湖南常德市汉寿县第一中学2025-2026学年高三下学期5月阶段检测英语试题

**基本信息** 本试卷以环保、科技、文化等时代热点为素材，通过听力、阅读、写作等多元题型，全面考察高三学生语言运用能力与跨文化思维品质，适配高考命题趋势。 **题型特征** |题型|题量|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|----|----------|----------| |听力|18题|日常交际、场景推断|对话情境贴近生活，考察信息抓取与逻辑推理| |阅读理解|4篇|环保（甲烷排放）、科技（电视音质）、旅游（骑行路线）|文本选材兼具时代性与思想性，设题梯度从细节到推理| |完形填空|15题|文学叙事（黄帝与诗人）|语境复杂，考察词汇辨析与语篇理解| |语法填空|10题|文化（摄影展）|结合语法规则与文化素材，考察语言准确性| |写作|2题|书信申请、故事续写|应用文与记叙文结合，考察语言输出与创新表达|

湖南省常德市汉寿县第一中学2025-2026学年 高三下学期5月阶段检测英语试题 一、听力选择题 1．What is the final negotiated transportation cost? A．10 dollars. B．720 dollars. C．800 dollars. 2．What is the collection for? A．A business trip. B．A gift for Sylvia. C．A welcome party. 3．How does the woman feel about the candlelight? A．It looks good. B．It’s not bright enough. C．It’s better than electric light. 4．What’s the probable relationship between the speakers? A．Family members. B．Teacher and student. C．Doctor and patient. 5．What are the speakers referring to? A．The water. B．The world. C．The weather. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 6．What does the woman want to borrow? A．A dictionary. B．A notebook. C．Some money. 7．How long does the woman work every evening? A．For three hours. B．For two hours. C．For four hours. 听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。 8．What will the weather be like this afternoon? A．Rainy. B．Sunny. C．Windy. 9．What is the relationship between the woman and Amy? A．Sisters. B．Schoolmates. C．Mother and daughter. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 10．What happened to the woman this morning? A．She got up late. B．She lost her bike. C．She quarreled with her brother. 11．How did the woman go to school today? A．On foot. B．By bike. C．By bus. 12．What did the woman leave at home? A．Her wallet. B．Her keys. C．Her schoolbag. 听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。 13．How many books does Sarah have at home? A．3. B．7. C．8. 14．What’s the reason Sarah leaves? A．She doesn’t want the books. B．She might be late for her bus. C．She needs to return more books. 15．Where are the speakers probably? A．In a library. B．At a bus stop. C．In a bookstore. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 16．Where are the speakers? A．At home. B．At a post office. C．At a supermarket. 17．What did the man do this morning? A．He did some cleaning. B．He did the cooking. C．He did some shopping. 18．What will the woman do tomorrow? A．Buy a lot of food. B．Send her car to the garage. C．Pick up the man’s mother. 二、阅读理解 Four Beautiful Trips of Bikes and TrainsOhio and Erie Canal Towpath Path (小径) The path is an 87-mile pathway from Cleveland to Bolivar in Northeast Ohio. The Cuyahoga Valley. Scenic Railroad (CVSR) goes along with the path from Akron to Thornburg Station, a 31-mile distance through Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The path surrounds the outline of old Ohio and Erie Canal. Today, the path passes many landmarks, bridges, museums, and villages.Danube Cycle Path The Danube Cycle Path is a path that follows the Danube River for about 745 miles, from Donaueschingen, Germany to Budapest, Hungary. The path is most popular in Austria featuring 245 scenic miles serviced by local and long-distance trains. Most cyclists choose to ride from west to east with the flow of the river, to take advantage of the natural slope (斜坡) of bicycle traffic(交通).Lehigh Gorge Rail Path The path runs for 25 miles through woodlands next to the Lehigh River. A historic tourist railway called the Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway follows the path, allowing cyclists to create a one-way ride rather than backtracking. The rail path is mostly flat (平坦的) and passes through Lehigh Gorge State Park. While the train operates most days, the bike service is only offered one weekend a month from May to November.Cinder Track The Cinder Track is a 21-mile broken stone pathway along the coast of Yorkshire, England. The towns of Scarborough and Whitby, where the path begins and ends, both have train stations near the path. The train journey is not a direct way between the two towns-in fact, the tracks of the old direct way were removed to create the path. The path, meanwhile, surrounds the Yorkshire coast, providing views of seaside bluffs (峭壁), fishing villages, etc. 19．What can be learned about Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Path? A．It offers a view of old Ohio and Erie Canal. B．It offers a chance to explore some mountains. C．It passes a variety of small cities and villages. D．It shares the same path with CVSR all the way. 20．What's the disadvantage of Lehigh Gorge Rail Path for cycling lovers? A．It has broken stone tracks. B．It has many tough roads. C．It has sharp slopes on the way. D．It has a time rule on bike service. 21．Which of the following covers the longest distance? A．Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Path. B．Danube Cycle Path. C．Lehigh Gorge Rail Path. D．Cinder Track. The oil and gas industry may be emitting about three-times the amount of climate-warming methane than government estimates show, according to a new study from Stanford University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other organizations in Nature. Methane (甲烷) is the main component of natural gas and among the greenhouse gases heating the planet, which is produced when extracting crude oil. Specific measurements varied from a low of less than 1%, or about what the Environmental Protection Agency estimates, at a site in Pennsylvania to a high of nearly 10% in New Mexico. Researchers found the higher percentages of methane released generally had something in common. “These are places where production is mostly focusing on oil,” says Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who conducted the research as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University. But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher. In Pennsylvania, by contrast, drillers are focused on producing natural gas, and there, very little of the methane was wasted. That complicates an argument many in the industry have made, generally in opposition to tighter government regulations on methane. They say drillers have the incentive to capture gas leaks so they can sell the fossil fuel. But that’s not always possible, if industry hasn’t built the pipelines and other infrastructure to get the gas to consumers. In this study, researchers estimate the industry releases about 6.2 million tons of methane a year, valued at $1.08 billion. “Emissions of methane from fossil fuel operations remain unacceptably high,” said Tim Gould, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, during a Tuesday call with reporters. The organization’s Global Methane Tracker shows methane from the energy sector was near the record high level in 2023. Despite that, the IEA concludes that if countries fully implement existing pledges on methane reductions, that would make significant progress toward achieving global climate goals. “2024 could mark a turning point and policies are starting to be put into place. Greater transparency is coming. Awareness is spreading and we have enhanced ability to track large leaks and act quickly to shut them down,” Gould said. Gould said he hopes to have good news to share, about a reduction in methane emissions, next year. 22．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．Various measures are taken to restrict the release of methane. B．The low value of the gas in part leads to the high leak of the methane. C．The more focused on the production of the gas, the higher the methane release D．The percentage of methane in developing countries is higher than in developed countries 23．What does the underlined word “incentive” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Equipment. B．Productivity. C．Drive. D．Assessment. 24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Caution: Methane emission gives rise to serious global warming. B．Methane emissions: Oil and gas industry’s hidden impact. C．Measures taken to cut back on methane emissions. D．Methane is to blame for the climate change. 25．What is Tim Gould’s attitude toward emissions of methane at present? A．Critical. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Optimistic. Average age is rising around the world — a demographic (人口统计) change that may pose a significant challenge to efforts to slow down climate change. Hossein Estiri at Harvard University and Emilio Zagheni of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany, have found that energy use increases as we get older, and not just because we tend to get wealthier. An ageing population could mean a greater proportion of society with higher energy use, their study suggests. They combined two decades, worth of data from thousands of US households and used this to build a model to reveal how energy use varied across 17 age groups between 1987 and 2009. They found that, on average, children’s energy consumption climbs as they grow up, before dipping slightly when they leave home. Consumption then rises again when people hit their 30s, before briefly dropping after 55, and then beginning to climb again. The study involved factors such as income, local climate and the age, type and size of a person’s home. The increase in energy use at various points in our lifespan (寿命) seems to be the result of life style and how our needs change as we age. Why does demand grow so much in our 30s? “We need more of everything. More space, a bigger TV two fridges,” says Estiri. The study found that, in warmer parts of the US, energy use increases in people over the age of 65 — probably as a result of increased use of air conditioning, This suggests that there is a feedback effect between climate change and an ageing population that will only make matters worse. Heat waves have become more common in the US in recent years and are expected to become more frequent due to global warming. More older people using more electrical energy to keep cool as temperatures rise could add to emissions (排放), and thus drive more warming until our energy supply becomes entirely fossil fuel-free. “This confluence (汇集) of population, ageing and climate change on energy demand is really important to start thin king about,” says Estiri. Benjamin Sovacool at the University of Sussex, UK, says the work shows the importance of demographics when it comes to cutting carbon emissions. Most modelling of climate change mitigation (减缓气候变化的模型) assumes people’s energy consumption either stays the same or only changes by a small amount over time. “This study directly challenges that entire body of research by forcing it to fight with the temporality and complexity of the consumption of energy,” says Sovacool. Catherine Mitchell at the University of Exeter, UK, says the research could have an important influence on policy makers. “What the paper says is that there is a lot of work about how buildings use energy, but probably not enough about how the people in them use energy,” she says. 26．By saying “not just because we tend to get wealthier” in Paragraph 2, the writer probably means that _______. A．poor people can’t bring down the high demand for energy B．a comfortable life is not the main cause of increased energy use C．there are some other reasons leading to the increase in energy consumption D．people being wealthy or not has nothing to do with the rise of energy consumption 27．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph3? A．Children consumes more energy when they leave home. B．Energy consumption drops briefly before people hit 55. C．The researchers built a model to study the data from US households. D．Energy consumption varies with the change of lifestyle and demand at different ages. 28．Which of the following statements is Hossein Estiri most likely to support? A．Energy will stop increasing when people get older. B．His research could inspire policymakers to change current policies. C．Various factors influencing energy consumption should be considered. D．Old people should use fossil, fuel-free rather than electrical energy to keep cool. 29．What is the shortcoming of most modeling of climate change mitigation? A．It is expensive and difficult to promote. B．It overestimates the household energy consumption. C．It did not take climate change adaptation into account. D．It regards energy consumption as stable or as only slightly changing. 30．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．More emphasis should be put on people’s energy use. B．The government can’t do much without the support of the study. C．It is the buildings, not the people in side, that consume the majority of the energy. D．Policymakers have been working on how to cut down people’s energy use. Although picture quality has improved greatly with the development of flat-screen televisions, sound has taken a dive. The problem is that TVs with slimmed-down screens have insufficient room for good speakers to be fitted to them, either at the back or in the frame. Such televisions are therefore usually connected to an external sound system to improve their sound quality. Early TV loudspeakers were as big as the screen, but engineers have got good at making speakers smaller and explored new sound-producing methods, like employing an actuator (致动器) to vibrate (振动) a flexible panel. That raises the question: Why not vibrate the TV screen itself? And this is just what a couple of television-makers are now doing. Company A was the first to announce it had developed such a system, which is called Acoustic Surface. It is now fitting this to some of its luxurious televisions. Acoustic Surface employs a pair of actuators to vibrate a screen made with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Unlike screens that employ regular inorganic LEDs as a backlight, OLEDs give off their light directly. This means OLED screens have few layers — and that, in turn, means they can be more flexible and are able to vibrate more easily. This vibration is invisible to the viewer and does not affect picture quality. One beneficial consequence is that a program’s soundtrack is broadcast directly to the viewer instead of from the side, as is the case with separate speakers. The other version on offer is Cinematic Sound from Company B．This includes, as one of the screen’s layers, a 600-micron-thick film that works as an “exciter” to vibrate the display. They are all very attractive and have caught most people’s attention. However, those who are enthusiastic about accurate sound reproduction still prefer separate sound systems. 31．What is a problem with flat-screen televisions? A．They have poor sound quality. B．They offer low picture quality. C．They can’t meet viewers’ demands. D．They can’t be connected to external sound systems. 32．What makes OLED screens suitable for Acoustic Surface? A．Their large size. B．Their few layers. C．Their flexible structure. D．Their direct light emission. 33．What do Acoustic Surface and Cinematic Sound have in common? A．They use fewer actuators. B．They employ thin films as exciters. C．They produce sound by vibrating the TV screen. D．They guarantee the soundtracks broadcast from the side. 34．What can we infer about people who pursue precise sound effect? A．They like slim flat-screen TVs best. B．They don’t care about TV picture quality. C．They are satisfied with early TV loudspeakers. D．They won’t choose screen-vibrating sound systems. Summer is well on the way. And what is a better way to welcome the warmer weather than to start cleaning up your garden? Keen gardeners will make their way outside to plant some flowers. 35 That is star jasmine (茉莉) . It will keep gardens smelling amazing all summer long and be a pretty addition to anyone’s outdoor space. In addition to a rich scent, star jasmine will provide a lovely, delicate look. It’s perfect for climbing over trellises (棚架) and fences as a classic climber plant, which means it will grow upwards. 36 Another advantage is that it’s a reliable winter plant too. Its evergreen leaves provide interest and freshness in the colder seasons. 37 In this way, you can move them around and bring them with you if needed. Remember to re-pot every two years and refresh the soil as it eventually starts to lack nutrients. And re-potting into something a little bigger will also mean it will carry on growing and producing more flowers. If you want to plant some star jasmine, spring is the best time as it will flower later in the season. It’s important to consider sunlight and temperature as they like being in direct light and warmth. Making sure to prune (修剪) in late spring or early summer. This will help the plant regrow quickly. 38 Too little water will lead to leaves turning red and falling off your plants. Once your star jasmine is established, you can make your outdoor space even more appealing by attracting birds with a simple food they love. The key to drawing robins (知更鸟 ) into your garden is simply leaving out some small, fresh apple slices. Robins naturally feed on berries and fruits from trees and bushes. 39 A．It can also be planted in a pot. B．So it’s ideal for smaller gardens. C．It is not easy to run a beautiful garden. D．Actually, there’s one plant everyone should grow. E．All kinds of flowers aren’t suitable to grow in spring. F．Getting the watering right is the key to a healthy plant. G．They’re especially fond of them throughout the spring period. 三、完形填空 On that day, the Yellow Emperor showed the poet his palace. Gradually, they dropped down toward a paradise (天堂) or garden whose metal mirrors hinted at the labyrinth (迷宫). At first, they let themselves get lost 40 , as if in a game. Later, they felt some concern, since the labyrinth’s straight avenues were gently but inescapably curved: secretly, they formed 41 . Around midnight, the well-timed 42 of a tortoise enabled them to disengage themselves from this seemingly bewitched area, though not from the feeling that they were lost. When the Imperial household 43 , people threw themselves to the ground. One day, they docked at an island where a man 44 to do so because he had never seen the Son of the Sky, and the executioner had to sever his head. Reality and dreams became confused, or rather, reality was one 45 of dreams. Every hundred paces, a tower pierced the air; in their eyes, they were all the 46 colour, and yet the first one was yellow and the last one scarlet (猩红色的), so fine were the gradations and so long the sequence. At the foot of the next-to-last tower, the poet, who had seemed removed from the extraordinary sights that so 47 the others, recited (当众吟诵) the short poem that brought him 48 and death. The text has been lost. Some say it consisted of a single line of poetry; others, of a single 49 . What is certain, incredibly, is that within the poem was the entire, enormous palace lived by each dynasty of mortals (凡人), gods, and dragons that had 50 there since the furthest reaches of the past. Everyone fell silent, and the Emperor exclaimed: “You have taken away my palace!” The 51 iron sword terminated the poet’s life. Others tell the story differently. There cannot be two identical things in the world: as soon as the poet recited the poem, the palace 52 as if blasted and swept away by the final syllable (音节). Of course, legends like this are 53 fiction. The poet was the Emperor’s slave and died accordingly. His poem fell into oblivion (彻底遗忘) because that was what it 54 . His followers are still searching for the word that is the world, but they will not find it. 40．A．accidentally B．deliberately C．delightedly D．unluckily 41．A．squares B．lines C．octagons D．circles 42．A．kill B．sacrifice C．cooking D．chop 43．A．stood by B．dropped by C．passed by D．went by 44．A．failed B．managed C．forgot D．refused 45．A．vision B．configuration C．reflection D．clue 46．A．same B．different C．vivid D．dull 47．A．associated B．attacked C．attracted D．astonished 48．A．immortality B．disaster C．misfortune D．guilty 49．A．poem B．epic C．word D．sentence 50．A．occupied B．lived C．destroyed D．slept 51．A．poet’s B．household’s C．emperor’s D．executioner’s 52．A．collapsed B．shined C．disappeared D．burst 53．A．entire B．mere C．bare D．just 54．A．deserved B．encountered C．caused D．worked 四、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A photography exhibition 55 (title) Blooming in the Sun is currently running at the September Art Gallery in Shenzhen and 56 (last) until September 30, 2022. The exhibition features 57 (photograph) of the Xihaigu area in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region. It is 58 largely mountainous region that 59 (identify) as the “most unfit place for human settlement” by the United Nations in 1972, due to its barren and dry land and fragile ecological environment. The pictures on display are from four photographers—Xie Hong, Li Qiang, Hai Yang and HuGuoqing, 60 were once schoolmates majoring 61 photography at Wuhan University. They use cameras to record this remote and impoverished area from different angles, 62 (give) this place a new life. The drought brings harsh 63 (nature) conditions, but people still live 64 work here, just like the sunflowers blooming in the sun. 五、书信写作 65．假定你是李华，在意大利留学期间，你在网上看到一家公司招聘兼职销售员，请你给该公司负责人Kelly写一封邮件，申请这个职位。 内容包括：1.写信目的；2.你的条件；3.表示愿望。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Kelly, I am writing in response to the job advertisement on your website for the position of salesperson. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I think I’m qualified for this job. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 六、书面表达 66．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 It was a morning in late August. Down the shore (岸) line of a lake, my father was fishing by a bank of trees. He liked to fish, away from distractions and noise and other people. He was also a wildlife officer, traveling all over the province to protect nature from humans. But I was still new to fishing. “Dad, where should I stay?” He simply pressed his index finger to his lips, pointed to a shady spot by a large rock and shook his head gently. I knew he wanted me to be quiet. The place where we were fishing was near a protected wetland. Songbirds, ducks and Canada geese flew by, touching down briefly on the water’s surface before they flapped their wings and flew back into the sky. White clouds passed in front of the sun, blocking its warming rays from time to time. Out of the corner of my eye, I caught sight of a few big loons (潜鸟) gathered together near the shoreline. What were they doing there? Loons usually travel alone, but here were five. Maybe it was a family? One loon, wailing (哀号), swam away from the group, toward me. “Dad? Come here!” My dad turned a bit toward me but didn’t move, until I urged him again. “Look at that loon. It’s swimming toward us,” I said, pointing toward that strange loon. Just then, the loon let out a big laughing sound. It stopped in the water near shore, not ten feet away from us. It was so close that we could see its beady red eyes. Strangely, the bird’s wings were held tight against its black -and-white body, its neck wrapped (缠绕) around by a thin line. Fishing line maybe? Was there a hook (钩子) on the line, too? “It needs help. It’s trying to get our attention!” With these words, my dad was ready to get into the water. “But... Look at its long beak (喙)! It could easily hurt us with it.” I didn’t follow him. 注意： 1.续写词数应为150左右； 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 “Go get the scissors from the tool box,” my dad was shouting. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Take it easy! The bird won’t hurt you!” encouraged Dad. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 答案 B B B B C B A A C A 题号 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 答案 B C A B A A A C A D 题号 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 答案 B B C B D C D C D A 题号 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 答案 A B C D D B A F G C 题号 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 答案 D B C A B A D A C B 题号 51 52 53 54 答案 D C B A 1．B 【原文】W: Could you tell me your request for this cooperation? M: Sure. We hope the transportation fee can be reduced by 10% from the original 800 dollars. W: Deal. 2．B 【原文】M: We're collecting money to buy a gift for Sylvia. She'll have been with the company 25 years next week. W: Well, count me in. But I'm a bit short on cash now. When do you need it? 3．B 【原文】W: Why all the candles? Is the electricity out or something? M: No, I just thought it would make the place smell nice. W: It does smell nice, but it’s still awfully dark. 4．B 【原文】M: Excuse me, Miss Ellis. Could I be excused from school tomorrow? I have a doctor’s appointment. W: Of course. I hope all goes well. Just make sure that I get a call from your parents confirming the appointment. M: No problem. 5．C 【原文】M: Oh my! It’s steaming hot today. The temperature has hit 38 degrees. W: Yeah, it’s like the whole world is boiling. 6．B 7．A 【原文】W: Ted, can I borrow your notebook for chemistry? M: Here you are. W: You are a great help, Ted. M: I don't quite understand why you need my notebook. You do well in making notes. W: Well, recently I have to work in a restaurant from seven o'clock to ten o'clock every evening, and sometimes I can't follow the teacher. M: Oh, that's really bad for your study. Do you have to work part time? W: Yeah, my father lost his job two months ago and I must make some money by myself. M: Hmm, I understand. Please take care of yourself. W: Thanks. 8．A 9．C 【原文】W: Don’t forget to bring the clothes in around noon. It’s going to pour this afternoon. M: Really, Mom? The sun’s still bright now, though it’s getting a bit windy. Anyway, can’t you ask someone else? I have to go to school for an exam later. W: Then ask your dad to do it. M: Dad’s already gone out. He’s at a meeting. W: What about your sister? M: Maybe Amy’s free. I’ll go check with her. 10．A 11．B 12．C 【原文】M: You look upset. What’s wrong with you? W: Well, I overslept, and when I got up, my brother was taking a shower in the bathroom. M: Oh, no! W: After he got out of the bathroom, I took a quick shower and got dressed. By the time I arrived at the bus station, the bus had already left. M: What a bad luck! W: I had to go back home to ride my bike. M: Oh, what a poor girl! W: Then, when I got to school, I realized that I had left my schoolbag at home. 13．A 14．B 15．A 【原文】M: Sorry Sarah, you’re not allowed to borrow more than 10 books at a time. W: I know, but these are only seven books. M: That’s strange. The system is not letting me process this request. You don’t have any others out? W: I have three at home, so I’m within the limit. M: It says here there are eight on your account. W: That’s so strange. I just returned five of them in the morning, so it should only say three. M: OK, no problem. Let me just check those that you returned. The system has been acting up since the afternoon. I’ll be back in five minutes. W: I think I’ll leave these here and come back tomorrow. I really have to get going or I’ll miss the last bus. 16．A 17．A 18．C 【原文】 19．A 20．D 21．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍四条适合骑行与乘火车的美景路线，涵盖美、欧多地，各具特色（如古运河、河岸风光等），部分提供火车配套服务，适配不同出行需求。 19．细节理解题。根据第一段“The path surrounds the outline of old Ohio and Erie Canal. Today, the path passes many landmarks, bridges, museums, and villages. (这条小径环绕着古老的俄亥俄-伊利运河的轮廓。如今，这条小径途经许多地标、桥梁、博物馆和村庄。)”可知，俄亥俄-伊利运河纤道能让人看到古老运河的轮廓，即提供了观赏这条古运河的视角。故选A项。 20．细节理解题。根据第三段“While the train operates most days, the bike service is only offered one weekend a month from May to November. (火车大部分时间都运营，但自行车服务仅在5月至11月的每月一个周末提供。)”可知，利哈伊峡谷铁路小径对骑行爱好者的缺点是自行车服务有时间限制。故选D项。 21．细节理解题。根据各路径的距离描述：Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Path：“The path is an 87-mile pathway from Cleveland to Bolivar in Northeast Ohio.(这条步道是一条从克利夫兰延伸至俄亥俄州东北部博利瓦尔的87英里长路径。)”；Danube Cycle Path：“The Danube Cycle Path is a path that follows the Danube River for about 745 miles, from Donaueschingen, Germany to Budapest, Hungary. (多瑙河自行车道是一条沿多瑙河延伸的路径，全长约745英里，始于德国的多瑙埃兴根，止于匈牙利的布达佩斯。)”；Lehigh Gorge Rail Path：“The path runs for 25 miles through woodlands next to the Lehigh River.(这条步道沿利哈伊河旁的林地延伸25英里。)”；Cinder Track：“The Cinder Track is a 21-mile broken stone pathway along the coast of Yorkshire, England. (Cinder步道是一条沿英格兰约克郡海岸延伸的碎石步道，全长21英里。)”对比可知，多瑙河自行车道的距离最长。故选B项。 22．B 23．C 24．B 25．D 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了甲烷气体的泄露及采取应对措施的迫切性。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段“But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher. (但石油和天然气往往是一起开采出来的，如果没有办法将价值较低的天然气运输到可以出售的地方，泄漏就会更高)”可知，天然气的低价值导致甲烷的高泄漏。故选B。 23．词句猜测题。根据第三段“That complicates an argument many in the industry have made, generally in opposition to tighter government regulations on methane. They say drillers have the incentive to capture gas leaks so they can sell the fossil fuel. But that’s not always possible, if industry hasn’t built the pipelines and other infrastructure to get the gas to consumers. (这使许多业内人士提出的论点变得复杂，他们普遍反对政府对甲烷的更严格监管。他们说，钻井商有incentive捕获天然气泄漏，以便出售化石燃料。但如果工业界没有建造管道和其他基础设施将天然气输送给消费者，这并不总是可能的)”可知，如果政府监管不那么严格的话，钻井商可以出售化石燃料来卖钱，所以他们是有动机来捕获天然气泄漏的。所以，incentive的意思应该是“动机”，和选项C意思一致。故选C。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The oil and gas industry may be emitting about three-times the amount of climate-warming methane than government estimates show, according to a new study from Stanford University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other organizations in Nature. (根据斯坦福大学、劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室和《自然》杂志其他组织的一项新研究，石油和天然气行业排放的甲烷量可能是政府估计的气候变暖甲烷量的三倍)”和第二段“But oil and gas often come out of the ground together, and if there wasn’t a way to transport the less-valuable gas to where it could be sold, leaks were higher. (但石油和天然气往往是一起开采出来的，如果没有办法将价值较低的天然气运输到可以出售的地方，泄漏就会更高)”可知，文章主要讲述的是石油和天然气的开采带来的甲烷泄露问题，所以“甲烷排放：石油和天然气行业的隐性影响。”适合作为文章标题。故选B。 25．推理判断题。根据最后一段““2024 could mark a turning point and policies are starting to be put into place. Greater transparency is coming. Awareness is spreading and we have enhanced ability to track large leaks and act quickly to shut them down,” Gould said. Gould said he hopes to have good news to share, about a reduction in methane emissions, next year. (古尔德说：“2024年可能标志着一个转折点，政策开始实施。更大的透明度即将到来。人们的意识正在传播，我们已经增强了追踪大规模泄漏并迅速采取行动关闭泄漏的能力。”。古尔德说，他希望明年能分享减少甲烷排放的好消息)”可知，Tim Gould对甲烷排放问题是持乐观态度的。故选D。 26．C 27．D 28．C 29．D 30．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍全球人口老龄化对能源消耗的影响及相关研究发现，探讨其与气候变化的关联。 【详解】26．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Hossein Estiri at Harvard University and Emilio Zagheni of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany, have found that energy use increases as we get older, and not just because we tend to get wealthier. An ageing population could mean a greater proportion of society with higher energy use, their study suggests.(哈佛大学的侯赛因·埃斯蒂里和德国马克斯·普朗克人口研究学院的埃米利奥·扎格尼发现，能源使用量随着年龄增长而增加，而这不仅仅是因为我们往往会变得更富有。他们的研究表明，人口老龄化可能意味着社会中能源使用量较高的人群比例更大。)”可知，能源使用量随着年龄增长而增加，人口老龄化可能意味着社会中能源使用量较高的人群比例更大，此处强调能源消耗增加不仅归因于财富增长，还有其他因素如年龄变化，由此可知，“not just because we tend to get wealthier”意味着除财富之外还有其他因素导致能源消耗增加。故选C项。 27．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“The increase in energy use at various points in our lifespan seems to be the result of life style and how our needs change as we age.(我们生命周期中各个阶段的能源使用量增加，似乎是生活方式和需求随年龄变化的结果。)”并结合上文内容可知，第三段旨在说明能源消耗随不同年龄的生活方式和需求变化而波动。故选D项。 28．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The study involved factors such as income, local climate and the age, type and size of a person’s home.(该研究涉及收入、当地气候以及个人住房的年龄、类型和面积等因素。)”及第六段中的“This confluence of population, ageing and climate change on energy demand is really important to start thinking about,” says Estiri.(埃斯蒂里说：“人口、老龄化和气候变化对能源需求的共同影响确实需要开始思考。”)”可知，埃斯蒂里认为影响能源消耗的各种因素（如人口结构、气候等）需综合考虑。故选C项。 29．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Most modelling of climate change mitigation assumes people’s energy consumption either stays the same or only changes by a small amount over time.(大多数减缓气候变化的模型假设人们的能源消耗要么保持不变，要么随时间仅发生少量变化。)”可知，大多数气候变化缓解模型的缺点是认为能源消耗是稳定的或只是轻微的变化。故选D项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Catherine Mitchell at the University of Exeter, UK, says the research could have an important influence on policy makers. “What the paper says is that there is a lot of work about how buildings use energy, but probably not enough about how the people in them use energy,” she says. (英国埃克塞特大学的凯瑟琳·米切尔表示，这项研究可能会对政策制定者产生重要影响。她说：“论文指出，关于建筑物如何使用能源的研究很多，但关于居住者如何使用能源的研究可能不够。”)”可知，最后一段强调应更多关注“人”的能源使用情况。故选A项。 31．A 32．B 33．C 34．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了平板电视在声音质量方面存在的问题，以及两家公司为改善这一问题所采用的新技术。 31．细节理解题。根据第一段“Although picture quality has improved greatly with the development of flat-screen televisions, sound has taken a dive.(尽管随着平板电视的发展，图像质量有了很大提高，但声音质量却大幅下降。)”可知，平板电视的问题是声音质量很差。故选A。 32．细节理解题。根据第三段“Acoustic Surface employs a pair of actuators to vibrate a screen made with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Unlike screens that employ regular inorganic LEDs as a backlight, OLEDs give off their light directly. This means OLED screens have few layers — and that, in turn, means they can be more flexible and are able to vibrate more easily.(Acoustic Surface使用一对致动器来振动由有机发光二极管（OLED）制成的屏幕。与使用常规无机LED作为背光的屏幕不同，OLED直接发光。这意味着OLED屏幕的层数很少——反过来，这意味着它们可以更灵活，更容易振动。)”可知，OLED屏幕适合用于Acoustic Surface是因为它们的层数少。故选B。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“Acoustic Surface employs a pair of actuators to vibrate a screen made with organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).(Acoustic Surface使用一对致动器来振动由有机发光二极管（OLED）制成的屏幕。)”和第四段“The other version on offer is Cinematic Sound from Company B. This includes, as one of the screen’s layers, a 600-micron-thick film that works as an “exciter” to vibrate the display.(另一种选择是来自B公司的Cinematic Sound。这包括作为屏幕层之一的一个600微米厚的薄膜，它作为“激励器”来振动显示屏。)”可知，Acoustic Surface和Cinematic Sound的共同点是它们通过振动电视屏幕来产生声音。故选C。 34．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, those who are enthusiastic about accurate sound reproduction still prefer separate sound systems.(然而，那些热衷于精确声音再现的人仍然更喜欢单独的音响系统。)”可推测，那些追求精确音效的人不会选择屏幕振动音响系统。故选D。 35．D 36．B 37．A 38．F 39．G 【导语】本文主要介绍夏季园艺优选植物星茉莉的外形、气味、耐寒优势、盆栽养护方法、种植养护要点以及吸引知更鸟的配套园艺小技巧。 【详解】35．根据后文“That is star jasmine (茉莉) . It will keep gardens smelling amazing all summer long and be a pretty addition to anyone’s outdoor space.(那就是星茉莉。它会让花园整个夏天都散发迷人香气，还能为户外空间增添美观景致)”可知，后文引出一种专属园艺植物，此处需要过渡引出这款植物。D选项“Actually, there’s one plant everyone should grow.(事实上，有一种植物人人都应该种植)”衔接前后文，自然引出下文星茉莉。 36．根据前文“It’s perfect for climbing over trellises (棚架) and fences as a classic climber plant, which means it will grow upwards.(它是典型的攀缘植物，非常适合攀附棚架和围栏生长，向上蔓延生长)”可知，星茉莉向上攀爬生长，不占用地面空间，适配小型花园。B选项“So it’s ideal for smaller gardens.(所以它非常适合小型花园种植)”承接前文植株生长特性，补充适配种植场景。 37．根据后文“In this way, you can move them around and bring them with you if needed.(通过这种方式，你可以随意挪动植株，有需要时还可以随身移栽)”可知，可挪动植株说明是盆栽种植。A选项“It can also be planted in a pot.(它也可以盆栽种植)”引出盆栽种植方式，呼应后文灵活挪动的特点。 38．根据后文“Too little water will lead to leaves turning red and falling off your plants.(浇水过少会导致叶片发红、植株落叶)”可知，后文重点讲解浇水不当的危害，此处需要总起点明浇水的重要性。F选项“Getting the watering right is the key to a healthy plant.(合理浇水是植株健康生长的关键)”总领后文浇水相关养护内容。 39．根据前文“The key to drawing robins (知更鸟 ) into your garden is simply leaving out some small, fresh apple slices. Robins naturally feed on berries and fruits from trees and bushes.(吸引知更鸟来到花园的关键，就是摆放一些新鲜的小块苹果片。知更鸟天然以树木和灌木丛中的浆果和果实为食)”可知，前文介绍知更鸟喜食果蔬，此处补充其进食偏好。G选项“They’re especially fond of them throughout the spring period.(它们整个春季都格外喜爱这类食物)”贴合前文话题，收尾自然。 40．C 41．D 42．B 43．C 44．A 45．B 46．A 47．D 48．A 49．C 50．B 51．D 52．C 53．B 54．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍诗人随黄帝游历，因一首诗引发一系列奇幻经历及不同传说。 【详解】40．考查副词词义辨析。句意：起初，他们愉快地让自己迷路，就好像在玩游戏。A. accidentally偶然地；B. deliberately故意地；C. delightedly愉快地；D. unluckily不幸地。根据下文“as if in a game”可知，他们就像在玩游戏一样，所以是“愉快地”让自己迷路。故选C项。 41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：后来，他们感到有些担忧，因为迷宫笔直的大道轻微却不可避免地弯曲着：不知不觉中，它们形成了圆圈。A. squares正方形；B. lines线；C. octagons八边形；D. circle圆圈。根据上文“the labyrinth’s straight avenues were gently but inescapably curved”可知，道路弯曲，所以他们不知不觉形成了“圆圈”。故选D项。 42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：午夜时分，一只乌龟恰到好处的献祭使他们得以脱离这个似乎被施了魔法的区域，但未能摆脱迷路的感觉。A. kill杀戮；B. sacrifice献祭；C. cooking烹饪；D. chop排骨。根据语境和下文的“enabled them to disengage themselves from this seemingly bewitched area”，在奇幻故事中，通过“献祭”乌龟摆脱困境，符合情境。故选B项。 43．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当皇室成员经过时，人们都匍匐在地。A. stood by袖手旁观；B. dropped by顺便拜访；C. passed by经过；D. went by时间流逝。根据下文的“people threw themselves to the ground”可知，是皇室成员“经过”时人们的行为。故选C项。 44．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有一天，他们停靠在一个岛上，那里有一个人因为从未见过天子而未能行礼，刽子手不得不砍下了他的头。A. failed未能（做到）；B. managed设法；C. forgot忘记；D. refused拒绝。根据下文的“because he had never seen the Son of the Sky, and the executioner had to sever his head.”可知，这个人因为从未见过天子，由此可推断，此处是他“没有”行礼。故选A项。 45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：现实和梦境变得模糊不清，或者更确切地说，现实是梦境的一种形态。A. vision幻象；B. configuration形态；C. reflection反映；D. clue线索。根据上文的“Reality and dreams became confused”可知，现实和梦境变得模糊不清，结合“or rather”可知，此处是对上文的解释，由此可知，此处表示现实是梦境的一种“形态”符合语境。故选B项。 46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每一百步就有一座塔楼直冲云霄；在他们眼里，它们都是相同的颜色，然而第一座是黄色的，最后一座是猩红色的，色彩过渡如此细腻，排列如此绵长。A. same相同的；B. different不同的；C. vivid生动的；D. dull枯燥的。根据 下文的“yet the first one was yellow and the last one scarlet”的yet可知，此处指的是一开始他们以为颜色是“相同的”符合逻辑。故选A项。 47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在倒数第二座塔楼脚下，这位诗人似乎对那些让其他人惊叹不已的奇异景象无动于衷，他当众吟诵了那首给他带来不朽与死亡的短诗。A. associated联系；B. attacked攻击；C. attracted 吸引；D. astonished 使惊讶。根据上文的“At the foot of the next-to-last tower, the poet, who had seemed removed from the extraordinary sights that”可知，这位诗人似乎对使得其他人感到“惊讶的”奇异景象无动于衷，符合语境。故选D项。 48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在倒数第二座塔楼脚下，这位诗人似乎对那些让其他人惊叹不已的奇异景象无动于衷，他当众吟诵了那首给他带来不朽与死亡的短诗。A. immortality不朽；B. disaster灾难；C. misfortune不幸；D. guilt有罪。根据语境及下文的“and death.”可知，此处描述的是这首诗带来了特殊的影响，“不朽”符合文意。故选A项。 49．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有人说它由一行诗组成；也有人说，由一个词组成。A. poem诗；B. epic史诗；C. word词；D. sentence句子。根据上文 “Some say it consisted of a single line of poetry”可知，此处与上文的内容为对比关系，所以此处指的是一个“词”。故选C项。 50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：令人难以置信的是，可以肯定的是，这首诗里包含了自远古以来，凡人、神灵和龙族各朝代居住过的整个巨大宫殿。A. occupied占据；B. lived居住；C. destroyed破坏；D. slept睡觉。根据上文的“within the poem was the entire, enormous palace lived by each dynasty of mortals (凡人), gods, and dragons”可知，此处指的是各朝代“居住”在宫殿里。故选B项。 51．考查名词所有格辨析。句意：刽子手的铁剑结束了诗人的生命。A. poet’s诗人的；B. household’s皇室的；C. emperor’s皇帝的；D. executioner’s刽子手的。根据上文 “the executioner had to sever his head”可知，此处指的是“刽子手的”剑结束了诗人生命。故选D项。 52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诗人一念完诗，宫殿就消失了，仿佛被最后一个音节炸飞、卷走了。A. collapsed倒塌；B. shined发光；C. disappeared消失；D. burst爆发。根据下文的“as if blasted and swept away by the final syllable”可知，宫殿仿佛被最后一个音节炸飞、卷走了，从而推知，此处指的是宫殿“消失”了。故选C项。 53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，这样的传说仅仅是虚构的。A. entire全部的；B. mere仅仅的；C. bare赤裸的；D. just公正的。根据语境以及上文的“as soon as the poet recited the poem, the palace ___13___ as if blasted and swept away by the final syllable (音节).”以及“Of course”可知，此处讲述的是传说，所以强调传说“仅仅是”虚构的，符合语境。故选B项。 54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的诗被彻底遗忘，因为这是它应得的结局。A. deserved应得；B. encountered遭遇；C. caused引起；D. worked工作。根据上文的“His poem fell into oblivion (彻底遗忘)”以及because可知，诗被遗忘是它应得的结果。故选A项。 55．titled 56．will last 57．photographs 58．a 59．was identified 60．who 61．in 62．giving 63．natural 64．and 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了一场即将在深圳举办的名为“盛开在阳光下”的摄影展的相关情况。 55．考查非谓语动词。句意：一场名为“盛开在阳光下”的摄影展正在深圳九月美术馆展出，将持续到2022年9月30日。句中is是谓语动词，设空处应该使用非谓语动词。exhibition与title之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作后置定语。故填titled。 56．考查时态。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用动词作谓语。句中until September30, 2022为一般将来时的时间标志。故填will last。 57．考查名词。句意：展览展示了宁夏回族自治区西海固地区的照片。分析句子，句中使用名词作宾语。此处表示复数意义。故填photographs。 58．考查冠词。句意：这是一个多山的地区，由于贫瘠干燥的土地和脆弱的生态环境，在1972年被联合国确定为“最不适合人类居住的地方”。句中a largely mountainous region意为“一个多山的地区”此处表示泛指，由不定冠词来修饰，且largely发音是以辅音音素开头，应用a。故填a。 59．考查动词。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处为that引导的定语从句的谓语动词，此处that指代的是前文的region，其与identify之间是被动关系，同时从句中的in 1972表示动作发生在过去，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was identified。 60．考查定语从句。句意：展出的照片来自四位摄影师——谢宏、李强、海洋和胡国庆，他们曾是武汉大学摄影专业的同学。分析句子，设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指代前文的photographers为人。故填who。 61．考查介词。句意：同上。句中major in为固定短语，意为“主修……”。故填in。 62．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们用相机从不同的角度记录下这个偏远贫困的地区，让这个地方焕发了新生。分析句子，句中use为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，此处表示伴随且they与give之间是主动关系。故使用现在分词作状语。故填giving。 63．考查形容词。句意：干旱带来了恶劣的自然条件，但人们仍然在这里生活和工作，就像阳光下盛开的向日葵。设空处使用形容词作定语，修饰conditions。nature为名词，意为“自然”，形容词为natural。故填natural。 64．考查连词。句意：干旱带来了恶劣的自然条件，但人们仍然在这里生活和工作，就像阳光下盛开的向日葵。分析句子，设空处使用连词，连接两个动作live和work，二者之间是并列关系。故填and。 65．Dear Kelly, I am writing in response to the job advertisement on your website for the position of salesperson. I am a business student and have had a three­-month sales experience. During this time, I developed strong customer service skills and learned how to effectively communicate with customers to understand their needs and recommend products. Besides, I have good communication skills and I can speak Italian, English and Chinese so that I can deal with various potential customers. At last, I am a quick learner and am always eager to learn new skills. I am confident that I can quickly adapt to your company’s policies and procedures and provide excellent service to your customers. I think I’m qualified for this job. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。就“在意大利留学期间，你在网上看到一家公司招聘兼职销售员”一事，要求考生给该公司负责人Kelly写一封邮件，申请这个职位。 【详解】1.词汇积累 了解：understand→have an understanding of 此外：besides→what’s more 各种各样的：various→a variety of 卓越的：excellent→extraordinary 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：At last, I am a quick learner and am always eager to learn new skills. 拓展句：At last, I am a quick learner, who is always eager to learn new skills. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Besides, I have good communication skills and I can speak Italian, English and Chinese so that I can deal with various potential customers. (运用了so that引导的结果状语从句) 【高分句型2】I am confident that I can quickly adapt to your company’s policies and procedures and provide excellent service to your customers. (运用了that引导宾语从句) 66．“Go get the scissors from the tool box,” my dad was shouting. I ran, as quickly as possible, and came back with the tiny pair of scissors we used for cutting off the end of fishing line. I saw the loon already in Dad’s hands. “What should I do next?” I asked, daring not to get close. “I’ll hold it firmly, and you just need to cut off the line.” The loon’s long beak was so close to me that I felt it might hurt me with its beak at any moment. I held the scissors out at arm’s length, my hands shaking. “Take it easy! The bird won’t hurt you!” encouraged Dad. Somehow his calm voice gave me strength. I took a deep breath, trying to calm down a bit. As I approached, the loon was silent and still. Carefully and slowly, I cut off the fishing line from around the loon’s neck. “Now, take out that hook. Hurry!” As I tried to pull the hook out, the loon struggled in Dad’s hands, as if it were trying to pull itself free. “No! Not that way! You’re hurting it.” So I had to try again. As I finally get the sharp hook out of its body, I let out a sigh of relief. I patted the loon’s head, a gesture of gratitude that it hadn’t used its beak as a weapon. As I watched that loon lapping its wings and flying back into the sky, I couldn’t help beaming a smile. 【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者和父亲去钓鱼，一只潜鸟停在岸边的水里，离他们不到十英尺远，他们发现这只鸟的翅膀紧紧地贴在它黑白相间的身体上，脖子被一根细绳缠着，那是一条带着钩子的钓线。父亲决定下水去帮助这只潜鸟，但是作者担心它的长喙伤害到自己，所以没有跟上父亲。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“‘去工具箱里拿剪刀，’爸爸喊道。”可知，第一段可描写父亲已经捉到了那只潜鸟，要帮助它解开缠在身上的绳子，让作者去拿剪刀，但是作者担心被啄伤，所以不敢靠近的过程。 ②由第二段首句内容“‘放轻松！鸟不会伤害你的！’爸爸鼓励道。”可知，第二段可描写作者在父亲的鼓励下，靠近潜鸟，和父亲一起将缠在潜鸟身上的钓线和鱼钩除掉，潜鸟又次重获自由的过程。 2.续写线索：拿到剪刀——担心受伤——不敢靠近——父亲鼓励作者——鼓起勇气——剪断钓线、取出鱼钩——释放潜鸟 3.词汇激活（一个词汇要写出相近的表达） 行为类 ①伤害：hurt/harm ②取出：take out/fetch out ③尝试：try/attempt 情绪类 ①感谢：gratitude/ thankness ②宽慰：relief/ comfort 【点睛】[高分句型1] The loon’s long beak was so close to me that I felt it might hurt me with its beak at any moment.(运用了so...that句型及省略连接代词that的宾语从句) [高分句型2] I held the scissors out at arm’s length, my hands shaking. (运用了独立主格结构) [高分句型3] As I finally get the sharp hook out of its body, I let out a sigh of relief.(运用了as引导的时间状语从句) 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $