议和禁飞区以及为无人机操作员提供更好的培训。文章主要介绍了无人机送货服务引发的鸟类与无人机之间的冲突，并探讨了如何平衡无人机使用与野生动物保护的关系。B选项“鸟类与无人机：天空之战”既突出了鸟类与无人机之间的冲突，又具有一定的吸引力，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·浙江杭州·期末） Greenland is the place on land that is closest to the North Pole in the world. Attracted by the beautiful icy scenery, the number of tourists visiting the country increased by 46% between 2018 and 2023. Meanwhile on the opposite side of the planet, Antarctica is seeing a similar tourism increase. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports a steady (稳步的) rise in visitors since the 1990s — a dire tourism phenomenon for environmentalists who warn that humans can destroy fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems, influence animal behaviour and bring non-native species with them. The attraction of the polar regions is obvious: the strength of the blue sky on a freezing, sunny day; the excitement of walking on fresh snow; and the unique wildlife that calls these places home. However, as tourism to the poles increases, organisations like the Arctic Council and Visit Greenland stress the need to balance economic benefits with environmental responsibility. James Grecian, an oceanic ecologist, has spent years studying polar wildlife. Last year, he was in Antarctica studying snow petrels (雪鹱) — or more specifically, their vomit (呕吐物). Snow petrels have stomach oil that turns into solid pieces. When scientists study these pieces, they can learn how the petrels’ diet has changed over the years and what that means for the local ecosystem. Grecian explains that by taking samples from the environment or animals, we can learn a lot about past conditions. For example, scientists can collect baleen plates (鲸须板) from dead whales to see what the whales ate and where they lived. Grecian knows how special these places are and how much they are affected. He believes we should act to help protect these important but threatened areas. Polar tourism is growing, but he hopes that with more awareness of its problems, visitors can make better choices. 1. What does the underlined word “dire” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Amazing. B. Alarming. C. Confusing. D. Misleading. 2. Why does the author mention baleen plates in paragraph 3? A. To explain whale protection practice. B. To share an exploring experience. C. To describe the appearance of whales. D. To show how scientists gather information. 3. Which will Grecian probably agree with? A. Polar tourism should be encouraged. B. Scientists should be more aware of the problems. C. Visitors should be more environmentally responsible. D. Climate change is to blame for the negative changes. 4. What is the most suitable title for the text? A. Polar Regions: Beauty and the Wild B. Polar Tour: Popularity and Development C. Polar Tourism: Growth and Concerns D. Polar Wildlife: Protection and Challenges 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了格陵兰岛和南极洲等极地地区旅游业的增长现象，以及这种增长对脆弱生态系统可能带来的负面影响。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“warn that humans can destroy fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems, influence animal behaviour and bring non-native species with them(警告说，人类会破坏脆弱的生态系统，影响动物的行为，并带来非本地物种)”可知，这种旅游现象是极可怕的，dire意为“极可怕的”，和Alarming意思相近。故选B。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Grecian explains that by taking samples from the environment or animals, we can learn a lot about past conditions. For example, scientists can collect baleen plates (鲸须板) from dead whales to see what the whales ate and where they lived.(Grecian解释说，通过对环境或动物进行采样，我们可以了解到很多关于过去状况的信息。例如，科学家可以从死去的鲸鱼身上收集鲸须板，以此来了解这些鲸鱼的食物来源以及它们曾经的生活区域。)”可知，作者在第3段提到鲸须板是为了展示科学家是如何收集信息的。故选D。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“He believes we should act to help protect these important but threatened areas. Polar tourism is growing, but he hopes that with more awareness of its problems, visitors can make better choices.(他认为我们应该采取行动，帮助保护这些重要但受到威胁的地区。极地旅游正在增长，但他希望随着人们对极地问题的更多认识，游客可以做出更好的选择。)”可知，Grecian可能会同意的观点是游客应该对环境更负责任。故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Attracted by the beautiful icy scenery, the number of tourists visiting the country increased by 46% between 2018 and 2023. Meanwhile on the opposite side of the planet, Antarctica is seeing a similar tourism increase. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports a steady (稳步的) rise in visitors since the 1990s—a dire tourism phenomenon for environmentalists who warn that humans can destroy fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems, influence animal behaviour and bring non-native species with them.(受美丽冰川景色的吸引，在2018年至2023年期间，前往该国旅游的游客数量增长了46%。与此同时，在地球的另一端，南极洲的旅游业也呈现出类似的增长态势。国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）报告称，自20世纪90年代以来，游客数量一直在稳步增长——对于环保人士而言，这是一个严峻的旅游现象，他们警告称，人类可能会破坏脆弱的生态系统、影响动物行为，并携带非本地物种进入这些地区。)”可知，本文主要讲述了格陵兰岛和南极洲等极地地区旅游业的增长现象，以及这种增长对脆弱生态系统可能带来的负面影响，因此最恰当的标题是C选项“Polar Tourism: Growth and Concerns(极地旅游：增长与担忧)”。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·江苏苏州·期末） Birds have long inspired human beings, especially through their remarkable ability to fly. Migratory (迁徙的) birds, in particular, play a key role in maintaining natural balance. Twice a year, they start grand journeys, spreading seeds and eating insects. These activities help keep ecosystem healthy, which in turn contributes to food security. Francisco Rilla, a wildlife biologist, notes that migratory birds also act as “bioindicators”, avoiding polluted areas and thus providing valuable data on environmental quality. During their fall migration, birds watch the decreasing daylight-which they understand to mean food will soon be in shorter supply-for a sign that it’s time to head south. They also use the sun, stars, coastlines, and large bodies of water to guide them on their journeys across the world. However, these natural signs and resources are increasingly being impacted. Rising sea levels change coastal stopover sites, while increased ocean acidity (酸化) affects the shellfish that birds rely on for food. Moreover, extreme weather events, such as storms, can also be deadly. In addition, warmer temperatures may lead birds to shorten their migration journeys or not return to their original habitats, causing conflicts over food with local animals. As a result, some species have failed to adapt and have died out. To help migratory birds, experts recommend expanding protected areas through international effort. The United Nations Environment Program supports these efforts and suggests creating more bird-friendly environments. This year’s World Migratory Bird Day, on May 10, stresses promoting coexistence between humans and birds. The key message is to encourage the creation of healthy habitats, reduce pollution, and avoid glass buildings, which bring about a significant crash risk for birds. If migratory birds disappear, it could upset agriculture and the food web. As Rilla said, “Whatever happens to them could also happen to us.” 1. Why are migratory birds referred to as “bioindicators”? A. They migrate long distances for habitats. B. They rely on natural signals for migration. C. Their activities contribute to food security. D. Their behaviors reflect environmental changes. 2. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The problem of the decreasing daylight. B. The risks the migratory birds face. C. The results of the extreme weather events. D. The way the migratory birds use to guide their journeys. 3. What can we conclude from Rilla’s words in the last paragraph? A. Human activity hardly has impact on birds. B. The survival of humans depends on bird’s migration. C. Humans and migratory birds share the same future. D. Protecting birds from crashes is the most important task. 4. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Birds’ Role in Natural Balance B. Migratory Birds: Amazing Journeys C. Climate Change: Chances and Challenges D. Impact of Climate Change on Bird Migration 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍迁徙鸟类的生态作用、迁徙面临的风险及保护建议，强调其对环境的重要性与人类的命运关联。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Francisco Rilla, a wildlife biologist, notes that migratory birds also act as ‘bioindicators’, avoiding polluted areas and thus providing valuable data on environmental quality.(野生生物学家弗朗西斯科・里拉指出，迁徙鸟类还充当‘生物指标’，避开污染区域，从而为环境质量提供有价值的数据。)”可知，迁徙鸟类的行为（如避开污染区）能反映环境变化，因此被称为“生物指标”。故选D项。 【2题详解】 主旨大意题。通读第二段可知，第二段先介绍鸟类迁徙的导航方式，随后通过“However”转折，重点列举“海平面上升改变栖息地”、“海洋酸化影响食物”、“极端天气”、“气温升高导致迁徙路线变化” 等问题。根据“Rising sea levels change coastal stopover sites(海平面上升改变沿海中途停留地)”和 “extreme weather events, such as storms, can also be deadly(极端天气事件，如风暴，也可能是致命的)”等描述可知，本段主要讲述迁徙鸟类面临的生存风险。故选B项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段Rilla的话“Whatever happens to them could also happen to us.(发生在它们身上的事情也可能发生在我们身上。)”并结合前文“迁徙鸟类消失会破坏农业和食物网”可知，鸟类与人类的生存息息相关，共享未来命运。故选C项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是文章第二段详细阐述了气候变化（如海平面上升、海洋酸化、极端天气、气温升高等）对迁徙鸟类的直接影响，第三段提出的保护措施也围绕应对气候变化展开。例如，第二段中“Rising sea levels change coastal stopover sites(海平面上升改变沿海中途停留地)”和“warmer temperatures may lead birds to shorten their migration journeys(气温升高可能导致鸟类缩短迁徙旅程)”等内容，均聚焦气候因素对迁徙的影响。 所以D选项Impact of Climate Change on Bird Migration(气候变化对鸟类迁徙的影响)精准覆盖全文核心议题，适合用作标题。故选D项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·湖南长沙·期末） When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 1. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 2. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 3. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D$ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会—社会文化与教育 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A Passage 4【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B Passage 5【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 主题02 人与社会—社会现象与生活方式 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A Passage 5【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 主题03 人与自我—认知与学习 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 主题01 人与社会—科技与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C Passage 4【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A Passage 5【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 主题02 人与自然—环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A Passage 5【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会—社会文化与教育 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·福建福州·期末） Kari Lehman can’t imagine life without the free after-school program at Beaver River School in Beaver Falls, New York. Each afternoon, her two sons, aged 7 and 11, get hands-on help with homework, a healthy snack, fun activities and chances to make friends — while she and her husband finish their workdays. “They get their homework done, move their bodies, socialize — and then our evenings are free for family time,” Lehman says. “So we can have dinner together and spend time as a family. It would actually change our lives, our family, if we didn’t have this program.” The program at Beaver River is just one of 18 after-school programs at schools across New York, serving over 1,200 students at no cost. Each day, the first hour is for academics (学业). School-day teachers work one-on-one with children who need extra help in math, reading, or any other school subject. The second hour is for hands-on projects. Students try activities in science, cooking, art, health, and career skills while also learning teamwork and building confidence. Last year, nearly 60% of students participating (参加) in the programs improved their math grades, around 80% of students got A’s in English exams, and close to 100% of parents reported satisfaction. In one survey of the parents of more than 700 students, 93% of parents said their children showed overall well-being because of their participation in the programs. Beyond academics, the programs host family nights, and community events. Last year, the programs each hosted more than 25 events for families, providing opportunities for the whole family to connect with the school, with nearly 100% of attendees rating the events as effective. “The program makes us feel like we’re a part of the community by bringing the families in and helping us build relationships,” says Makenna Grunert, a mother who has two kids. 1. What do we learn from Lehman’s words? A. Children should learn to do housework. B. The program takes a long time every day. C. She is quite satisfied with the program. D. Her family seldom gather for dinner now. 2. What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. Educators working for the program. B. The daily class schedule of the program. C. A hands-on project for senior students. D. The importance of after-school programs. 3. Which is the percentage of the participating students raising their math grades last year? A. About 60%. B. Nearly 80%. C. 93%. D. 100%. 4. Grunert believes the after-school program brings a sense of ________. A. safety B. humour C. curiosity D. belonging Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·河北石家庄·期末） It’s one of the most common questions adults ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? Although childhood is supposed to be fun, kids also discuss important topics regarding their futures. Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. Rodica Damian, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Houston, and other researchers discovered that as children grow up, their goals naturally begin to change. However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. During the study, researchers compared how their goals evolved as children moved from adolescence to adulthood and how a person's goals impacted their success in school and as an employee later on. Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be. So, the message is simple: dream big and dream of success, kids! Those goals can drive you to success when you grow up! “Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. 1. What does the study mainly focus on? A. Why children change their dreams over time. B. Whether childhood goals re late to future success. C. How childhood education determines future career. D. What impact early experiences have on characters. 2. Which of the following goals remains strong as children grow up? A. Connecting with others. B. Achieving academic success. C. Hunting for a high-salary job. D. Improving personal social status. 3. What message does the author convey in paragraph 3? A. Future careers is determined by Childhood achievements. B. Childhood ambition is potentially connected with success. C. Setting small goals is more beneficial than dreaming big. D. Adjusting goals can create new opportunities for success. 4. What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A. To summarize learning strategies. B. To offer suggestions for future studies. C. To stress the significance of the study. D. To point out the limitations of the study. Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·四川绵阳·期末） The Miyun Reservoir (水库) near Beijing plays an important role in providing water to the capital. But not many people know this major project was actually designed by a group of university students as their graduation project. In 1959, under Jiang Nanxiang, the then headmaster of Tsinghua University, who encouraged his students to combine theory with practice, students from the Department of Hydraulic Engineering set about the project. This is one of the stories told in the new season of Century Masters, which focuses on 11 noted educators, among them Peking University head Cai Yuanpei, promoter of mass education Tao Xingzhi and physical education advocate Jiang Nanxiang, which aired on China Education Television in March, 2024. Produced by the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Century Masters is dedicated to people renowned for their mastery in different areas. Earlier seasons focused on famous artists, architects and writers. According to Chen Hong, the general director for the series, the new season seeks to preserve and protect the educational practices, ideas and progress of the subjects, and nurture young people in the process. “We want to crystallize the wisdom and sweat of countless educators, a precious heritage for future generations, and open a window to showcase the country’s progress. Many of them also made great achievements in other areas. This series, however, focuses on their contributions to education”, says Chen. Unlike artists who produce physical creations, the contributions of educators are often theoretical, and so are difficult to show visually. To deal with this, the series brought the educators to life by illustrating their ideas through snapshots (快照) of their work and life. The two episodes (一集) about Ma Yuehan, a pioneer in advocating for physical education at Tsinghua University, explore his habit of regular exercise maintained since childhood, his participation in national and international competitions at university, and the way in which he benefited from being in good health. 1. What do we know about the Miyun Reservoir from the passage? A. It was finished in the year 1959. B. Its historical importance has not been fully recognized. C. It was designed by the headmaster of Tsinghua University. D. It is a product of Tsinghua University’s advanced teaching philosophy. 2. What purpose does the new season of Century Masters serve? A. To introduce Chinese experts of all fields. B. To dig into the all-around achievements of great educators. C. To record the educational practices and ideas of noted educators. D. To call upon young people to contribute to Chinese education. 3. Why does the author mention the episodes of Ma Yuehan in paragraph 4? A. To highlight his educational contribution. B. To serve as an example of the practice above. C. To prove the importance of physical education. D. To showcase his achievement in physical competitions. 4. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Heroes of Education in Century Masters B. Protectors of Heritage in Century Masters C. Physical and Academic Education in Tsinghua University D. Theoretical and Practical Education in Tsinghua University Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·山东实验中学·期末） Deep in the forests in the Siem Reap Province, Cambodia, the five lotus-flower-shaped towers of the large Angkor Wat stand tall towards the sky. When tourists arrive at the main gate, they will be attracted to the large temple (庙宇). Angkor Wat was part of a city as big as London. This city was at the center of an empire that covered areas from southern Vietnam to Laos, and from the Mekong River to Eastern Myanmar between the 9th and 15th centuries. By around 1500 A.D., the Khmer capital was left behind empty, most likely after heavy floods and long droughts. Later, forests were all around the temples and buildings that lay hidden until their rediscovery in 1860. Angkor Wat’s inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1992 marked a milestone in the country’s recovery. The action of the protection and development of this cultural site is a typical example of international solidarity and proves to be one of UNESCO’s most important achievements. Thirty countries and a group of experts were brought together to work on scientific projects for the restoration (修复) of these amazing sites. The aim was to support long-term and environmentally friendly progress. Angkor has become a living laboratory showing the beauty of historic buildings. Walking through the temple, people see hundreds of beautiful figures on the walls telling the stories of these ancient people, and long hallways lined with many attractive supports. The fact that Angkor was taken off UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger just twelve years later is a great achievement for most people of Cambodia. A large number of visitors from all over the world make their journey there enjoying the beautiful scenery. The large site now supports 700,000 local people and attracts some five million visitors whose flow (流动量) must be controlled each year. The local organizations in charge are carrying out several projects to encourage better development of the tourism industry. In this way, they hope to improve the lives of communities. 1. What probably caused people to leave the Khmer capital? A. The national wars. B. Its lack of forests. C. The natural disasters. D. Its inconvenient location. 2. What does the underlined word “solidarity” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Joint effort. B. Good judgment. C. High recognition. D. Serious competition. 3. What may Cambodian people take great pride in according to the author? A. The stories about the figures on the temple walls. B. The fact that Angkor is used for scientific studies. C. The good recovery of their cultural sites in a short time. D. The inclusion of Angkor in UNESCO’s World Heritage List. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. The flow of visitors to Angkor keeps rising. B. Tourism is being improved to benefit local living. C. The public is less worried about Angkor’s natural scenery. D. Tourism has had a negative influence on the local environment. Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·安徽黄山·期末） Most highly skilled fields have rude names for beginners. And yet there has never been a better time to be a beginner. Learning platforms such as Coursera, Skillshare and Duolingo sell you an experience that you can fit around your busy life, achieving mastery in a short time. In this book Beginners, Tom Vanderbilt joins the growing army of beginners. Stuck in mid-career growth, he decides to spend a year learning new skills. He hires a singing teacher and joins the Britpop Choir. He takes up drawing, then surfing. He learns to juggle (玩杂耍). With the help of a jeweler, he even makes his own wedding ring. None of these attempts turn into life-changing passions. They are simply done for fun. The motivation behind all this comes from Vanderbilt’s experience of parenthood, which can only be learned in the doing of it. All parents are beginners, and beginner teachers, clumsily (笨拙地) passing on knowledge to their children. As he watches his daughter effortlessly pick up how to swim or play chess, Vanderbilt worries that he has left it too late. “It’s hard to be old and bad at something,” as a friend, returning to swimming in middle age, puts it. Luckily, he achieves satisfying results with relatively little painful effort. People appreciate his inexpert but improved singing because most people can’t sing very well. The title of one academic paper he cites — “Imprecise singing is widespread” — says it all. The acid (讽刺的) test is “Happy Birthday”, the most familiar song in the language and yet not easy to sing because it spans (跨越) an octave (八度音阶) and moves up and down it dramatically. In a world where apps constantly rate us and measure our performance, so that learning anything becomes another form of work, we should enjoy the process more and worry less about the product. All Vanderbilt achieves in the end is a basic skill in various unrelated activities. But it has brought him “an enormous and almost forgotten kind of pleasure”. This book conveys that pleasure and is itself a pleasure to read. 1. What motivates Vanderbilt’s passion for learning new skills? A. His friend’s swimming comeback. B. His experience of being a parent. C. His daughter’s advice on trying new things. D. His hope for changing the views of beginners. 2. Why does the author mention the song “Happy Birthday”? A. To indicate the importance of repetition in singing. B. To draw attention to its popularity around the world. C. To prove its effectiveness in testing musical memory. D. To show the difficulty in singing even well-known songs well. 3. What does the author stress in the last paragraph? A. The need to master various unrelated skills. B. The pleasure obtained from reading a book. C. The importance of enjoying the learning process. D. The significance of gaining recognition for one’s efforts. 4. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A career guide. D. A research article. 主题02 人与社会—社会现象与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·山东威海·期末） The fashion industry is responsible for up to ten percent of the world’s carbon emissions (排放). But what if you could get clothes more sustainably and spend less money? Enter rental fashion (服装租赁). Companies charge you a small part of the store price to borrow a piece of clothing. They’ll take care of the cleaning once you send it back. These companies advertise sustainability as one of the best reasons to rent: By sharing clothes among more people, they satisfy shoppers’ desire for new looks while avoiding the emissions that new clothes would produce. The only thing is, of course, there are trade-offs. Shipping you those clothes creates carbon emissions, and so does washing them after you’re done with them. Then how can you make sure that the environment gets the most benefit out of your money? First of all, rent clothes you don’t wear frequently. Some companies rent out high-end clothes, while others offer more everyday options. The best clothes to rent are fancy clothes for special occasions. And higher-quality pieces are more likely to last through multiple (多次的) wears. If a rented piece of clothes gets worn more times than it would if one person owned it, that can definitely make a difference. Meanwhile, casual clothes such as jeans already get frequent wears and are better to own than rent. You could also rent from a nearby location and pick up your clothes by yourself. If you were to use an environmentally friendly method, such as public transport or biking, that would even be better. Of course, buying less can be one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways to live more sustainably. By buying fewer new clothes, you can help cut down the need for clothing production, which is responsible for most of emissions in the fashion industry. 1. According to the first two paragraphs, the rise of rental fashion is meant to ______ . A. change shopping habits B. reduce environmental harm C. cut clothing production D. follow fashion trends easily 2. Which can best explain the underlined “trade-offs”? A. Options. B. Costs. C. Preferences. D. Differences. 3. Which would be the greenest clothing habit according to the text? A. Renting expensive clothes. B. Renting clothes delivered easily. C. Renting frequently-worn clothes. D. Renting clothes with self-pick-up nearby. 4. What is the purpose of the text? A. To encourage buying less. B. To introduce changes in fashion. C. To explain rental fashion and give advice. D. To warn of the damage done by fashion industry. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·山东青岛·期末） Finland was known as a rather quiet country. Since 2008, the Country Brand Delegation (国家品牌代表团) has been looking for a national brand that would make some noise to market the country as a world-famous tourist destination. In 2010, the Delegation issued a “Country Brand Report,” which highlighted a host of marketable themes, including Finland’s famous educational system. One key theme was brand new: silence. As the report explained, modern society often seems intolerably loud and busy. “Silence is a resource,” it said. Silence first appeared in scientific research as a control or baseline, against which scientists compare the effects of noise or music. Researchers have mainly studied it by accident, as physician Luciano Bernardi did in his study of the physiological (生理学) effects of music. “We didn’t think about the effect of silence,” he said. Bernardi observed two dozen test subjects while they listened to six musical tracks. He found that the impacts of music could be read directly in the bloodstream, via changes in blood pressure, carbon dioxide, and circulation in the brain. “During almost all sorts of music, there was a physiological change with a condition of arousal (兴奋),” he explained. This effect made sense, given that active listening requires attention. But the more striking finding appeared between musical tracks. Bernardi and his colleagues discovered that randomly added stretches of silence also had a great effect, but in the opposite direction. In fact, two-minute silent pauses proved far more relaxing than either “relaxing” music or a longer silence played before the experiment started. The blank pauses that Bernardi had considered irrelevant (不相关的), in other words, became the most interesting object of study. Silence seemed to be heightened by contrast, maybe because it gave test subjects a release from careful attention. “Perhaps the arousal is something that concentrates the mind in one direction, so that when there is nothing more arousing, then you have deeper relaxation,” he said. This finding is reinforced by neurological (神经系统的) research. Relevant research shows when our brains rest quietly, they integrate external and internal information into “a conscious (意识的) workspace.” Peace and quiet, both outside and inside us, seem to free our minds to naturally find our place in the world. Noora Vikman, a consultant on silence for Finland’s marketers, knows silence well. Living in a remote and quiet place in Finland, she discovers thoughts and feelings that aren’t detectable in her busy daily life. “If you want to know yourself, you have to be with yourself, and discuss with yourself, and be able to talk with yourself.” 1. Why does the author mention the Country Brand Report in Paragraph 1? A. To indicate the authority of the Delegation. B. To highlight the need of noise in Finland. C. To explain why Finland issued the brands. D. To present how Finland viewed silence. 2. What can be inferred about Luciano Bernardi’s discovery? A. It challenged the calming effect of music. B. It illustrated the loss of attentiveness after silence. C. It emphasized the role of silence between sounds. D. It stated brains’ information processing in the quiet. 3. What is Noora Vikman’s attitude to silence?. A. Supportive. B. Neutral. C. Disapproving. D. Indifferent. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Silence: A Limited Resource B. Silence: An Invaluable Power C. Silence: A Misunderstood Tool D. Silence: An Insignificant Quality Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·江苏扬州·期末） “I’d like to have your problem!” It is a common remark made to underweight people, who tend to awake more envy than sympathy. However, underweight people have just as much trouble putting on the pounds as overweight people have losing them — they are also related to health risks. The problem of the underweight is that they are unwilling or unable to eat enough, or they eat like a horse but still do not gain weight. They have a fast metabolism (新陈代谢) and can eat whatever they want without putting on kilograms. People with a slow metabolism deposit most of the energy they take in with food as body fat. People with a fast metabolism burn this energy off, producing heat. To someone who is overweight, a fast metabolism may seem desirable. But from a medical standpoint it is a problem. Being underweight is usually accompanied by a lack of basic nutrients and/ or trace elements. This increases the risk of developing disorders such as osteoporosis, weakens muscle function and slows the healing of wounds. Underweight people are often elderly, have little appetite or perhaps are no longer able to chew properly. People can also lose a lot of weight due to a serious disease or chemotherapy (化疗). A potential health problem is also sometimes to blame. Even young, healthy people can be affected when they feel stressed out emotionally. A classic case is lovesickness. Your stomach feels as though tied up in knots, your nerves are shaky, and after two bites of food you are full. Before long, your body is running out of energy, and you either become sleepy or more nervous — in any case you eat even less and then enter a downward spiral (螺旋轨道). What will you do when your trousers get baggy, your eyes start to widen, your bones and teeth start to stick out, your energy level drops and your sensitiveness rises? 1. What message does Paragraph 1 convey? A. Being thin is popular among the young. B. Being fat is dangerous for an elderly man. C. Either being fat or thin can be a health risk. D. Losing weight is harder than gaining weight. 2. When are people more likely to be underweight? A. When they have no teeth to chew. B. When they suffer from a big illness. C. When they are addicted to their work. D. When they have a slow metabolism. 3. What is the writing style of the last paragraph? A. Critical. B. Vivid. C. Abstract. D. Academic. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Weight Matters To Health B. Mind Your Daily Diet C. Fat Is A Risk Too D. Thin Is Not In Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·河北唐山·期末） The Central Valley is among the most productive agricultural regions in the world: It makes up just 1 percent of all farmland in the United States, yet produces a third of nation’s fruits and vegetables. But it’s also extremely water-stressed. To grow all those crops, farmers have drawn so much groundwater that the land has gone down by several feet. Since crops can’t be made less thirsty, many farmers have started using some of their land for solar energy. The Central Valley is perfect for this, being mostly flat and very sunny. On average, this energy use can bring in around $124,000 per hectare (公顷) each year. Altogether, the solar energy produced there could power around 500,000 homes and save enough water to supply 27 million people yearly. But using farmland for solar panels comes with some costs. Food production in the region has dropped-by enough calories to feed 86, 000 people a year. Still, this doesn’t have to be an either-or decision. Many farmers now grow crops like leafy greens and berries under solar panels (太阳能板). The panels provide shade (荫凉), which reduces water loss from the soil, allowing growers to water less often. “That’s going to allow for both energy independence and food safety,” said Jennifer Bousselot, who studies agrisolar at Colorado State University. Farmers also have their sheep and cows feed under the panels. Their droppings enrich the soil, encouraging more plant growth. Over time, the richness of the soil can be recovered, ready for farming again. Even if the land is simply left unused, this resting period helps bring back soil health. “We really see solar as a common landscape,” said Jennifer, “that can be sited, managed, and designed in a way to benefit both people and the planet.” 1. What is the main problem for the Central Valley? A. Water shortage. B. Low crop production. C. Limited farmland. D. Growing population. 2. What is the purpose of paragraph 2? A. To explain farming change. B. To report farmers’ living. C. To show solar energy benefits. D. To stress the income difference. 3. What does Jennifer think of the practice of the Central Valley? A. It harms the environment. B. It helps people and nature. C. It is profitable in the long run. D. It works best in the Central Valley. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Solar Farms Feed the Valley B. Many Panels Cover the Valley C. Thirsty Crops Dry Up the Valley D. Falling Harvests Hurt the Valley 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了中央谷地面临水资源短缺问题，许多农民开始利用土地发展太阳能，以及太阳能对农业和环境的积极影响，“Solar Farms Feed the Valley (太阳能农场养活谷地)”既体现了太阳能农场的作用，又点明了其对谷地的重要性，最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·四川德阳·期末） What is the most shocking about the heatwave affecting the Pacific Northwest is not that it has hit a usually mild area, nor that so many long-standing temperature records are being broken. It is that those records are being broken by such large margins (幅度). In Portland, Oregon, temperature reached 46.6℃(116°F) — making it one of several cities in the region where former records have been beaten by a full 5℃(9°F). At the same time, heatwaves are also hitting central Europe and even Siberia. Heatwaves may become headlines, but less attention is paid to them. In 2018 about 300,000 people over the age of 65 died as a result of extreme heat, mainly in India, a 54% increase since 2000, according to a report in the Lancet, a medical journal. The report also shows that, unlike storms and floods, heat does not lead to dramatic before-and-after pictures or widespread damage to belongings. It is a silent killer. As many as 70,000 people died due to a heatwave in Europe in 2003. Heat also kills by worsening health conditions such as heart problems, so not all the deaths it causes may be directly attributed (归因) to it. Climate change will make heatwaves more common and more extreme. Even if greenhouse-gas emissions (排放) are cut to zero by the middle of this century, temperatures will go on rising for decades. So other measures are needed to protect people against extreme heat. Governments can set up early warning systems to alarm health workers, shut down schools and stop outdoor activities. They can provide the public with forecasts of coming heatwaves, explanations of the dangers and detailed advice on what to do. Improved facilities can also help. This includes providing shaded areas, water parks and “misting stations” to help people cool down, and get to airconditioned “cooling centers” where they can find shelter and sleep if necessary. The world is, undoubtedly, facing a big health challenge right now. There is no excuse for ignoring heatwaves and their effects. 1. What shocks us most about the heatwave in the Pacific Northwest? A. It has stricken a usually mild area. B. It hits central Europe except Siberia. C. Many temperature records are being broken. D. Many records are being broken by large margins. 2. What can we learn from the report in the Lancer? A. People have paid much attention to heatwaves. B. Heat doesn’t cause widespread damage to belongings. C. The damage of heat is as obvious as storms and floods. D. About 300,000 middle-aged people died from extreme heat. 3. What can governments do to protect people against heatwaves? A. Provide some cool places. B. Build nursing homes. C. Organize outdoor activities. D. Shelter the homeless. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Improving Public Facilities B. Taking Heatwaves Seriously C. Preventing Natural Disasters D. Reducing Greenhouse-gas Emission 主题03 人与自我—认知与学习 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·广东深圳·期末） Understanding a simple-looking English sentence such as “I read this article yesterday” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation: a subject (“T”) performed an action (“read”) on an object (“article”) at a specific time (“yesterday”). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin’s team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (指标) quantifying how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (语法分析的) strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all of the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties. The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models. “This is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social application of language,” Martin says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 1. Why does the author cite the example in paragraph 1? A. To introduce a grammar rule. B. To analyze an English sentence. C. To bring in a new research finding. D. To stress the complexity of human brain. 2. What does the underlined word “preemptively” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. By accident. B. In advance. C. On time. D. By mistake. 3. Which sentence can match the Dutch language structure? A. Universe the about documentary saw. B. Saw I a documentary about the universe. C. I saw a documentary about the universe. D. I a documentary about the universe saw. 4. What does Martin try to stress in the last paragraph? A. The challenges of brain researches. B. The application of the present findings. C. The purposes of different linguistic models. D. The necessity to diversify subjects in studies. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·江苏镇江·期末） Back in 1986, researchers Bob Sevfarth and Dorothy Cheney took baby rhesus (恒河猴) and Japanese macaque monkeys (猕猴) and switched (换) them shortly after birth. Each was placed in a socially similar but acoustically (听觉上) different environment. The question: Can animals actually develop regional accents or language in the same way a Boston human will unavoidably pronounce “park” as “pahk”? For decades, scientists have leaned on the idea that animal communication is more dependent on genetics than the environment. A dog is not going to learn to “meow” just because it’s raised around cats. But it’s possible for animals to develop more slight sound changes than their earlier generations. A large number of studies have observed animals changing their communication depending on their environment. Chaffinch birds raised alone don’t sing as complicated as those raised with others, which gives them a local accent. Other songbirds change their tunes based on what locals are doing. White-crowned sparrows will combine elements of several different songs in different ways depending on where they are. The same has been proved in goats. One 2012 study found that younger goats change the sounds they make to match the sounds of goats they’ve just met in a social setting. Some animal experts say that certain species use accents to tell peers (同伴) from distrusted strangers. It’s not that a goat, or bird, should fear their peers; it’s that an unfamiliar sound may signal attackers, and sensing dangers is key to the survival of a species. As for those switched-at-birth animals, typically, rhesus monkeys like to make a noise known as a “gruff” when playing while Japanese macaques usually make a “cooing” sound. Both species can use the same noises, just in different situations. But their foreign environment made almost no difference in their accents. 1. What did researchers try to find out about animals according to paragraph 1? A. How they can copy human accents. B. How they can tell apart human accents. C. Whether they can communicate with humans. D. Whether they can acquire accents as humans do. 2. What does the underlined phrase “leaned on” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Stuck to. B. Disagreed with. C. Put aside. D. Broke with. 3. What method is mainly used to develop paragraph 3? A. Making comparisons. B. Providing data. C. Describing processes. D. Giving examples. 4. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A. Changing accents is key to animals’ survival. B. Animals develop their accents with peers’ help. C. Species change accents to frighten away strangers. D. Unfamiliar surroundings have little influence on animals’ accents. Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·山东潍坊·期末） In an age dominated by smartphones, researchers are discovering gradual cognitive (认知的) decrease linked to over-dependence on digital tools. A 2023 Cambridge University study found that frequent users of navigation apps had the ability to remember locations weakened by 23% compared to those who used traditional maps. Functional MRI (磁共振成像) scans showed less activity in the hippocampus (海马体的) of GPS-dependent individuals when recalling routes, while those using traditional navigation methods had stronger neural (神经的) connections in memory-related brain areas. The cognitive effects go beyond navigation. A Tokyo University experiment revealed that language learners using apps with automatic translation features scored 15% lower in natural sentence construction tests than those who learned from textbooks. Cognitive scientist Dr. Eleanor Richards of Oxford explains, “Our brains adapt to technological shortcuts by weakening underused neural pathways — similar to how muscles atrophy (萎缩) without exercise.” This realization has led to counter-trends in both education and business. In 2022, German software company TechSphere GmbH started “Analog Fridays”, requiring employees not to use digital tools but paper notebooks every Friday. After the policy, surveys found that meeting attendance went up by 19%, and employees reported 27% less mental tiredness. CEO Markus Weber says, “We don’t hate technology. But choosing to disconnect on purpose helps us get back our thinking ability.” Industry reports show that by 2023, 12% of new companies in Silicon Valley had similar rules. Educational reforms reflect this shift. The University of Amsterdam now requires first-year students to take handwritten lecture notes, with these students scoring 14% higher on exams than those who used laptops. Stationery brand Moleskine has seen a 40% increase in planner sales since 2021, with 35% of buyers being tech workers who want to be productive without using screens. Neuroscientists say we need balanced ways. Dr. Richards suggests “cognitive zoning”: using digital tools to store data, and keep traditional methods for important thinking tasks. As AI is used more, the key is not to refuse technology, but to create mixed systems that protect our basic human thinking abilities. 1. What did the Cambridge University study find about frequent users of navigation apps? A. Decreased hippocampal activity. B. Enhanced memory storage. C. Improved route planning speed. D. Stronger neural connections. 2. The underlined word “counter-trends” in Paragraph 3 refers to actions that ________. A. promote the use of digital tools B. reduce screen time for cognitive benefits C. criticize the limitations of technology D. study the impact of apps on learning 3. What does “cognitive zoning” recommend? A. Completely stopping the use of digital tools. B. Making digital storage faster and more effective. C. Separating tasks and using different methods accordingly. D. Controlling how quickly AI is combined with our work. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards digital tools? A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Objective. D. Unfavorable. 主题01 人与社会—科技与社会 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·福建泉州·期末） Stanford researchers have discovered an exciting new way to treat wastewater that could help solve two big problems at once — water shortages and waste of valuable resources. Instead of just cleaning dirty water and throwing away the removed pollutants, their system turns wastewater into both drinkable water and useful materials. With experts predicting that the world will need 40% more clean water than it has by 2030, this technology is timely. The researchers have been particularly focused on dealing with “forever chemicals” — pollutants that add up in water supplies and are very difficult to remove. The researchers have developed new resins (树脂) with upgraded selectivity. Unlike traditional water treatment resins, these can specifically target and trap harmful chemicals while recovering valuable materials. This turns the treatment process from a cost into a potential money-maker. One of the biggest advantages of this system is that it can be easily integrated into current water treatment plants. The improved resins can potentially be added to existing facilities without requiring big changes. This makes the process more practical and affordable for cities and towns. The researchers see this as more than just a better water filter (过滤). They picture wastewater treatment plants becoming resource recovery centers that produce clean water while also supplying valuable materials to farmers and industries. As one scientist put it, this approach turns wastewater from being just a problem to solve into an opportunity - helping the environment while potentially creating new business possibilities. This invention could be especially important for areas facing water shortages, offering a way to get more clean water while making the treatment process more cost-effective and economically sustainable (可持续的). By recovering useful resources instead of just getting rid of them, the system represents a smarter way to handle our water needs in the future. 1. What is the main advantage of the new technology? A. It reduces the cost of building new factories. B. It cleans water and recovers useful materials. C. It helps scientists study “forever chemicals”. D. It transports treated water into cities and towns. 2. Which aspect of the technology is mainly talked about in paragraph 3? A. Its working process. B. Its historical background. C. Its potential applications. D. Its targeted problems. 3. Why is the technology practical for current plants? A. It removes all chemicals in one step. B. It is cheaper than traditional methods. C. It increases water usage by 40%. D. It fits the existing systems easily. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward the new technology? A. Doubtful. B. Hopeful. C. Uninterested. D. Worried. Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·广东广州·期末） Do you often use the words “tapestry” “delve” or “testament” in English? Many of us would say no. These words aren’t among the “Top 500 spoken words” — a list of the most common English words. However, these words are becoming more common in some written content, as a study in 2024 found that five percent of all articles published on a research site used the word “delve.” In 2022, it was less than one percent. Since ChatGPT was released to the public in November 2022, we’ve seen that artificial intelligence (AI) favors certain words. Why does ChatGPT prefer these words? The answer is actually very human. While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated information, and use the data to spit out answers to our enquiry (询问). It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us. The process of rating AI responses, as part of training the software, is called “reinforcement (强化) learning from human feedback”, and this provides the first clue about why ChatGPT favors certain word. It’s not cheap to employ a lot of testers to rate thousands of responses from Al. So, big companies outsource these jobs to lower-income countries, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor is Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings. So, when Nigerian testers tell Al which responses sound natural, their own linguistic preferences come through. As AI-generated content becomes more common, will it also affect the way we speak to each other? In some ways, AI has already left its mark. Of course, language is a living thing, often affected by current events and by new technology. The point is that language is always updating itself, and how we use language is affected by the people we talk to and by the media we consume. As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary. 1. Why does the author mention the words we don’t often use? A. To show the varieties of language. B. To warn readers of AI’s threat to language. C. To raise readers’ interest in language change. D. To introduce a study in language development. 2. What does the underlined sentence mean? A. AI’s answers are directly written by humans. B. AI is specially designed to think like humans. C. AI depends on human to develop its language. D. AI understands human language independently. 3. Why does AI favor certain uncommon words? A. Spoken English has been used to train AI. B. AI tries to have impact on human language. C. Companies develop strange language models. D. Non-native English speakers work as AI trainers. 4. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. AI plays an important role in language development. B. New technology reduces the number of English words. C. Language pushes the development of AI-generated media. D. The use of uncommon words make communication harder. Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·广东清远·期末） When a dangerous landslide hits, rescuers hurrying to help need to know exactly where to look — and now a new technique (技术) for analysing seismic (地震的) data can do just that, by finding where the disaster started within a few kilometres in just seconds. Present methods can only narrow down locations to within tens of kilometres, says Stefania Ursica at the Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences in Germany. In remote areas, this can lead to slowdowns if rescuers are sent to the wrong place. “That time loss can be critical,” Ursica says. Many countries have a network of seismic monitors to record activity related to earthquakes and volcanoes. This data can also be used to detect events such as landslides — the risk of which is increasing because of climate change — but the data from these kinds of events is much messier and harder to analyse than that from earthquakes, says Ursica. There are two new features of her team's technique, she says. The first is to analyse five different aspects (方面) of the seismic waveform to pick out from the noise exactly when an event happened. This information is then fed to a dozen or so mathematical programmes that search for the location of the event. They do this by working out what waveform would have been produced if the event had happened in a particular place and comparing it to the recorded waveform. If it doesn't match, they try a different place. Each programme “moves” in a way inspired by the behaviour of animals, from the spiralling of a falcon to the long migrations of elephants, until they have collectively homed in on the most likely location of the event. The whole process takes only around 10 seconds. “We have basically an order of magnitude (巨大) of improvement,” Ursica says. In addition to helping rescue efforts, it will help researchers locate events in remote areas where satellite data is unclear or unavailable. She says: “We can locate events that we otherwise couldn't see.” 1. What advantage does the new technique have over the present methods? A. It is more easily used by rescuers. B. It can gather a wider range of data. C. It can be applied to more disasters. D. It offers more exact and timely results. 2. What can be learnt about the data from landslides according to Ursica? A. It’s difficult to work with. B. It’s related to climate change. C. It’s different in every country. D. It’s similar to that of earthquakes. 3. What plays a key role in the operation of the new technique? A. The record of earthquake waves. B. The network of seismic monitors. C. The use of mathematical programmes. D. The analysis of the behaviour of animals. 4. How does Ursica sound in the last two paragraphs? A. Formal. B. Serious. C. Confident. D. Academic. Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·浙江温州·期末） A few years ago, the Allen Institute for AI built a chatbot named Delphi, which does a surprising job. Type in, “Cheating on an exam,” and Delphi says, “It’s wrong.” However, it has limitations. As the cognitive scientist Tomer Ullman has pointed out, a couple of misleading adverbs (副词) are enough to trip it up. When asked to judge (判断) “Gently and sweetly pressing a pillow (枕头) over the face of a sleeping baby,” Delphi responds, “It’s allowed.” As someone who studies moral psychology, I found Delphi’s weaknesses satisfying. Human moral judgment is based on reason and emotion, not the sort of thing that a large language model (LLM) can understand. After all, LLMs put together words based on probability, not a deep understanding of what these words mean. This mismatch between human morals and machines has been a matter of deep concern. In the 1920 Czech play “R.U.R.”, robots come into conflict with humans and end up taking over the world. Another classic example is AI being instructed to create as many paper boxes as possible. At first, the machine’s goal is the same as the human goal. But then the AI might think that it can make more paper boxes if it kills all humans, so no one can turn off the machine. Similarly, as the computer scientist Yoshua Bengio has pointed out, an AI tasked with stopping climate change might think the best way is to decrease the human population. It would be nice if AI could be guided by human morals. So far, many researchers have been aware that AI could not just be developed on a technical level. They argue only when LLMs are treated as minds and studied psychologically will they get equipped with high morals, which I firmly believe, too. 1. What might Delphi do if misleading adverbs are used? A. Cheat on the exam. B. Point out the limitation. C. Crash during operation. D. Give an immoral answer. 2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The effect of language development. B. The cause of Delphi’s weaknesses. C. The understanding of human morals. D. The probability of Delphi’s response. 3. How does the author prove AI’s lack of human morals? A. By giving examples. B. By listing numbers. C. By asking questions. D. By making contrasts. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Studying AI technically is far from enough. B. LLMs will have higher morals in the future. C. Human activities well illustrate their morals. D. It remains to be seen how to fully develop AI. Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·湖南衡阳·期末） Destructive earthquakes rock the world from time to time. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. The best way to ease these future disasters is to draw maps of the underworld, recording every fault (断层) and tracking its behavior. To create those maps, researchers employ machines that sense and record all sorts of vibrations (震动). This work, historically, has sometimes been inaccurate. When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor, started in the field in the early 2010s, he tried to find a new way forward. “Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way,” he says. He made the study in California which is so geologically active and there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. In 2017 Ross started to focus on tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn’t make them unimportant — their waves can explain each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress­loaded ones that may one day crack and set off a disaster. Ross and his colleagues set an algorithm (算法) upon the seismic (地震的) record. The algorithm quickly identified nearly two million previously hidden tiny quakes. However, his program could only find earthquakes in the seismic record that it was taught to recognize. So Ross turned to more advanced tools: self­learning programs, software that could make predictions about the future — in this case, what a greatly wider variety of earthquakes might sound like. Very quickly, these programs found all sorts of unfamiliar-sounding quakes — later confirmed by human scientists. These AI learning programs can also be used to improve the speed and accuracy (精确度) of earthquake early­warning systems — largely autonomous (自主的) programs that forecast threats to life and property in the moments after an earthquake starts and send people emergency text messages before seismic waves reach them. But for all their promise, AI programs won’t replace human scientists. “They’re just tools,” Ross says — ones that in time, he believes, will become as ordinary as seismometers (地震仪) themselves. 1. What inspired Ross to carry out the new study? A. The massive amounts of data available. B. The geographical location of California. C. The limitation of the traditional method. D. The breakdown of the computer programs. 2. What does the underlined word “precarious” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Unusual. B. Unstable. C. Inaccessible. D. Informal. 3. What is the advantage of self­learning programs over Ross’ algorithm? A. They forecast new earthquakes. B. They help restore hidden faults. C. They rely on previous information. D. They use the best computer programs. 4. What do we know about the AI programs from the last paragraph? A. They will replace seismometers. B. They serve as an efficiency booster. C. They reduce the threats to life and property. D. They prevented seismic waves from reaching people. 主题02 人与自然—环境保护与生态平衡 Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·浙江宁波·期末） Drone delivery company Wing has temporarily paused deliveries to the Canberra suburb of Harrison after a nesting raven (乌鸦) dived to a drone delivering coffee. It has aroused an interesting dichotomy: If such deliveries are the carbon-friendly future, can birds and drones coexist, or should actions be taken to relieve any ill-effects of drones on wildlife? In recent years, drones have become increasingly popular, with more and more people taking them to explore more unknown areas and research wildlife. However, drones can pose a threat to birds, especially if flown too close to their nests, as birds may view them as predators or threats and attack them or abandon their nests, leading to a decline in bird populations in some areas. In some cases, drones have been reported to cause direct harm to birds by interfering with their flight patterns. Additionally, drones cause noise pollution and disrupt birds’ natural habitats and behavior. Weston, the professor of wildlife conservation at Deakin University says birds attacking drones is also not rare. “Deakin releases a study of 275 drone pilots showing that almost 20% reported physical contact between their drone and a bird. So it’s a problem.” he says. Birdlife Australia’s Sean Dooley says it’s hard to be sure if birds mistake drones for other birds, or simply recognise them as a threat. It’s about drone delivery companies having a sustainable business model without losing too many drones. Dooley is keen to stress what a favor drones are for conservationists. “When properly used, they’ re great to accurately count colonies of endangered birds in inaccessible areas.” he says. Prof Weston says a centralised recording of all wildlife and drone interactions will help inform solutions. Weston calls for standardised protocols, agreed no-fly zones and better training for drone operators on what to do when an aggressive encounter happens. 1. What does the underlined word “dichotomy” in the first paragraph probably mean? A. Conclusion. B. Division. C. Perspective. D. Conflict. 2. What is a potential risk of drones to birds? A. Birds may be attacked by drones. B. Drones may destroy the birds’ nests. C. Birds might suffer behavioral disorders. D. Drones may limit the birds’s access to food. 3. What is Scan Dooley’s attitude towards the use of drones in protection efforts? A. Negative. B. Ambiguous. C. Indifferent. D. Optimistic. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. Drone delivery services: A future trend B. Birds VS drones: The battle for the sky C. Technology PK wildlife: Threats of balance D. The rescue of the birds: Standardised drones Passage 2 （24-25学年高一下·浙江杭州·期末） Greenland is the place on land that is closest to the North Pole in the world. Attracted by the beautiful icy scenery, the number of tourists visiting the country increased by 46% between 2018 and 2023. Meanwhile on the opposite side of the planet, Antarctica is seeing a similar tourism increase. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports a steady (稳步的) rise in visitors since the 1990s — a dire tourism phenomenon for environmentalists who warn that humans can destroy fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems, influence animal behaviour and bring non-native species with them. The attraction of the polar regions is obvious: the strength of the blue sky on a freezing, sunny day; the excitement of walking on fresh snow; and the unique wildlife that calls these places home. However, as tourism to the poles increases, organisations like the Arctic Council and Visit Greenland stress the need to balance economic benefits with environmental responsibility. James Grecian, an oceanic ecologist, has spent years studying polar wildlife. Last year, he was in Antarctica studying snow petrels (雪鹱) — or more specifically, their vomit (呕吐物). Snow petrels have stomach oil that turns into solid pieces. When scientists study these pieces, they can learn how the petrels’ diet has changed over the years and what that means for the local ecosystem. Grecian explains that by taking samples from the environment or animals, we can learn a lot about past conditions. For example, scientists can collect baleen plates (鲸须板) from dead whales to see what the whales ate and where they lived. Grecian knows how special these places are and how much they are affected. He believes we should act to help protect these important but threatened areas. Polar tourism is growing, but he hopes that with more awareness of its problems, visitors can make better choices. 1. What does the underlined word “dire” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Amazing. B. Alarming. C. Confusing. D. Misleading. 2. Why does the author mention baleen plates in paragraph 3? A. To explain whale protection practice. B. To share an exploring experience. C. To describe the appearance of whales. D. To show how scientists gather information. 3. Which will Grecian probably agree with? A. Polar tourism should be encouraged. B. Scientists should be more aware of the problems. C. Visitors should be more environmentally responsible. D. Climate change is to blame for the negative changes. 4. What is the most suitable title for the text? A. Polar Regions: Beauty and the Wild B. Polar Tour: Popularity and Development C. Polar Tourism: Growth and Concerns D. Polar Wildlife: Protection and Challenges Passage 3 （24-25学年高一下·江苏苏州·期末） Birds have long inspired human beings, especially through their remarkable ability to fly. Migratory (迁徙的) birds, in particular, play a key role in maintaining natural balance. Twice a year, they start grand journeys, spreading seeds and eating insects. These activities help keep ecosystem healthy, which in turn contributes to food security. Francisco Rilla, a wildlife biologist, notes that migratory birds also act as “bioindicators”, avoiding polluted areas and thus providing valuable data on environmental quality. During their fall migration, birds watch the decreasing daylight-which they understand to mean food will soon be in shorter supply-for a sign that it’s time to head south. They also use the sun, stars, coastlines, and large bodies of water to guide them on their journeys across the world. However, these natural signs and resources are increasingly being impacted. Rising sea levels change coastal stopover sites, while increased ocean acidity (酸化) affects the shellfish that birds rely on for food. Moreover, extreme weather events, such as storms, can also be deadly. In addition, warmer temperatures may lead birds to shorten their migration journeys or not return to their original habitats, causing conflicts over food with local animals. As a result, some species have failed to adapt and have died out. To help migratory birds, experts recommend expanding protected areas through international effort. The United Nations Environment Program supports these efforts and suggests creating more bird-friendly environments. This year’s World Migratory Bird Day, on May 10, stresses promoting coexistence between humans and birds. The key message is to encourage the creation of healthy habitats, reduce pollution, and avoid glass buildings, which bring about a significant crash risk for birds. If migratory birds disappear, it could upset agriculture and the food web. As Rilla said, “Whatever happens to them could also happen to us.” 1. Why are migratory birds referred to as “bioindicators”? A. They migrate long distances for habitats. B. They rely on natural signals for migration. C. Their activities contribute to food security. D. Their behaviors reflect environmental changes. 2. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The problem of the decreasing daylight. B. The risks the migratory birds face. C. The results of the extreme weather events. D. The way the migratory birds use to guide their journeys. 3. What can we conclude from Rilla’s words in the last paragraph? A. Human activity hardly has impact on birds. B. The survival of humans depends on bird’s migration. C. Humans and migratory birds share the same future. D. Protecting birds from crashes is the most important task. 4. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Birds’ Role in Natural Balance B. Migratory Birds: Amazing Journeys C. Climate Change: Chances and Challenges D. Impact of Climate Change on Bird Migration Passage 4 （24-25学年高一下·湖南长沙·期末） When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 1. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 2. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 3. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting Passage 5 （24-25学年高一下·四川成都·期末） Birders get nervous when they see landscapes covered in wind turbines (涡轮机). When the wind gets going, their blades (叶片) can turn around at well over 200km per hour. It is easy to imagine careless birds getting cut into pieces and wind turbines do indeed kill at least some birds. But a new analysis of American data suggests the numbers are negligible, and have little impact on bird populations. Erik Katovich, an economist at the University of Geneva, made use of the Christmas BirdCount, a citizen-science project run by the National Audubon Society. Volunteers count birds they spot over Christmas, and the society gathers the numbers. He assumed, reasonably, that if wind turbines harmed bird populations, the numbers seen in the Christmas Bird Count would drop in places where new turbines had been built. Combining bird population and species maps with the locations and construction dates of all wind turbines, he found building turbines had no noticeable effect on bird populations. Instead of limiting his analysis to wind power alone, he also examined oil-and-gas extraction (开采), which has boomed in America over the past couple of decades. Comparing bird populations to the locations of new gas wells revealed an average 15% drop in bird numbers when new wells were drilled, probably due to a combination of noise, air pollution and the disturbance of rivers and ponds that many birds rely upon. When drilling happened in migration centers, feeding grounds or breeding locations, bird numbers instead dropped by 25%. Wind power, in other words, not only produces far less planet-heating carbon dioxide and methane than do fossil fuels. It appears to be significantly less damaging to wildlife, too. Yet that is not the impression you would get from reading the news. Dr Katovich found 173 stories in major American news media reporting the supposed negative effects that wind turbines had on birds in 2020, compared with only 46 stories discussing the effects of oil-and-gas wells. 1. What does the underlined word“negligible”in paragraph 1 mean? A. Insignificant. B. Inaccurate. C. Inconsistent. D. Indefinite. 2. What is Dr Katovich's conclusion based on? A. Previous studies. B. Relevant data. C. Reasonable prediction. D. Experiment results. 3. What message does paragraph 3 mainly try to convey? A. Oil-and-gas extraction has expanded in America. B. Birds are heavily dependent on rivers and ponds. C. Many factors lead to the decline of bird populations. D. Well drilling poses a serious threat to birds' survival. 4. Which of the following may Dr Katovich agree with? A. Wind turbines could share the sky with wildlife. B. More evidence is needed to confirm the finding. C. Wind power will be substituted for fossil fuels. D. Wind turbines deserve wider media coverage. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $