精品解析：上海市上复旦大学附属中学2026届高三下五月第二次阶段检测英语试题

复旦附中高三下英语五月第二次阶段检测 (考试时间 105 分钟，满分 115 分) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Bow Street Police Museum: A Journey Through History In the heart of London lies a hidden treasure for history enthusiasts and curious minds alike. The Bow Street Police Museum is a fascinating place ____1____ history comes to life, offering a unique look at one of London’s oldest policing stations. Located in central London, the museum occupies ____2____ was once the Bow Street Police Station and Magistrates Court. This historic building opened in 1881 and played a key role in law enforcement for over a century. In the past, people arrested in the area were held overnight in cells before ____3____ (appear) in court the next morning. Today, visitors can explore these cells, including a particularly large one called “the tank.” It once held many people at a time and was known ____4____ (have) an awful smell and poor conditions. Walking into the tank today makes it easy to imagine how unpleasant it ____5____ (be) back then. The museum also tells the story of the Bow Street Runners, often considered London’s first organized police force. ____6____ (found) in 1749 by brothers Henry and John Fielding, this group laid the foundation for modern policing. Henry Fielding was also a well-known author, and new officers under him ____7____ (equip) with simple tools like handcuffs, a pistol, and a stick to help maintain peace. The police station finally closed in 1992, while the court continued operating ____8____ 2006. It hosted several famous trials. Today, the museum ____9____ (preserve) this rich history, sharing stories of crime, justice, and the people who worked there. ____10____ you’re exploring the cells or learning about important trials, the Bow Street Police Museum offers an unforgettable journey into the past. 【答案】1. where 2. what 3. appearing 4. to have 5. was 6. Founded 7. were equipped 8. until##till 9. preserves 10. Whether 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了伦敦鲍街警察博物馆的历史沿革、建筑背景及其在执法史上的重要地位。 【1题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：鲍街警察博物馆是一个迷人的地方，在这里历史变得鲜活起来，让人们得以独特地窥见伦敦最古老的警察局之一。根据“a fascinating place”可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为place，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导定语从句。 【2题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：该博物馆位于伦敦市中心，占据了曾经是鲍街警察局和治安法院的地方。分析句子结构，空格处引导宾语从句，作occupies的宾语，且从句中缺少主语，表示“……的地方”，应用what引导宾语从句。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去，在该地区被捕的人会在牢房里过夜，然后于次日上午出庭。before为介词，介词后接动词时需用动名词形式。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它曾同时关押许多人，以气味难闻和条件恶劣而闻名。be known to do sth. 为固定搭配，意为“据知晓会……；以……而闻名/著称”，此处用不定式形式。 【5题详解】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：如今走进这个牢房，很容易想象当时是多么令人不适。根据时间状语“back then”可知，此处描述过去的情况，应用一般过去时；主语it为第三人称单数。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该组织由亨利·菲尔丁和约翰·菲尔丁兄弟于1749年创立，为现代警务奠定了基础。分析句子结构，空格处为非谓语动词作状语，found与逻辑主语this group之间为被动关系，应用过去分词形式，句首单词首字母需大写。 【7题详解】 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：亨利·菲尔丁也是一位著名作家，他手下的新警员配备有手铐、手枪和警棍等简单工具以协助维持治安。根据上下文语境，此处描述过去的情况，应用一般过去时；主语new officers为复数，且与equip之间为被动关系。 【8题详解】 考查介词。句意：警察局最终于1992年关闭，而法院一直运作到2006年。根据句意，此处表示“直到……为止”，应用介词until或till。 【9题详解】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：如今，该博物馆保存着这段丰富的历史，分享着关于犯罪、正义以及曾在那里工作过的人们的故事。根据时间状语“Today”可知，此处描述现在的情况，应用一般现在时；主语the museum为第三人称单数。 【10题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：无论你是探索牢房还是了解重要审判，鲍街警察博物馆都能为你提供一次难忘的穿越历史之旅。根据“or”可知，此处为whether...or...结构，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……还是……”，句首单词首字母需大写。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. When did you begin? You might think your life began on the day you were born, but the true story of your beginning is far more complex. The atoms in your body — like the carbon in your cells and the iron in your blood — were created billions of years ago in the hearts of ancient stars. These elements formed as stars burned, exploded, and spread their material across the universe. After traveling through space, they ___11___ became part of a young Earth and, later, part of you. But what about when you became a living, ___12___ being? There’s no clear answer. Some ___13___ it as the moment of conception (受孕) or the first heartbeat. Others, like developmental biologist Scott Gilbert, argue that there’s no ___14___ agreement on when human life actually starts. For centuries, people believed life began when a mother first felt her baby move — something called the “quickening”. Today, technology lets us see signs of life earlier, but we’re still left ___15___ what really counts as the beginning. And what about when you became you? Children begin to develop a sense of self around age two. They start recognizing their ___16___ in mirrors and using words like “I” and “me.” These early signs of self-awareness are the foundation of what we think of as personal ___17___. However, some scientists believe our sense of self is more fluid and less continuous than we imagine. So, when did you begin? Physically, you ___18___ back to the birth of stars; ___19___ you began developing during the earliest stages of pregnancy. And as a conscious being, your journey started in early childhood. Rather than having a single starting point, your beginning might be seen as a series of ___20___ moments in an ever-evolving story. 【答案】11. F 12. B 13. E 14. J 15. D 16. H 17. G 18. K 19. A 20. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了生命起源与发展的复杂过程。 【11题详解】 考查副词。句意：在穿越太空后，它们最终成为了年轻地球的一部分，后来，也成为了你的一部分。根据“After traveling through space”可知，这里描述的是原子经过漫长的太空旅行后成为地球和人体一部分的过程，需要一个副词修饰动词 became，用副词eventually“最终”，符合语境。故选F。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但你是什么时候成为一个有生命的、会呼吸的生物的呢？根据“when you became a living”可知，此处需要一个与living并列的形容词，来描述生物的特性，用形容词breathing“呼吸的”，作定语，修饰being。故选B。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：有些人将其定义为受孕的那一刻或第一次心跳。这里讨论的是如何定义生命开始的时刻，用动词define“定义”，本句描述一般事实，句子时态用一般现在时，主语为Some，谓语用动词原形。故选E。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：其他人，像发育生物学家Scott Gilbert，认为对于人类生命何时真正开始没有科学上的共识。根据“agreement on when human life actually starts”可知，这里提到的是科学家对于生命开始的看法，用形容词scientific“科学的”，作定语，修饰名词agreement。故选J。 【15题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：如今，技术让我们更早地看到生命的迹象，但我们仍然在争论什么才真正算是开始。根据“what really counts as the beginning”可知，这里提到的是尽管技术进步，但对于生命开始的定义仍然存在争议，用动词debate“争论”，be left doing sth.表示“处于做某事的状态”，用现在分词debating，作主语补足语。故选 D。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：他们开始在镜子里认出自己的影像，并使用“I”和“me”这样的词。根据“in mirrors”可知，这里指孩子在镜子中认出自己的影像，用名词image“影像”，作recognizing的宾语。故选H。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些自我意识的早期迹象是我们所认为的个人身份的基础。根据“These early signs of self-awareness are the foundation of what we think of as personal”可知，这里提到的是自我意识与个人身份的关系，用名词identity“身份”，作as的宾语。故选G。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：从身体上讲，你可以追溯到恒星的诞生。根据“back to the birth of stars”可知，这里提到的是从物理角度追溯生命的起源，用动词trace“追溯”，trace back to为固定短语，意为“追溯到”，本句陈述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语为you，谓语用动词原形trace。故选K。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：从生物学上讲，你在怀孕的最早阶段就开始发育了。根据“you began developing during the earliest stages of pregnancy”可知，此从生物学角度进行阐述，用副词biologically“生物学上”，作状语。故选A。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：你的开始可能被看作是一系列相互关联的时刻，而不是一个单一的起点，这是一个不断演变的故事。根据“moments in an ever-evolving story”可知，这里提到的是生命的开始是一个连续的过程，由一系列相互关联的时刻组成，用形容词connected“相互关联的”，作定语，修饰moments。故选C。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In 1979, the US public was drawn to the “Jim twins,” a pair of identical twin brothers adopted at birth by different families who reunited at age 39. Their shared names were just the beginning of their ____21____ . Both worked in law enforcement, enjoyed carpentry, owned Chevrolets, and took vacations at the same beach in Florida. Even more striking, they both married women named Linda, divorced, and later married a Betty. The Jim twins inspired the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, which compared 137 pairs of identical and non-identical twins raised ____22____ . This study was one of the first to show that around half of personality differences come from genetics, ____23____ the idea that we are born as blank slates (板). It highlighted the complexity of the nature VS nurture (培养)debate, a topic often ____24____ in discussions. In his book Unique: The New Science of Human Individuality, neuroscientist David Linden examines the latest research on the diverse factors that ____25____ human behavior and physiology. He explores how we are influenced by our genes, upbringing, and ____26____ , exploring a range of topics including how we sleep and perceive the world. One interesting aspect Linden discusses is our ability to ____27____ smells. While it may seem like a fixed trait (特点), research shows it is more ____28____ than we think. In high-income countries, the sense of smell is often considered less important than vision or hearing. ____29____ , hunter-gatherer communities like the Maniq of Thailand excel at identifying smells, likely due to their reliance on this ability for survival. This difference extends to ____30____ : the Maniq language includes 15 abstract words for smells, while English has few words to describe smells that aren't related to their source. Another important factor affecting ____31____ is the randomness of early development. Twin studies show that while about half of personality differences come from genetics, parenting has a ____32____ influence — usually less than 10%. Geneticist Robert Plomin suggests that much of the remaining variation comes from random events during brain development. Linden points out that “the wiring of the human brain is so complex that it can’t be precisely determined by a person’s DNA.” Small random changes in cell position or movement can lead to significant ____33____ in how the brain is wired and functions. Despite advancements in understanding brain development, many ____34____ remain. It’s unclear how many of the Jim twins’ coincidences originated from genetic similarities compared to randomness. While we are just beginning to ____35____ the complexities of the human brain, Linden’s work provides valuable insights that cast light on the nature of individuality. 21. A. struggle B. similarities C. reunion D. innovations 22. A. accordingly B. regionally C. consistently D. separately 23. A. challenging B. introducing C. exploring D. borrowing 24. A. understood B. hidden C. transitioned D. oversimplified 25. A. shape B. study C. exhibit D. justify 26. A. food B. exercise C. weather D. chance 27. A. depend upon B. battle with C. discriminate between D. consist in 28. A. stable B. obvious C. flexible D. weak 29. A. In contrast B. What’s more C. As a result D. By the way 30. A. loverhood B. discussion C. appearance D. language 31. A. adaptability B. individuality C. sustainability D. predictability 32. A. direct B. crucial C. minimal D. combined 33. A. improvements B. differences C. exceptions D. relationships 34. A. traces B. costs C. questions D. features 35. A. grasp B. avoid C. demand D. add 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章探讨了人类个性的形成，通过“吉姆双胞胎”的案例引出先天与后天的复杂关系。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们相同的名字只是相似之处的开始。A. struggle挣扎；B. similarities相似；C. reunion团聚；D. innovations创新。根据下文“Both worked in law enforcement, enjoyed carpentry, owned Chevrolets, and took vacations at the same beach in Florida. Even more striking, they both married women named Linda, divorced, and later married a Betty.”可知，他们有很多相似之处。故选B。 【22题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：吉姆双胞胎启发了明尼苏达分开抚养的双胞胎研究，该研究比较了137对分开抚养的同卵和异卵双胞胎。A. accordingly相应地；B. regionally地区性地；C. consistently一致地；D. separately分开地。根据上文“the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart”推知，研究的核心是分开抚养的双胞胎，故选D。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究首次表明，大约一半的性格差异来自基因，挑战了“白板论”的观点。A. challenging挑战；B. introducing介绍；C. exploring探索；D. borrowing借用。根据上文“This study was one of the first to show that around half of personality differences come from genetics, ”可知，研究发现基因影响性格，与“白板论”相悖，即挑战了“白板论”。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它突出了先天与后天之争的复杂性，这是一个常被简化的话题。A. understood被理解的；B. hidden隐藏的；C. transitioned转型的；D. oversimplified简化的。根据“the complexity of the nature VS nurture ( 培养) debate”可知，先天和后天是一个复杂的问题，但常被简化讨论。故选D。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在《独特：人类个性的新科学》一书中，神经科学家David Linden探讨了最新的研究，分析了塑造人类行为与生理的各种因素。A. shape塑造；B. study研究；C. exhibit展示；D. justify证明。根据下文“ He explores how we are influenced by our genes, upbringing”中的influence可知，此处指塑造人类的各种因素。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他探讨了我们如何受到基因、养育和偶然因素的影响，并研究了一系列话题，包括我们如何睡眠以及如何感知世界。A. food食物；B. exercise锻炼；C. weather天气；D. chance偶然。根据下文“Geneticist Robert Plomin suggests that much of the remaining variation comes from random events during brain development.”可知，此处指偶然因素。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：Linden讨论的一个有趣方面是我们区分气味的能力。A. depend upon依赖；B. battle with斗争；C. discriminate between区分；D. consist in在于。根据下文“In high-income countries, the sense of smell is often considered less important than vision or hearing.  9 , hunter-gatherer communities like the Maniq of Thailand excel at identifying smells, likely due to their reliance on this ability for survival. ”可知，此处指辨别不同气味的能力，故选C。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这看起来是一个固定的特点，但比我们想象的更灵活。A. stable稳定的；B. obvious明显的；C. flexible灵活的；D. weak弱的。根据“a fixed trait ”和表示转折的while可知，辨别不同气味的能力比我们想象中更灵活。故选C。 【29题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：相比之下，像泰国的玛尼族这样的狩猎采集社群，在识别气味方面表现出色，这很可能是因为他们在生存中高度依赖这种能力。A. In contrast相比之下；B. What’s more此外；C. As a result结果；D. By the way顺便。根据上文“In high-income countries, the sense of smell is often considered less important than vision or hearing.”可知，此处把低收入国家和高收入国家进行对比。故选A。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种差异延伸到了语言层面：玛尼语中有15个描述气味的抽象词汇，而英语中几乎没有与气味来源无关的、专门描述气味本身的词汇。A. loverhood恋爱状态；B. discussion讨论；C. appearance外貌；D. language语言。根据下文“the Maniq language includes 15 abstract words for smells, while English has few words to describe smells that aren't related to their source.”可知，这种差异延伸到了语言。故选D。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：影响个性的另一个重要因素是早期发展的随机性。A. adaptability适应性；B. individuality个性；C. sustainability可持续性；D. predictability可预测性。根据上文“This study was one of the first to show that around half of personality differences come from genetics”和下文“Linden’s work provides valuable insights that cast light on the nature of individuality.”可知，全文讨论的是个性形成，故选B。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：双胞胎研究表明，虽然大约一半的性格差异来自遗传，但养育的影响很小，通常不到10%。A. direct直接的；B. crucial关键的；C. minimal最小的；D. combined综合的。根据“usually less than 10%”可知，研究表明养育影响通常很小。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：细胞位置或移动中的微小随机变化，可能会导致大脑连接方式和功能的显著差异。A. improvements改进；B. differences差异；C. exceptions例外；D. relationships关系。呼应上文“Small random changes ”，此处指微小随机变化导致大脑结构和功能的差异。故选B。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管对大脑发育的理解有所进步，许多问题仍然存在。A. traces痕迹；B. costs成本；C. questions问题；D. features特征。根据下文“It’s unclear how many of the Jim twins’ coincidences originated from genetic similarities compared to randomness.”可知，科学研究仍有许多未解之谜，即许多问题仍然存在。故选C。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管我们才刚刚开始理解人类大脑的复杂性，Linden的研究成果为揭示个性的本质提供了宝贵的见解。A. grasp理解；B. avoid避免；C. demand要求；D. add添加。结合上文的研究发现以及下文“the complexities of the human brain”可知，人类刚刚开始理解人类大脑的复杂性。故选A。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Parenthood is often described as life’s greatest gift — a journey of deep love and connection. Children are the light of your life, the ones who make everything worthwhile. But, like any long-term relationship, it has its challenging moments. Years ago, I wrote a column suggesting that what most mothers really want for Mother’s Day isn’t flowers or breakfast in bed — it’s an apology. A heartfelt acknowledgment of all the moments their children tested their patience. Picture this: “March 2004, losing my temper on a ferry — I’m sorry. April 2004, screaming because you broke my cheese — I’m sorry. April 2004 again, screaming because the replacement cheese was also ‘wrong’ — I’m sorry.” Parents, of course, could admit their own mistakes, like accidentally ruining childhood myths about Snow White. It would be a way for everyone to start fresh as they entered adulthood. While I never got those apologies, a recent experience brought me close to that feeling. Both my daughters have recently moved out and started their own independent lives. Watching them face the realities of adulthood has been unexpectedly satisfying. Every time they’re surprised by how difficult life can be, it feels like proof that my years of parenting paid off. In a darkly humorous way, it’s almost like the perfect parent would leave their kids so unprepared that — they wouldn’t last a day Thankfully, I didn’t aim for that kind of perfection — both my daughters are doing well, despite some struggles along the way. Still, their comments about adult life are little victories for me. One daughter admitted she now understands why I insisted on carpets instead of concrete floors. She even sees the value of things she once laughed at, like curtains and electric blankets. Another revelation came when she discovered how expensive basic items like washing powder are. “Why is something so boring so costly?” she asked, shocked. It’s not just the financial surprises. They’ve also come to appreciate the small comforts of home. One daughter admitted it’s nice to wake up to someone cooking breakfast. She used to wish I’d leave her alone for a weekend, but now she sees the warmth of having someone there. I’m still waiting for the ultimate acknowledgment — when they become parents themselves and truly understand my efforts — but for now, these small realizations feel like a sweet reward. 36. According to the author, what do most mothers truly want for Mother’s Day? A. Flowers and breakfast in bed. B. A genuine expression of regret from their children. C. A chance to reflect on their parenting achievements. D. A discussion about childhood myths like Snow White. 37. What does the author find satisfying about her daughters moving out? A. Their newfound freedom. B. Their financial independence. C. Finding them unwilling to leave home. D. Seeing them handle the struggles of adult life. 38. What realization did one of the author’s daughters have about household items? A. Concrete floors are better than carpets. B. Washing powder is surprisingly expensive. C. Electric blankets are unnecessary luxuries. D. Curtains are outdated interior design elements. 39. Why does the author believe her daughters’ small realizations are rewarding? A. They make her feel less alone. B. They justify her parenting choices. C. They highlight her daughters’ maturity. D. They remind her of the warmth of family life. 【答案】36. B 37. D 38. B 39. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者渴望从孩子那里得到对自己养育付出的认可。当女儿们成年独立后，开始理解生活的不易和母亲的用心，这些小小的领悟对母亲而言已是甜蜜的回报。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Years ago, I wrote a column suggesting that what most mothers really want for Mother’s Day isn’t flowers or breakfast in bed — it’s an apology. A heartfelt acknowledgment of all the moments their children tested their patience.(几年前，我写过一篇专栏，提出大多数母亲在母亲节真正想要的并不是鲜花或床上早餐 —— 而是一个道歉。一种发自内心的承认，承认那些孩子们一次次考验她们耐心的时刻)”可知，作者认为大多数妈妈在母亲节那天想要的是孩子发自内心的道歉，即表达他们的遗憾。故选B。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Both my daughters have recently moved out and started their own independent lives. Watching them face the realities of adulthood has been unexpectedly satisfying.  Every time they’re surprised by how difficult life can be, it feels like proof that my years of parenting paid off.  (我的两个女儿最近都搬了出去，开始了自己的独立生活。看着他们面对成年后的现实是一种出乎意料的满足。每次他们惊讶于生活的艰难，就好像证明了我多年的教育是有回报的)”可知，女儿们搬出去后，看着她们应对成年生活的艰难让作者感到满意。故选D。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Another revelation came when she discovered how expensive basic items like washing powder are. “Why is something so boring so costly?” she asked, shocked.(另一个启示是，她发现洗衣粉等基本用品是多么昂贵。“为什么这么无聊的东西这么贵？”她震惊地问道)”可知，作者的一个女儿意识到洗衣粉等居家用品贵得离谱。故选B。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“One daughter admitted she now understands why I insisted on carpets instead of concrete floors. She even sees the value of things she once laughed at, like curtains and electric blankets. Another revelation came when she discovered how expensive basic items like washing powder are. “Why is something so boring so costly?” she asked, shocked.(一个女儿承认，她现在明白我为什么坚持铺地毯而不是水泥地板了。她甚至看到了她曾经嘲笑过的东西的价值，比如窗帘和电热毯。另一个启示是，她发现洗衣粉等基本用品是多么昂贵。“为什么这么无聊的东西这么贵？”她震惊地问道)”和最后一段“I’m still waiting for the ultimate acknowledgment —when they become parents themselves and truly understand my efforts — but for now, these small realizations feel like a sweet reward.(我仍在等待那份终极的认可——当他们自己为人父母，才能真正理解我的付出——但就目前而言，这些小小的领悟已经像是一份甜蜜的回报)”推测，作者认为女儿们小小的领悟是回报，是因为它们证明了她为人父母的选择是对的。故选B。 (B) Sending Mail Abroad What are you sending? Letters and postcards Letters and postcards to Europe can only be sent by Airmail — up to a maximum weight of 2kg. Airmail Our standard Airmail service for sending international mail to anywhere in the world quickly and cost effectively. How to use Stick our branded Airmail sticker — available free from Post Office branches — on your item of mail and post it in any post box or Post Office branch. Alternatively, you can simply write ‘BY AIRMAIL — PAR AVION’ in the front top left corner. Our Airmail delivery aims are:  Western Europe: 3 days following day of posting  Eastern Europe: 4 days following day of posting  Outside Europe: 5 days following day of posting Airmail prices Weight up to Europe World Zone 1 World Zone 2 Postcards £0.44 £0.50 £0.50 10g £0.44 £0.50 £0.50 20g £0.44 £0.72 £0.72 40g £0.64 £1.12 £1.19 60g £0.83 £1.51 £1.66 80g £1.02 £1.91 £2.14 100g £1.21 £2.31 £2.61 120g £1.41 £2.70 £3.08 140g £1.60 £3.10 £3.55 160g £1.79 £3.49 £4.02 Surface mail Our economical service for sending non-urgent international mail. How to use Surface items should be addressed as normal.  The name of the country in CAPITALS must come last. Our Surface mail delivery aims are:  Western Europe: 2 weeks following day of posting  Eastern Europe: 4 weeks following day of posting  Outside Europe: 8-12 weeks following day of posting Surface mail prices Weight up to Postcards Letters only to outside Europe 20g £0.42 £0.42 60g £0.72 £0.72 100g £1.02 £1.02 150g £1.43 £1.43 Where is it going? World Zone 1 World Zone 1 covers all countries not in either Europe or World Zone 2. World Zone 2 Australia Korea Philippines China New Zealand Japan 40. If you post a letter to France, which is located in Western Europe, on November 1st, it will arrive there ________. A. on November 4th B. on November 5th C. on November 15th D. on November 29th 41. If you post a letter, weighing 110g, to the United States by airmail, you need to pay ________. A. £2.31 B. £2.61 C. £2.70 D. £3.08 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. The cost of sending a postcard to Japan by airmail is £0.42. B. You can choose to send a letter to Germany by surface mail. C. You must use the branded Airmail sticker to send a letter by airmail. D. A postcard sent to Egypt by surface mail may take 9 weeks to arrive. 【答案】40. A 41. C 42. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍的是往国外寄信或明信片的相关方法。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据What are you sending?部分“Letters and postcards to Europe can only be sent by Airmail — up to a maximum weight of 2kg. (寄往欧洲的信件和明信片只能空邮，最大重量不超过2公斤。)”和“Western Europe: 3 days following day of posting (西欧：投寄翌日起计3天)”可知，如果你于11月1日向位于西欧的法国寄出一封信，它将在11月4日到达那里。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据文中Where is it going?表格“World Zone 1 covers all countries not in either Europe or World Zone 2. (世界1区涵盖了欧洲和世界2区以外的所有国家。)”和“World Zone 2: Australia, Korea, Philippines, China, New Zealand, Japan (世界2区：澳大利亚， 韩国， 菲律宾， 中国 ，新西兰， 日本)”可知，美国是属于世界1区，再根据Airmail prices表格World Zone 1和120g对应的信息£2.70可知，如果你通过航空邮件向美国寄出一封重110克的信，你需要支付2.70英镑。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据Surface mail部分“Outside Europe: 8-12 weeks following day of posting (欧洲以外地区：邮寄后8-12周)”可知，通过平邮寄往埃及的邮件可能需要9周才能到达。 (C) Scientists know little about how sharks came to exist because of the way their skeletons are made. Sharks have skeletons (骨骼) mostly made of cartilage, a soft and flexible material that doesn’t fossilize (成为化石) well. As a result, sharks don’t leave clear remains like animals with hard bones. This means that shark skeletons don’t leave behind the same clear, lasting remains as animals with bony skeletons. ‌“Cartilage is a tricky material,” explains John Maisey, a scientist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. For centuries, scientists have tried to piece together the history of sharks but could only make educated guesses that sharks might have come from fish with actual bones. However, a recent breakthrough has opened up new possibilities for understanding where sharks came from. Using advanced CT scanning technology, Maisey and his team examined the only known fossil of an ancient fish called Doliodus problematicus. This fossil is 400 million years old and was first discovered in the mid-1990s in Canada. For years, researchers could only study it from the outside, but in 2014, new CT scanning technology allowed them to look deeper into its structure without damaging it. What they found could be a missing link in the shark evolution puzzle. The scan revealed surprising details. Unlike modern sharks, which are smooth and lack external spines (棘刺), the Doliodus fossil had spines along its back and near its lower body. These spines were similar to those found in an older type of fish with both bony and shark-like characteristics. It also had jaws and teeth like those of modern sharks, showing a mix of features from early bony fish and today’s sharks. This makes Doliodus an important connection between two groups of fish, offering new clues about shark evolution. “This is a major discovery,” says Michael Coates, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Chicago. Coates believes that these findings support the idea that acanthodians, the ancient group with both bony and shark-like characteristics, could represent an important step in the early development of sharks. Maisey’s research encourages scientists to revisit acanthodians, an extinct group of fish with both bony and shark-like features. These ancient creatures are thought to represent a transitional stage in fish evolution, potentially reshaping what we know about the origins of sharks. 43. Main Idea: What is the passage primarily about? A. Finding a new shark species with advanced technology. B. The role of sharks in the extinction of ancient fish species. C. An important discovery in understanding how sharks evolved. D. Efforts to uncover the origins of sharks through fossil research. 44. Why is it tricky to study the evolution of sharks? A. Their skeletons rarely endure over time. B. Their remains are hard to find in ancient rock layers. C. Their evolutionary history is too recent to be understood. D. Their bones have been confused with those of other fish species. 45. What is the significance of the Doliodus problematicus fossil? A. It confirms that sharks evolved mainly from acanthodians. B. It suggests that ancient sharks lacked both jaws and spines. C. It proves that sharks are directly related to modern bony fish. D. It shows a connection between early bony fish and modern sharks. 46. How is the passage organized? A. By describing several fossils before focusing on Doliodus. B. By comparing features of sharks and acanthodians in detail. C. By explaining the difficulties in studying sharks and sharing new findings. D. By summarizing past research on ancient fish without introducing new insights. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家们对鲨鱼起源和演化的研究，特别是通过CT扫描技术发现的一种古代鱼类化石对理解鲨鱼演化的重要意义。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段中“Scientists know little about how sharks came to exist because of the way their skeletons are made.(由于鲨鱼的骨骼构造方式，科学家们对鲨鱼是如何存在的知之甚少)”以及后文对Doliodus problematicus化石的描述与其对于鲨鱼演化研究的重要性可知，文章主要讨论了关于鲨鱼演化的一个重要发现。故选C项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Sharks have skeletons (骨骼) mostly made of cartilage, a soft and flexible material that doesn’t fossilize (成为化石) well. As a result, sharks don’t leave clear remains like animals with hard bones. This means that shark skeletons don’t leave behind the same clear, lasting remains as animals with bony skeletons.(鲨鱼的骨骼主要由软骨组成，软骨是一种柔软且灵活的材料，不易形成化石。因此，鲨鱼不会像硬骨动物那样留下清晰的遗骸。这意味着鲨鱼的骨骼不会像其他动物那样留下清晰、持久的遗骸)”可知，鲨鱼的骨骼不易形成化石，因此它们的骨骼很少能保存下来供科学家研究，这使得研究鲨鱼的演化变得困难。故选A项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The scan revealed surprising details. Unlike modern sharks, which are smooth and lack external spines (棘刺), the Doliodus fossil had spines along its back and near its lower body. These spines were similar to those found in an older type of fish with both bony and shark-like characteristics. It also had jaws and teeth like those of modern sharks, showing a mix of features from early bony fish and today’s sharks.(扫描揭示了令人惊讶的细节。与现代鲨鱼光滑且没有外部棘刺不同，Doliodus化石的背部和身体下部附近有棘刺。这些棘刺与一种更古老的、同时具有骨质和鲨鱼特征的鱼类身上的棘刺相似。它还有像现代鲨鱼那样的下颚和牙齿，显示出早期硬骨鱼和现代鲨鱼的特征混合)”可知，Doliodus problematicus化石展示了早期硬骨鱼和现代鲨鱼之间的联系。故选D项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists know little about how sharks came to exist because of the way their skeletons are made.(由于鲨鱼的骨骼构造方式，科学家们对鲨鱼是如何存在的知之甚少)”、第二段“However, a recent breakthrough has opened up new possibilities for understanding where sharks came from. Using advanced CT scanning technology, Maisey and his team examined the only known fossil of an ancient fish called Doliodus problematicus.(然而，最近的一项突破为理解鲨鱼的起源开辟了新的可能性。Maisey和他的团队使用先进的CT扫描技术，检查了唯一已知的古代鱼类化石，名为Doliodus problematicus)”和最后一段中“Coates believes that these findings support the idea that acanthodians, the ancient group with both bony and shark-like characteristics, could represent an important step in the early development of sharks. Maisey’s research encourages scientists to revisit acanthodians, an extinct group of fish with both bony and shark-like features. These ancient creatures are thought to represent a transitional stage in fish evolution, potentially reshaping what we know about the origins of sharks.(科茨认为这些发现印证了：兼具硬骨鱼类与鲨类特征的古老棘鱼类，很可能代表了鲨鱼早期演化的重要阶段。梅西的研究则促使科学界重新审视这种已灭绝的鱼类——它们同时具备硬骨特征与软骨特征，被认为代表了鱼类进化过程中的过渡阶段，或将重塑我们对鲨鱼起源的认知)”可知，文章首先解释了研究鲨鱼演化的困难，然后介绍了通过CT扫描技术发现的一种古代鱼类化石，以及这个发现对于理解鲨鱼演化的重要性。故选C项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Back to the Drawing Board The traditional approach to finding habitable(可居住的)planets outside our solar system has been to look for Earth-like planets in a star’s “Goldilocks zone,” where it’s not too hot or too cold for liquid water. ___47___ . In other words, the conditions for life may be more complex and varied than previously thought. Astrophysicists now believe that in addition to the right temperature range, several other factors are critical in determining whether a planet can support life. These include the planet’s mass, atmospheric composition, and its magnetic field, which can protect the planet from harmful radiation. Furthermore, the planet’s orbital dynamics play significant roles in stabilizing its climate over long periods. Recent studies have shown that some planets might exhibit what scientists call “fractional habitability.” ___48___ Instead, areas or periods that can support life might be enough, similar to how life on Earth exists in various environments like deep oceans and deserts. For instance, a planet orbiting a red dwarf star — common but faint stars in our galaxy — might experience intense tidal heating due to its closeness to its star. This tidal heating could prevent the planet’s surface from freezing entirely, creating potential underwater or underground habitats, despite the star’s weak solar output. Additionally, the volcanic activity stimulated by tidal forces could release gases essential for an atmosphere capable of supporting life. ___49___ Such planets might be mostly unfriendly to life for part of their orbit but could offer brief windows where conditions are perfect for life. This kind of habitability challenges our Earth-centric view of life’s requirements and suggests that even planets in the chaotic orbits of binary star systems(双星系统)might occasionally host life-giving conditions. As the search for extraterrestrial life continues, these new models help scientists prioritize targets for further investigation. ___50___ This brings us closer to understanding the true nature of habitability and perhaps eventual finding life beyond Earth. A. This concept suggests that a planet does not need to be fully habitable across its entire surface all the time to support life. B. Even Earth is not 100 per cent habitable by the standard liquid-water definition. C. Another possibility involves planets with irregular orbits, leading to extreme seasonal changes. D. It sounds like a simple enough wish list, but finding a planet that fulfils all of these criteria has kept astronomers busy for decades. E. However, recent advancements in astronomy have expanded our understanding of planetary habitability. F. With each discovery, we learn more about the vast diversity of planetary environments. 【答案】47. E 48. A 49. C 50. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家在寻找太阳系外宜居行星时，已不再局限于传统的“类地行星+宜居带”模式。随着天文学的发展，研究者认识到行星的宜居性受多种因素影响，如质量、大气成分、磁场和轨道动力学等。文章指出，部分行星可能具有“局部宜居性”或因特殊轨道条件而短暂具备生命支持能力，这拓宽了人类对生命存在条件的认知。 【47题详解】 根据上文“The traditional approach to finding habitable(可居住的)planets outside our solar system has been to look for Earth-like planets in a star’s “Goldilocks zone,” where it’s not too hot or too cold for liquid water(寻找太阳系外宜居行星的传统方法是在恒星的“宜居带”内寻找类地行星，那里的温度既不太热也不太冷，适合液态水存在)”以及下文提到“the conditions for life may be more complex and varied than previously thought(生命存在的条件可能比以前认为的更复杂和多样)”可知，上下文为转折关系，可以推断出此处需要一个转折句，引出当前对宜居性认知的更新。E项“However, recent advancements in astronomy have expanded our understanding of planetary habitability(然而，近年来天文学的进步拓展了我们对行星宜居性的理解)”正好起到承上启下的作用，与上下文逻辑一致，故选E项。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Recent studies have shown that some planets might exhibit what scientists call “fractional habitability.”(最近的研究表明，一些行星可能表现出科学家所说的“局部宜居性”)”可知，上文提到了“fractional habitability”这个概念，可推理出下文应解释“fractional habitability”的具体含义。A项“This concept suggests that a planet does not need to be fully habitable across its entire surface all the time to support life.(这一概念表明，一颗行星并不需要在其整个表面始终具备宜居性才能支持生命)”正是对“fractional habitability”的定义和解释，且与后文“areas or periods that can support life might be enough(能够支持生命的区域或时期就足够了)”相呼应，故选A项。 【49题详解】 根据下文“Such planets might be mostly unfriendly to life for part of their orbit but could offer brief windows where conditions are perfect for life(这些行星在其轨道的某些部分可能大部分时间都不适合生命存在，但可能会提供短暂的适宜生命存在的窗口期)”中的“such planets”可推理出上文应提到一类具有不规则轨道或极端季节变化的行星。C项“Another possibility involves planets with irregular orbits, leading to extreme seasonal changes(另一种可能性涉及轨道不规则的行星，导致极端的季节变化)”正好引出下文所述的轨道变化带来的短暂宜居窗口，逻辑衔接紧密，故选C项。 【50题详解】 根据上文“As the search for extraterrestrial life continues, these new models help scientists prioritize targets for further investigation.(随着地外生命搜索的继续，这些新模型帮助科学家优先确定进一步研究的目标)”以及下文“This brings us closer to understanding the true nature of habitability and perhaps eventual finding life beyond Earth.(这让我们更接近理解宜居性的本质，或许最终能找到地球之外的生命)”可知，空格处需体现“研究发现”带来的进展。F项 “With each discovery, we learn more about the vast diversity of planetary environments.(每一次发现，我们都能更多地了解行星环境的巨大多样性)”既承接上文“优先研究目标”后的“发现”，又通过“了解多样性”，为下文“接近理解宜居性本质”铺垫，逻辑连贯，故选F项。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ann Grand：a visual thinker Ann Grand is a visual thinker.When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures, like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from video-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time, and the image visualized are always specific. For example, if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures, like the one in her old house, and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head.Grand’s mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for. Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started. Grand’s mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand’s visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Ann Grand is a visual thinker, whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three﹣dimensional design simulations. Grand’s mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。Ann Grand是一位视觉思考者。Ann Grand的大脑就像互联网搜索殷勤一样，可以生成用户正在搜索的对象的几十幅图像。Ann Grand的头脑对细节也很敏感，这在她与牛的工作中很重要，并因此创造了许多设计。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Ann Grand is a visual thinker. Grand’s mind works like the Internet search engine. ②Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination. Because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. ③Grand’s mind is also sensitive to details. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. ④ This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences. 2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Ann Grand is a visual thinker and Grand’s mind works like the Internet search engine. Grand can build entire systems in her imagination. Because visual thinking can produce three-dimensional design simulations. Grand’s mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle, which led her to create kinds of designs. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Ann Grand is a visual thinker, whose mind works like the Internet search engine. 运用whose引导的非限制性定语从句，表达高级。 【高分句型2】Grand’s mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. 运用so…that引导的结果状语从句以及that引导的定语从句，表达高级。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这名冲浪运动员前往偏远的海滩，以寻找完美的海浪。(in search) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】The surfer went to remote beaches in search of perfect waves. 【解析】 【详解】句子陈述已发生的动作，用一般过去时；表示“这名冲浪运动员”用The surfer，作主语；表示“前往”用go to，结合时态用went to；表示“偏远的海滩”用remote beaches，作宾语；表示“以寻找”用固定短语in search of，作目的状语；表示“完美的海浪”用perfect waves，作介词of的宾语。 53. 同学们的热情和创意，让老师们欣慰。(What) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】What made the teachers relieved was the students’ enthusiasm and creativity. 【解析】 【详解】句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；表示“让老师们欣慰”可以理解为为主语部分，需用What引导主语从句，即What made the teachers relieved（让老师们感到欣慰的事情），其中“欣慰的”relieved为形容词作宾语补足语；主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，结合时态用was，表示“同学们的热情和创意”用the students’ enthusiasm and creativity，作表语，说明主语的具体内容。 54. 这幢大厦建成已有半个多世纪，一直是上海的城市地标。(serve) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This building has been standing for over half a century, serving as a landmark in Shanghai. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词，动词和时态。“这幢大厦”用名词短语this building作主语，“建成已有半个多世纪”即表示“已经矗立了半个多世纪，还会继续矗立下去”，用现在完成进行时，表示为“has been standing ”，“半个多世纪”表示为for over half a century作时间状语，“一直是上海的城市地标”用现在分词作状语，表示为serving as a landmark in Shanghai，其中serve as表示“充当，充任”。故译为This building has been standing for over half a century, serving as a landmark in Shanghai. 55. 在决定大学就读专业之前，我们需要权衡每个领域的利弊，包括工作前景和个人兴趣。(weigh) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】Before deciding on a major at university, we need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each field, including job prospects and personal interests. 【解析】 【详解】句子陈述一般性建议，用一般现在时；表示“在决定大学就读专业之前”用时间状语Before deciding on a major at university；表示“我们需要”用we need to，后接动词原形；表示“权衡”用提示词weigh；表示“每个领域的利弊”用the advantages and disadvantages of each field，作宾语；表示“包括工作前景和个人兴趣”用介词短语including job prospects and personal interests。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。最近学校计划对部分学生社团提供资金赞助，希望得到赞助的社团可提交书面申请。作为学校科技社的社长，写一份申请以获得学校的资金赞助，内容须包括： 1)对科技社的简单介绍(规模、活动安排等) 2)需要资金帮助的理由 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear school leaders, I am Li Ming, president of the Science and Technology Club. I am writing to apply for financial sponsorship from our school. Our club consists of more than seventy members. We arrange rich and meaningful activities every month, such as robot production, science lectures and creative invention competitions. These activities not only enrich students’ spare time, but also cultivate their practical ability and innovative thinking. At present, our club is short of funds. We cannot afford experimental materials, electronic accessories and necessary equipment. Lack of supplies makes it hard for us to carry out activities smoothly. If we get the fund support, we will hold more splendid tech events and attract more students to explore scientific knowledge. We promise to make greater progress and live up to the school’s expectation. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生作为学校科技社的社长，写一份申请以获得学校的资金赞助。 【详解】1.词汇积累 由……组成：consist of→be composed of 培养：cultivate→foster 缺少：be short of→be lacking in 吸引：attraction→appeal to 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：These activities not only enrich students’ spare time, but also cultivate their practical ability and innovative thinking. 拓展句：Not only do these activities enrich students’ spare time, but they also cultivate their practical ability and innovative thinking. 【点睛】【高分句型1】These activities not only enrich students’ spare time, but also cultivate their practical ability and innovative thinking.（运用了not only…but also…句型） 【高分句型2】If we get the fund support, we will hold more splendid tech events and attract more students to explore scientific knowledge.（运用了if引导条件状语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦附中高三下英语五月第二次阶段检测 (考试时间 105 分钟，满分 115 分) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Bow Street Police Museum: A Journey Through History In the heart of London lies a hidden treasure for history enthusiasts and curious minds alike. The Bow Street Police Museum is a fascinating place ____1____ history comes to life, offering a unique look at one of London’s oldest policing stations. Located in central London, the museum occupies ____2____ was once the Bow Street Police Station and Magistrates Court. This historic building opened in 1881 and played a key role in law enforcement for over a century. In the past, people arrested in the area were held overnight in cells before ____3____ (appear) in court the next morning. Today, visitors can explore these cells, including a particularly large one called “the tank.” It once held many people at a time and was known ____4____ (have) an awful smell and poor conditions. Walking into the tank today makes it easy to imagine how unpleasant it ____5____ (be) back then. The museum also tells the story of the Bow Street Runners, often considered London’s first organized police force. ____6____ (found) in 1749 by brothers Henry and John Fielding, this group laid the foundation for modern policing. Henry Fielding was also a well-known author, and new officers under him ____7____ (equip) with simple tools like handcuffs, a pistol, and a stick to help maintain peace. The police station finally closed in 1992, while the court continued operating ____8____ 2006. It hosted several famous trials. Today, the museum ____9____ (preserve) this rich history, sharing stories of crime, justice, and the people who worked there. ____10____ you’re exploring the cells or learning about important trials, the Bow Street Police Museum offers an unforgettable journey into the past. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. When did you begin? You might think your life began on the day you were born, but the true story of your beginning is far more complex. The atoms in your body — like the carbon in your cells and the iron in your blood — were created billions of years ago in the hearts of ancient stars. These elements formed as stars burned, exploded, and spread their material across the universe. After traveling through space, they ___11___ became part of a young Earth and, later, part of you. But what about when you became a living, ___12___ being? There’s no clear answer. Some ___13___ it as the moment of conception (受孕) or the first heartbeat. Others, like developmental biologist Scott Gilbert, argue that there’s no ___14___ agreement on when human life actually starts. For centuries, people believed life began when a mother first felt her baby move — something called the “quickening”. Today, technology lets us see signs of life earlier, but we’re still left ___15___ what really counts as the beginning. And what about when you became you? Children begin to develop a sense of self around age two. They start recognizing their ___16___ in mirrors and using words like “I” and “me.” These early signs of self-awareness are the foundation of what we think of as personal ___17___. However, some scientists believe our sense of self is more fluid and less continuous than we imagine. So, when did you begin? Physically, you ___18___ back to the birth of stars; ___19___ you began developing during the earliest stages of pregnancy. And as a conscious being, your journey started in early childhood. Rather than having a single starting point, your beginning might be seen as a series of ___20___ moments in an ever-evolving story. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In 1979, the US public was drawn to the “Jim twins,” a pair of identical twin brothers adopted at birth by different families who reunited at age 39. Their shared names were just the beginning of their ____21____ . Both worked in law enforcement, enjoyed carpentry, owned Chevrolets, and took vacations at the same beach in Florida. Even more striking, they both married women named Linda, divorced, and later married a Betty. The Jim twins inspired the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, which compared 137 pairs of identical and non-identical twins raised ____22____ . This study was one of the first to show that around half of personality differences come from genetics, ____23____ the idea that we are born as blank slates (板). It highlighted the complexity of the nature VS nurture (培养)debate, a topic often ____24____ in discussions. In his book Unique: The New Science of Human Individuality, neuroscientist David Linden examines the latest research on the diverse factors that ____25____ human behavior and physiology. He explores how we are influenced by our genes, upbringing, and ____26____ , exploring a range of topics including how we sleep and perceive the world. One interesting aspect Linden discusses is our ability to ____27____ smells. While it may seem like a fixed trait (特点), research shows it is more ____28____ than we think. In high-income countries, the sense of smell is often considered less important than vision or hearing. ____29____ , hunter-gatherer communities like the Maniq of Thailand excel at identifying smells, likely due to their reliance on this ability for survival. This difference extends to ____30____ : the Maniq language includes 15 abstract words for smells, while English has few words to describe smells that aren't related to their source. Another important factor affecting ____31____ is the randomness of early development. Twin studies show that while about half of personality differences come from genetics, parenting has a ____32____ influence — usually less than 10%. Geneticist Robert Plomin suggests that much of the remaining variation comes from random events during brain development. Linden points out that “the wiring of the human brain is so complex that it can’t be precisely determined by a person’s DNA.” Small random changes in cell position or movement can lead to significant ____33____ in how the brain is wired and functions. Despite advancements in understanding brain development, many ____34____ remain. It’s unclear how many of the Jim twins’ coincidences originated from genetic similarities compared to randomness. While we are just beginning to ____35____ the complexities of the human brain, Linden’s work provides valuable insights that cast light on the nature of individuality. 21. A. struggle B. similarities C. reunion D. innovations 22. A. accordingly B. regionally C. consistently D. separately 23. A. challenging B. introducing C. exploring D. borrowing 24. A. understood B. hidden C. transitioned D. oversimplified 25. A. shape B. study C. exhibit D. justify 26. A. food B. exercise C. weather D. chance 27. A. depend upon B. battle with C. discriminate between D. consist in 28. A. stable B. obvious C. flexible D. weak 29. A. In contrast B. What’s more C. As a result D. By the way 30. A. loverhood B. discussion C. appearance D. language 31. A. adaptability B. individuality C. sustainability D. predictability 32. A. direct B. crucial C. minimal D. combined 33. A. improvements B. differences C. exceptions D. relationships 34. A. traces B. costs C. questions D. features 35. A. grasp B. avoid C. demand D. add Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Parenthood is often described as life’s greatest gift — a journey of deep love and connection. Children are the light of your life, the ones who make everything worthwhile. But, like any long-term relationship, it has its challenging moments. Years ago, I wrote a column suggesting that what most mothers really want for Mother’s Day isn’t flowers or breakfast in bed — it’s an apology. A heartfelt acknowledgment of all the moments their children tested their patience. Picture this: “March 2004, losing my temper on a ferry — I’m sorry. April 2004, screaming because you broke my cheese — I’m sorry. April 2004 again, screaming because the replacement cheese was also ‘wrong’ — I’m sorry.” Parents, of course, could admit their own mistakes, like accidentally ruining childhood myths about Snow White. It would be a way for everyone to start fresh as they entered adulthood. While I never got those apologies, a recent experience brought me close to that feeling. Both my daughters have recently moved out and started their own independent lives. Watching them face the realities of adulthood has been unexpectedly satisfying. Every time they’re surprised by how difficult life can be, it feels like proof that my years of parenting paid off. In a darkly humorous way, it’s almost like the perfect parent would leave their kids so unprepared that — they wouldn’t last a day Thankfully, I didn’t aim for that kind of perfection — both my daughters are doing well, despite some struggles along the way. Still, their comments about adult life are little victories for me. One daughter admitted she now understands why I insisted on carpets instead of concrete floors. She even sees the value of things she once laughed at, like curtains and electric blankets. Another revelation came when she discovered how expensive basic items like washing powder are. “Why is something so boring so costly?” she asked, shocked. It’s not just the financial surprises. They’ve also come to appreciate the small comforts of home. One daughter admitted it’s nice to wake up to someone cooking breakfast. She used to wish I’d leave her alone for a weekend, but now she sees the warmth of having someone there. I’m still waiting for the ultimate acknowledgment — when they become parents themselves and truly understand my efforts — but for now, these small realizations feel like a sweet reward. 36. According to the author, what do most mothers truly want for Mother’s Day? A. Flowers and breakfast in bed. B. A genuine expression of regret from their children. C. A chance to reflect on their parenting achievements. D. A discussion about childhood myths like Snow White. 37. What does the author find satisfying about her daughters moving out? A. Their newfound freedom. B. Their financial independence. C. Finding them unwilling to leave home. D. Seeing them handle the struggles of adult life. 38. What realization did one of the author’s daughters have about household items? A. Concrete floors are better than carpets. B. Washing powder is surprisingly expensive. C. Electric blankets are unnecessary luxuries. D. Curtains are outdated interior design elements. 39. Why does the author believe her daughters’ small realizations are rewarding? A. They make her feel less alone. B. They justify her parenting choices. C. They highlight her daughters’ maturity. D. They remind her of the warmth of family life. (B) Sending Mail Abroad What are you sending? Letters and postcards Letters and postcards to Europe can only be sent by Airmail — up to a maximum weight of 2kg. Airmail Our standard Airmail service for sending international mail to anywhere in the world quickly and cost effectively. How to use Stick our branded Airmail sticker — available free from Post Office branches — on your item of mail and post it in any post box or Post Office branch. Alternatively, you can simply write ‘BY AIRMAIL — PAR AVION’ in the front top left corner. Our Airmail delivery aims are:  Western Europe: 3 days following day of posting  Eastern Europe: 4 days following day of posting  Outside Europe: 5 days following day of posting Airmail prices Weight up to Europe World Zone 1 World Zone 2 Postcards £0.44 £0.50 £0.50 10g £0.44 £0.50 £0.50 20g £0.44 £0.72 £0.72 40g £0.64 £1.12 £1.19 60g £0.83 £1.51 £1.66 80g £1.02 £1.91 £2.14 100g £1.21 £2.31 £2.61 120g £1.41 £2.70 £3.08 140g £1.60 £3.10 £3.55 160g £1.79 £3.49 £4.02 Surface mail Our economical service for sending non-urgent international mail. How to use Surface items should be addressed as normal.  The name of the country in CAPITALS must come last. Our Surface mail delivery aims are:  Western Europe: 2 weeks following day of posting  Eastern Europe: 4 weeks following day of posting  Outside Europe: 8-12 weeks following day of posting Surface mail prices Weight up to Postcards Letters only to outside Europe 20g £0.42 £0.42 60g £0.72 £0.72 100g £1.02 £1.02 150g £1.43 £1.43 Where is it going? World Zone 1 World Zone 1 covers all countries not in either Europe or World Zone 2. World Zone 2 Australia Korea Philippines China New Zealand Japan 40. If you post a letter to France, which is located in Western Europe, on November 1st, it will arrive there ________. A. on November 4th B. on November 5th C. on November 15th D. on November 29th 41. If you post a letter, weighing 110g, to the United States by airmail, you need to pay ________. A. £2.31 B. £2.61 C. £2.70 D. £3.08 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. The cost of sending a postcard to Japan by airmail is £0.42. B. You can choose to send a letter to Germany by surface mail. C. You must use the branded Airmail sticker to send a letter by airmail. D. A postcard sent to Egypt by surface mail may take 9 weeks to arrive. (C) Scientists know little about how sharks came to exist because of the way their skeletons are made. Sharks have skeletons (骨骼) mostly made of cartilage, a soft and flexible material that doesn’t fossilize (成为化石) well. As a result, sharks don’t leave clear remains like animals with hard bones. This means that shark skeletons don’t leave behind the same clear, lasting remains as animals with bony skeletons. ‌“Cartilage is a tricky material,” explains John Maisey, a scientist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. For centuries, scientists have tried to piece together the history of sharks but could only make educated guesses that sharks might have come from fish with actual bones. However, a recent breakthrough has opened up new possibilities for understanding where sharks came from. Using advanced CT scanning technology, Maisey and his team examined the only known fossil of an ancient fish called Doliodus problematicus. This fossil is 400 million years old and was first discovered in the mid-1990s in Canada. For years, researchers could only study it from the outside, but in 2014, new CT scanning technology allowed them to look deeper into its structure without damaging it. What they found could be a missing link in the shark evolution puzzle. The scan revealed surprising details. Unlike modern sharks, which are smooth and lack external spines (棘刺), the Doliodus fossil had spines along its back and near its lower body. These spines were similar to those found in an older type of fish with both bony and shark-like characteristics. It also had jaws and teeth like those of modern sharks, showing a mix of features from early bony fish and today’s sharks. This makes Doliodus an important connection between two groups of fish, offering new clues about shark evolution. “This is a major discovery,” says Michael Coates, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Chicago. Coates believes that these findings support the idea that acanthodians, the ancient group with both bony and shark-like characteristics, could represent an important step in the early development of sharks. Maisey’s research encourages scientists to revisit acanthodians, an extinct group of fish with both bony and shark-like features. These ancient creatures are thought to represent a transitional stage in fish evolution, potentially reshaping what we know about the origins of sharks. 43. Main Idea: What is the passage primarily about? A. Finding a new shark species with advanced technology. B. The role of sharks in the extinction of ancient fish species. C. An important discovery in understanding how sharks evolved. D. Efforts to uncover the origins of sharks through fossil research. 44. Why is it tricky to study the evolution of sharks? A. Their skeletons rarely endure over time. B. Their remains are hard to find in ancient rock layers. C. Their evolutionary history is too recent to be understood. D. Their bones have been confused with those of other fish species. 45. What is the significance of the Doliodus problematicus fossil? A. It confirms that sharks evolved mainly from acanthodians. B. It suggests that ancient sharks lacked both jaws and spines. C. It proves that sharks are directly related to modern bony fish. D. It shows a connection between early bony fish and modern sharks. 46. How is the passage organized? A. By describing several fossils before focusing on Doliodus. B. By comparing features of sharks and acanthodians in detail. C. By explaining the difficulties in studying sharks and sharing new findings. D. By summarizing past research on ancient fish without introducing new insights. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Back to the Drawing Board The traditional approach to finding habitable(可居住的)planets outside our solar system has been to look for Earth-like planets in a star’s “Goldilocks zone,” where it’s not too hot or too cold for liquid water. ___47___ . In other words, the conditions for life may be more complex and varied than previously thought. Astrophysicists now believe that in addition to the right temperature range, several other factors are critical in determining whether a planet can support life. These include the planet’s mass, atmospheric composition, and its magnetic field, which can protect the planet from harmful radiation. Furthermore, the planet’s orbital dynamics play significant roles in stabilizing its climate over long periods. Recent studies have shown that some planets might exhibit what scientists call “fractional habitability.” ___48___ Instead, areas or periods that can support life might be enough, similar to how life on Earth exists in various environments like deep oceans and deserts. For instance, a planet orbiting a red dwarf star — common but faint stars in our galaxy — might experience intense tidal heating due to its closeness to its star. This tidal heating could prevent the planet’s surface from freezing entirely, creating potential underwater or underground habitats, despite the star’s weak solar output. Additionally, the volcanic activity stimulated by tidal forces could release gases essential for an atmosphere capable of supporting life. ___49___ Such planets might be mostly unfriendly to life for part of their orbit but could offer brief windows where conditions are perfect for life. This kind of habitability challenges our Earth-centric view of life’s requirements and suggests that even planets in the chaotic orbits of binary star systems(双星系统)might occasionally host life-giving conditions. As the search for extraterrestrial life continues, these new models help scientists prioritize targets for further investigation. ___50___ This brings us closer to understanding the true nature of habitability and perhaps eventual finding life beyond Earth. A. This concept suggests that a planet does not need to be fully habitable across its entire surface all the time to support life. B. Even Earth is not 100 per cent habitable by the standard liquid-water definition. C. Another possibility involves planets with irregular orbits, leading to extreme seasonal changes. D. It sounds like a simple enough wish list, but finding a planet that fulfils all of these criteria has kept astronomers busy for decades. E. However, recent advancements in astronomy have expanded our understanding of planetary habitability. F. With each discovery, we learn more about the vast diversity of planetary environments. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ann Grand：a visual thinker Ann Grand is a visual thinker.When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures, like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from video-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time, and the image visualized are always specific. For example, if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures, like the one in her old house, and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head.Grand’s mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for. Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started. Grand’s mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand’s visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这名冲浪运动员前往偏远的海滩，以寻找完美的海浪。(in search) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 53. 同学们的热情和创意，让老师们欣慰。(What) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 54. 这幢大厦建成已有半个多世纪，一直是上海的城市地标。(serve) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________ 55. 在决定大学就读专业之前，我们需要权衡每个领域的利弊，包括工作前景和个人兴趣。(weigh) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。最近学校计划对部分学生社团提供资金赞助，希望得到赞助的社团可提交书面申请。作为学校科技社的社长，写一份申请以获得学校的资金赞助，内容须包括： 1)对科技社的简单介绍(规模、活动安排等) 2)需要资金帮助的理由 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $