专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，黑吉辽蒙专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦“人与社会/自我/自然”主题，精选辽宁、黑龙江等地高二期末真题，以科技前沿（如生物吸附提取稀土、菌丝体建筑）、环保热点（塑料污染治理、食品沙漠）为素材，考查阅读理解核心能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|每篇4题|细节理解（如传统稀土提取缺点）、词义猜测（如“compromise”含义）、主旨大意（如标题选择）、推理判断（如作者态度）|以“塑料银行运营模式”“AI对就业影响”等真实情境设题，梯度覆盖基础信息提取与高阶逻辑推理，适配高二学生语言能力与思维品质发展需求。|

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．A 2．B 3．B 4．B Passage 2：1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D Passage 2：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A Passage 3：1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D Passage 2：1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B Passage 3：1．D 2．D 3．C 4．D 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．C 4．C Passage 2：1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D Passage 3：1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C Passage 4：1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B Passage 2：1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D Passage 3：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D Passage 4：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁丹东·期末） One of the keys to tackling climate change is switching to sustainable energy. That means more solar power, wind turbines, electric cars, etc. However, there is a major obstacle when it comes to their design and manufacture (批量生产); they require rare earth metals, like nickel and cobalt, to build. Traditionally, rare earth metals are extracted through a long process that involves using dangerous, carcinoma (cancer-causing) chemicals. The chemicals used to extract and process the ions (离子) must be used in massive quantities due to their limited effectiveness, and their use and disposal are both extremely expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Not only that, but most of the metal is wasted. That is where the biosorption comes in. It is the process by which certain bacteria naturally change waste products like metal ions and compounds into nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) of solid metals. Bacteria undergo this process naturally, but scientists are searching for ways to genetically engineer them to work more efficiently and target specific metals rather than multiple types at once. To study this process, scientists mainly targeted bacteria that can process metals in batteries, especially lithium. They found that the bacteria were able to efficiently turn the metal ions into solid lithium, and other strains could process cobalt, manganese, and/ or nickel, demonstrating the incredible potential of biosorption in manufacturing. Biosorption will be a part of building a circular economy where metals are efficiently mined, processed, and recycled with as little waste as possible. More work needs to be done to scale this technology. As a next step, scientists are hoping to demonstrate that the extracted metals can indeed be used in new batteries and devices. As countries around the world work to push forward a cleaner, more sustainable economy, bacteria may have a larger role to play in the future of manufacturing. 1．Which of the following is a disadvantage of the traditional extraction? A．It is environmentally harmful. B．It produces low-quality metals. C．It requires a large amount of manpower. D．It can only extract particular types of metals. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Metals. B．Bacteria. C．Ions. D．Scientists. 3．What is the potential role of biosorption in building a circular economy? A．It can replace traditional mining methods. B．It can help recycle metals with minimal waste. C．It can be applied to the extraction of many metals. D．It can promote the large-scale production of batteries. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Future of Circular Economy. B．Bacteria Help Extract Rare Earth Metals. C．The Ways to Switch to Sustainable Energy. D．Biosorption Plays a Key Role in Manufacturing. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期末） As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. In 2020, Katz translated his passion into action by creating Plastic Bank — a social enterprise aimed at reducing the amount of waste plastic in our oceans while enhancing the lives of people living in coastal regions which are easily influenced. The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). This recycled material re-enters the supply chain, reducing the need to produce new plastic while supporting plastic circularity (循环) — using plastics more effectively by keeping the material in use for longer, then recovering it to make new products. Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. “We see Plastic Bank as a driving force for encouraging joint actions, driving innovation, and creating an environment where recycling is a force for good, helping to improve disadvantaged communities and protect the planet,” Katz says. “Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future.” 1．What inspired David Katz to solve the problem of ocean plastic pollution? A．His desire to make a living. B．His early childhood experience. C．His interest in sea animals’ conservation. D．His work with environmental organizations. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How Plastic Bank operates. B．Who Plastic Bank benefits. C．What types of plastic Plastic Bank collects. D．Where recycling communities are located. 3．What can we know about Plastic Bank from the last two paragraphs? A．Plastic Bank experienced some failures at first. B．Plastic Bank has a global reach and impact. C．Plastic Bank centers on recycling technology innovation. D．Plastic Bank aims to promote economic development. 4．What’s David Katz’s attitude towards the future of Plastic Bank? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末） Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? In the development of sustainable construction, Czech researchers and architects have showcased a building made primarily from mycelia (菌丝). The innovative house named Samorost is 3.5-meter-tall and 7-meter-long, using 1,800 kilograms of mycelia. Samorost is designed to serve as both a functional structure and a striking example of how mycelia can be used to replace traditional, fossil-fuel-based materials like polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) for environmental benefits. The mycelia used in the construction of Samorost are made from the root system of a species of mushroom, known for its durability (耐用性) and strength. Mycelia, when combined with natural, renewable materials such as wood, become a lightweight yet durable building material. Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. Additionally, mycelia have numerous potential applications in construction, such as being used as structural components like walls. As the material is both fire-resistant and highly customizable, mycelia can be used for furniture or supporting walls. However, experts caution that while mycelia show promise, their widespread use in construction may take time. According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia - based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. 1．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote innovative buildings. B．To introduce an alternative material. C．To compare mycelia with polystyrene. D．To explain the structure of mycelia. 2．What is a fact about mycelia as a building material? A．It’s carbon-intensive. B．It’s water-resistant. C．It’s widely-used. D．It’s eco-friendly. 3．What does the underlined word “compromise” most likely mean in paragraph 4? A．Strengthen. B．Weaken. C．Maintain. D．Facilitate. 4．What can be inferred about the prospect of mycelia - based construction? A．It’s questionable. B．It’s unpredictable. C．It’s impractical. D．It’s promising. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁朝阳·期末） When we’re meeting a complicated problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. We’re looking to get the best ideas as quickly as possible. I love seeing it happen — except for one tiny wrinkle. Group brainstorming usually backfires (适得其反). In brainstorming meetings, many good ideas are lost — and few are gained. Extensive evidence shows that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. Brainstorming groups fall so far short of their potential that we get more ideas — and better ideas — if we all work alone. As the humorist Dave Barry quipped, “If you had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved, and never will achieve, its full potential, that word would be ‘meetings.’” But the problem isn’t meetings themselves — it’s how we run them. To unearth the hidden potential in teams, instead of brainstorming, we have good reasons to shift to a process called “brainwriting”. The initial steps are solo. You start by asking everyone to generate ideas separately. Next, you pool them and share them anonymously (匿名地) among the group. To preserve independent judgment, each member evaluates them on their own. Only then does the team come together to select and refine the most promising options. For instance, Dow Chemical invited people to enter an innovation match to save energy and reduce waste. They invited any proposals written independently. After that, they assessed them and invested in the most promising ones. Over the next decade, these chosen proposals saved the company an average of $110 million per year. Research by organizational behaviour scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain why this method works. They find that a key to collective intelligence is balanced participation. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to become unbalanced in favour of the loudest voices, and the most powerful people. The brainwriting process makes sure that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into the conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room — it’s to make the room smarter. 1．What is the main problem with group brainstorming according to the author? A．It fails to maximize the chance of reaching agreements. B．It results in too many ideas to be evaluated. C．It takes much time to discuss in such meetings. D．It may discourage independent thinking. 2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for brainwriting. B．The procedure of brainwriting. C．The importance of brainwriting. D．The process of shifting to brainwriting. 3．How did Dow Chemical save money using the “brainwriting” method? A．By investing in promising and independent proposals. B．By selecting the most smart people. C．By conducting brainstorming meetings. D．By encouraging saving energy and reducing waste. 4．According to Anita Woolley, what is key to collective intelligence? A．Everyone in the meeting gets equal chance to participate. B．The meeting makes the participants the smartest in the room. C．All the ideas and voices get approved of by every participant. D．People in the meeting should balance their ideas carefully. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末） Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁朝阳·期末） An ancient tree called pongamia is native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia. Farmers in Florida have found the tree grows well there too. And pongamia trees have now replaced citrus (柑橘) trees, which have long faced major struggles with disease. Pongamia trees produce a small brown bean known as a legume (豆子). The legume can be used in the production of several products, including cooking oil and protein-rich foods. The beans can also be used to produce a biofuel, mostly for airplanes. Pongamia do well in Florida because the trees like hot temperatures and can survive in dry or rainy conditions. They also do not require special additives, called fertilizers, or chemicals to kill insects and other life that might threaten growth. And unlike fruits like oranges and grapefruit, the beans do not require teams of workers to pick. Instead, they can be easily collected with a machine that shakes the trees and makes the legumes fall to the ground. A company called Terviva has invented a process that removes substances from the bean that give it a bad taste so it can be used for food production. The company’s founder, Naveen Sikka, said that Terviva has been able to offer Florida farmers a new chance to replace their failed citrus crops. Turning this wild tree into an agricultural success story was not easy. “There are no books to read on it, because no one else has ever done it,” he said. In addition, he said bees and other pollinators (传花粉者) that feed on the tree’s flowers help support the local environment. An estimated one half hectare of the trees could provide the same amount of oil as about 1.6 hectares of soy beans. The pongamia’ bean also produces a high - quality protein that can be used to make many plant-based products. Experts say the problems linked to Florida’s citrus crops-disease and climate issues have also affected most of the world’s top citrus-producing nations. But climate and disease have little effect on pongamia trees. Pongamia also grows well in Hawaii, where it is now being used on land where sugarcane once grew. 1．Why are citrus crops being abandoned in Florida? A．Because of the low output. B．Because of the global economic crisis. C．Because of tree diseases and climate factors. D．Because of the influence of geographical location. 2．Which benefit of planting pongamia trees in Florida was NOT mentioned? A．Increasing the speed of planes. B．Saving manpower when beans are picked. C．Offering food to pollinators. D．Contributing to food production. 3．What does the last paragraph imply? A．Citrus crops play an important role in Hawaii. B．The production of citrus is increasing worldwide. C．Planting pongamia trees faces many potential difficulties. D．Climate change leads to changes in the distribution of crops. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce an ancient tree from India. B．To advertise a new type of agricultural company. C．To stress the crisis faced by citrus trees by American farmers. D．To show the advantages of planting pongamia trees in the U.S.. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁省五校联考·期末） The thick-trunk, tiny-branch baobab tree, which dots Madagascar’s landscape, should not, by rights, have survived to the present day, as its former seed-distributing animals went extinct 1000 years ago. However, it did. Seheno Andriantsaralaza at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar and Onja Razafindratsima at the University of California, Berkeley, now think they may know the reason. Together with their colleagues, the scientists monitored 15 trees to specify new baobab seed-distributing animals in the region. They also set up camera traps around seed-containing fruits, and searched any feces (粪便) along the way for the presence of seeds. They report in the journal Biotropica that a native rat was caught on camera handing whole fruits on four occasions. Although there was no record of the rat breaking the fruits open, the team found 13 fruits that had been chewed into and had the seeds removed. Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify the animal, this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing one was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig feces. The discovery is not without irony. Scientists believe bush pigs were brought to Madagascar by humans somewhere between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago, just as the former seed-distributing animals were going extinct. Their arrival was a lucky break for the baobabs, especially as scientists have determined a seed’s journey through the digestive system doesn’t harm its ability to grow. While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful. Madagascar’s pigs, for example, though not native, have made themselves necessary to the survival of truly native species. Similar relationships are suspected to hold in South America between rabbits native to Europe and plants with no seed distributors. For Dr. Andriantsaralaza, that suggests the full ecological role of introduced species should be considered before the talk of eradication (根除) begins. 1．What is the reason that Madagascar baobab trees should have disappeared? A．Lost habitats. B．Unsuitable climate. C．Non-reproductive seeds. D．No seed-distributing animals. 2．Why did the researchers conduct the study? A．To identify the seed carriers for baobabs. B．To explore baobabs’ survival conditions. C．To determine if baobabs are endangered. D．To study how baobab seeds are distributed. 3．What convinced the researchers of the real seed carrier? A．The seeds found in animal feces. B．The presence of chewed seeds. C．The way whole fruits were handled. D．The unclear bite marks on the fruits. 4．What does the last paragraph imply about introduced species? A．They rarely interact with native species. B．They may play unexpected essential roles. C．They should be removed from local ecosystems. D．They are more harmful than previously believed. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末） Many health problems in America — like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes — are linked to poor diet. While some people choose unhealthy foods, others live in “food deserts.” — areas where fresh, nutritious food is hard to find. These neighborhoods, often in low-income urban or rural areas, lack supermarkets and instead have plenty of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores selling processed foods. Why do food deserts exist? Supermarket chains prefer wealthy areas, so poor neighborhoods may have to travel miles for fresh produce. People without cars rely on, buses or nearby stores that offer little nutrition. Fast-food restaurants are also more common in low-income areas, making it easier to choose unhealthy meals. This leads to higher rates of health issues: research shows people in poor neighborhoods are more likely to suffer from obesity and diabetes than those in rich areas. Solutions exist, but they’re challenging. The U.S. government has tried programs like the Healthy Food Financing initiative to attract supermarkets to food deserts, offering tax breaks. However, local-efforts often have a bigger impact. Community gardens, farmers’ markets, and small food stores can provide fresh food while building a sense of community. Though these need time and money, they help people access healthy eating and bring neighbors together. Food deserts are more than just a food problem — they’re a health crisis. By supporting both government policies and local projects, we can ensure everyone has the right to nutritious food, no matter where they live. 1．Which of the following can be called a food desert? A．A wealthy suburb with three supermarkets. B．A remote rural town with a weekly farmers’ market. C．An urban center with fresh produce stands on every block. D．A poor area with only convenience stores and fast-food outlets. 2．Why do poor neighborhoods often lack supermarkets? A．Residents in poor areas dislike fresh produce. B．Supermarkets find it hard to hire workers there. C．Local governments restrict supermarket construction. D．Supermarkets prefer areas with higher purchasing power. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 3? A．The challenges of opening small food stores in cities. B．The importance of community gardens in rural areas. C．Solutions to food deserts at government and local levels. D．The U.S. government’s failed attempts to solve food deserts. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Government Policies for Healthy Eating B．Fast Food’s Impact on Communities C．The Link Between Diet and Health in America D．Food Deserts: Long Way in Nutrition Access 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁丹东·期末） Everyone is familiar with the colors of the foods they eat. You normally associate salads with green, apples with red, and rice with pink — wait a second, rice is white Well, scientists have synthesized (合成) a new, pinkish rice known as “meaty” rice. If commercialized, this option could be much cheaper than traditional meat in several countries. In South Korea, hybrid (杂交的) rice would be $13 cheaper than the average $15 per kilo of beef. Recently, scientists in South Korea discovered that rice could be a good base for meat cells to grow in as the enzymes (酶) and conditions that the rice provides make it an excellent catalyst for the growth of meat cells. When meat cells were allowed to grow in rice for 11 days, scientists found the final product contained eight percent more protein and seven percent more fat. Some researchers even claim that it has the potential to carry all the vital nutrients we need. Meaty rice has the potential to reduce our impact on the environment and is efficient in terms of cost and emissions. Currently, beef produces around 50 kg of carbon dioxide for every 100 grams of protein produced compared to the roughly 6 kg of emissions that hybrid rice produces. Raising livestock also requires more resources like water which is getting scarce. Some countries like Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United States have already sanctioned lab-grown meat. Meaty rice could be a valuable food source in the military and for space exploration as well as to provide relief during famines. However, many people find the idea of eating food created by a scientific lab unnatural and unappetizing. Italy, for example, recently became the first country in the world to ban lab-grown meat. The country’s Minister of Agriculture shared that the purpose of the ban was to protect Italian traditions and farmers. One thing to note is that the term “lab-grown” is used loosely. Many people associate the term with “artificial” or “manufactured”. While some lab-grown products meet that description, meaty rice is made from naturally growing meat cells. So, while it is indeed grown in a lab, the process itself is natural. 1．What can we know about meaty rice? A．It contains all the nutrients we need. B．It is $2 cheaper than traditional meat. C．It is different in color from traditional rice. D．It provides enzymes for meat cells to grow. 2．What does the underlined word “sanctioned” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Approved. B．Banned. C．Avoided. D．Replaced. 3．Why did Italy ban lab-grown meat? A．Because it has a bad taste. B．Because it lacks nutritious value. C．Because it may harm traditional farming. D．Because it may be resisted by local people. 4．What is the author’s attitude to meaty rice? A．Proud. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Opposed. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期末） For over 1,800 years, doctors have used silk to sew wounds. Now, biomedical engineers are using it to make different types of medical implants (植入物). Doctors like silk for a variety of reasons. First, silk is a natural material that will break down in the body over time. So any implanted parts made of silk don’t have to be removed by surgery. Plus, not many people are sensitive to it. The materials currently used to make silk parts are made of proteins called silk fibroin. They are typically dissolved (溶解) in water until needed. But like all proteins, silk proteins can break down over time. Besides, all that water adds a lot of weight and volume to the silk materials as they’re stored, which makes those materials expensive to ship from place to place. David Kaplan from Tutts University and his colleagues set out to solve those problems. First, they put the silk proteins into salt. Next, they added water to the mixture. They then added a chemical called liquid nitrogen. Afterward, they put the icy mix into a place where the air pressure was very low. That combination of very low temperature and pressure caused water to disappear. Finally, the researchers turned the freeze-dried material into a powder. Powdered silk could help make really strong medical implants (such as the tools used to hold a broken bone together), which is a great breakthrough in the medical field. Besides, being biocompatible (生物相容的) is just the icing on the cake. It enables powdered silk to have another possible use: putting drugs into the implants. The implants could slowly release a drug over time. That way, patients might not need to take pills or get painful injections. Powdered silk is easy to work with, too. It is chemically stable and can last up to two years on the shelf. Plus, it’s lightweight because a lot of the water has been removed. So it doesn’t cost as much to ship the material. 1．Why do doctors like silk? A．Its long history. B．Its rich variety. C．Its affordable price. D．Its outstanding nature. 2．What function does liquid nitrogen serve in David’s research? A．To separate salt from the mixture. B．To produce low temperature. C．To keep the low pressure. D．To make a mixture. 3．What does the underlined part “the icing on the cake” in paragraph 5 mean? A．A piece of cake. B．Another bonus. C．A coincidence. D．A tendency. 4．What does the text mainly focus on? A．The benefits of powdered silk. B．Silk’s wide applications in our life. C．The process of making medical implants. D．A unique way of turning silk into medical materials. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Hawaii is ready to hike a tax imposed (征税) on travelers staying in hotels, vacation rentals and other short-term accommodations and apply the new money for programs to cope with a warming planet. This will raise the total tax rate to nearly 19%, with the state and counties also imposing a combined 4.712%tax. The measure is expected to generate $100 million. The funds will be used for projects like adding sand to broken beaches, protecting coral reefs, and removing wildfire-fueling grasses. Josh Green, who supports the bill, believes that the tax will help prevent future disasters like the Maui wildfire, which caused a 13 billion loss and claimed 102 lives. He argues that Hawaii’s 10 million annual visitors should contribute to protecting the environment. Jerry Gibson, president of the Hawaii Hotel Alliance, said the hotel industry was pleased Hawaii didn’t adopt a higher increase that was initially suggested. “I don’t think that there’s anybody in the tourism industry that says, Well, let’s go out and tax more. No one wants to see that,” Gibson said. “But our home needs money to beautify Hawaii’s environment, and it will be worth it.” Hawaii has long struggled to pay for the vast environmental and conservation needs. Hawaii had previously considered requiring tourists to pay for a license to visit it, but this idea was rejected. Boosting this tax is their compromise (折中) solution, one made more urgent by the Maui wildfires. There is a$561 million shortfall in Hawaii’s conservation funding needs. The tax increase won’t fully cover the gap, but Hawaii plans to issue bonds to ensure sufficient funds. Kawika Riley, an officer of Hawaii, pointed to the Hawaiian saying, “A stranger only for a day,” to explain the new tax. It means that a visitor should help with the work after the first day of being a guest. “Nobody is saying that literally our visitors have to come here and start working for us. But what we are saying is that it’s crucial to be part of the solution,” Riley said. 1．What is the purpose of Hawaii’s plan to increase tax on accommodation? A．To boost tourism income. B．To address environmental challenges. C．To punish illegal tourists. D．To solve people’s livelihood problems 2．How does the hotel industry respond to the increasing tax? A．Unsure of the long-term benefits. B．Relieved by the current tax increase C．Eager for the arrival of the tax increase D．Concerned about the tourism impact. 3．What makes the tax increase more urgent? A．The impact of the natural disaster. B．The rejection of the license policy. C．The decline in national support. D．The increase in local tourism. 4．What is Riley’s attitude to the tax increase? A．Intolerant. B．Skeptical. C．Approving. D．Objective. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末） In their recent book, The AI Con, linguist Emily M. Bender and social scientist Alex Hanna critically analyze the widespread exaggeration (夸大) about artificial intelligence (AI). They argue that the exaggerated claims of AI’s transformative power cover the real, ongoing harms it is already causing. Bender and Hanna argue that companies are using AI to reduce costs by undermining human jobs. Contrary to popular belief, “AI is not going to replace your job,” they maintain,but it will likely transform your job into one that is undervalued and less paid. Here, they refer to recent labor actions, such as the 2023 strikes by Hollywood writers and actors, as cases illustrating workers’ resistance to AI-generated content. In fields such as education, the use of automated decision-making systems often reflects the overconfidence in AI’s capacity. The adoption of AI, the authors maintain, overlooks fundamental human interactions, falsely assuming that “seeking the right answers is all that is needed for education.” The book also evaluates exaggerated claims about AI’s impact on creative and scientific fields, particularly regarding its destructive effects on art, journalism, and scientific practice. The authors argue that AI-generated artistic creativity is, most of the time, based on statistical probabilities rather than real understanding. Bender and Hanna conclude their book by arguing that the exaggeration about AI primarily benefits major companies, investors, and governments that use technology and by calling for a critical examination of AI systems: “What is being automated?” and “Who benefits... and who is harmed?” While the book offers an interesting viewpoint, it provides only a partial view of the current AI landscape. Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities in fields such as biomedicine and ecology. This potential application is particularly noticeable considering the new path opened by agentic AI, an area the book does not cover. 1．What is the main idea of the book The AI Con? A．AI’s impact is transformative. B．AI causes widespread concern. C．AI’s harm is underestimated. D．AI prevents potential problems. 2．What is the case of the 2023 strikes intended to prove? A．AI can replace human jobs. B．AI cannot generate quality content. C．AI devalues human work. D．AI reduces the cost of production. 3．Which change may be brought by AI according to Bender and Hanna? A．More higher-paying jobs. B．Increased interactions in class. C．Explosive creativity in art. D．More benefits to capital owners. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The book skips some AI uses. B．Agentic AI is overvalued. C．LLMs are relatively short-lived. D．AI has limited application. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期末） Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek, a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar (雷达) technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. The idea is to use the time people spend in their cars to gather data on their health for accurate analysis and preventative treatment — without the need for any type of wearable. The radar, smaller than a USB thumb drive, is placed into the vehicle cabin and sends out signals that detect human activities, which are then sent back to the radar. The built-in AI system collects and analyzes the data to build a medical picture and identify any potential conditions. At the end of the driver’s journey, the system sends the report directly to their cell phone for review. For Shaker and his team, the challenge was evolving the technology to identify changes in breathing patterns or heart rhythms that indicate potential health issues related to cardiovascular (心血管的) conditions as well as respiratory (呼吸的) system conditions. “We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. Another important consideration was personal privacy and security — no data is stored on the cloud; it is sent to the monitored person’s cellphone only,” said Ali Ghara, the lead Ph. D．student on the project. The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s abilities to monitor the overall health and well-being of the person who is in a vehicle, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports that mark any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident. 1．What can we learn about the radar technology? A．It provides more precise health data than wearables. B．It creates medical pictures to reveal healthy secrets. C．It sends the health report to the driver’s phone for review. D．It combines with vehicle technology to assess the driver’s health. 2．What can be inferred from Ali Ghara’s words in paragraph 5? A．The AI needs training to collect health data. B．AI’s interpretation of medical data is accurate. C．The team is improving data collection and analysis. D．Cellphones monitor personal privacy and security. 3．What does the follow-up study aim to do? A．Ensure the privacy of medical reports. B．Warn the drivers of potential accidents. C．Enhance health monitoring for all passengers. D．Apply the radar technology across all vehicles. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Radars May Know Your Conditions Before You Do B．Healthy Driving: Radar Monitors Health in Vehicles C．Drivers Mind: Radar Spies on Your Heartbeats D．Radars Can Improve Your Health During Driving. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期末） Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner. Now her four-chapter series called “The Pigment Change” is in exhibition in London and Paris. Rather than develop photos on photographic paper, she prints them directly onto plants. “I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.” Raised in Madrid, Romero said learning from her grandmother about the plants on her orange farm when she was young implanted in her mind the eco-conscious values she embraces today. But she admits that her eco-friendly techniques wouldn’t work for all artists. “It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice,” she explained. For Romero, plants are more than something to look after; they are beings we can learn from. “Plants have been around for way longer than us on the planet and they have succeeded in doing that without causing any extinction,” she said. Besides, we should challenge the idea that humans are the most important beings. The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions. The artist explained that she sees plants respond and adapt to light changes throughout the seasons. “Yet we tend to think that only humans have these abilities until science proves the opposite.” said Romero. She won the BMW Residency Award for the project. Now, collaborating with scientist Nicolas Langlade, with the help of AI, Romero is working on her next project due to be completed by June 2025. For Romero, this art-science project is like coming full circle. “I love my passion for plant photography.” she said, “I’m really happy about plant photography.” 1．What is truly unique about Almudena Romero’s artistic practice? A．She paints her childhood landscape. B．She records images on plants with light. C．She prints plants on photographic paper. D．She attaches the photos to the top of leaves. 2．Which of the following best describe Romero’s art? A．Creative and profitable. B．Momentary but unique. C．Practical and far-reaching. D．Eco-friendly but time-consuming. 3．What can we learn about plants and humans according to Romero? A．Plants are less important than humans. B．Humans are more adaptable than plants. C．Plants also have their own rules and meanings. D．Humans should allow plants to grow naturally. 4．Which can be a suitable tile for this text? A．The Art-Science Project: The Future of Photography. B．The Art-Science Project: An Integration of Technology and Art. C．Almudena Romero: A Journey from Traditional to Modem Art. D．Almudena Romero: Plant-Based Art with Eco-Friendly Vision. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Changes in personality following a heart transplant have been noted pretty much ever since transplants began. In one case, a man developed a passion for classical music after receiving a musician’s heart. Another, a 45-year-old man, began loving loud headphone music after receiving a 17-year-old heart, something he never did before. What might explain this? One suggestion could be that the overwhelming joy of receiving a new lease on life makes the person sunnier. Other transplant recipients suffer from guilt, depression and other psychological issues that might also be seen as personality changes. However, there is some evidence to suggest that these personality changes aren’t all psychological. Biology may play a role, too. Transplanted organs not only perform their primary function, but also release hormones (荷尔蒙) affecting the entire body. A heart from a donor might have a different level of hormones compared with the original heart, and this could change the recipient’s mood and personality. The body stores memories in the brain. We access them when thinking or they can be triggered by sight or smell. But memories are basically neurochemical (神经化学的) processes where nerves convey impulses to each other and exchange specialized chemicals at the interface between them. While in transplant surgery, many of the nerves that govern the function of the organ are cut and are not able to be reattached, this doesn’t mean that the nerves within the organ do not still function. In fact, there is evidence that they may be partially restored a year after surgery. These neurochemical actions and interactions could feed into the nervous system of the recipient, triggering a physiological response that then affects the recipient’s personality according to memories from the donor. Whichever mechanism (机制), or combination of mechanisms, is responsible, this research area needs further investigation so that recipients can understand the physical and psychological changes that could occur following surgery. 1．What changes occurred in the two heart transplant recipients? A．They showed musical talents. B．They started to compose music. C．They suffered mental problems. D．They developed new personalities. 2．What factors can lead to the changes after organ transplants? A．Surgery methods and recovery process. B．Hormone level change and nerve restoration. C．Brain region control and nerve disconnection. D．Environment stability and nerve function loss. 3．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in paragraph 5? A．The damaged nerves. B．The transplanted organs. C．The memories stored in brains. D．The hormones released by organs. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How to Prevent Surgical Memory Loss? B．Why do Hormones Determine Personality? C．Do Psychological Factors Affect Recipients? D．Can Organ Transplants Change Personality? Passage 4 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Actor James Franco looks happy as he records a video diary in the movie 127 Hours. It’s not until the camera moves backward, revealing his arm is under a big rock, that it becomes clear his smile hides his suffering. That’s because when it comes to reading a person’s state of mind, visual context is just as important as facial expressions, according to a new study from the University of California, Berkeley. “Our study reveals that emotion recognition is an issue of context as much as it is about faces,” said study lead author Zhimin Chen, a researcher in psychology at UC Berkeley. For the study, Chen and David Whitney, a UC Berkeley seientist, tested the emotion recognition abilities of nearly 400 young adults. They used short videos from various Hollywood movies as well as documentaries and home videos that showed emotional responses in more natural settings. Participants went online to view and rate them. A rating system was superimposed (叠加) over the video so that researchers could track each study participant’s mouse as it moved around the screen, processing visual information and rating moment-to-moment emotions. The tracking model that Chen created for the study allows researchers to track how people rate the emotions of characters as they view videos. Chen’s method is capable of collecting large quantities of data in a short time, and could eventually be used to assess how people with disorders like autism (孤独症) and schizophrenia read emotions in real time, and help with their diagnoses. “Some people might have deficits in recognizing facial expressions, but can recognize emotion from the context,” Chen said. “For others, it’s the opposite.” Moreover, the findings, based on analysis of the data collected, could inform the development of facial recognition technology. 1．What does the new research find about reading a person’s mind? A．Visual context is irrelevant. B．Facial expressions dominate. C．Context equals facial expressions. D．Emotion recognition is insignificant. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The use of rating method. B．The study’s testing process. C．The selection of short videos. D．The role of study participants. 3．What can be inferred about Chen’s model? A．It can enhance video quality. B．It can aid disorder diagnoses. C．It can cure autism completely. D．It can produce emotional videos. 4．What does the underlined word “deficits” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Shortcomings. B．Interests. C．Strategies. D．Habits. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁丹东·期末） One of the keys to tackling climate change is switching to sustainable energy. That means more solar power, wind turbines, electric cars, etc. However, there is a major obstacle when it comes to their design and manufacture (批量生产); they require rare earth metals, like nickel and cobalt, to build. Traditionally, rare earth metals are extracted through a long process that involves using dangerous, carcinoma (cancer-causing) chemicals. The chemicals used to extract and process the ions (离子) must be used in massive quantities due to their limited effectiveness, and their use and disposal are both extremely expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Not only that, but most of the metal is wasted. That is where the biosorption comes in. It is the process by which certain bacteria naturally change waste products like metal ions and compounds into nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) of solid metals. Bacteria undergo this process naturally, but scientists are searching for ways to genetically engineer them to work more efficiently and target specific metals rather than multiple types at once. To study this process, scientists mainly targeted bacteria that can process metals in batteries, especially lithium. They found that the bacteria were able to efficiently turn the metal ions into solid lithium, and other strains could process cobalt, manganese, and/ or nickel, demonstrating the incredible potential of biosorption in manufacturing. Biosorption will be a part of building a circular economy where metals are efficiently mined, processed, and recycled with as little waste as possible. More work needs to be done to scale this technology. As a next step, scientists are hoping to demonstrate that the extracted metals can indeed be used in new batteries and devices. As countries around the world work to push forward a cleaner, more sustainable economy, bacteria may have a larger role to play in the future of manufacturing. 1．Which of the following is a disadvantage of the traditional extraction? A．It is environmentally harmful. B．It produces low-quality metals. C．It requires a large amount of manpower. D．It can only extract particular types of metals. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Metals. B．Bacteria. C．Ions. D．Scientists. 3．What is the potential role of biosorption in building a circular economy? A．It can replace traditional mining methods. B．It can help recycle metals with minimal waste. C．It can be applied to the extraction of many metals. D．It can promote the large-scale production of batteries. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Future of Circular Economy. B．Bacteria Help Extract Rare Earth Metals. C．The Ways to Switch to Sustainable Energy. D．Biosorption Plays a Key Role in Manufacturing. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍生物吸附技术借助细菌提取稀土金属，及其在可持续发展中的潜力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The chemicals used to extract and process the ions (离子) must be used in massive quantities due to their limited effectiveness, and their use and disposal are both extremely expensive and environmentally unfriendly.(由于效果有限，用于提取和处理离子的化学物质必须大量使用，而且它们的使用和处理既极其昂贵又不环保。)”可知，传统提取方法的一个缺点是对环境有害。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Bacteria undergo this process naturally, but scientists are searching for ways to genetically engineer them to work more efficiently and target specific metals rather than multiple types at once.(细菌自然会经历这个过程，但科学家们正在寻找对它们进行基因工程改造的方法，以提高工作效率，并针对特定的金属，而不是同时针对多种金属。)”可知，“them”指代前文提到的“Bacteria”。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Biosorption will be a part of building a circular economy where metals are efficiently mined, processed, and recycled with as little waste as possible.(生物吸附将成为构建循环经济的一部分，在这种经济中，金属被高效开采、加工和回收，同时尽可能减少浪费。)”可知，生物吸附在构建循环经济中的潜在作用是有助于以最少的浪费回收金属。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要围绕生物吸附技术展开，介绍了其借助细菌提取稀土金属的过程、优势以及在循环经济中的潜力，核心是细菌在提取稀土金属方面的作用。因此，“Bacteria Help Extract Rare Earth Metals(细菌有助于提取稀土金属)”概括了文章主题，适合作为本文标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期末） As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. In 2020, Katz translated his passion into action by creating Plastic Bank — a social enterprise aimed at reducing the amount of waste plastic in our oceans while enhancing the lives of people living in coastal regions which are easily influenced. The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). This recycled material re-enters the supply chain, reducing the need to produce new plastic while supporting plastic circularity (循环) — using plastics more effectively by keeping the material in use for longer, then recovering it to make new products. Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. “We see Plastic Bank as a driving force for encouraging joint actions, driving innovation, and creating an environment where recycling is a force for good, helping to improve disadvantaged communities and protect the planet,” Katz says. “Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future.” 1．What inspired David Katz to solve the problem of ocean plastic pollution? A．His desire to make a living. B．His early childhood experience. C．His interest in sea animals’ conservation. D．His work with environmental organizations. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How Plastic Bank operates. B．Who Plastic Bank benefits. C．What types of plastic Plastic Bank collects. D．Where recycling communities are located. 3．What can we know about Plastic Bank from the last two paragraphs? A．Plastic Bank experienced some failures at first. B．Plastic Bank has a global reach and impact. C．Plastic Bank centers on recycling technology innovation. D．Plastic Bank aims to promote economic development. 4．What’s David Katz’s attitude towards the future of Plastic Bank? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了David Katz因童年目睹海洋塑料污染而创立“塑料银行”这一社会企业，致力于减少海洋塑料垃圾并改善沿海地区居民生活的故事，文章介绍其创立背景、运作模式、取得的成就及未来愿景。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. (小时候在温哥华岛的海滩上玩耍时，David Katz对被冲上岸的塑料垃圾数量感到震惊。这种海洋塑料污染的景象在他的记忆中留下了印象，并激发了他处理这个问题、做出有意义改变的愿望)”可知，David Katz童年在海滩看到大量塑料垃圾的经历，激发了他解决海洋塑料污染问题的愿望。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). (塑料银行的模式围绕着回收社区展开，这些社区通过收集废弃塑料来换取收入。社区成员上交塑料并获得报酬后，塑料银行会对收集到的塑料进行回收处理，生成“社会塑料”原料。)”以及结合整段内容可知，该段详细介绍了塑料银行从社区收集塑料、给予报酬，到回收加工、让材料重新进入供应链的整个运作流程，即塑料银行是如何运作的。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. (多年来，该组织已经取得了显著的里程碑。从最初在阿拉斯加的试点项目，到在东南亚、拉丁美洲和非洲动员了550多个回收社区，Plastic Bank已经阻止了超过1亿公斤的塑料污染我们的海洋)”和文章最后一段“Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future. (我们在此过程中的举措旨在扩大我们行动的影响力，助力所有希望为可持续经济的未来贡献力量的人都能参与其中)”可知，从最后两段我们可以知道Plastic Bank具有全球影响力和覆盖范围。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Katz的话“Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future. (我们在此过程中的举措旨在扩大我们运动的影响力，帮助所有希望为可持续经济未来做出贡献的人参与进来)”可知，他对塑料银行的未来充满信心，态度是乐观的。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末） Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? In the development of sustainable construction, Czech researchers and architects have showcased a building made primarily from mycelia (菌丝). The innovative house named Samorost is 3.5-meter-tall and 7-meter-long, using 1,800 kilograms of mycelia. Samorost is designed to serve as both a functional structure and a striking example of how mycelia can be used to replace traditional, fossil-fuel-based materials like polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) for environmental benefits. The mycelia used in the construction of Samorost are made from the root system of a species of mushroom, known for its durability (耐用性) and strength. Mycelia, when combined with natural, renewable materials such as wood, become a lightweight yet durable building material. Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. Additionally, mycelia have numerous potential applications in construction, such as being used as structural components like walls. As the material is both fire-resistant and highly customizable, mycelia can be used for furniture or supporting walls. However, experts caution that while mycelia show promise, their widespread use in construction may take time. According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia - based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. 1．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote innovative buildings. B．To introduce an alternative material. C．To compare mycelia with polystyrene. D．To explain the structure of mycelia. 2．What is a fact about mycelia as a building material? A．It’s carbon-intensive. B．It’s water-resistant. C．It’s widely-used. D．It’s eco-friendly. 3．What does the underlined word “compromise” most likely mean in paragraph 4? A．Strengthen. B．Weaken. C．Maintain. D．Facilitate. 4．What can be inferred about the prospect of mycelia - based construction? A．It’s questionable. B．It’s unpredictable. C．It’s impractical. D．It’s promising. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了菌丝作为一种可持续建筑材料的潜力，包括其特性、优势以及当前面临的挑战和未来前景。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? (你能想象一座用蘑菇建造的房子吗？与传统建筑材料相比，这种材料能带来哪些好处呢？)并结合全文内容，文章开篇提出“蘑菇建造的房子”这一概念，接着介绍了捷克研究人员和建筑师利用菌丝建造的创新房屋Samorost，并详细说明了菌丝作为建筑材料的特性、环保优势以及应用潜力，文章的核心是向读者介绍菌丝这一传统建筑材料的替代品。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. (此外，与聚苯乙烯不同，菌丝体可生物降解，在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳排放量显著降低)”可知，菌丝体作为建筑材料具有环保的特点。故选D项。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段“According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. (捷克技术大学的建筑师卡特琳娜・西索娃表示，菌丝体目前并非适用于所有场景，例如在多层建筑的外部建材方面，潮湿的环境可能会compromise其性能)”结合语境，潮湿环境对菌丝体的性能应该是不利的影响，所以“compromise”与“Weaken”意思相近，意为“削弱”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia-based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. (尽管如此，随着欧盟可持续发展倡议的支持力度不断加大，以及对环保解决方案的需求日益增长，菌丝体建筑可能在未来几年成为主流)”可知，菌丝体建筑的前景是有希望的。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁朝阳·期末） When we’re meeting a complicated problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. We’re looking to get the best ideas as quickly as possible. I love seeing it happen — except for one tiny wrinkle. Group brainstorming usually backfires (适得其反). In brainstorming meetings, many good ideas are lost — and few are gained. Extensive evidence shows that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. Brainstorming groups fall so far short of their potential that we get more ideas — and better ideas — if we all work alone. As the humorist Dave Barry quipped, “If you had to identify, in one word, the reason why the human race has not achieved, and never will achieve, its full potential, that word would be ‘meetings.’” But the problem isn’t meetings themselves — it’s how we run them. To unearth the hidden potential in teams, instead of brainstorming, we have good reasons to shift to a process called “brainwriting”. The initial steps are solo. You start by asking everyone to generate ideas separately. Next, you pool them and share them anonymously (匿名地) among the group. To preserve independent judgment, each member evaluates them on their own. Only then does the team come together to select and refine the most promising options. For instance, Dow Chemical invited people to enter an innovation match to save energy and reduce waste. They invited any proposals written independently. After that, they assessed them and invested in the most promising ones. Over the next decade, these chosen proposals saved the company an average of $110 million per year. Research by organizational behaviour scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain why this method works. They find that a key to collective intelligence is balanced participation. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to become unbalanced in favour of the loudest voices, and the most powerful people. The brainwriting process makes sure that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into the conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room — it’s to make the room smarter. 1．What is the main problem with group brainstorming according to the author? A．It fails to maximize the chance of reaching agreements. B．It results in too many ideas to be evaluated. C．It takes much time to discuss in such meetings. D．It may discourage independent thinking. 2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The reasons for brainwriting. B．The procedure of brainwriting. C．The importance of brainwriting. D．The process of shifting to brainwriting. 3．How did Dow Chemical save money using the “brainwriting” method? A．By investing in promising and independent proposals. B．By selecting the most smart people. C．By conducting brainstorming meetings. D．By encouraging saving energy and reducing waste. 4．According to Anita Woolley, what is key to collective intelligence? A．Everyone in the meeting gets equal chance to participate. B．The meeting makes the participants the smartest in the room. C．All the ideas and voices get approved of by every participant. D．People in the meeting should balance their ideas carefully. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“头脑风暴”会议存在的问题以及解决的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Brainstorming groups fall so far short of their potential that we get more ideas — and better ideas — if we all work alone.(头脑风暴小组的成果远未达到预期效果，如果我们各自独立思考，反而能产生更多的想法，而且这些想法也会更加出色)”可知，根据作者的观点，小组头脑风暴的主要问题是可能会抑制独立思考。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“To unearth the hidden potential in teams, instead of brainstorming, we have good reasons to shift to a process called “brainwriting”. The initial steps are solo. You start by asking everyone to generate ideas separately. Next, you pool them and share them anonymously (匿名地) among the group. To preserve independent judgment, each member evaluates them on their own. Only then does the team come together to select and refine the most promising options.(为了挖掘团队的潜在能力，我们不应采用头脑风暴的方式，而是有充分的理由转向一种叫做“brainwriting”的方法。最初的步骤是个人独立进行的。首先，要求每个人分别提出想法。接下来，将这些想法汇集起来，并匿名地在小组中分享。为了保持独立判断，每位成员都要自行对其进行评估。只有在团队集体会合后，才会共同选择并完善最有前景的方案)”可知，第三段主要讲了brainwriting的流程。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“For instance, Dow Chemical invited people to enter an innovation match to save energy and reduce waste. They invited any proposals written independently. After that, they assessed them and invested in the most promising ones. Over the next decade, these chosen proposals saved the company an average of $110 million per year.(例如，陶氏化学公司邀请人们参加一项旨在节约能源和减少废弃物的创新竞赛。他们征集了任何独立撰写的提案。之后，他们对这些提案进行了评估，并对最有前景的项目进行了投资。在接下来的十年里，这些选定的提案每年为该公司平均节省了1.1亿美元)”可知，陶氏化学公司利用通过“brainwriting”的方法，通过投资那些有潜力且独立的提案实现来节省成本。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They find that a key to collective intelligence is balanced participation.(他们发现，集体智慧的关键在于成员之间的均衡参与)”可知，集思广益的关键在于参与其中的每个人都能够得到平等的表现机会。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末） Hidden away in the mountains of western Tanzania is one of the largest lakes in the world: Lake Tanganyika. Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment? While it is true that the Mahale villagers are suffering, environmentalists argue that Lake Tanganyika is in an equally critical condition. This lake is home to hundreds of fish species found nowhere else on the globe. Eighty mammal species live in the surrounding forests and mountains. Ninety percent of Tanzania’s endangered chimpanzees reside in this area. Irreparable (不可挽回的) damage to this ecosystem will result in untold losses. Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn. As they clear more land, the soil run-off from deforestation further reduces the fish population, making it even more difficult for people to survive on fishing alone. This vicious cycle (恶性循环) hams both the Mahale villagers and the environment. To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike. 1．What might be the Mahale villagers’ attitude towards protecting the environment? A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Indifferent. D．Confused. 2．Why do Mahale villagers clear more land? A．To follow government policies on land use. B．To make up for the decline in fish availability. C．To promote economic development through farming. D．To protect Lake Tanganyika from environmental damage. 3．Why do the environmentalists help the villagers gain access to healthcare? A．Saving the villagers’ lives is more important than saving the lake. B．Saving the villagers’ lives would directly result in less overfishing of the lake. C．Addressing the villagers’ problem could encourage them to preserve the environment. D．Offering healthcare could be a way for the environmentalists to live in the community. 4．The information presented in this passage can best be described as ________. A．a problem and a solution B．a question with two answers C．an analysis of underlying causes D．an explanation for a relationship 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了坦桑尼亚西部马哈尔村面临的环境问题以及环境保护主义者提出的解决方案。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”可知，马哈尔村村民连自己的孩子都救不了，因此他们可能对保护环境持冷漠态度。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Furthermore, environmentalists see the destruction of the environment as a direct function of the villagers’ poverty: as the fish population decreases, people are forced to clear more land to grow rice and corn.(此外，环保主义者认为，环境的破坏是村民贫困的直接后果：随着鱼类数量减少，人们被迫开垦更多土地来种植水稻和玉米。)”可知，马哈尔村村民开垦更多的土地是为了弥补鱼类数量的减少。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，环保主义者帮助村民获得医疗服务是为了解决村民的问题，从而鼓励他们保护环境。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Environmentalists want to protect the beauty and biological diversity of this area from the harmful effects of overfishing and deforestation. However, in order to do this, they need the cooperation of people in the nearby village of Mahale. In this poor community, malaria and typhoid are existing and spreading uncontrollably, there is little access to doctors, and 13% of children die before age 5. How can we expect people who cannot save their own children to care about saving the environment?(环保主义者希望保护这片区域的美丽与生物多样性，使其免受过度捕捞和森林砍伐等有害影响。然而，要做到这一点，他们需要得到附近马哈勒村村民的合作。在这个贫穷的社区，疟疾和伤寒肆虐，无法控制，人们很难找到医生，13%的儿童在5岁前死亡。我们怎么能指望那些救不了自己孩子的人去关心拯救环境呢？)”和最后一段“To meet their objective of protecting Lake Tanganyika, environmentalists are now using a combined strategy in Mahale: helping the villagers gain access to healthcare, educating fishermen and farmers about the impact of deforestation and their own role in the declining fish population, and protecting areas of the lake where fish lay eggs. Since natural resources can be the tool by which the people of Tanzania work themselves out of poverty, it is essential that these resources are managed well. By integrating health services with conservation activity, we can begin to heal the suffering in western Tanzania, for people and the land alike.(为了实现保护坦噶尼喀湖的目标，环保主义者如今在马哈勒采取了一项综合策略：帮助村民获得医疗服务，教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及他们在鱼类数量减少中所扮演的角色，并保护湖泊中鱼类产卵的区域。由于自然资源可以成为坦桑尼亚人民摆脱贫困的工具，因此妥善管理这些资源至关重要。通过将医疗服务与保护活动相结合，我们可以开始缓解坦桑尼亚西部的苦难，为当地人民和土地带来福祉。)”可知，文章首先描述了马哈尔村面临的环境问题，如过度捕捞和森林砍伐，然后提出了环境保护主义者提出的解决方案，即通过帮助村民获得医疗服务、教育渔民和农民了解森林砍伐的影响以及保护鱼类产卵区域等综合策略来保护坦噶尼喀湖。因此，文章的信息可以最好地描述为“a problem and a solution(一个问题和一个解决方案)”。故选A。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁朝阳·期末） An ancient tree called pongamia is native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia. Farmers in Florida have found the tree grows well there too. And pongamia trees have now replaced citrus (柑橘) trees, which have long faced major struggles with disease. Pongamia trees produce a small brown bean known as a legume (豆子). The legume can be used in the production of several products, including cooking oil and protein-rich foods. The beans can also be used to produce a biofuel, mostly for airplanes. Pongamia do well in Florida because the trees like hot temperatures and can survive in dry or rainy conditions. They also do not require special additives, called fertilizers, or chemicals to kill insects and other life that might threaten growth. And unlike fruits like oranges and grapefruit, the beans do not require teams of workers to pick. Instead, they can be easily collected with a machine that shakes the trees and makes the legumes fall to the ground. A company called Terviva has invented a process that removes substances from the bean that give it a bad taste so it can be used for food production. The company’s founder, Naveen Sikka, said that Terviva has been able to offer Florida farmers a new chance to replace their failed citrus crops. Turning this wild tree into an agricultural success story was not easy. “There are no books to read on it, because no one else has ever done it,” he said. In addition, he said bees and other pollinators (传花粉者) that feed on the tree’s flowers help support the local environment. An estimated one half hectare of the trees could provide the same amount of oil as about 1.6 hectares of soy beans. The pongamia’ bean also produces a high - quality protein that can be used to make many plant-based products. Experts say the problems linked to Florida’s citrus crops-disease and climate issues have also affected most of the world’s top citrus-producing nations. But climate and disease have little effect on pongamia trees. Pongamia also grows well in Hawaii, where it is now being used on land where sugarcane once grew. 1．Why are citrus crops being abandoned in Florida? A．Because of the low output. B．Because of the global economic crisis. C．Because of tree diseases and climate factors. D．Because of the influence of geographical location. 2．Which benefit of planting pongamia trees in Florida was NOT mentioned? A．Increasing the speed of planes. B．Saving manpower when beans are picked. C．Offering food to pollinators. D．Contributing to food production. 3．What does the last paragraph imply? A．Citrus crops play an important role in Hawaii. B．The production of citrus is increasing worldwide. C．Planting pongamia trees faces many potential difficulties. D．Climate change leads to changes in the distribution of crops. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce an ancient tree from India. B．To advertise a new type of agricultural company. C．To stress the crisis faced by citrus trees by American farmers. D．To show the advantages of planting pongamia trees in the U.S.. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为水黄皮的古树原产于印度、东南亚和澳大利亚。佛罗里达州的农民发现这棵树在那里也长得很好。水黄皮树现在已经取代了柑橘树。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“And pongamia trees have now replaced citrus (柑橘) trees, which have long faced major struggles with disease.(如今，水黄皮树已经取代了柑橘树的位置，而此前柑橘树一直深受病害的困扰)”和最后一段“Experts say the problems linked to Florida s citrus crops-disease and climate issues have also affected most of the world’s top citrus-producing nations.(专家表示，与佛罗里达州柑橘作物相关的诸如病害和气候问题，也影响到了世界上大多数主要的柑橘生产国)”可知，柑橘树被取代，是因为树的病害和气候变化。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The beans can also be used to produce a biofuel, mostly for airplanes.(这些豆子还可以用于生产一种生物燃料，主要用于飞机燃料)”可知，水黄皮树可以生产用于飞机的生物燃料，但不能提升飞机的速度。即，A选项“提高飞机飞行速度”文章没有提到。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But climate and disease have little effect on pongamia trees. Pongamia also grows well in Hawaii, where it is now being used on land where sugarcane once grew.(但气候和疾病对木豆树的影响不大。水黄皮在夏威夷也能生长良好，如今它已被用于曾经种植甘蔗的土地上)”可知，气候变化导致了作物分布的变化。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“An ancient tree called pongamia is native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia. Farmers in Florida have found the tree grows well there too. And pongamia trees have now replaced citrus (柑橘) trees, which have long faced major struggles with disease.(一种名为水黄皮的古老树木原产于印度、东南亚和澳大利亚。佛罗里达州的农民也发现这种树在那里生长状况良好。如今，水黄皮树已经取代了柑橘树的位置，而此前柑橘树一直深受病害的困扰)”以及后文介绍这种树的用途和好处可知，本文的写作目的在于展示在美国种植水黄皮树的好处。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁省五校联考·期末） The thick-trunk, tiny-branch baobab tree, which dots Madagascar’s landscape, should not, by rights, have survived to the present day, as its former seed-distributing animals went extinct 1000 years ago. However, it did. Seheno Andriantsaralaza at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar and Onja Razafindratsima at the University of California, Berkeley, now think they may know the reason. Together with their colleagues, the scientists monitored 15 trees to specify new baobab seed-distributing animals in the region. They also set up camera traps around seed-containing fruits, and searched any feces (粪便) along the way for the presence of seeds. They report in the journal Biotropica that a native rat was caught on camera handing whole fruits on four occasions. Although there was no record of the rat breaking the fruits open, the team found 13 fruits that had been chewed into and had the seeds removed. Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify the animal, this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing one was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig feces. The discovery is not without irony. Scientists believe bush pigs were brought to Madagascar by humans somewhere between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago, just as the former seed-distributing animals were going extinct. Their arrival was a lucky break for the baobabs, especially as scientists have determined a seed’s journey through the digestive system doesn’t harm its ability to grow. While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful. Madagascar’s pigs, for example, though not native, have made themselves necessary to the survival of truly native species. Similar relationships are suspected to hold in South America between rabbits native to Europe and plants with no seed distributors. For Dr. Andriantsaralaza, that suggests the full ecological role of introduced species should be considered before the talk of eradication (根除) begins. 1．What is the reason that Madagascar baobab trees should have disappeared? A．Lost habitats. B．Unsuitable climate. C．Non-reproductive seeds. D．No seed-distributing animals. 2．Why did the researchers conduct the study? A．To identify the seed carriers for baobabs. B．To explore baobabs’ survival conditions. C．To determine if baobabs are endangered. D．To study how baobab seeds are distributed. 3．What convinced the researchers of the real seed carrier? A．The seeds found in animal feces. B．The presence of chewed seeds. C．The way whole fruits were handled. D．The unclear bite marks on the fruits. 4．What does the last paragraph imply about introduced species? A．They rarely interact with native species. B．They may play unexpected essential roles. C．They should be removed from local ecosystems. D．They are more harmful than previously believed. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了马达加斯加猴面包树在原本的种子传播动物灭绝后依然存活的原因，研究发现是后来引入的物种帮助传播种子，强调了引入物种可能具有意想不到的重要生态作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The thick-trunk, tiny-branch baobab tree, which dots Madagascar’s landscape, should not, by rights, have survived to the present day, as its former seed-distributing animals went extinct 1000 years ago.(遍布马达加斯加景观的树干粗壮、树枝细小的猴面包树，按理说不应该存活到今天，因为它以前的传播种子的动物在1000年前就已经灭绝了。)”可知，马达加斯加猴面包树应该消失的原因是没有传播种子的动物。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Together with their colleagues, the scientists monitored 15 trees to specify new baobab seed-distributing animals in the region.(科学家们和他们的同事一起监测了15棵树，以确定该地区新的猴面包树种子传播动物。)”可知，研究人员进行这项研究是为了确定猴面包树的种子传播者。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify the animal, this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing one was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig feces.(虽然咬痕不够清晰，无法辨认出是哪种动物，但这是种子传播动物存在的明确证据。然后他们找到了令人信服的证据：在七堆不同的野猪粪便中发现了猴面包树的种子。)”可知，在动物粪便中发现的种子让研究人员确信真正的种子传播者。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful.(虽然这一发现本身就很重要，但它也为引入物种可能并不完全有害提供了有价值的证据。)”和“For Dr. Andriantsaralaza, that suggests the full ecological role of introduced species should be considered before the talk of eradication begins.(对于Andriantsaralaza博士来说，这表明在开始谈论根除之前，应该考虑引入物种的全部生态作用。)”可知，最后一段暗示引入的物种可能扮演意想不到的重要角色。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古包头·期末） Many health problems in America — like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes — are linked to poor diet. While some people choose unhealthy foods, others live in “food deserts.” — areas where fresh, nutritious food is hard to find. These neighborhoods, often in low-income urban or rural areas, lack supermarkets and instead have plenty of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores selling processed foods. Why do food deserts exist? Supermarket chains prefer wealthy areas, so poor neighborhoods may have to travel miles for fresh produce. People without cars rely on, buses or nearby stores that offer little nutrition. Fast-food restaurants are also more common in low-income areas, making it easier to choose unhealthy meals. This leads to higher rates of health issues: research shows people in poor neighborhoods are more likely to suffer from obesity and diabetes than those in rich areas. Solutions exist, but they’re challenging. The U.S. government has tried programs like the Healthy Food Financing initiative to attract supermarkets to food deserts, offering tax breaks. However, local-efforts often have a bigger impact. Community gardens, farmers’ markets, and small food stores can provide fresh food while building a sense of community. Though these need time and money, they help people access healthy eating and bring neighbors together. Food deserts are more than just a food problem — they’re a health crisis. By supporting both government policies and local projects, we can ensure everyone has the right to nutritious food, no matter where they live. 1．Which of the following can be called a food desert? A．A wealthy suburb with three supermarkets. B．A remote rural town with a weekly farmers’ market. C．An urban center with fresh produce stands on every block. D．A poor area with only convenience stores and fast-food outlets. 2．Why do poor neighborhoods often lack supermarkets? A．Residents in poor areas dislike fresh produce. B．Supermarkets find it hard to hire workers there. C．Local governments restrict supermarket construction. D．Supermarkets prefer areas with higher purchasing power. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 3? A．The challenges of opening small food stores in cities. B．The importance of community gardens in rural areas. C．Solutions to food deserts at government and local levels. D．The U.S. government’s failed attempts to solve food deserts. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Government Policies for Healthy Eating B．Fast Food’s Impact on Communities C．The Link Between Diet and Health in America D．Food Deserts: Long Way in Nutrition Access 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍美国“食品沙漠”的现象、成因、影响及解决办法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“While some people choose unhealthy foods, others live in “food deserts.” — areas where fresh, nutritious food is hard to find. These neighborhoods, often in low-income urban or rural areas, lack supermarkets and instead have plenty of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores selling processed foods. (虽然有些人会选择不健康的食品，但另一些人却生活在“食品沙漠”中 —— 即难以找到新鲜、有营养的食物的地区。这些社区通常位于低收入的城市或农村地区，缺乏超市，取而代之的是大量快餐店和出售加工食品的便利店。)”可知，只有便利店和快餐店的贫困地区可被称为“食品沙漠”。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Supermarket chains prefer wealthy areas, so poor neighborhoods may have to travel miles for fresh produce. (连锁超市更喜欢富裕地区，因此贫困社区可能要走几英里才能买到新鲜农产品。)”可知，贫困社区缺少超市是因为超市更青睐购买力强的地区。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Solutions exist, but they’re challenging. The U.S. government has tried programs like the Healthy Food Financing initiative to attract supermarkets to food deserts, offering tax breaks. However, local-efforts often have a bigger impact. (解决办法是存在的，但实施起来颇具挑战。美国政府已尝试过诸如 “健康食品融资计划” 之类的项目，通过提供税收减免来吸引超市入驻“食品沙漠”地区。然而，地方层面的努力往往能产生更大的影响。)”可知，第三段主要讲述政府和地方层面解决“食品沙漠”的办法。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。文章围绕“食品沙漠”展开，介绍其定义、成因、影响及解决途径，强调获取营养食品仍有很长的路要走，因此“食品沙漠：获取营养的漫长之路”概括了全文的主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·辽宁丹东·期末） Everyone is familiar with the colors of the foods they eat. You normally associate salads with green, apples with red, and rice with pink — wait a second, rice is white Well, scientists have synthesized (合成) a new, pinkish rice known as “meaty” rice. If commercialized, this option could be much cheaper than traditional meat in several countries. In South Korea, hybrid (杂交的) rice would be $13 cheaper than the average $15 per kilo of beef. Recently, scientists in South Korea discovered that rice could be a good base for meat cells to grow in as the enzymes (酶) and conditions that the rice provides make it an excellent catalyst for the growth of meat cells. When meat cells were allowed to grow in rice for 11 days, scientists found the final product contained eight percent more protein and seven percent more fat. Some researchers even claim that it has the potential to carry all the vital nutrients we need. Meaty rice has the potential to reduce our impact on the environment and is efficient in terms of cost and emissions. Currently, beef produces around 50 kg of carbon dioxide for every 100 grams of protein produced compared to the roughly 6 kg of emissions that hybrid rice produces. Raising livestock also requires more resources like water which is getting scarce. Some countries like Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United States have already sanctioned lab-grown meat. Meaty rice could be a valuable food source in the military and for space exploration as well as to provide relief during famines. However, many people find the idea of eating food created by a scientific lab unnatural and unappetizing. Italy, for example, recently became the first country in the world to ban lab-grown meat. The country’s Minister of Agriculture shared that the purpose of the ban was to protect Italian traditions and farmers. One thing to note is that the term “lab-grown” is used loosely. Many people associate the term with “artificial” or “manufactured”. While some lab-grown products meet that description, meaty rice is made from naturally growing meat cells. So, while it is indeed grown in a lab, the process itself is natural. 1．What can we know about meaty rice? A．It contains all the nutrients we need. B．It is $2 cheaper than traditional meat. C．It is different in color from traditional rice. D．It provides enzymes for meat cells to grow. 2．What does the underlined word “sanctioned” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Approved. B．Banned. C．Avoided. D．Replaced. 3．Why did Italy ban lab-grown meat? A．Because it has a bad taste. B．Because it lacks nutritious value. C．Because it may harm traditional farming. D．Because it may be resisted by local people. 4．What is the author’s attitude to meaty rice? A．Proud. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Opposed. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家合成的一种新型粉色“肉味米”的特点、优势、潜在应用以及公众对其的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“rice is white(大米是白色的)”及第二段中“Well, scientists have synthesized a new, pinkish rice known as ‘meaty’ rice.(科学家合成了一种新型的、略带粉色的“肉味米”)可知，“肉味米”在颜色上与传统大米不同。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中划线词下文“Meaty rice could be a valuable food source in the military and for space exploration as well as to provide relief during famines.(“肉味米”有望成为军事和太空探索领域宝贵的粮食来源，也可在饥荒时期提供救济)”可知，“肉味米”具有很大的价值，这些国家应是认可了实验室培育的肉，故划线词与A项Approved“认可”意义相近。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Italy, for example, recently became the first country in the world to ban lab-grown meat. The country’s Minister of Agriculture shared that the purpose of the ban was to protect Italian traditions and farmers.(例如，意大利最近成为世界上第一个禁止实验室培育肉类的国家。该国农业部长表示，禁令的目的是保护意大利的传统和农民)”可知，意大利禁止实验室培育的肉类是因为它可能损害传统农业。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，文章既介绍了肉味米的优点，如成本低、环保、营养等，也提到了人们对其的担忧和意大利的禁令，客观呈现了相关情况，作者态度是客观的。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·黑龙江大庆·期末） For over 1,800 years, doctors have used silk to sew wounds. Now, biomedical engineers are using it to make different types of medical implants (植入物). Doctors like silk for a variety of reasons. First, silk is a natural material that will break down in the body over time. So any implanted parts made of silk don’t have to be removed by surgery. Plus, not many people are sensitive to it. The materials currently used to make silk parts are made of proteins called silk fibroin. They are typically dissolved (溶解) in water until needed. But like all proteins, silk proteins can break down over time. Besides, all that water adds a lot of weight and volume to the silk materials as they’re stored, which makes those materials expensive to ship from place to place. David Kaplan from Tutts University and his colleagues set out to solve those problems. First, they put the silk proteins into salt. Next, they added water to the mixture. They then added a chemical called liquid nitrogen. Afterward, they put the icy mix into a place where the air pressure was very low. That combination of very low temperature and pressure caused water to disappear. Finally, the researchers turned the freeze-dried material into a powder. Powdered silk could help make really strong medical implants (such as the tools used to hold a broken bone together), which is a great breakthrough in the medical field. Besides, being biocompatible (生物相容的) is just the icing on the cake. It enables powdered silk to have another possible use: putting drugs into the implants. The implants could slowly release a drug over time. That way, patients might not need to take pills or get painful injections. Powdered silk is easy to work with, too. It is chemically stable and can last up to two years on the shelf. Plus, it’s lightweight because a lot of the water has been removed. So it doesn’t cost as much to ship the material. 1．Why do doctors like silk? A．Its long history. B．Its rich variety. C．Its affordable price. D．Its outstanding nature. 2．What function does liquid nitrogen serve in David’s research? A．To separate salt from the mixture. B．To produce low temperature. C．To keep the low pressure. D．To make a mixture. 3．What does the underlined part “the icing on the cake” in paragraph 5 mean? A．A piece of cake. B．Another bonus. C．A coincidence. D．A tendency. 4．What does the text mainly focus on? A．The benefits of powdered silk. B．Silk’s wide applications in our life. C．The process of making medical implants. D．A unique way of turning silk into medical materials. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员如何将丝绸转化为粉末状医疗材料，并详细阐述了这种方法的优势及其潜在应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Doctors like silk for a variety of reasons. First, silk is a natural material that will break down in the body over time. So any implanted parts made of silk don’t have to be removed by surgery. Plus, not many people are sensitive to it.(医生们喜欢丝绸有很多原因。首先，丝绸是一种天然材料，会随着时间的推移在体内分解。因此，任何用丝绸制成的植入部件都不需要通过手术移除。另外，对它过敏的人不多)”可知，医生喜欢丝绸是因为它是一种天然材料，会随时间在体内分解，不需要手术移除，且很多人对其不过敏，这些都是丝绸的优秀特性。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Next, they added water to the mixture. They then added a chemical called liquid nitrogen. Afterward, they put the icy mix into a place where the air pressure was very low. That combination of very low temperature and pressure caused water to disappear.(接下来，他们向混合物中加水。然后，他们加入了一种叫做液氮的化学物质。之后，他们把冰冷的混合物放进一个气压很低的地方。极低的温度和压力的组合使水消失了)”可知，液氮的作用是产生极低的温度，以便与低压结合使水消失。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Powdered silk could help make really strong medical implants (such as the tools used to hold a broken bone together), which is a great breakthrough in the medical field. Besides, being biocompatible (生物相容的) is just the icing on the cake. It enables powdered silk to have another possible use: putting drugs into the implants.(粉末状丝绸有助于制造非常坚固的医疗植入物(如用于固定骨折的工具)，这是医学领域的一项重大突破。此外，生物相容性只是the icing on the cake。它使粉末状丝绸有另一种可能的用途：将药物放入植入物中)”可知，粉末状丝绸有助于制造坚固的医疗植入物，这是医学上的重大突破，而生物相容性使粉末状丝绸有另一种可能的用途，是额外的优点，即“锦上添花”的事情，由此推知，the icing on the cake意为“额外的优点或好处”。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“For over 1,800 years, doctors have used silk to sew wounds. Now, biomedical engineers are using it to make different types of medical implants (植入物).(1800多年来，医生们一直用丝绸来缝合伤口。现在，生物医学工程师正在用它来制造不同类型的医疗植入物)”以及下文内容可知，本文主要介绍了研究人员如何将丝绸转化为粉末状医疗材料，并详细阐述了这种方法的优势及其潜在应用。故选D项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Hawaii is ready to hike a tax imposed (征税) on travelers staying in hotels, vacation rentals and other short-term accommodations and apply the new money for programs to cope with a warming planet. This will raise the total tax rate to nearly 19%, with the state and counties also imposing a combined 4.712%tax. The measure is expected to generate $100 million. The funds will be used for projects like adding sand to broken beaches, protecting coral reefs, and removing wildfire-fueling grasses. Josh Green, who supports the bill, believes that the tax will help prevent future disasters like the Maui wildfire, which caused a 13 billion loss and claimed 102 lives. He argues that Hawaii’s 10 million annual visitors should contribute to protecting the environment. Jerry Gibson, president of the Hawaii Hotel Alliance, said the hotel industry was pleased Hawaii didn’t adopt a higher increase that was initially suggested. “I don’t think that there’s anybody in the tourism industry that says, Well, let’s go out and tax more. No one wants to see that,” Gibson said. “But our home needs money to beautify Hawaii’s environment, and it will be worth it.” Hawaii has long struggled to pay for the vast environmental and conservation needs. Hawaii had previously considered requiring tourists to pay for a license to visit it, but this idea was rejected. Boosting this tax is their compromise (折中) solution, one made more urgent by the Maui wildfires. There is a$561 million shortfall in Hawaii’s conservation funding needs. The tax increase won’t fully cover the gap, but Hawaii plans to issue bonds to ensure sufficient funds. Kawika Riley, an officer of Hawaii, pointed to the Hawaiian saying, “A stranger only for a day,” to explain the new tax. It means that a visitor should help with the work after the first day of being a guest. “Nobody is saying that literally our visitors have to come here and start working for us. But what we are saying is that it’s crucial to be part of the solution,” Riley said. 1．What is the purpose of Hawaii’s plan to increase tax on accommodation? A．To boost tourism income. B．To address environmental challenges. C．To punish illegal tourists. D．To solve people’s livelihood problems 2．How does the hotel industry respond to the increasing tax? A．Unsure of the long-term benefits. B．Relieved by the current tax increase C．Eager for the arrival of the tax increase D．Concerned about the tourism impact. 3．What makes the tax increase more urgent? A．The impact of the natural disaster. B．The rejection of the license policy. C．The decline in national support. D．The increase in local tourism. 4．What is Riley’s attitude to the tax increase? A．Intolerant. B．Skeptical. C．Approving. D．Objective. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。夏威夷计划增加对游客住宿征收的税款以应对气候问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Hawaii is ready to hike a tax imposed (征税) on travelers staying in hotels, vacation rentals and other short-term accommodations and apply the new money for programs to cope with a warming planet. (夏威夷准备对入住酒店、度假屋及其他短期住宿场所的游客征收税款，并将这笔新增收入用于相关项目，以应对全球变暖问题。)”可知，夏威夷提高住宿税的目的是为了应对环境问题。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Jerry Gibson, president of the Hawaii Hotel Alliance, said the hotel industry was pleased Hawaii didn’t adopt a higher increase that was initially suggested. “I don’t think that there’s anybody in the tourism industry that says, Well, let’s go out and tax more. No one wants to see that,” Gibson said. “But our home needs money to beautify Hawaii’s environment, and it will be worth it.” (夏威夷酒店联盟主席杰里·吉布森表示，酒店业对此表示满意，因为夏威夷没有采纳最初提出的更高税率方案。“我认为旅游业中的任何人都不会说，‘好吧，那我们就去增加更多税收吧。’没有人愿意看到这种情况发生。”吉布森说道。“但我们的家乡需要资金来美化夏威夷的环境，这终将是有价值的。”)”可知，酒店业对当前的税费上调感到欣慰。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Hawaii has long struggled to pay for the vast environmental and conservation needs. Hawaii had previously considered requiring tourists to pay for a license to visit it, but this idea was rejected. Boosting this tax is their compromise (折中) solution, one made more urgent by the Maui wildfires. (夏威夷长期以来一直难以承担其庞大的环境与保护方面的费用。夏威夷此前曾考虑要求游客支付参观的许可证费用，但这一想法被否决了。增加这项税收是他们达成的妥协方案（折中解决方案），由于毛伊岛的野火事件，这一方案显得更为紧迫。)”可知，促使此次增税更为紧迫的原因是自然灾害的影响。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Kawika Riley, an officer of Hawaii, pointed to the Hawaiian saying, “A stranger only for a day,” to explain the new tax. It means that a visitor should help with the work after the first day of being a guest. “Nobody is saying that literally our visitors have to come here and start working for us. But what we are saying is that it’s crucial to be part of the solution,” Riley said. (夏威夷的一位官员卡维卡·莱利引用了夏威夷的一句谚语“一天的陌生人”来解释这项新税收政策。这句话的意思是，游客在成为客人后的第一天之后就应该参与工作。“没有人说我们的游客必须来到这里并为我们工作。但我们想说的是，参与解决方案至关重要。”莱利说道。)”可知，他对增加税款的支持态度。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末） In their recent book, The AI Con, linguist Emily M. Bender and social scientist Alex Hanna critically analyze the widespread exaggeration (夸大) about artificial intelligence (AI). They argue that the exaggerated claims of AI’s transformative power cover the real, ongoing harms it is already causing. Bender and Hanna argue that companies are using AI to reduce costs by undermining human jobs. Contrary to popular belief, “AI is not going to replace your job,” they maintain,but it will likely transform your job into one that is undervalued and less paid. Here, they refer to recent labor actions, such as the 2023 strikes by Hollywood writers and actors, as cases illustrating workers’ resistance to AI-generated content. In fields such as education, the use of automated decision-making systems often reflects the overconfidence in AI’s capacity. The adoption of AI, the authors maintain, overlooks fundamental human interactions, falsely assuming that “seeking the right answers is all that is needed for education.” The book also evaluates exaggerated claims about AI’s impact on creative and scientific fields, particularly regarding its destructive effects on art, journalism, and scientific practice. The authors argue that AI-generated artistic creativity is, most of the time, based on statistical probabilities rather than real understanding. Bender and Hanna conclude their book by arguing that the exaggeration about AI primarily benefits major companies, investors, and governments that use technology and by calling for a critical examination of AI systems: “What is being automated?” and “Who benefits... and who is harmed?” While the book offers an interesting viewpoint, it provides only a partial view of the current AI landscape. Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities in fields such as biomedicine and ecology. This potential application is particularly noticeable considering the new path opened by agentic AI, an area the book does not cover. 1．What is the main idea of the book The AI Con? A．AI’s impact is transformative. B．AI causes widespread concern. C．AI’s harm is underestimated. D．AI prevents potential problems. 2．What is the case of the 2023 strikes intended to prove? A．AI can replace human jobs. B．AI cannot generate quality content. C．AI devalues human work. D．AI reduces the cost of production. 3．Which change may be brought by AI according to Bender and Hanna? A．More higher-paying jobs. B．Increased interactions in class. C．Explosive creativity in art. D．More benefits to capital owners. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The book skips some AI uses. B．Agentic AI is overvalued. C．LLMs are relatively short-lived. D．AI has limited application. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了《人工智能悖论》批判对AI的夸大，称其掩盖危害，如贬低工作、影响教育等，还指出夸大主要利于大公司等，但该书对AI领域的呈现不全面。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In their recent book, The AI Con, linguist Emily M. Bender and social scientist Alex Hanna critically analyze the widespread exaggeration (夸大) about artificial intelligence (AI). They argue that the exaggerated claims of AI’s transformative power cover the real, ongoing harms it is already causing.(在他们近期出版的《人工智能悖论》一书中，语言学家艾米莉·M·本德和社会科学家亚历克斯·汉纳对有关人工智能的普遍夸大言论进行了批判性分析。他们认为，那些关于人工智能变革力量的夸大说法掩盖了它已经造成的实际且持续的危害)”可知，《人工智能悖论》这本书的主要观点是人工智能的危害被低估了。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Bender and Hanna argue that companies are using AI to reduce costs by undermining human jobs. Contrary to popular belief, “AI is not going to replace your job,” they maintain, but it will likely transform your job into one that is undervalued and less paid. Here, they refer to recent labor actions, such as the 2023 strikes by Hollywood writers and actors, as cases illustrating workers’ resistance to AI-generated content.(本德和汉娜认为，企业正利用人工智能来降低成本，从而取代人类工作岗位。与普遍看法相反，他们坚称“人工智能不会取代你的工作”，但它很可能会将你的工作转变为一种价值低估且薪酬更低的工作。在此，他们将近期的劳工行动，比如2023年好莱坞编剧和演员的罢工，视为工人抵制人工智能生成内容的实例)”可知，2023年的这些罢工旨在证明人工智能降低了人类工作的价值。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Bender and Hanna conclude their book by arguing that the exaggeration about AI primarily benefits major companies, investors, and governments that use technology and by calling for a critical examination of AI systems: “What is being automated?” and “Who benefits... and who is harmed?”(本德和汉娜在他们的著作结尾处指出，有关人工智能的夸大宣传主要有利于那些利用技术的大型企业、投资者和政府，并呼吁对人工智能系统进行批判性审视：“正在被自动化的是什么？”以及“谁从中受益……谁又因此受损？”)”可知，根据本德和汉纳的观点，人工智能可能会为资本所有者带来更多好处。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the book offers an interesting viewpoint, it provides only a partial view of the current AI landscape. Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities in fields such as biomedicine and ecology. This potential application is particularly noticeable considering the new path opened by agentic AI, an area the book does not cover.(虽然这本书提出了一个有趣的观点，但它仅对当前的人工智能领域提供了一个片面的了解。大型语言模型（LLMs）在生物医学和生态学等领域展现出了令人鼓舞的能力。考虑到代理式人工智能开辟的新路径（而这本书并未涵盖这一领域），这种潜在的应用尤为引人注目)”可知，这本书遗漏了一些人工智能的应用。故选A 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·黑龙江·期末） Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek, a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar (雷达) technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. The idea is to use the time people spend in their cars to gather data on their health for accurate analysis and preventative treatment — without the need for any type of wearable. The radar, smaller than a USB thumb drive, is placed into the vehicle cabin and sends out signals that detect human activities, which are then sent back to the radar. The built-in AI system collects and analyzes the data to build a medical picture and identify any potential conditions. At the end of the driver’s journey, the system sends the report directly to their cell phone for review. For Shaker and his team, the challenge was evolving the technology to identify changes in breathing patterns or heart rhythms that indicate potential health issues related to cardiovascular (心血管的) conditions as well as respiratory (呼吸的) system conditions. “We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. Another important consideration was personal privacy and security — no data is stored on the cloud; it is sent to the monitored person’s cellphone only,” said Ali Ghara, the lead Ph. D．student on the project. The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s abilities to monitor the overall health and well-being of the person who is in a vehicle, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports that mark any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident. 1．What can we learn about the radar technology? A．It provides more precise health data than wearables. B．It creates medical pictures to reveal healthy secrets. C．It sends the health report to the driver’s phone for review. D．It combines with vehicle technology to assess the driver’s health. 2．What can be inferred from Ali Ghara’s words in paragraph 5? A．The AI needs training to collect health data. B．AI’s interpretation of medical data is accurate. C．The team is improving data collection and analysis. D．Cellphones monitor personal privacy and security. 3．What does the follow-up study aim to do? A．Ensure the privacy of medical reports. B．Warn the drivers of potential accidents. C．Enhance health monitoring for all passengers. D．Apply the radar technology across all vehicles. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Radars May Know Your Conditions Before You Do B．Healthy Driving: Radar Monitors Health in Vehicles C．Drivers Mind: Radar Spies on Your Heartbeats D．Radars Can Improve Your Health During Driving. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了滑铁卢大学的研究团队受《星际迷航》中“企业号”医疗舱的启发，利用雷达技术监测驾车时人们的健康状况，将普通车辆转变为移动医疗中心的相关情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. (滑铁卢大学电气与计算机工程系教授乔治・谢克博士正与一群研究生合作，将雷达技术与不断发展的车辆技术相结合，使健康检查变得更加便捷)”以及第三段对雷达工作过程的描述可知，该雷达技术与车辆技术相结合，用于评估司机的健康状况。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段Ali Ghara所说的“We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. (我们专注于加强数据收集，以获取与人们呼吸系统和心血管系统相关的确切信息，并教人工智能如何从这些数据中做出医学解读)”可以推断出，研究团队正在改进数据的收集和分析工作。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s abilities to monitor the overall health and well-being of the person who is in a vehicle, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports that mark any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident. (研究团队正在此项研究的基础上，致力于拓展该雷达技术的功能，以监测车内人员的整体健康状况、进行诊断、生成标注了任何需要关注的问题的高质量医疗报告，以及在发生事故时协助进行紧急通讯)”可知，后续研究旨在加强对车内所有人员的健康监测。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek, a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar (雷达) technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. (受《星际迷航》中“企业号”星舰医疗舱的启发，滑铁卢大学的一个研究团队利用雷达技术，在人们驾车时对其健康状况进行监测，将普通的轿车或卡车转变为移动医疗中心)”以及全文可知，文章开篇就指出滑铁卢大学的研究团队利用雷达技术在驾车时监测人们的健康状况，将普通车辆变为移动医疗中心，随后详细介绍了该雷达技术的工作原理、研究重点以及后续研究方向等，核心内容是雷达在车辆中对健康状况的监测，因此，“健康驾驶：雷达监测车内健康状况”最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·辽宁·期末） Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner. Now her four-chapter series called “The Pigment Change” is in exhibition in London and Paris. Rather than develop photos on photographic paper, she prints them directly onto plants. “I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.” Raised in Madrid, Romero said learning from her grandmother about the plants on her orange farm when she was young implanted in her mind the eco-conscious values she embraces today. But she admits that her eco-friendly techniques wouldn’t work for all artists. “It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice,” she explained. For Romero, plants are more than something to look after; they are beings we can learn from. “Plants have been around for way longer than us on the planet and they have succeeded in doing that without causing any extinction,” she said. Besides, we should challenge the idea that humans are the most important beings. The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions. The artist explained that she sees plants respond and adapt to light changes throughout the seasons. “Yet we tend to think that only humans have these abilities until science proves the opposite.” said Romero. She won the BMW Residency Award for the project. Now, collaborating with scientist Nicolas Langlade, with the help of AI, Romero is working on her next project due to be completed by June 2025. For Romero, this art-science project is like coming full circle. “I love my passion for plant photography.” she said, “I’m really happy about plant photography.” 1．What is truly unique about Almudena Romero’s artistic practice? A．She paints her childhood landscape. B．She records images on plants with light. C．She prints plants on photographic paper. D．She attaches the photos to the top of leaves. 2．Which of the following best describe Romero’s art? A．Creative and profitable. B．Momentary but unique. C．Practical and far-reaching. D．Eco-friendly but time-consuming. 3．What can we learn about plants and humans according to Romero? A．Plants are less important than humans. B．Humans are more adaptable than plants. C．Plants also have their own rules and meanings. D．Humans should allow plants to grow naturally. 4．Which can be a suitable tile for this text? A．The Art-Science Project: The Future of Photography. B．The Art-Science Project: An Integration of Technology and Art. C．Almudena Romero: A Journey from Traditional to Modem Art. D．Almudena Romero: Plant-Based Art with Eco-Friendly Vision. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗以植物为载体创作环保艺术，其系列作品展出。她受祖母影响，认为植物有价值，正与科学家合作新项目。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段““I just put a negative (底片) on top of the leaf and leave it to the sunlight, and then the image gets recorded on the leaf,” Romero said. “But I also print on living plants using a digital projector, and the plant makes photosynthesis (光合作用) with the light from the projector and records an image.”(罗梅罗说：“我只是将一张底片放在叶子上面，然后让它接受阳光照射，这样图像就会印在叶子上。但我还使用数字投影仪在活植物上进行打印，植物会利用投影仪发出的光线进行光合作用，并记录下图像。”)”可知，阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗利用光线在植物上记录图像。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner.(西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗敏锐地意识到了人类对环境的影响，她正通过自己独特的以植物为材料的艺术创作，来展示以环保的方式进行艺术创作是完全可行的)”以及第四段“It’s a lot more difficult to be financially sustainable when your art is temporary, but I guess it’s also depending on how you understand life and what you want to do with your practice(当你的艺术作品是暂时性的时，要实现经济上的可持续发展会更加困难，不过我想这还取决于你如何看待生活以及你打算如何运用自己的创作实践)”可知，罗梅罗的艺术风格是瞬间即逝但独具特色的。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The truth is all living organisms have their values and their own agendas and intentions.(事实是，所有生物都有其价值和自己的目标和意图)”可知，植物也有其自身的规则和意义。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Keenly aware of human impact on the environment, Spanish artist Almudena Romero is using her unique plant-based art to show it’s possible to create art in an eco-friendly manner.(西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗敏锐地意识到了人类对环境的影响，她正通过自己独特的以植物为材料的艺术创作，来展示以环保的方式进行艺术创作是完全可行的)”结合文章主要说明了西班牙艺术家阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗以植物为载体创作环保艺术，其系列作品展出。她受祖母影响，认为植物有价值，正与科学家合作新项目。可知，D选项“阿尔穆德纳·罗梅罗：以环保理念为指导的植物性艺术作品”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Changes in personality following a heart transplant have been noted pretty much ever since transplants began. In one case, a man developed a passion for classical music after receiving a musician’s heart. Another, a 45-year-old man, began loving loud headphone music after receiving a 17-year-old heart, something he never did before. What might explain this? One suggestion could be that the overwhelming joy of receiving a new lease on life makes the person sunnier. Other transplant recipients suffer from guilt, depression and other psychological issues that might also be seen as personality changes. However, there is some evidence to suggest that these personality changes aren’t all psychological. Biology may play a role, too. Transplanted organs not only perform their primary function, but also release hormones (荷尔蒙) affecting the entire body. A heart from a donor might have a different level of hormones compared with the original heart, and this could change the recipient’s mood and personality. The body stores memories in the brain. We access them when thinking or they can be triggered by sight or smell. But memories are basically neurochemical (神经化学的) processes where nerves convey impulses to each other and exchange specialized chemicals at the interface between them. While in transplant surgery, many of the nerves that govern the function of the organ are cut and are not able to be reattached, this doesn’t mean that the nerves within the organ do not still function. In fact, there is evidence that they may be partially restored a year after surgery. These neurochemical actions and interactions could feed into the nervous system of the recipient, triggering a physiological response that then affects the recipient’s personality according to memories from the donor. Whichever mechanism (机制), or combination of mechanisms, is responsible, this research area needs further investigation so that recipients can understand the physical and psychological changes that could occur following surgery. 1．What changes occurred in the two heart transplant recipients? A．They showed musical talents. B．They started to compose music. C．They suffered mental problems. D．They developed new personalities. 2．What factors can lead to the changes after organ transplants? A．Surgery methods and recovery process. B．Hormone level change and nerve restoration. C．Brain region control and nerve disconnection. D．Environment stability and nerve function loss. 3．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in paragraph 5? A．The damaged nerves. B．The transplanted organs. C．The memories stored in brains. D．The hormones released by organs. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．How to Prevent Surgical Memory Loss? B．Why do Hormones Determine Personality? C．Do Psychological Factors Affect Recipients? D．Can Organ Transplants Change Personality? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是心脏移植后可能出现的性格变化及其潜在原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Changes in personality following a heart transplant have been noted pretty much ever since transplants began. In one case, a man developed a passion for classical music after receiving a musician’s heart. Another, a 45-year-old man, began loving loud headphone music after receiving a 17-year-old heart, something he never did before.(自从心脏移植开始以来，人们就注意到心脏移植后的性格变化。在一个案例中，一名男子在接受了一位音乐家的心脏后，对古典音乐产生了热情。另一个45岁的男人，在17岁的时候得到了一颗心后，开始喜欢上了耳机里响亮的音乐，这是他以前从未做过的事情。)”可知，两位心脏移植受者发展了新的个性。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“A heart from a donor might have a different level of hormones compared with the original heart, and this could change the recipient’s mood and personality.(来自捐赠者的心脏可能与原始心脏的激素水平不同，这可能会改变接受者的情绪和性格。)”和倒数第二段“While in transplant surgery, many of the nerves that govern the function of the organ are cut and are not able to be reattached, this doesn’t mean that the nerves within the organ do not still function. In fact, there is evidence that they may be partially restored a year after surgery. These neurochemical actions and interactions could feed into the nervous system of the recipient, triggering a physiological response that then affects the recipient’s personality according to memories from the donor.(虽然在移植手术中，许多控制器官功能的神经被切断，无法重新连接，但这并不意味着器官内的神经不再起作用。事实上，有证据表明，它们可能在手术一年后部分恢复。这些神经化学反应和相互作用会进入接受者的神经系统，引发生理反应，然后根据捐赠者的记忆影响接受者的性格。)”可知，激素水平变化与神经恢复会导致器官移植后的变化。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“While in transplant surgery, many of the nerves that govern the function of the organ are cut and are not able to be reattached, this doesn’t mean that the nerves within the organ do not still function. In fact, there is evidence that they may be partially restored a year after surgery.(虽然在移植手术中，许多控制器官功能的神经被切断，无法重新连接，但这并不意味着器官内的神经不再起作用。事实上，有证据表明，它们可能在手术一年后部分恢复。)”可知，they指代的是“受损的神经”，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Changes in personality following a heart transplant have been noted pretty much ever since transplants began.(自从心脏移植开始以来，人们就注意到心脏移植后的性格变化。)”，第三段“A heart from a donor might have a different level of hormones compared with the original heart, and this could change the recipient’s mood and personality.(来自捐赠者的心脏可能与原始心脏的激素水平不同，这可能会改变接受者的情绪和性格。)”和倒数第二段“While in transplant surgery, many of the nerves that govern the function of the organ are cut and are not able to be reattached, this doesn’t mean that the nerves within the organ do not still function. In fact, there is evidence that they may be partially restored a year after surgery. These neurochemical actions and interactions could feed into the nervous system of the recipient, triggering a physiological response that then affects the recipient’s personality according to memories from the donor.(虽然在移植手术中，许多控制器官功能的神经被切断，无法重新连接，但这并不意味着器官内的神经不再起作用。事实上，有证据表明，它们可能在手术一年后部分恢复。这些神经化学反应和相互作用会进入接受者的神经系统，引发生理反应，然后根据捐赠者的记忆影响接受者的性格。)”可知，本文主要讲的是心脏移植后可能出现的性格变化及其潜在原因，因此最恰当的题目是D选项“Can Organ Transplants Change Personality?(器官移植能改变人格吗？)”。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·内蒙古·期末） Actor James Franco looks happy as he records a video diary in the movie 127 Hours. It’s not until the camera moves backward, revealing his arm is under a big rock, that it becomes clear his smile hides his suffering. That’s because when it comes to reading a person’s state of mind, visual context is just as important as facial expressions, according to a new study from the University of California, Berkeley. “Our study reveals that emotion recognition is an issue of context as much as it is about faces,” said study lead author Zhimin Chen, a researcher in psychology at UC Berkeley. For the study, Chen and David Whitney, a UC Berkeley seientist, tested the emotion recognition abilities of nearly 400 young adults. They used short videos from various Hollywood movies as well as documentaries and home videos that showed emotional responses in more natural settings. Participants went online to view and rate them. A rating system was superimposed (叠加) over the video so that researchers could track each study participant’s mouse as it moved around the screen, processing visual information and rating moment-to-moment emotions. The tracking model that Chen created for the study allows researchers to track how people rate the emotions of characters as they view videos. Chen’s method is capable of collecting large quantities of data in a short time, and could eventually be used to assess how people with disorders like autism (孤独症) and schizophrenia read emotions in real time, and help with their diagnoses. “Some people might have deficits in recognizing facial expressions, but can recognize emotion from the context,” Chen said. “For others, it’s the opposite.” Moreover, the findings, based on analysis of the data collected, could inform the development of facial recognition technology. 1．What does the new research find about reading a person’s mind? A．Visual context is irrelevant. B．Facial expressions dominate. C．Context equals facial expressions. D．Emotion recognition is insignificant. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The use of rating method. B．The study’s testing process. C．The selection of short videos. D．The role of study participants. 3．What can be inferred about Chen’s model? A．It can enhance video quality. B．It can aid disorder diagnoses. C．It can cure autism completely. D．It can produce emotional videos. 4．What does the underlined word “deficits” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Shortcomings. B．Interests. C．Strategies. D．Habits. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了加州大学伯克利分校研究表明，识别情绪时视觉语境与面部表情同样重要。研究方法及成果对相关病症诊断和面部识别技术有意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“That’s because when it comes to reading a person’s state of mind, visual context is just as important as facial expressions, according to a new study from the University of California, Berkeley. “Our study reveals that emotion recognition is an issue of context as much as it is about faces,” said study lead author Zhimin Chen, a researcher in psychology at UC Berkeley.(这是因为，根据加州大学伯克利分校的一项新研究，当要解读一个人的心理状态时，视觉环境与面部表情同样重要。“我们的研究表明，情绪识别既与面部有关，也与环境背景密切相关，”该研究的首席作者、加州大学伯克利分校的心理学研究员陈志敏说道)”可知，研究发现在解读他人内心想法时情境和面部表情同等重要。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“For the study, Chen and David Whitney, a UC Berkeley seientist, tested the emotion recognition abilities of nearly 400 young adults. They used short videos from various Hollywood movies as well as documentaries and home videos that showed emotional responses in more natural settings. Participants went online to view and rate them. A rating system was superimposed (叠加) over the video so that researchers could track each study participant’s mouse as it moved around the screen, processing visual information and rating moment-to-moment emotions.(在此次研究中，陈博士和加州大学伯克利分校的科学家大卫·惠特尼对近400名年轻人的情绪识别能力进行了测试。他们使用了来自不同好莱坞电影的短片，以及纪录片和家庭录像，这些视频展示了在更自然环境中的情绪反应。参与者通过上网观看并对其进行评分。研究人员在视频上叠加了一个评分系统，以便能够追踪每个研究参与者的鼠标在屏幕上的移动情况，观察其处理视觉信息和即时情绪反应的过程)”可知，第三段主要讲的是该研究的测试流程。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Chen’s method is capable of collecting large quantities of data in a short time, and could eventually be used to assess how people with disorders like autism (孤独症) and schizophrenia read emotions in real time, and help with their diagnoses.(陈的方法能够在短时间内收集大量数据，最终有望用于评估患有孤独症和精神分裂症等疾病的人群如何实时解读情绪，并有助于他们的诊断工作)”可知，陈的模型有助于诊断紊乱病症。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“in recognizing facial expressions(在识别面部表情方面)”以及“but can recognize emotion from the context(但他们能够根据情境来判断情绪)”可知，but表示转折，他们能够根据情境来判断情绪，说明在识别面部表情方面存在缺陷。故划线词意思是“缺陷”。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $