专题07 阅读理解之议论文（期末真题汇编，天津专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 精选高一下期末议论文阅读真题，涵盖大学生活、成长感悟等主题，聚焦逻辑分析与深层理解，适配期末复习与能力评估。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|每篇5-6题|议论文结构（如Passage1开头目的题）、词义猜测（如Passage3“eliminate”）、推理判断（如Passage2指代题）、主旨归纳|以对话自然引入主题（Passage1），用爱迪生事例论证观点（Passage3），贴近学生生活，考察思维品质与语言能力|

专题07 阅读理解之议论文 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·南开中学·期末）Me : Hello Dad! I’ve an exam today. He : All the best son! I’m getting a strong feeling. You’ll rock it today. May god bless you! Me : Thank you dad. Bye! And I hang up the call. My friend standing beside me chuckles, “Do you do this before every exam?” I answer, “Yes, I feel good and encouraged, and so do they.” It hardly takes a minute to call up your parents, but it gives a lot of confidence and makes their day too. Not calling up parents is indeed a common mistake college students make. For me the most common mistake is treating it like school. When I went to university, most of the people around me came straight from school. They had the thought like children who were being forced to do something. They skipped classes, sat at the back talking during lectures and even didn’t do the reading! They were still in “school” mode, thinking that the point was to get through it with the least effort. For my part, I was there after working in a beer factory for three years. I knew that I had gone to university because I wanted to learn. I wasn’t there because my teachers at school made me go, or my parents made me go, or because my friends were all going. I had chosen to go. I think that this put me in a different mind. I read all the set texts and I went to all the lectures and seminars. Don’t get me wrong. I had fun too, but I was there to learn and I learnt a lot. I enjoyed it and it was rewarding to learn about the authors, their works, the critic's opinions etc. The kids around me thought that reading six novels for a module and going to a lecture for each novel was too much work. They would read one novel, go to the lecture for that one and write their essay on that one book. They thought that they were really clever to work out an easier way of doing it. But they were tricking themselves out of an education! There are other mistakes that may cause future regrets for the college students. A large number of them focus too hard on getting good grades, showing no interest in out-of-class side projects.  Some complain that they are too busy because of school. As a matter of fact, they do not seriously treat all the free resources that universities have to offer. 1．The writer begins the passage with a dialogue in order to __________. A．show off his writing skills B．expect his friend to admire him C．lead in the topic naturally D．show he likes making phone calls 2．What do most university students usually do in the opinion of the writer? A．They attend every class for free chatting. B．They show little interest in active learning. C．They avoid reading books all the time. D．They highly praise independent learning. 3．Why did the writer want to go to college? A．Because his parents forced him to. B．Because he learned from his friend. C．Because his teachers asked him to. D．Because he was dying for knowledge. 4．What do the underlined sentences in Paragraph 5 mean? A．They lost their learning chances without noticing it. B．They made up excuses for their laziness in learning. C．They often pretended to be working hard at everything. D．They told lies about what they were doing in college. 5．According to the passage, college students are supposed to __________. A．stop being hard on themselves academically B．make the most of the university they go to C．have some relaxation after taking classes D．feel thankful for what they are doing now Passage 2 （23-24高一下·部分区·期末）Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they are meant to be there… to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson or help figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be, but when you lock eyes with them, you know that every moment they will affect your life in a profound way. And sometimes things happen to you at the time that may seem horrible, painful and unfair, but upon reflection, you realize that without overcoming those hardships, you would have never realized your potential, strength, willpower or heart. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by means of good luck Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and absolute stupidity all happen to test the limits of your soul. Without these small tests, life would be like a smooth, straight, flat road to nowhere, safe and comfortable but meaningless. The people you meet affect your life. The successes and failures that you experience can create who you are, and the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most important ones. If someone hurts you, betrays (背叛) you or breaks your heart, forgive them because they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being careful with whom you open your heart to. If someone loves you, love them back, not only because they love you, but because they are teaching you to love and open your heart and eyes to little things. Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Hold your head up because you have every right to. Tell yourself you are a unique individual and believe in yourself, for if you don't believe in yourself, no one else will believe in you. 1．Paragraph 1. tells us that ______. A．your purpose in life means to help others B．you know someone the moment you meet him C．you will never know who will come into your life D．your life is sometimes influenced deeply by someone 2．According to the passage, what can help you realize your strength? A．Serving some sort of purpose. B．Overcoming hardships. C．Locking eyes with others. D．Creating some wonders. 3．It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that ______. A．everything is an experience for you B．there is no good luck in life C．nothing happens by chance D．there is a limit to your love 4．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in Paragraph 5? A．The bad experiences. B．The small tests. C．The successes. D．The people. 5．According to the passage, you are advised to ______. A．set a higher life goal B．open your heart to others C．treat yourself as a great person D．live everyday to the full Passage 3 （23-24高一下·红桥区·期末）It’s good to make mistakes, and here is why. First of all, mistakes are a clear sign that we are trying new things. It’s always good to try new things because when we are trying new things, we are growing. If we never try anything new, how can we improve? How can we expand? The simple answer is “We can’t”. Around us, everything in our physical world is the result of someone trying something new. Another good thing about mistakes is this: When we are making mistakes, we are learning. Consider this-Edison failed 10,000 times before he perfected the light bulb. When asked how it felt to fail that many times, he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didn’t work. Finally, when we make a mistake, we are much closer to success. Why? Because when all is said and done, we will have tried some number of things before we succeeded. Every time we make a mistake, we eliminate one of those things and are one step closer. But all this doesn’t mean that we should go through life without considering the result of a mistake. Quite the contrary, when we try something new, we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits. We shouldn’t do anything blindly. Because we all have limited resources—in the form of time and money, so we must realize that it probably won’t be perfect the first time and arrange these resources appropriately so we can learn, make corrections, and try it again. Only by accepting and using our mistakes in this way can we make significant advances in our lives. There is an old saying that goes, “If you’re not making mistakes, you’re not trying hard enough.” So go forth and make mistakes. And learn. And grow. 1．From the second paragraph, we can conclude that ______. A．mistakes are unnecessary for development B．mistakes let us see our own limits C．it’s common for people to make mistakes D．making mistakes is better than not trying 2．According to the passage, if we try new things, we can ______. A．move forward B．never fail C．obtain nothing D．be closer to mistakes 3．The underlined word “eliminate” means ______. A．make up for B．get rid of C．choose D．solve 4．According to the passage, one thing we should pay attention to about making mistakes is ______. A．avoiding making the same mistakes B．accepting the outcome willingly C．making proper arrangements for our next try D．hiding the results after each mistake 5．The article is mainly about ______. A．how to deal with mistakes B．what benefits making mistakes brings C．how to achieve success D．how to make use of our mistakes Passage 1 （23-24高一下·和平区·期末）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 2．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. Passage 2 （23-24高一下·南开中学·期末）The concept of a “born leader” seems so fanciful that it belongs on the cover of a bad business book. But it turns out that born leaders are real, and researchers have discovered a key factor, which isn’t genes, parents, or peers, but birth order. First-born children are 30 percent more likely to be CEOs or politicians, according to a new paper by several economists, Sandra E. Black at the University of Texas-Austin, and Bjorn Ockert and Erik Gronqvist at Sweden’s Institute for Evaluation of Labor Market and Education Policy. The paper, which only looked at boys, found that first-borns stay in school longer, make more money, have a higher IQ, and even spend more time on homework than on television, The idea that birth order might shape personality goes back at least to the 1920s, when Alfred Adler theorized that first-born children develop a “taste for power” at a young age, since they can dominate their younger siblings. He went on to say young children are spoiled and become dependent on their parents (the “baby of the family” effect), while middle children, being often in a war for their parents’ attention, are status-conscious and naturally competitive. Obtaining personality from birth may strike you. But Adler’s hypotheses (假说) have held up in numerous studies. In a 2013 paper, “Strategic Parenting, Birth Order and School Performance,” V. Joseph Hotz, a professor of economics at Duke University, and Juan Pantano, a professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis, used American data to show that school performance declines with birth order. The researchers chalked their findings up to what they called the “reputational model of strategic parenting.” Put simply, parents invest a lot of time in establishing rules for their first child, building a reputation for toughness that they hope will pass down to later children. As a result, first-borns are doubly blessed — having too much of their parents’ attention, and then entrusted to act as the rules enforcer of the family, which helps them build intelligence, discipline, and leadership qualities. In the survey, parents report that they consider their older children more successful, and they are less likely to discipline their later-born children for improper behaviors, such as acting up or not doing homework. This new study relies on Swedish data, and it comes to a similar conclusion. First-borns aren’t just healthier or smarter, but also they score higher on “emotional stability, persistence, social outgoingness, willingness to assume responsibility and ability to take the initiative.” Its researchers ruled out genetic factors; in fact, they uncovered evidence that later-born children might be healthier than first-borns. Instead, the differences among siblings had everything to do with family dynamics in the children’s early years. First, having more children means parents can spend less time on each child, and as the parental investment declines, so may IQ. Second, the most important effect, the researchers said, might not be the “strategic parenting” but something more like “strategic brothering.” As siblings compete for their parents’ love (or ice cream, or toys), they occupy certain positions---older siblings demonstrate their competence and power, while younger siblings develop more creative strategies to get attention. This effect seems particularly strong among later-born boys with older brothers. Younger brothers are much more likely to enter “creative” occupations — like architect, writer, actor, singer, or photographer — if they have older brothers, rather than older sisters. In other words, among young brothers, specialization within the family forecasts specialization in the workforce. There is a considerable implication in this idea that family dynamics during childhood can shape adult personality. Young children are highly sensitive to their environment, in ways that often have lasting effects. 1．First-born children are more likely to be CEOs or politicians because _____. A．they are born to have leadership qualities B．teachers and parents invest more time in educating them C．later-born children need them to set good examples D．they have a lot of practice in bossing around their younger siblings 2．What can we learn about Alfred Adler? A．His research was based on American data. B．His hypotheses were applied in many studies. C．He held the idea that first-born children should be independent. D．He thought that children’s personality was affected by birth order. 3．According to the 2013 paper, if a child does not behave as well as his elder brother at school, it may be due to the fact that he ______. A．has a lower IQ and EQ B．is badly treated by school teachers C．receives less attention from his parents D．is spoiled too much by other family members 4．What are the findings of the new study based on? A．Swedish data on boys. B．Controlled experiments on children. C．Differences between first-born and later-borns. D．The observation of children’s development across Sweden. 5．The new study has found that later-born children ______. A．feel disappointed at their parents’ attitude to them B．are always in a process of self-discovery C．may be more trustworthy and creative D．might be physically strong 6．According to the author, ______. A．parents should create a good family environment for their children B．children should be given equal attention by their parents C．girls’ development is seldom affected by birth order D．boys should be forbidden to order others around / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读理解之议论文 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·南开中学·期末）Me : Hello Dad! I’ve an exam today. He : All the best son! I’m getting a strong feeling. You’ll rock it today. May god bless you! Me : Thank you dad. Bye! And I hang up the call. My friend standing beside me chuckles, “Do you do this before every exam?” I answer, “Yes, I feel good and encouraged, and so do they.” It hardly takes a minute to call up your parents, but it gives a lot of confidence and makes their day too. Not calling up parents is indeed a common mistake college students make. For me the most common mistake is treating it like school. When I went to university, most of the people around me came straight from school. They had the thought like children who were being forced to do something. They skipped classes, sat at the back talking during lectures and even didn’t do the reading! They were still in “school” mode, thinking that the point was to get through it with the least effort. For my part, I was there after working in a beer factory for three years. I knew that I had gone to university because I wanted to learn. I wasn’t there because my teachers at school made me go, or my parents made me go, or because my friends were all going. I had chosen to go. I think that this put me in a different mind. I read all the set texts and I went to all the lectures and seminars. Don’t get me wrong. I had fun too, but I was there to learn and I learnt a lot. I enjoyed it and it was rewarding to learn about the authors, their works, the critic's opinions etc. The kids around me thought that reading six novels for a module and going to a lecture for each novel was too much work. They would read one novel, go to the lecture for that one and write their essay on that one book. They thought that they were really clever to work out an easier way of doing it. But they were tricking themselves out of an education! There are other mistakes that may cause future regrets for the college students. A large number of them focus too hard on getting good grades, showing no interest in out-of-class side projects.  Some complain that they are too busy because of school. As a matter of fact, they do not seriously treat all the free resources that universities have to offer. 1．The writer begins the passage with a dialogue in order to __________. A．show off his writing skills B．expect his friend to admire him C．lead in the topic naturally D．show he likes making phone calls 2．What do most university students usually do in the opinion of the writer? A．They attend every class for free chatting. B．They show little interest in active learning. C．They avoid reading books all the time. D．They highly praise independent learning. 3．Why did the writer want to go to college? A．Because his parents forced him to. B．Because he learned from his friend. C．Because his teachers asked him to. D．Because he was dying for knowledge. 4．What do the underlined sentences in Paragraph 5 mean? A．They lost their learning chances without noticing it. B．They made up excuses for their laziness in learning. C．They often pretended to be working hard at everything. D．They told lies about what they were doing in college. 5．According to the passage, college students are supposed to __________. A．stop being hard on themselves academically B．make the most of the university they go to C．have some relaxation after taking classes D．feel thankful for what they are doing now 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了现在大学生普遍存在的一些问题，包括不给家长打电话，不珍惜学习机会等。 1．推理判断题。根据对话的内容及在文章中的作用可知，文章由对话自然导入话题。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段作者的描述，尤其是“They had the thought like children who were being forced to do something. They skipped classes, sat at the back talking during lectures and even didn’t do the reading!(他们的想法就像被迫做某事的孩子一样。他们逃课，上课时坐在后面说话，甚至不阅读！)”可知，很多大学生抱着中学时代的心态消极被动对待学习，缺乏主动性。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“I knew that I had gone to university because I wanted to learn.(我知道我上大学是因为我想学习)”可得出，作者的求学来自于对知识的渴求。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。第五段内容及划线部分“They thought that they were really clever to work out an easier way of doing it. But they were tricking themselves out of an education!(他们认为自己很聪明，想出了一个更简单的方法。但他们是在欺骗自己，使自己无法接受教育！)” 可推知，本段描述了学生投机取巧，自以为聪明，实则毁了学习的机会。故选A。 5．推理判断题。最后一段的内容“其他的一些错误也许会给大学生造成未来遗憾的错误。他们中的很多人过于注重取得好成绩，对课外项目没有兴趣。有些人抱怨他们这因为上学太忙了。事实上，他们并没有认真对待大学提供的所有免费资源。”由此可推断出，大学生应该充分利用大学所提供的一切免费资源。故选B。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·部分区·期末）Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they are meant to be there… to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson or help figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be, but when you lock eyes with them, you know that every moment they will affect your life in a profound way. And sometimes things happen to you at the time that may seem horrible, painful and unfair, but upon reflection, you realize that without overcoming those hardships, you would have never realized your potential, strength, willpower or heart. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by means of good luck Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and absolute stupidity all happen to test the limits of your soul. Without these small tests, life would be like a smooth, straight, flat road to nowhere, safe and comfortable but meaningless. The people you meet affect your life. The successes and failures that you experience can create who you are, and the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most important ones. If someone hurts you, betrays (背叛) you or breaks your heart, forgive them because they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being careful with whom you open your heart to. If someone loves you, love them back, not only because they love you, but because they are teaching you to love and open your heart and eyes to little things. Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Hold your head up because you have every right to. Tell yourself you are a unique individual and believe in yourself, for if you don't believe in yourself, no one else will believe in you. 1．Paragraph 1. tells us that ______. A．your purpose in life means to help others B．you know someone the moment you meet him C．you will never know who will come into your life D．your life is sometimes influenced deeply by someone 2．According to the passage, what can help you realize your strength? A．Serving some sort of purpose. B．Overcoming hardships. C．Locking eyes with others. D．Creating some wonders. 3．It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that ______. A．everything is an experience for you B．there is no good luck in life C．nothing happens by chance D．there is a limit to your love 4．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in Paragraph 5? A．The bad experiences. B．The small tests. C．The successes. D．The people. 5．According to the passage, you are advised to ______. A．set a higher life goal B．open your heart to others C．treat yourself as a great person D．live everyday to the full 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人生中遇到的人和经历的事都有其深刻意义，无论是痛苦还是欢乐，都在塑造个性，教会我们生活与爱的真谛。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they are meant to be there… to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson or help figure out who you are or who you want to become.(有时候，一些人走进你的生活，你马上就知道他们是注定要出现的，为了某种目的，给你上一课，或者帮助你弄清楚你是谁，你想成为什么样的人)”可知，第一段告诉我们，你的生活有时会受到某些人的深刻影响。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“And sometimes things happen to you at the time that may seem horrible, painful and unfair, but upon reflection, you realize that without overcoming those hardships, you would have never realized your potential, strength, willpower or heart.(有时，事情发生在你身上，可能看起来很可怕、痛苦和不公平，但经过思考，你意识到，如果不克服这些困难，你永远不会意识到自己的潜力、力量、意志力或心灵)”可知，克服困难能够帮助你实现自己的力量。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by means of good luck Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and absolute stupidity all happen to test the limits of your soul.(万事皆有因。没有什么事情是靠运气发生的。疾病、伤害、爱情、失去真正伟大的时刻和绝对的愚蠢，这些都是对你灵魂极限的考验)”可知，从第四段可以推断出没有什么事情是偶然发生的。故选C。 4．词句猜测题。根据第五段最后两句“The successes and failures that you experience can create who you are, and the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most important ones.(你所经历的成功和失败可以塑造你，而糟糕的经历可以从中吸取教训。事实上，它们可能是最重要的)”可知，人们会从糟糕的经历中吸取教训，而这些糟糕的经历是很重要的，所以划线的they指代上文的“the bad experiences”。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again. (让每一天都有意义。珍惜每一刻，尽你所能从中汲取一切，因为你可能永远无法再经历一次)”可知，作者建议你充实地过好每一天。故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·红桥区·期末）It’s good to make mistakes, and here is why. First of all, mistakes are a clear sign that we are trying new things. It’s always good to try new things because when we are trying new things, we are growing. If we never try anything new, how can we improve? How can we expand? The simple answer is “We can’t”. Around us, everything in our physical world is the result of someone trying something new. Another good thing about mistakes is this: When we are making mistakes, we are learning. Consider this-Edison failed 10,000 times before he perfected the light bulb. When asked how it felt to fail that many times, he said that he had learned 10,000 things that didn’t work. Finally, when we make a mistake, we are much closer to success. Why? Because when all is said and done, we will have tried some number of things before we succeeded. Every time we make a mistake, we eliminate one of those things and are one step closer. But all this doesn’t mean that we should go through life without considering the result of a mistake. Quite the contrary, when we try something new, we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits. We shouldn’t do anything blindly. Because we all have limited resources—in the form of time and money, so we must realize that it probably won’t be perfect the first time and arrange these resources appropriately so we can learn, make corrections, and try it again. Only by accepting and using our mistakes in this way can we make significant advances in our lives. There is an old saying that goes, “If you’re not making mistakes, you’re not trying hard enough.” So go forth and make mistakes. And learn. And grow. 1．From the second paragraph, we can conclude that ______. A．mistakes are unnecessary for development B．mistakes let us see our own limits C．it’s common for people to make mistakes D．making mistakes is better than not trying 2．According to the passage, if we try new things, we can ______. A．move forward B．never fail C．obtain nothing D．be closer to mistakes 3．The underlined word “eliminate” means ______. A．make up for B．get rid of C．choose D．solve 4．According to the passage, one thing we should pay attention to about making mistakes is ______. A．avoiding making the same mistakes B．accepting the outcome willingly C．making proper arrangements for our next try D．hiding the results after each mistake 5．The article is mainly about ______. A．how to deal with mistakes B．what benefits making mistakes brings C．how to achieve success D．how to make use of our mistakes 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述犯错不是坏事，犯错误会带来的好处并使人成长这一观点。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It’s always good to try new things because when we are trying new things, we are growing. If we never try anything new, how can we improve? How can we expand?(尝试新事物总是很好的，因为当我们尝试新事物时，我们正在成长。如果我们从不尝试任何新的东西，我们如何改进？我们如何扩张？)”可知，犯错要比不去尝试要好，故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“It’s always good to try new things because when we are trying new things, we are growing.(尝试新事物总是很好的，因为当我们尝试新事物时，我们正在成长。)”可知，尝试新事物可以让我们进步，让我们成长，故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据下文中“are one step closer.(与成功更进一步)”可知，这里要说的是消除错误，短语get rid of“摆脱，除去”符合题意，故选B项。 4．推理判断提。根据第五段中“But all this doesn’t mean that we should go through life without considering the result of a mistake. Quite the contrary, when we try something new, we have to be willing to set some reasonable limits. We shouldn’t do anything blindly.(但这一切并不意味着我们应该在生活中不考虑错误的后果。恰恰相反，当我们尝试新事物时，我们必须愿意设定一些合理的限制。我们不应该盲目地做任何事情。)”可知，我们犯错后，再尝试新事物时，我们要进行合理的安排，故选C项。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“It’s good to make mistakes, and here is why.(犯错是好事，原因如下。)”、第二段中“First of all, mistakes are a clear sign that we are trying new things. (首先，错误是我们尝试新事物的明确标志。)”、第三段中“Another good thing about mistakes is this: When we are making mistakes, we are learning.(关于错误的另一个好处是:当我们犯错误的时候，我们在学习。)”、第四段中“Finally, when we make a mistake, we are much closer to success. (最后，当我们犯错误时，我们离成功更近了。)”和最后一段“There is an old saying that goes, ‘If you’re not making mistakes, you’re not trying hard enough.’ So go forth and make mistakes. And learn. And grow.(有句老话说得好，“如果你不犯错误，那就是你不够努力。”所以你可以继续犯错。学习。并且成长。)”可推知，本文主要讲的是犯错误带来的好处。故选B项。 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·和平区·期末）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 2．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素--好奇心和不满足，并阐述了获得这两种品质的方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.”（经过多年对人性的观察，我断定成就非凡者与平庸之人之间的区别在于两种品质：好奇心与不满。我从来没有见过一个杰出的人缺乏这两方面。我从没见过一个普通人两者兼备。这两者是天生一对。）故可推知，通过写第一段，作者的目的是提出一个论点，即成就非凡者与平庸之人之间的区别在于两种品质：好奇心与不满。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Together, these deep human urges count for much more that ambition.  Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?””（这些深层的人类欲望加在一起比野心更重要。当伽利略从比萨斜塔上扔下不同重量的物体并计算它们落到地面的时间时，他不仅是雄心勃勃。历史上所有伟大的人物都像伽利略一样好奇，不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”）可知，伽利略的例子告诉我们伟大源于持久的探索欲望。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“ I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.（我想起一位朋友，她不会插花来满足自己。她很好奇专家们是怎么做到的。她是一位专门写插花书的专家之一。）”以及第七段“One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.”（开始的一种方法是回答你自己的借口。你没有什么特殊能力吗？大多数人都没有;天才屈指可数。你没有时间吗?那很好，因为总是那些没时间的人把事情做完。哈里特·斯托是六个孩子的母亲，她在做饭的时候写了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的部分内容。你太老了？还记得托马斯·科斯坦(Thomas Costain) 57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，摩西奶奶78岁时首次展示了她的照片吗？）可推知，这两段想告诉我们缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由。故选C项。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·南开中学·期末）The concept of a “born leader” seems so fanciful that it belongs on the cover of a bad business book. But it turns out that born leaders are real, and researchers have discovered a key factor, which isn’t genes, parents, or peers, but birth order. First-born children are 30 percent more likely to be CEOs or politicians, according to a new paper by several economists, Sandra E. Black at the University of Texas-Austin, and Bjorn Ockert and Erik Gronqvist at Sweden’s Institute for Evaluation of Labor Market and Education Policy. The paper, which only looked at boys, found that first-borns stay in school longer, make more money, have a higher IQ, and even spend more time on homework than on television, The idea that birth order might shape personality goes back at least to the 1920s, when Alfred Adler theorized that first-born children develop a “taste for power” at a young age, since they can dominate their younger siblings. He went on to say young children are spoiled and become dependent on their parents (the “baby of the family” effect), while middle children, being often in a war for their parents’ attention, are status-conscious and naturally competitive. Obtaining personality from birth may strike you. But Adler’s hypotheses (假说) have held up in numerous studies. In a 2013 paper, “Strategic Parenting, Birth Order and School Performance,” V. Joseph Hotz, a professor of economics at Duke University, and Juan Pantano, a professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis, used American data to show that school performance declines with birth order. The researchers chalked their findings up to what they called the “reputational model of strategic parenting.” Put simply, parents invest a lot of time in establishing rules for their first child, building a reputation for toughness that they hope will pass down to later children. As a result, first-borns are doubly blessed — having too much of their parents’ attention, and then entrusted to act as the rules enforcer of the family, which helps them build intelligence, discipline, and leadership qualities. In the survey, parents report that they consider their older children more successful, and they are less likely to discipline their later-born children for improper behaviors, such as acting up or not doing homework. This new study relies on Swedish data, and it comes to a similar conclusion. First-borns aren’t just healthier or smarter, but also they score higher on “emotional stability, persistence, social outgoingness, willingness to assume responsibility and ability to take the initiative.” Its researchers ruled out genetic factors; in fact, they uncovered evidence that later-born children might be healthier than first-borns. Instead, the differences among siblings had everything to do with family dynamics in the children’s early years. First, having more children means parents can spend less time on each child, and as the parental investment declines, so may IQ. Second, the most important effect, the researchers said, might not be the “strategic parenting” but something more like “strategic brothering.” As siblings compete for their parents’ love (or ice cream, or toys), they occupy certain positions---older siblings demonstrate their competence and power, while younger siblings develop more creative strategies to get attention. This effect seems particularly strong among later-born boys with older brothers. Younger brothers are much more likely to enter “creative” occupations — like architect, writer, actor, singer, or photographer — if they have older brothers, rather than older sisters. In other words, among young brothers, specialization within the family forecasts specialization in the workforce. There is a considerable implication in this idea that family dynamics during childhood can shape adult personality. Young children are highly sensitive to their environment, in ways that often have lasting effects. 1．First-born children are more likely to be CEOs or politicians because _____. A．they are born to have leadership qualities B．teachers and parents invest more time in educating them C．later-born children need them to set good examples D．they have a lot of practice in bossing around their younger siblings 2．What can we learn about Alfred Adler? A．His research was based on American data. B．His hypotheses were applied in many studies. C．He held the idea that first-born children should be independent. D．He thought that children’s personality was affected by birth order. 3．According to the 2013 paper, if a child does not behave as well as his elder brother at school, it may be due to the fact that he ______. A．has a lower IQ and EQ B．is badly treated by school teachers C．receives less attention from his parents D．is spoiled too much by other family members 4．What are the findings of the new study based on? A．Swedish data on boys. B．Controlled experiments on children. C．Differences between first-born and later-borns. D．The observation of children’s development across Sweden. 5．The new study has found that later-born children ______. A．feel disappointed at their parents’ attitude to them B．are always in a process of self-discovery C．may be more trustworthy and creative D．might be physically strong 6．According to the author, ______. A．parents should create a good family environment for their children B．children should be given equal attention by their parents C．girls’ development is seldom affected by birth order D．boys should be forbidden to order others around 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。“天生的领导者”这一概念似乎太异想天开了，以至于它应该出现在一本糟糕的商业书籍的封面上。但事实证明，天生的领导者是真实存在的，研究人员发现了一个关键因素，不是基因、父母或同伴，而是出生顺序。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“First-born children are 30 percent more likely to be CEOs or politicians (第一个出生的孩子成为CEO或政治家的可能性要高出30%)”以及第三段中“The idea that birth order might shape personality goes back at least to the 1920s, when Alfred Adler theorized that first-born children develop a “taste for power” at a young age, since they can dominate their younger siblings. (出生顺序可能会塑造性格的观点至少可以追溯到20世纪20年代，当时Alfred Adler提出理论，第一个出生的孩子在很小的时候就养成了“权力的品味”，因为他们可以主宰自己的弟弟妹妹)”可推知，长子长女更有可能成为CEO或政治家，因为他们有很多对弟弟妹妹发号施令的习惯。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The idea that birth order might shape personality goes back at least to the 1920s, when Alfred Adler theorized that first-born children develop a “taste for power” at a young age, since they can dominate their younger siblings. (出生顺序可能会塑造性格的观点至少可以追溯到20世纪20年代，当时Alfred Adler提出理论，第一个出生的孩子在很小的时候就养成了“权力的品味”，因为他们可以主宰自己的弟弟妹妹)”可知，Alfred Adler认为孩子的性格会受出生顺序的影响。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“As a result, first-borns are doubly blessed — having too much of their parents’ attention,and then entrusted to act as the rules enforcer of the family, which helps them build intelligence, discipline, and leadership qualities.In the survey, parents report that they consider their older children more successful, and they are less likely to discipline their later-born children for improper behaviors, such as acting up or not doing homework. (因此，第一个出生的孩子是双重的幸运——拥有父母太多的关注，然后被委托作为家庭规则的执行者，这有助于他们培养智慧、纪律和领导素质。在调查中，父母表示，他们认为年龄较大的孩子更成功，而且他们不太可能因为晚生孩子的不当行为（如调皮捣蛋或不做家庭作业）而惩罚他们)”可知，根据2013年的论文，如果一个孩子在学校的表现不如他的哥哥，这可能是因为他很少受到父母的关注。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第六段第一句“This new study relies on Swedish data, and it comes to a similar conclusion. (这项新研究基于瑞典的数据，并得出了类似的结论)”可知，这项新研究的发现是基于瑞典男孩的数据。故选A项。 5．细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句“in fact, they uncovered evidence that later-born children might be healthier than first-borns. (事实上，他们发现了后生孩子可能比长子更健康的证据)”可知，新的研究发现，出生较晚的孩子可能身体强壮。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a considerable implication in this idea that family dynamics during childhood can shape adult personality. Young children are highly sensitive to their environment, in ways that often have lasting effects.(童年时期的家庭动态可以塑造成人的性格，这一观点有相当重要的含义。幼儿对环境高度敏感，往往会产生持久的影响)”可知，作者认为，父母应该为他们的孩子创造一个良好的家庭环境。故选A项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $动学科网 1.C 2.B 3.D 1.D 2.B 3.C 1.D 2.A 3.B 1.D 2.D 3.C 1.D 2.D 3.C www.zxxk co m 让教与学更高效 专题07阅读理解之议论文 基础 必练 Passage 1 4.A5.B Passage 2 4.A 5.D Passage 3 4.C5.B 进阶提升 Passage 1 Passage 2 4.A5.D6.A /