精品解析：上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高二下学期5月期中英语试题

2025学年第二学期向明中学期中考试 高二年级英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. He wants his students to be on time for class. B. He doesn’t allow his students to tell jokes in class. C. He is always punctual for his class. D. He rarely notices which students are late. 2. A. The man thinks the woman can earn the credits. B. The woman is begging the man to let her pass the exam. C. The woman has to attend a summer course to graduate. D. The woman is going to graduate from summer school. 3. A. Do the assignments towards the end of the semester. B. Quit the history course and choose another one instead. C. Take courses with a lighter workload. D. Drop one course and do it next semester. 4. A. 60. B. 90. C. 120. D. 150. 5. A. A painter. B. A mechanic. C. A porter. D. A carpenter. 6. A. Try to help him find rooms in another hotel. B. Let him move to a room with two single beds. C. Check to see if there are any vacancies in her hotel. D. Show him the way to Imperial Hotel. 7. A. The man was sorry to miss the football game. B. The man attended the concert but didn’t like it. C. The man was sorry that he didn’t attend the concert. D. The man is more interested in football than in classical music. 8. A. His injury kept him at home. B. He didn’t think it necessary. C. He was too weak to see the doctor. D. He failed to make an appointment. 9. A. He wants to make an appointment with Mr. Smith. B. He wants to make sure that Mr. Smith will see him. C. He wants to change the time of the appointment. D. He wants the woman to meet him at three o’clock. 10. A. He doesn’t enjoy business trips as much as he used to. B. He doesn’t think he is capable of doing the job. C. He thinks the pay is too low to support his family. D. He wants to spend more time with his family. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following news report. 11. A. They wear designer clothes. B. They tend to live simple lives. C. They attend famous universities. D. They plan for their future. 12. A. They spend much trying to show off. B. They don’t care how much they spend. C. They spend more than they have. D. They don’t get into debt. 13. A. Don’t spend more money than you have. B. Don’t spend time showing people you are rich. C. Being wealthy means being happy with what you have. D. Taking out bank loans makes you richer. Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Possible solutions to problems concerning climate change. B. Why the solution can help solve the problem of climate change. C. The causes and effects of climate change. D. Some of the problems with the solution. 15. A. It is a method to remove the salt from sea water. B. It is a technology of growing plants in water. C. It combines the modern technology of solar energy with a farming technology. D. No water is needed to grow plants by using this technology. 16. A. Vegetables grown using this technology is free of chemicals. B. It helps grow food in difficult situations. C. They have little effect on the environment. D. They can transform sea water into fresh water at a low cost. Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation. 17.A. Preparing for a Maths test. B. The function of the Rosetta Stone. C. A king of Egypt. D. A History presentation. 18. A. It was created over 2,000 years ago. B. It was created by the king of Egypt of that time. C. It contained information in three languages. D. French people found the Rosetta Stone. 19.A. In 1799. B. In 799. C. In 1719. D. In 1749. 20. A. It helped historians learn about ancient Egyptian beliefs and economy. B. It helped researchers understand the hieroglyphs (象形文字). C. It contains secrets of how to live a long life for kings. D. It proved previous discoveries wrong. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Distant Diplomacy When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Recently, researchers ____1____ (find) subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of cooperative defense treaty. For example, Nature Ecology & Evolution carries a recent study ____2____ (document) more than 20 bird species on four continents that send similar “whining (哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites (寄生繁殖) such as cuckoos. “That call is essentially the word for ‘cuckoo,’” says study co-lead author James Kennerley at Cornell University. “And it’s recruiting individuals to come together ____3____ this common enemy.” Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, tricking the host birds into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species ____4____ (attack) a cuckoo in response to whining calls in chorus. These mobs can be so aggressive that Kennerley needs to cage the specimen ____5____ (use) in their experiments to protect it. Otherwise the attacking birds would have “just completely torn it to pieces,” Kennerley says. Many birds also share a common vocabulary for predators. Research by wildlife ecologist Erick Greene shows that various songbirds produce recognizable “seet” calls to warn each other of a flying raptor (猛禽). ____6____ such high sounds cannot be heard easily by those enemies, they can move safely while receiving danger messages. If the raptor settles, songbirds switch to “mobbing” calls, a distinct sound ____7____ draws in the troops to drive that raptor off. Defense is not the only reason for cross-species communication. Among other things, it ____8____ help birds migrate and enhance food intake. A recent study found that when seabirds with good vision search for food with ____9____ with strong senses of smell, they both have far greater success at catching krill (磷虾). Unlike with the seep and whining calls, however, it’s unclear _____10_____ they’re signaling to one another on purpose or just randomly following other birds. 【答案】1. have been finding 2. documenting 3. against 4. attack 5. used 6. Because 7. that##which 8. may 9. those 10. whether 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了动物跨物种交流的现象，包括合作防御（如针对寄生繁殖者和捕食者）以及这种交流在迁徙和觅食等方面的作用。 【1题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：近期，研究人员发现了诸多微妙的方式，证明动物会通过这类合作防御机制与其他物种进行交流。结合语境和recently可知，本句强调动作从过去持续到现在，且一直在进行，要用现在完成进行时。其结构为“have/has been doing”，主语“researchers”是复数，助动词用have。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，《自然·生态与进化》发表了一项最近的研究，记录了四大洲20多种鸟类在发现杜鹃等巢寄生者时发出类似的“哀鸣”叫声。此空为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“study”，“study”与“document（记录）”之间是主动关系，即研究记录了……，所以用现在分词形式“documenting”。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：它正在招募个体来共同对抗这个共同的敌人。这里表示目的是对抗敌人，“against”有“对抗”之意，符合语境。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在澳大利亚的一个野外地点，肯纳利目睹了来自十几种或更多物种的个体在听到哀鸣叫声时一起攻击一只杜鹃。“witness sb. do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“目睹某人做某事（强调看到动作的全过程）”，所以此处用动词原形“attack”。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这些群体可能非常有攻击性，以至于肯纳利需要将用于他们实验的标本关在笼子里以保护它。“specimen（标本）”与“use（使用）”之间是被动关系，即标本被用于实验，所以用过去分词“used”作后置定语。 【6题详解】 考查连词。句意：因为这样的高音不容易被那些敌人听到，所以它们可以在接收危险信息的同时安全地移动。此句前后是因果关系，前因后果，“because”引导原因状语从句，符合逻辑。首字母大写 【7题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：如果猛禽停下来，鸣禽就会切换到“围攻”叫声，这是一种独特的声音，吸引群体来驱赶那只猛禽。此句为定语从句，先行词是“a distinct sound”，指物，在从句中作主语，所以关系代词可以用“that”或“which”。 【8题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：防御并不是跨物种交流的唯一原因。除此之外，它可以帮助鸟类迁徙和增加食物摄入。根据语境，这里表示“可以”，为不太确定的推测，用情态动词may。 【9题详解】 考查代词。句意：最近的一项研究发现，当视力好的海鸟与嗅觉强的海鸟一起寻找食物时，它们在捕捉磷虾方面都有更大的成功。这里用“those”特指提到的“seabirds”，属于同名异物的替代。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：然而，这和那种断断续续的声响以及哀鸣叫声截然不同，目前还不清楚它们是故意相互发出信号还是只是随机跟随其他鸟类。此句为宾语从句，作“unclear”的宾语，从句中不缺少成分，且根据“or just randomly following other birds”可知，这里表示“是否”的意思，所以用“whether”引导。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. advocacy B. effectively C. endangered D. identified E. mirror F. polarizing G. promise H. promoting I. surfacing J. slightly K. income Rewriting the Relationship Between Elephant and Keeper In 2019, before Covid-19 damaged international tourism, Thailand was the eighth-most-visited country in the world, its 39.8 million international visitors generating 20% of the country’s GDP. Elephants are Thailand’s biggest attraction: The World Animal Protection Agency estimates that, before the pandemic, elephant tourism brought in a(n) ____11____ of $581-770 million USD every year. The boom of elephant tourism has been accompanied by criticism, with reports ____12____ of animal abuse and a lack of government regulation. Since the 2000s, ____13____ for better elephant welfare has been raised by animal rights groups such as Lek Chailert of Elephant Nature Park. In response to the criticism, the Thai government passed its first animal welfare act in 2014, and ____14____ ceased the illegal capture of wild elephants. Tourism companies stopped ____15____ elephant rides and shows. Instead, they began to advertise “ethical” elephant experiences and ____16____ “no hook, no chain, no riding.” The debate around elephant tourism is deeply ____17____ setting elephant welfare against Thai tradition. Thai laws ____18____ this duality (双重性), governing its wild and captive (圈养的) elephants as if they were entirely different creatures. Wild elephants are treated as a(n) ____19____ species and have lived in Thailand’s national parks protected by strict conservation laws since 1921. Its captive elephants, on the other hand, are working animals, governed by the department in charge of livestock. Even though Thailand has more captive elephants than anywhere else in Asia, today, the country’s 3,837 captive elephants only ____20____ outnumber the wild ones, caught as they are between a fading tradition and a booming industry. Ensuring elephant welfare isn’t as simple as setting all of them free. 【答案】11. K 12. I 13. A 14. B 15. H 16. G 17. F 18. E 19. C 20. J 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍泰国大象旅游业的经济价值、争议、治理举措及野生与圈养大象的不同处境。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：世界动物保护协会估算，疫情前，大象旅游业每年带来5.81亿至7.7亿美元的收入。空处被不定冠词a(n)修饰，需填单数名词。结合句中金额数据可知此处表示收入，名词income“收入”符合题意。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：大象旅游业的蓬勃发展伴随着诸多批评，有关虐待动物、政府监管缺失的报道不断浮现。此处为with复合结构，空处为非谓语动词，结合语境，相关报道不断出现，动词surface“浮现、显露”的现在分词形式surfacing符合题意。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：自21世纪以来，诸如大象自然公园的Lek Chailert 等动物权利组织不断倡导提升大象福利。空处作句子主语，需填名词。advocacy意为“倡导、呼吁”，符合动物组织推动动物福利的语境。 【14题详解】 考查副词。句意：为回应这些批评，泰国政府在2014年出台首部动物福利法案，并有效制止了非法捕捉野生大象的行为。空处修饰动词ceased，需填副词。effectively“有效地”符合禁止捕捉野生大象的语境。 【15题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：旅游公司不再推广大象骑行和大象表演活动。stop doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“停止做某事”。结合后文新型旅游模式可知，此处指停止推广传统项目，promoting“推广、宣传”符合题意。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：取而代之的是，它们开始宣传合乎道德的大象体验，并承诺“无铁钩、无锁链、不骑行”。空处与advertise并列作谓语，需填动词原形。promise“承诺”符合企业公示服务准则的语境。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：围绕大象旅游业的争议极具两极分化，让大象福利与泰国传统相互对立。空处作表语，需填形容词。polarizing“两极分化的”对应后文双方对立的矛盾现状。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：泰国法律反映出这种双重性，对野生大象和圈养大象的管理方式截然不同。空处作谓语，主语laws为复数，用动词原形。mirror意为“反映、体现”，符合法律体现社会双重标准的语境。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：野生大象被视为濒危物种，自1921年起便受严格的保护法保护，栖息在泰国国家公园内。空处修饰名词species，需填形容词。endangered“濒危的”贴合野生大象受保护的背景。 【20题详解】 考查副词。句意：尽管泰国拥有的圈养大象数量位居亚洲首位，但如今泰国的3837头圈养大象数量仅略多于野生大象，它们被困在衰落的传统与繁荣的产业之间。空处修饰动词outnumber，需填副词。slightly“略微、稍微”符合数量对比的语境。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Dark Side of Creativity Few psychological traits are as desirable as creativity — the ability to come up with ideas that are both novel and useful. Yet it is also true that creativity has been related to a wide range of unattractive, rarely discussed qualities. Being aware of these ____21____ is important for anyone trying to better understand their own creativity, or that of other people. First, research has established a link between creativity and negative moods. You do not have to be depressed to be creative. However, it is true that there is some concrete evidence for the ____22____ that artists tend to be depressive or suffer from mood swings. As German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once noted: “One must have chaos in oneself to be able to give birth to a dancing star.” Generally, people who are very emotionally ____23____ may be too happy to feel the need to create. ____24____, if the status quo (现状) is fine, why change it? More recently, creativity has been ____25____ with dishonesty, probably because it enables individuals to creatively distort reality. This is not to say that creative people are necessarily unethical. ____26____, their lower tolerance for boredom and tradition, and their more vivid imaginations, equip them with more sophisticated mental tools to ____27____ both themselves and others. Research has also found that creative individuals are often more narcissistic (自恋的), and that narcissism can actually ____28____ creative achievements. This makes sense. Narcissistic people are ____29____ on themselves, and naturally spend more time developing their own ideas and less time ____30____ pleasing other people. However, it is important to note that narcissists tend to think that they are more creative than they actually are. Of course, the bright side of creativity tends to ____31____ its dark side. At the ____32____ level, creativity has been linked to a wide range of positive emotions, such as flow engagement, and subjective well-being. When people are assigned to meaningful jobs and are given ____33____ over their work, they will develop their creativity and enjoy all of its benefits. At the team level, coordinated group behavior can turn creativity into actual ____34____, the practical side of creativity. And at the societal level, creativity provides the ____35____ of change and progress. Without creativity, we would still be living in the dark ages. 21. A. failures B. tendencies C. benefits D. boundaries 22. A. stereotype B. view C. tradition D. concept 23. A. flexible B. stable C. sensitive D. delicate 24. A. Above all B. After all C. What’s more D. In short 25. A. combined B. associated C. compared D. equipped 26. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Rather 27. A. deceive B. influence C. control D. forgive 28. A. limit B. boost C. block D. weaken 29. A. strict B. keen C. focused D. dependent 30. A. belonging to B. referring to C. worrying about D. looking for 31. A. overshadow B. reflect C. balance D. replace 32. A. basic B. individual C. average D. final 33. A. praise B. pressure C. autonomy D. honour 34. A. experience B. passion C. fact D. innovation 35. A. signs B. rules C. seeds D. aims 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. C 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. D 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了创造力虽受人追捧，却也伴随着情绪消极、不诚信、自恋等负面特质。不过它的优点远大于弊端，还能在个人、团队和社会层面带来诸多积极影响。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：想要深入了解自身或他人创造力的人，知晓这些倾向十分重要。A. failures失败；B. tendencies倾向；C. benefits益处；D. boundaries界限。前文“Few psychological traits are as desirable as creativity — the ability to come up with ideas that are both novel and useful. Yet it is also true that creativity has been related to a wide range of unattractive, rarely discussed qualities.”提到创造力会伴随一些不佳特质，此处指代这些特质倾向。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：但确实有确凿依据支撑这样一种固有印象：艺术家往往抑郁或情绪多变。A. stereotype刻板印象；B. view观点；C. tradition传统；D. concept概念。根据后文“artists tend to be depressive or suffer from mood swings”可知，此处指大众对艺术家情绪状态的刻板印象。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：一般来说，那些情绪非常稳定的人可能过于快乐，以至于根本不会产生创作的欲望。A. flexible灵活的；B. stable稳定的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. delicate脆弱的。结合后文“if the status quo (现状) is fine, why change it?”可知，安于现状无需改变对应的是情绪平稳的人。 【24题详解】 考查短语。句意：毕竟，如果现状一切安好，又为何要做出改变呢？A. Above all首先；B. After all毕竟；C. What’s more此外；D. In short总之。根据上文“may be too happy to feel the need to create”以及后文“if the status quo (现状) is fine, why change it?”可知，该句是对前文内容的补充解释。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：近年来，创造力与不诚实行为被联系在一起，这可能是因为创造力使人们能够以独特的方式歪曲现实。A. combined结合；B. associated联系；C. compared比较；D. equipped配备。根据后文“with dishonesty, probably because it enables individuals to creatively distort reality”可知，创造力使人们能够以独特的方式歪曲现实，即创造力与不诚实行为被联系在一起，be associated with表示“与……相关”。 【26题详解】 考查副词。句意：确切地说，他们对无聊和传统的忍受能力较弱，且想象力更为丰富，这使他们拥有了更为高超的思维工具，能够欺骗自己和他人。A. However然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Therefore因此；D. Rather确切地说。根据后文“their lower tolerance for boredom and tradition, and their more vivid imaginations, equip them with more sophisticated mental tools”可知，后文是在进一步补充说明“创造力与不诚实行为被联系在一起”的原因。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：确切地说，他们对无聊和传统的忍受能力较弱，且想象力更为丰富，这使他们拥有了更为高超的思维工具，能够欺骗自己和他人。A. deceive欺骗；B. influence影响；C. control控制；D. forgive原谅。前文“with dishonesty, probably because it enables individuals to creatively distort reality.”提到不诚信、歪曲现实，对应欺骗行为。 【28题详解】 考查动词。句意：研究还发现，富有创造力的人往往更具自恋倾向，而这种自恋心理实际上能够促进创造力的发挥。A. limit限制；B. boost促进；C. block阻碍；D. weaken削弱。结合下文“on themselves, and naturally spend more time developing their own ideas and less time ____ pleasing other people.”自恋者专注自身想法，可知自恋助力创作。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：自恋型的人总是关注自身，因此他们往往会花更多的时间去构思自己的想法，而较少去费心去讨好他人。A. strict严格的；B. keen热衷的；C. focused专注的；D. dependent依赖的。根据后文“on themselves, and naturally spend more time developing their own ideas”可知，自恋型的人总是关注自身，be focused on表示“专注于”。 【30题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：自恋型的人总是关注自身，因此他们往往会花更多的时间去构思自己的想法，而较少去费心去讨好他人。A. belonging to属于；B. referring to提及；C. worrying about担忧；D. looking for寻找。根据上文“spend more time developing their own ideas”可知，此处指不会费心琢磨如何讨好别人。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：当然，创造力积极的一面往往会盖过其消极的一面。A. overshadow使黯然失色；B. reflect反映；C. balance平衡；D. replace取代。结合上文“the bright side of creativity tends to”和后文“creativity has been linked to a wide range of positive emotions, such as flow engagement, and subjective well-being”可知，优点远比缺点突出。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在个人层面，创造力与一系列积极情绪相关联，比如沉浸式体验以及主观幸福感。A. basic基础的；B. individual个人的；C. average普通的；D. final最终的。后文依次介绍团队、社会层面，此处对应个人层面。 【33题详解】 考查名词。句意：当人们被分配到有意义的工作岗位，并且能够自主决定自己的工作内容时，他们就会激发自己的创造力，并从中受益。A. praise赞扬；B. pressure压力；C. autonomy自主权；D. honour荣誉。根据后文“over their work, they will develop their creativity and enjoy all of its benefits”可知，拥有自主空间才能更好发挥创造力。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：在团队层面，协调一致的团队行为能够将创造力转化为实际的创新成果，即创造力的实用层面。A. experience经历；B. passion热情；C. fact事实；D. innovation创新。根据上文“coordinated group behavior can turn creativity into actual”可知，创造力落地即为实际创新。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：而在社会层面，创造力则为变革与进步提供了“种子”。A. signs迹象；B. rules规则；C. seeds种子；D. aims目标。根据后文“Without creativity, we would still be living in the dark ages.”可知，此处比喻创造力催生发展与改变。 Section B Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) It happens just about every time I go to a restaurant with my daughter. I open the menu and scan the options. Then I glance at the children’s menu. Oftentimes, the menu is pretty similar, with the same pasta and tomato sauce. But the items on the children’s menu are usually less expensive, and I’ll think to myself: Wow, good deal. If I think again for a moment, though, the deal isn’t really a deal. After all, I estimated the cost of the pasta based on the adult menu, not on the actual cost of making some bow-tie noodles and serving them with a red sauce. My faulty reasoning is the product of anchoring, a cognitive bias (认知偏差) that can weaken our critical thinking. According to researchers, anchoring is when people rely on irrelevant but easily accessible facts to make judgments. Our minds give too much weight to initial impressions or numbers that influence our subsequent thoughts. In my case, the prices on the adult menu shaped or anchored my judgment about the value of the items on the children’s menu. Studies show that anchoring effects persist, no matter how weak the connection between the anchor and the actual decision. One study found that “estimates of an athlete’s performance were influenced by the number on his jersey (运动衫).” In other words, people thought that an athlete with a higher jersey number was better than an athlete with a lower number, all else being equal. Anchoring affects all kinds of decisions, even those made by experts who should know better. In particular, a recent study shows that anchoring is far more common in the financial world than previously believed, with substantial anchoring effects influencing performance in the stock market. A study showed that investors valued firms more highly if the firms had higher stock prices. So, if two companies have the same financial profile except that Company X has fewer shares at a higher price than Company Y, then Company X’s shares will sell better over the long run than Company Y’s. Why? Because the stock price-the anchor-enhances the company’s perceived value. The phenomenon of anchoring shows that while we think of ourselves as rational and logical beings, unrelated details can have an outsized influence on our reasoning. The best solution is to improve critical thinking skills. Otherwise, you might be a victim of anchoring, dragged down by your bias, whether you notice it or not. 36. Why does the author mention his restaurant experience with his daughter at the beginning? A. To show that the price should be estimated on the actual cost of dishes. B. To introduce the concept of anchoring in a vivid and relatable way. C. To explain the real cost of producing simple food like pasta. D. To point out the unfair price difference between adults and kids. 37. According to the researchers mentioned in the passage, what characterizes the cognitive bias of anchoring? A. People tend to completely ignore previous data when presented with new financial information. B. People rely on facts that are unrelated but readily available to form their judgments. C. People make decisions by carefully calculating the average of all available numerical data. D. People give equal importance to the first and last pieces of information they encounter. 38. Which of the following is a typical example of anchoring? A. A buyer thinks a discounted car is good value just because its original price was very high. B. A customer chooses a meal because it is healthy and delicious. C. A fan supports a team because they won the championship last year. D. A student works harder after receiving encouragement from teachers. 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. How Initial Numbers Mislead Our Daily Judgments B. Hidden Bias That Distorts Financial Decisions C. Anchoring: A Powerful Cognitive Bias D. Logical Thinking Against Unreasonable Beliefs 【答案】36. B 37. B 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【导语】文章中作者借餐厅点餐经历引入锚定效应，它会让人受初始信息误导判断。该偏差普遍存在，甚至影响专业人士，提升思辨能力才能避免受其干扰。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“It happens just about every time I go to a restaurant with my daughter. I open the menu and scan the options. Then I glance at the children’s menu. Oftentimes, the menu is pretty similar, with the same pasta and tomato sauce. But the items on the children’s menu are usually less expensive, and I’ll think to myself: Wow, good deal. (每次我和女儿去餐馆吃饭时，这种情况都会发生。我翻开菜单，浏览各种选项。然后我会看看儿童菜单。通常，儿童菜单上的菜品和成人菜单差不多，都是同样的意大利面和番茄酱。但儿童菜单上的菜品价格往往更低，我就会暗自感叹：哇，真是个划算的买卖。)”以及第三段“My faulty reasoning is the product of anchoring, a cognitive bias (认知偏差) that can weaken our critical thinking. (我这种错误的推理是“锚定效应”造成的，这是一种认知偏差，会削弱我们的批判性思维能力。)”可知，作者在开头提及他与女儿在餐厅的经历是为了以生动且易于理解的方式引入锚定效应的概念。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“According to researchers, anchoring is when people rely on irrelevant but easily accessible facts to make judgments. (据研究人员称，锚定效应指的是人们会依据那些不相关但容易获取的事实来做出判断。)”可知，锚定效应的认知偏差体现在人们会依据那些虽不相关但又容易获取的事实来形成自己的判断。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“According to researchers, anchoring is when people rely on irrelevant but easily accessible facts to make judgments. Our minds give too much weight to initial impressions or numbers that influence our subsequent thoughts. In my case, the prices on the adult menu shaped or anchored my judgment about the value of the items on the children’s menu. (据研究人员称，锚定效应指的是人们会依据那些不相关但容易获取的事实来做出判断。我们的大脑往往会过分重视最初的印象或那些会影响我们后续想法的数字。以我为例，成人菜单上的价格影响并决定了我对儿童菜单上菜品价值的判断。)”可知，锚定效应指依靠无关的初始信息判断，故“一位买家认为一辆打折的汽车物有所值，仅仅是因为其原价非常高”是锚定效应的典型例子。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“My faulty reasoning is the product of anchoring, a cognitive bias (认知偏差) that can weaken our critical thinking. (我这种错误的推理是“锚定效应”造成的，这是一种认知偏差，会削弱我们的批判性思维能力。)”结合文章中作者借餐厅点餐经历引入锚定效应，它会让人受初始信息误导判断。该偏差普遍存在，甚至影响专业人士，提升思辨能力才能避免受其干扰。可知，C选项“锚定效应：一种强大的认知偏差”最符合文章标题。 (B) Five Stages of Brain Change Stage Age Brain Characteristics Childhood 0-9 The brain grows rapidly. Extra connections are removed to make the brain more efficient. Adolescence 9-32 Brain connections strengthen and communication between brain regions becomes faster. Adulthood 32-66 Brain activity becomes steady. Intelligence and personality remain relatively steady, too. Early Aging 66-83 White matter gradually weakens. Some brain regions form stronger groups, but they are less connected to other groups. Late Aging 83+ Connections between brain regions decrease and the brain relies on fewer pathways. 40. Which of the following descriptions about our brains is correct? A. At 60, white matter is beginning to weaken. B. At 72, brain regions become less dependent. C. At 90, distant brain areas get more connected. D. At 25, brain connections are becoming stronger. 41. The discoveries of our brains could help to explain ________. A. why brain-related conditions might arise at certain ages B. how a map of pathways that change over time can be built C. how five distinct stages work differently for different people D. why the significance of nerve fibers has long been overlooked 42. The reading material is mainly intended to ________. A. compare several brain-related diseases B. highlight how brain science benefits people C. introduce findings about brain development D. provide concrete advice for a healthy lifestyle 【答案】40. D 41. A 42. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章按年龄分为五个阶段，介绍不同时期大脑的发育、运作及衰老变化特征。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据表格中Adolescence对应的“9-32(9-32 岁)”、“Brain connections strengthen and communication between brain regions becomes faster.(大脑连接增强，大脑区域间的交流变得更快)”可知，25岁处于9-32岁的青春期阶段，大脑连接正变得更强。故选D。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二张图 Brain Health & Age部分的“Autism in Childhood, Mental Health Issues in Youth, Alzheimer’s in Later Life(童年时期的自闭症、青年时期的心理健康问题、晚年的老年痴呆症)”结合第一张图标题“Your Brain Ages in Five Stages(大脑分为五个阶段老化)”可知，这些发现可以解释为何大脑相关疾病会在特定年龄出现。故选A。 【42题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一张图标题“Your Brain Ages in Five Stages(大脑分为五个阶段老化)”及表格内容可知，本文主要介绍了科学家发现的大脑从出生到老年的五个主要发展阶段及其特征，目的是介绍有关大脑发育的研究发现。故选C。 (C) A small step for women The glass ceiling in the corporate world is not broken, but it is starting to crack. Women are getting on to corporate boards at greater speed, and in greater numbers. Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years. This suggests that younger women are making good progress in the boardroom. Overall, however, females are still lagging behind the males. The proportion of people in leadership roles (director-level and above) that is female in the five countries varies from 17% in India to 35% in America. Nevertheless, some firms may be paying lip service to the idea of female leadership. A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation. In any case, a rise in the number of female directors is a narrow measure of female economic success. Having women at the top of organizations may inspire others to emulate (仿效) them, and board members may be able to push through more female-friendly policies lower down in their organizations. But the vast majority of women would never expect to become directors. What they value is an opportunity to get a well-paid job and to be free from discrimination while doing it. In this respect, the news is less encouraging. Across the OECD the gender pay gap of full-time employees averages 13.5% and varies widely, from 3.4% in Luxembourg to 36.7% in South Korea. It can be hard to adjust for all the many factors, such as skill levels, that might explain this gap. Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind. So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere. 43. According to the research by LinkedIn, which of the following is true? A. Women directors in the five countries stay longer in their positions than men. B. American women reach director-level positions more quickly than men. C. Men in America become directors sooner after graduation than women. D. Women directors make up more than half of leadership roles in the five countries. 44. What does the underlined phrase “paying lip service to” most probably mean? A. Showing sincere support for. B. Making empty promises about. C. Offering timely help to. D. Collecting different opinions on. 45. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Full-time employed women who lack a college degree earn 26% less than those who have one. B. Having more female leaders can solve the female employment problems. C. There are still a number of women who are underpaid or discriminated in their work. D. Most companies with two female directors aim to achieve real gender equality. 46. What is the author’s attitude towards women’s progress in the corporate world? A. Optimistic about the current situation and confident about the future. B. Critical of all measures taken to promote female leadership. C. Satisfied with the improvements and ignoring existing problems. D. Recognizing small progress but emphasizing more efforts are needed. 【答案】43. B 44. B 45. C 46. D 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要探讨了女性进入企业董事会的速度与人数有所提升，但部分企业只是表面支持女性掌权。职场仍存在薪资差距、就业不公等问题，女性发展还需实现更大突破。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years.( 专业社交网站领英（LinkedIn）的研究显示，在列出的五个国家中，该公司列出的女性董事职位获得者比男性董事职位获得者更快晋升到该职位。例如在美国，女性在大学毕业后 9.8 年后获得该职位，而男性则需要 10.9 年。)”可知，根据领英的研究，美国女性达到董事级别职位的速度比男性更快。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段划线单词句中“Nevertheless, some firms may be…the idea of female leadership.( 尽管如此，一些公司可能只是在……女性领导的理念。)”以及下文“A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation.( 一篇论文强调了“双女性主义”现象，即美国公司中恰好有两名女性董事的情况。作者认为，这与所研究期间（2004 - 2013 年）标准普尔 1500 完整董事会中女性董事的平均人数（1.92 人）直接相关。如果企业选择任命两名女性担任高管，它们就可以宣称自己拥有了“高于平均水平”的女性员工比例。)”可知，后文通过“象征性任命两名女性董事”的例子说明，这些公司只是表面上声称支持女性领导力，实际上并未真正落实。“pay lip service” 本义为“口惠而实不至”，对应“做出空洞的承诺”，和B选项Making empty promises about“做出空洞的承诺”意思相近。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段中“Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind.( 然而，经合组织去年发现，拥有大学学历的全职女性员工平均比男性同行少挣 26% 的工资。问题根深蒂固。在许多发展中经济体，超过一半的农业女工从事非正式工作，这一比例高于男性。这些女性不仅收入更低，而且也无法享受诸如失业救济金和养老金等由政府提供的社会福利项目，因为这些福利通常是基于正式就业状态而设计的。)”可推知，仍有一些女性在工作中薪酬偏低或遭受歧视。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere.( 因此，女性在董事会中取得的这些微小进步确实值得庆祝。但在其他方面，仍需要更大的突破。)”可推知，作者对于女性在企业界的发展的态度是认可了一些进步，但强调还需要更多的努力。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. 3D Films May Help Improve Brain Function Paying more for a ticket to see a film in 3D is the cause of annoyance of many cinema-goers’ life. ____47____ The research was led by neuroscientist (神经科学家) Dr Patrick Fagan from Goldsmiths University in London. More than 100 people took part in the experiment, where participants watched Disney film Big Hero 6 in either standard type or RealD 3D. ____48____ The test covered memory, reaction time and cognitive (认知的) function, and the results were later compared. According to the research, participants experienced a 23 percent increase in cognitive processing, as well as an 11 percent increase in reaction time. Dr Fagan said that the results showed enough of an improvement in brain function to suggest that 3D could play a part in improving brain power in the future. “These findings are more significant than you might think,” he said. “It is a fact that people are living longer and there is a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age which can damage future quality of life. There has never been a better time to look at ways to improve brain function. ____49____” A second part of the experiment involved those watching the film being fitted with headsets (头戴式耳机) that scanned brain activity and this too showed heightened activity when watching 3D. ____50____ “A 7 percent rise in emotional engagement is extremely remarkable. Watching in 3D gives the viewer such an enriched and quality experience, as these results show,” he said. “In evolutionary terms, the results of both parts of the test certainly make sense. 3D films are more likely to heighten the senses and cause emotional arousal — this, in turn, makes the brain run at quicker speeds,” Dr Fagan added. A. It feels particularly unfair when the 3D effects are so subtle you forget you are wearing the glasses. B. They also carried out a brain-training-style test before and after seeing a part from the film. C. The initial results of this study indicate that 3D films may potentially play a role in slowing this decline. D. The results show that younger participants exhibited more significant brain activity than older ones while watching 3D movies. E. According to the results, participants were 7 percent more engaged with what they were watching, adding to the argument that 3D movies are more like watching real-life-something. F. But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has claimed that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests. 【答案】47. F 48. B 49. C 50. E 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍一项研究发现，观看3D电影能够锻炼大脑、提升短期大脑机能，并阐述了相关实验过程与研究结论。 【47题详解】 根据前文“Paying more for a ticket to see a film in 3D is the cause of annoyance of many cinema-goers’life.(花更多钱买3D电影票让许多影迷感到不满）可知，前文讲述人们对3D电影高价票的抵触心理。F选项“But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has claimed that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests.(但这样做或许有好处，一项研究称3D电影能锻炼大脑，和脑力训练测试一样可以提升短期大脑机能)”，句中But形成转折，承接上文人们的不满，同时引出下文相关研究。 【48题详解】 根据前文“More than 100 people took part in the experiment, where participants watched Disney film Big Hero 6 in either standard type or RealD 3D.(一百多人参与实验，参与者分别观看普通版和RealD 3D版的迪士尼电影《超能陆战队》)”，后文“The test covered memory, reaction time and cognitive (认知的) function, and the results were later compared.(这项测试涵盖记忆力、反应速度和认知功能，之后研究人员对比了实验结果)”。B选项“They also carried out a brain-training-style test before and after seeing a part from the film.(他们还在观看影片片段前后进行了一项脑力训练类测试)，承接上文观影的实验环节，引出后文的测试内容。 【49题详解】 原文前文“It is a fact that people are living longer and there is a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age which can damage future quality of life. There has never been a better time to look at ways to improve brain function.(事实上，如今人们寿命更长，而老年阶段认知功能会明显衰退，这会影响日后的生活质量，当下也亟需找到改善大脑机能的方法)”。C选项“The initial results of this study indicate that 3D films may potentially play a role in slowing this decline.(这项研究的初步结果表明，3D电影或许有助于减缓这种机能衰退)”，其中this decline指代原文中“a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age”，承接上文内容，点明研究的实际意义。 【50题详解】 根据前文“A second part of the experiment involved those watching the film being fitted with headsets (头戴式耳机) that scanned brain activity and this too showed heightened activity when watching 3D.(实验的第二部分让观影者佩戴头戴式耳机监测脑部活动，结果同样显示观看3D影片时大脑活跃度更高)”，后文“A 7 percent rise in emotional engagement is extremely remarkable.(观众的情绪投入度提升了7%，这一结果十分亮眼)”。E选项“According to the results, participants were 7 percent more engaged with what they were watching, adding to the argument that 3D movies are more like watching real-life-something.(结果显示，参与者观看时的投入度提升了7%，这也进一步说明3D观影体验更贴近现实生活)”，选项中的“7 percent more engaged”与原文后文“A 7 percent rise in emotional engagement”关键词对应，衔接实验数据与专家评价。 IV. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people bail it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of Oates’ studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn’t. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Reading Fiction is joyful and beneficial to our lives.（有好处；1分）We can be led to where we can’t go in real life, and introduced to different people.（不同的地方和人；1分）Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better identify characters（认同角色；1分）, thus changing our personalities（改变性格-细节一1分）.This understanding interprets others’ mind and feelings（更能解析别人的情感；1分）, becoming more socially knowledgeable in reality（使人更博学或更理解周围人-细节二1分）.（共57词） 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了阅读小说带来的乐趣以及对生活的益处。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. ②One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. ③Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. ④Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. ⑤The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn’t. ⑥This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. 2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行总结，作为总起句，将2、3两个要点进行整合，将4、5、6三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Reading Fiction is joyful and beneficial to our lives. We can be led to the place where we can’t go in real life, and introduced to different people. 【点睛】【高分句型1】We can be led to where we can’t go in real life, and introduced to different people.运用了一个复杂的主从复合句，对原文第二段进行了概括。其中where引导宾语从句，表达非常高级。 【高分句型2】Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better identify characters, thus changing our personalities.运用了一个复杂的主从复合句，对原文第三段进行了概括。其中that引导的宾语从句、不定式to better作宾补和现在分词changing作状语，表达非常高级。 V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 在投资项目的过程中出现了一些问题。（arise）（汉译英） 【答案】Some problems have arisen in the process of investment project. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态、名词、主谓一致和介词短语。句子主语为some problems；表示“出现”应用动词arise，作谓语动词，结合句意应用现在完成时；表示“在……过程中”应用介词短语in the process of，作状语；表示“投资项目”应用名词短语investment project，作宾语。故翻译为Some problems have arisen in the process of investment project. 53. 习惯囤东西的人，总会把物件承载的情感价值视作理所当然，迟迟不愿断舍离。(grant) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】People who are used to hoarding things always take the emotional value carried by their belongings for granted and are reluctant to get rid of unnecessary items for a long time. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句描述客观现象，全句使用一般现在时，表示“人”为People作主语，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“习惯囤东西的”作定语修饰名词People，先行词指人且在从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导定语从句，表示“习惯于”为be used to，先行词People为复数，be动词用are，表示“囤东西”为hoarding things，to为介词后接动名词，定语从句译为who are used to hoarding things；表示“视作理所当然”为固定短语take...for granted，主语People为复数，谓语动词用原形take；表示“物件承载的情感价值”为the emotional value作take的宾语，表示“物件承载的”可以为过去分词短语carried by their belongings作后置定语修饰value；并列连词and连接并列谓语；表示“不愿”为be reluctant to，主语为复数，be动词用are；表示“断舍离”为get rid of unnecessary items，表示“迟迟”可理解为“很久一段时间”为可从电仪for a long time作时间状语。 54. 尽管偏远的地理环境在很大程度上限制了土著部落的发展，却也让他们一代代维系着独树一帜的原始生活模式。(Despite) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Despite the fact that the remote geographical environment has largely restricted the development of indigenous tribes, it has also allowed them to maintain their unique primitive lifestyle from generation to generation. 【解析】 【详解】本句是一个主从复合句，强调动作从过去开始，持续到现在并造成持续影响，用现在完成时；“尽管偏远的地理环境在很大程度上限制了土著部落的发展”用Despite the fact that...介词短语结构，其中that引导同位语从句，补充说明the fact的具体内容；从句主语“偏远的地理环境”译为the remote geographical environment，“很大程度上限制了”译为has largely restricted，“土著部落的发展”译为the development of indigenous tribes；主句主语用it指代前文地理环境，“让……做某事”用allow sb. to do sth.，“也让他们一代代维系着”译为has also allowed them to maintain，“独树一帜的原始生活模式”译为their unique primitive lifestyle，“一代代”译为from generation to generation。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025学年第二学期向明中学期中考试 高二年级英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. He wants his students to be on time for class. B. He doesn’t allow his students to tell jokes in class. C. He is always punctual for his class. D. He rarely notices which students are late. 2. A. The man thinks the woman can earn the credits. B. The woman is begging the man to let her pass the exam. C. The woman has to attend a summer course to graduate. D. The woman is going to graduate from summer school. 3. A. Do the assignments towards the end of the semester. B. Quit the history course and choose another one instead. C. Take courses with a lighter workload. D. Drop one course and do it next semester. 4. A. 60. B. 90. C. 120. D. 150. 5. A. A painter. B. A mechanic. C. A porter. D. A carpenter. 6. A. Try to help him find rooms in another hotel. B. Let him move to a room with two single beds. C. Check to see if there are any vacancies in her hotel. D. Show him the way to Imperial Hotel. 7. A. The man was sorry to miss the football game. B. The man attended the concert but didn’t like it. C. The man was sorry that he didn’t attend the concert. D. The man is more interested in football than in classical music. 8. A. His injury kept him at home. B. He didn’t think it necessary. C. He was too weak to see the doctor. D. He failed to make an appointment. 9. A. He wants to make an appointment with Mr. Smith. B. He wants to make sure that Mr. Smith will see him. C. He wants to change the time of the appointment. D. He wants the woman to meet him at three o’clock. 10. A. He doesn’t enjoy business trips as much as he used to. B. He doesn’t think he is capable of doing the job. C. He thinks the pay is too low to support his family. D. He wants to spend more time with his family. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following news report. 11. A. They wear designer clothes. B. They tend to live simple lives. C. They attend famous universities. D. They plan for their future. 12. A. They spend much trying to show off. B. They don’t care how much they spend. C. They spend more than they have. D. They don’t get into debt. 13. A. Don’t spend more money than you have. B. Don’t spend time showing people you are rich. C. Being wealthy means being happy with what you have. D. Taking out bank loans makes you richer. Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Possible solutions to problems concerning climate change. B. Why the solution can help solve the problem of climate change. C. The causes and effects of climate change. D. Some of the problems with the solution. 15. A. It is a method to remove the salt from sea water. B. It is a technology of growing plants in water. C. It combines the modern technology of solar energy with a farming technology. D. No water is needed to grow plants by using this technology. 16. A. Vegetables grown using this technology is free of chemicals. B. It helps grow food in difficult situations. C. They have little effect on the environment. D. They can transform sea water into fresh water at a low cost. Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation. 17.A. Preparing for a Maths test. B. The function of the Rosetta Stone. C. A king of Egypt. D. A History presentation. 18. A. It was created over 2,000 years ago. B. It was created by the king of Egypt of that time. C. It contained information in three languages. D. French people found the Rosetta Stone. 19.A. In 1799. B. In 799. C. In 1719. D. In 1749. 20. A. It helped historians learn about ancient Egyptian beliefs and economy. B. It helped researchers understand the hieroglyphs (象形文字). C. It contains secrets of how to live a long life for kings. D. It proved previous discoveries wrong. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Distant Diplomacy When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Recently, researchers ____1____ (find) subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of cooperative defense treaty. For example, Nature Ecology & Evolution carries a recent study ____2____ (document) more than 20 bird species on four continents that send similar “whining (哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites (寄生繁殖) such as cuckoos. “That call is essentially the word for ‘cuckoo,’” says study co-lead author James Kennerley at Cornell University. “And it’s recruiting individuals to come together ____3____ this common enemy.” Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, tricking the host birds into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species ____4____ (attack) a cuckoo in response to whining calls in chorus. These mobs can be so aggressive that Kennerley needs to cage the specimen ____5____ (use) in their experiments to protect it. Otherwise the attacking birds would have “just completely torn it to pieces,” Kennerley says. Many birds also share a common vocabulary for predators. Research by wildlife ecologist Erick Greene shows that various songbirds produce recognizable “seet” calls to warn each other of a flying raptor (猛禽). ____6____ such high sounds cannot be heard easily by those enemies, they can move safely while receiving danger messages. If the raptor settles, songbirds switch to “mobbing” calls, a distinct sound ____7____ draws in the troops to drive that raptor off. Defense is not the only reason for cross-species communication. Among other things, it ____8____ help birds migrate and enhance food intake. A recent study found that when seabirds with good vision search for food with ____9____ with strong senses of smell, they both have far greater success at catching krill (磷虾). Unlike with the seep and whining calls, however, it’s unclear _____10_____ they’re signaling to one another on purpose or just randomly following other birds. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. advocacy B. effectively C. endangered D. identified E. mirror F. polarizing G. promise H. promoting I. surfacing J. slightly K. income Rewriting the Relationship Between Elephant and Keeper In 2019, before Covid-19 damaged international tourism, Thailand was the eighth-most-visited country in the world, its 39.8 million international visitors generating 20% of the country’s GDP. Elephants are Thailand’s biggest attraction: The World Animal Protection Agency estimates that, before the pandemic, elephant tourism brought in a(n) ____11____ of $581-770 million USD every year. The boom of elephant tourism has been accompanied by criticism, with reports ____12____ of animal abuse and a lack of government regulation. Since the 2000s, ____13____ for better elephant welfare has been raised by animal rights groups such as Lek Chailert of Elephant Nature Park. In response to the criticism, the Thai government passed its first animal welfare act in 2014, and ____14____ ceased the illegal capture of wild elephants. Tourism companies stopped ____15____ elephant rides and shows. Instead, they began to advertise “ethical” elephant experiences and ____16____ “no hook, no chain, no riding.” The debate around elephant tourism is deeply ____17____ setting elephant welfare against Thai tradition. Thai laws ____18____ this duality (双重性), governing its wild and captive (圈养的) elephants as if they were entirely different creatures. Wild elephants are treated as a(n) ____19____ species and have lived in Thailand’s national parks protected by strict conservation laws since 1921. Its captive elephants, on the other hand, are working animals, governed by the department in charge of livestock. Even though Thailand has more captive elephants than anywhere else in Asia, today, the country’s 3,837 captive elephants only ____20____ outnumber the wild ones, caught as they are between a fading tradition and a booming industry. Ensuring elephant welfare isn’t as simple as setting all of them free. III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Dark Side of Creativity Few psychological traits are as desirable as creativity — the ability to come up with ideas that are both novel and useful. Yet it is also true that creativity has been related to a wide range of unattractive, rarely discussed qualities. Being aware of these ____21____ is important for anyone trying to better understand their own creativity, or that of other people. First, research has established a link between creativity and negative moods. You do not have to be depressed to be creative. However, it is true that there is some concrete evidence for the ____22____ that artists tend to be depressive or suffer from mood swings. As German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once noted: “One must have chaos in oneself to be able to give birth to a dancing star.” Generally, people who are very emotionally ____23____ may be too happy to feel the need to create. ____24____, if the status quo (现状) is fine, why change it? More recently, creativity has been ____25____ with dishonesty, probably because it enables individuals to creatively distort reality. This is not to say that creative people are necessarily unethical. ____26____, their lower tolerance for boredom and tradition, and their more vivid imaginations, equip them with more sophisticated mental tools to ____27____ both themselves and others. Research has also found that creative individuals are often more narcissistic (自恋的), and that narcissism can actually ____28____ creative achievements. This makes sense. Narcissistic people are ____29____ on themselves, and naturally spend more time developing their own ideas and less time ____30____ pleasing other people. However, it is important to note that narcissists tend to think that they are more creative than they actually are. Of course, the bright side of creativity tends to ____31____ its dark side. At the ____32____ level, creativity has been linked to a wide range of positive emotions, such as flow engagement, and subjective well-being. When people are assigned to meaningful jobs and are given ____33____ over their work, they will develop their creativity and enjoy all of its benefits. At the team level, coordinated group behavior can turn creativity into actual ____34____, the practical side of creativity. And at the societal level, creativity provides the ____35____ of change and progress. Without creativity, we would still be living in the dark ages. 21. A. failures B. tendencies C. benefits D. boundaries 22. A. stereotype B. view C. tradition D. concept 23. A. flexible B. stable C. sensitive D. delicate 24. A. Above all B. After all C. What’s more D. In short 25. A. combined B. associated C. compared D. equipped 26. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Rather 27. A. deceive B. influence C. control D. forgive 28. A. limit B. boost C. block D. weaken 29. A. strict B. keen C. focused D. dependent 30. A. belonging to B. referring to C. worrying about D. looking for 31. A. overshadow B. reflect C. balance D. replace 32. A. basic B. individual C. average D. final 33. A. praise B. pressure C. autonomy D. honour 34. A. experience B. passion C. fact D. innovation 35. A. signs B. rules C. seeds D. aims Section B Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) It happens just about every time I go to a restaurant with my daughter. I open the menu and scan the options. Then I glance at the children’s menu. Oftentimes, the menu is pretty similar, with the same pasta and tomato sauce. But the items on the children’s menu are usually less expensive, and I’ll think to myself: Wow, good deal. If I think again for a moment, though, the deal isn’t really a deal. After all, I estimated the cost of the pasta based on the adult menu, not on the actual cost of making some bow-tie noodles and serving them with a red sauce. My faulty reasoning is the product of anchoring, a cognitive bias (认知偏差) that can weaken our critical thinking. According to researchers, anchoring is when people rely on irrelevant but easily accessible facts to make judgments. Our minds give too much weight to initial impressions or numbers that influence our subsequent thoughts. In my case, the prices on the adult menu shaped or anchored my judgment about the value of the items on the children’s menu. Studies show that anchoring effects persist, no matter how weak the connection between the anchor and the actual decision. One study found that “estimates of an athlete’s performance were influenced by the number on his jersey (运动衫).” In other words, people thought that an athlete with a higher jersey number was better than an athlete with a lower number, all else being equal. Anchoring affects all kinds of decisions, even those made by experts who should know better. In particular, a recent study shows that anchoring is far more common in the financial world than previously believed, with substantial anchoring effects influencing performance in the stock market. A study showed that investors valued firms more highly if the firms had higher stock prices. So, if two companies have the same financial profile except that Company X has fewer shares at a higher price than Company Y, then Company X’s shares will sell better over the long run than Company Y’s. Why? Because the stock price-the anchor-enhances the company’s perceived value. The phenomenon of anchoring shows that while we think of ourselves as rational and logical beings, unrelated details can have an outsized influence on our reasoning. The best solution is to improve critical thinking skills. Otherwise, you might be a victim of anchoring, dragged down by your bias, whether you notice it or not. 36. Why does the author mention his restaurant experience with his daughter at the beginning? A. To show that the price should be estimated on the actual cost of dishes. B. To introduce the concept of anchoring in a vivid and relatable way. C. To explain the real cost of producing simple food like pasta. D. To point out the unfair price difference between adults and kids. 37. According to the researchers mentioned in the passage, what characterizes the cognitive bias of anchoring? A. People tend to completely ignore previous data when presented with new financial information. B. People rely on facts that are unrelated but readily available to form their judgments. C. People make decisions by carefully calculating the average of all available numerical data. D. People give equal importance to the first and last pieces of information they encounter. 38. Which of the following is a typical example of anchoring? A. A buyer thinks a discounted car is good value just because its original price was very high. B. A customer chooses a meal because it is healthy and delicious. C. A fan supports a team because they won the championship last year. D. A student works harder after receiving encouragement from teachers. 39. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. How Initial Numbers Mislead Our Daily Judgments B. Hidden Bias That Distorts Financial Decisions C. Anchoring: A Powerful Cognitive Bias D. Logical Thinking Against Unreasonable Beliefs (B) Five Stages of Brain Change Stage Age Brain Characteristics Childhood 0-9 The brain grows rapidly. Extra connections are removed to make the brain more efficient. Adolescence 9-32 Brain connections strengthen and communication between brain regions becomes faster. Adulthood 32-66 Brain activity becomes steady. Intelligence and personality remain relatively steady, too. Early Aging 66-83 White matter gradually weakens. Some brain regions form stronger groups, but they are less connected to other groups. Late Aging 83+ Connections between brain regions decrease and the brain relies on fewer pathways. 40. Which of the following descriptions about our brains is correct? A. At 60, white matter is beginning to weaken. B. At 72, brain regions become less dependent. C. At 90, distant brain areas get more connected. D. At 25, brain connections are becoming stronger. 41. The discoveries of our brains could help to explain ________. A. why brain-related conditions might arise at certain ages B. how a map of pathways that change over time can be built C. how five distinct stages work differently for different people D. why the significance of nerve fibers has long been overlooked 42. The reading material is mainly intended to ________. A. compare several brain-related diseases B. highlight how brain science benefits people C. introduce findings about brain development D. provide concrete advice for a healthy lifestyle (C) A small step for women The glass ceiling in the corporate world is not broken, but it is starting to crack. Women are getting on to corporate boards at greater speed, and in greater numbers. Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years. This suggests that younger women are making good progress in the boardroom. Overall, however, females are still lagging behind the males. The proportion of people in leadership roles (director-level and above) that is female in the five countries varies from 17% in India to 35% in America. Nevertheless, some firms may be paying lip service to the idea of female leadership. A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation. In any case, a rise in the number of female directors is a narrow measure of female economic success. Having women at the top of organizations may inspire others to emulate (仿效) them, and board members may be able to push through more female-friendly policies lower down in their organizations. But the vast majority of women would never expect to become directors. What they value is an opportunity to get a well-paid job and to be free from discrimination while doing it. In this respect, the news is less encouraging. Across the OECD the gender pay gap of full-time employees averages 13.5% and varies widely, from 3.4% in Luxembourg to 36.7% in South Korea. It can be hard to adjust for all the many factors, such as skill levels, that might explain this gap. Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind. So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere. 43. According to the research by LinkedIn, which of the following is true? A. Women directors in the five countries stay longer in their positions than men. B. American women reach director-level positions more quickly than men. C. Men in America become directors sooner after graduation than women. D. Women directors make up more than half of leadership roles in the five countries. 44. What does the underlined phrase “paying lip service to” most probably mean? A. Showing sincere support for. B. Making empty promises about. C. Offering timely help to. D. Collecting different opinions on. 45. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Full-time employed women who lack a college degree earn 26% less than those who have one. B. Having more female leaders can solve the female employment problems. C. There are still a number of women who are underpaid or discriminated in their work. D. Most companies with two female directors aim to achieve real gender equality. 46. What is the author’s attitude towards women’s progress in the corporate world? A. Optimistic about the current situation and confident about the future. B. Critical of all measures taken to promote female leadership. C. Satisfied with the improvements and ignoring existing problems. D. Recognizing small progress but emphasizing more efforts are needed. Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. 3D Films May Help Improve Brain Function Paying more for a ticket to see a film in 3D is the cause of annoyance of many cinema-goers’ life. ____47____ The research was led by neuroscientist (神经科学家) Dr Patrick Fagan from Goldsmiths University in London. More than 100 people took part in the experiment, where participants watched Disney film Big Hero 6 in either standard type or RealD 3D. ____48____ The test covered memory, reaction time and cognitive (认知的) function, and the results were later compared. According to the research, participants experienced a 23 percent increase in cognitive processing, as well as an 11 percent increase in reaction time. Dr Fagan said that the results showed enough of an improvement in brain function to suggest that 3D could play a part in improving brain power in the future. “These findings are more significant than you might think,” he said. “It is a fact that people are living longer and there is a noticeable decline in cognitive brain function in old age which can damage future quality of life. There has never been a better time to look at ways to improve brain function. ____49____” A second part of the experiment involved those watching the film being fitted with headsets (头戴式耳机) that scanned brain activity and this too showed heightened activity when watching 3D. ____50____ “A 7 percent rise in emotional engagement is extremely remarkable. Watching in 3D gives the viewer such an enriched and quality experience, as these results show,” he said. “In evolutionary terms, the results of both parts of the test certainly make sense. 3D films are more likely to heighten the senses and cause emotional arousal — this, in turn, makes the brain run at quicker speeds,” Dr Fagan added. A. It feels particularly unfair when the 3D effects are so subtle you forget you are wearing the glasses. B. They also carried out a brain-training-style test before and after seeing a part from the film. C. The initial results of this study indicate that 3D films may potentially play a role in slowing this decline. D. The results show that younger participants exhibited more significant brain activity than older ones while watching 3D movies. E. According to the results, participants were 7 percent more engaged with what they were watching, adding to the argument that 3D movies are more like watching real-life-something. F. But there may be a benefit to doing so, as a study has claimed that 3D films exercise the brain and improve short-term functioning in a similar way to brain-training tests. IV. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people bail it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of Oates’ studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn’t. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 在投资项目的过程中出现了一些问题。（arise）（汉译英） 53. 习惯囤东西的人，总会把物件承载的情感价值视作理所当然，迟迟不愿断舍离。(grant) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 54. 尽管偏远的地理环境在很大程度上限制了土著部落的发展，却也让他们一代代维系着独树一帜的原始生活模式。(Despite) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $