Units 3-4 定语从句 导学案-2025-2026学年译林版高中英语必修第一册

该高中英语导学案聚焦必修一定语从句（U3&U4复习）及阅读组合训练，引导学生复习定语从句定义、先行词、关系代词与副词等基础概念，通过表格归纳关系词用法，再深入重点知识如that的特殊用法、地点模糊化等，构建从基础到进阶的学习支架，衔接阅读训练。 资料亮点在于语法复习的系统性与阅读训练的融合，通过单句填空、短文填空等分层练习巩固语法，结合阅读理解、完形等提升语境运用能力，培养语言能力，通过辨析关系词用法（如as与which）提升思维品质，多样化题型设计助力自主学习，符合新课标核心素养要求。

必修一 定语从句(U3&U4语法复习)+阅读组合训练 【学习目标】 1、复习定语从句的用法； 2、阅读组合训练，提升阅读理解力。 【学习过程】 定语从句复习 定语从句：在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。换句话说，定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose ,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。 限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。 非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开 关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所做成分 who 指人 主语、表语或宾语 whom 指人 宾语，特别注意作介词的宾语 whose 指人或指物 定语 that 指人、指物或事情 主语、表语或宾语 as 指人或指主句内容 主语、表语或宾语 which 指物或事情、指主句内容 主语、表语或宾语 关系副词的用法 关系副词 先行词 在从句中所做成分 when 表示时间的名词 状语，“在……时候”，相当于“介词＋which” where 表示地点的名词：抽象地点和具体地点 状语，“(在)……地方”，相当于“介词＋which” why reason 状语，“为什么”，相当于“for which” 【重点知识一】关系代词的用法 1.只能用关系代词that的情况 ①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词时； ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时； ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时； ④先行词既指人又指物时； ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时； ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时。 2.只能用which, who, whom的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人； ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人； ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时常常用who。 3.as与which, that的用法区别 (1)such…as(引导定语从句)，such…that(引导结果状语从句) “so/such…that….”引导的是结果状语从句，从句的成分是完整的，也就是说that只起连接作用。 “such… as…”引导的是定语从句，从句的成分是不完整的，也就是说as代替先行词在从句中充当成分。比如下列三句表达的是同一个意思： This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. (定语从句) This is so heavy a stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句) This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句) (2)the same…as与……一样 如果强调是“同一个，就是那一个”意思的话，就要用“the same...that” She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.她穿着昨天穿的那件衣服。 (3)关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别： as意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。 “There is no such thing as a free lunch,” as the old saying goes 单句语法填空 1.They’ll never be friends again after all _______ has passed between them. 2.The students were all ears to every word _______ the professor said. 3.The first place ______ they visited in London is Big Ben. 4.She wrote a composition, in _______ she described the people and places _______ she paid a visit to last week. 5.As is known to us all, you’re the only person _______ can do it. 6.He is the very man _______ I came across in the train yesterday. 7.The air quality in the city,  is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 8.Children, in my opinion, _______ creative ability is unbelievably rich, _______ is seldom noticed by us, should be trained in that area. 9.Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _______, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 10.In my opinion, one’s individual income does not wholly reflect the extent to ________ one’s self-value and social value are realized. 11.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _______ you received gifts? 12.Only those, as Albert Einstein once said in one of his famous books, _______ attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible. 13.We want to buy such computers _______ were used in your office yesterday. 14.Have you bought the same book________ I referred to yesterday? 15.The result is not the same _______ they had expected, _______ was rather disappointing. 16.A lot of language learning, _______ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. 17._______ is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations or ongoing supervision. 18.Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. 【重点知识二】关系副词的用法 1.where引导的定语从句：关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city等)。 抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity, atmosphere等) 如果定语从句用来修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where 引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion, circumstance, state,degree, extent, stage, level, period,aspect等。例如 The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 【注意】如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如： Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 2.when引导的定语从句：关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。但是有些名词不是一眼就能看出是表示时间的，要经过认真分析才能确定。 I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情 3. why引导的定语从句：对比下列三种句型： ①The reason why(定语从句)...is that(表语从句)为什么……的原因是…… ②That’s why(表语从句)那就是……为什么……的原因 ③It is because(表语从句)那是因为…… Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ 单句语法填空 1.Senior family members, especially parents, should create an atmosphere ________ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily. 2.I often have the case _______ I can’t recognize my friend’s voice on the phone. 3.The couple in the next room are always quarreling these days, and I’ve come to the situation _______ I can’t stand it any longer. 4.—How are things going, Mr. White? —Well, they have set out to deal with the present situation _______ deserves their immediate attention. 5.I’ve come to the point _______ I can’t stand her arguing any longer. 6.The Olympic Games function as a stage _______ all participants show their talents and spirits in various competitions. 7.Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 8.She applied for a position in the sales department ______ one considers to be of value and importance. 9.Remember that there is still one point _______ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 10.There was no occasion _______ this bottle of champagne could be used. 11.She’ll never forget her stay there _______ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 12.We live in the age of distraction, ______ we can be disturbed by all kinds of useless and false information. 13.Between the two parts of the concert there was an interval, _____ audience can go and buy some snacks. 14.The reason _______ he was late was _______ he had to send his grandma to a hospital. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 1.“介词＋关系代词”结构 定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。关系代词通常是which和whom，which指物，whom指人。 ①The school (that/which) Lucy is studying in is very famous. →The school in which Lucy is studying is very famous.露西就读的这所学校很有名。 ②Do you know the actor (whom/that) the reporter is talking with? →Do you know the actor with whom the reporter is talking?你认识记者正在与之交谈的那个男演员吗？ 【注意】 若定语从句中的短语是固定搭配，拆开便失去了原来的意义，则介词通常不能前置到关系代词之前。如look for，look after，take care of等。 This is the painting which/that he's looking for. 这就是他正在找的那幅画。(从句中的look for为固定短语，不能拆开) 2.介词的确定方法 介词选择的三原则：一先二动三意义。 一先：根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定 二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定 三意义：根据从句所表达的意义来确定 ①In this room，we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of fruits.在这个房间里，我们看到一张上面放着各种各样的水果的大桌子。(which代指a big table，介词根据on the table 来确定) ②This is the man from whom I learned about the news./This is the man whom I learned about the news from. 我就是从这个人那儿听到那个消息的。(whom代指the man，介词根据learn...from来确定) 【拓展】 (1)表“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时，常用 ... of which/whom引导定语从句。 (2)介词可后移，此时关系代词可省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。 (3)有些含有介词的固定动词短语一般不能将介词分开放在关系代词前，如listen to, look for, care for, hear from, hear of, take care of等 (4)“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助 填上适当介词 ①Trading leather shoes is the business which the Greens are devoted. ②Care of the soul is a gradual process which even the small details of life should be considered. ③Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price which was very reasonable. ④This is a picture of Lei Feng whom we've learned a lot. ⑤To tell you the truth，the singer whom you are waiting won't come tonight. ⑥As we all know,the age which children can go to school is seven. ⑦These are the visitors whom the man was too rude. ⑧He built a telescope which he could study the sky in his free time 用关系代词、副词或“介词＋关系代词”填空 1.Is this the factory he worked ten years ago? 2.He did not tell us the reason he was late again. 3.This is the college I am studying. 4.He is the man we are talking. 5.I can't forget the days I lived with you. 6.Can you tell me the day Chang'e-4 was sent into space? 7.China is the only country wild pandas can be found. 8.I'll never forget the village I spent my childhood. 9.I will never forget the days I spent in Beijing University. 10.This is the train we went to Shanghai. 11.He may win the competition, ________ case he is likely to get into the national team. 用适当的关系词完成短文 There was a time　1　I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason　2　my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,　3　I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately,my guide,　4　teacher was Yu Minhong,communicated with me face to face,from　5　I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me,and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities　6　we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,　7　encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English,into　8　I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep,I recall the passages,through　9　I can memorize a large number of new words.　10　our English teacher says,“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance,you will master English sooner or later.”  语法填空 Chinese art is an important part of the country’s cultural heritage. It 1 (distinguish) itself from Western painting in that it is drawn on Xuanpaper (or silk) with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink. 2 (attain ) ability in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of Xuan paper and Chinese ink besides 3 (repeat) exercises. Before painting, the painter must have an outline in his mind and draw according to his imagination and experience. Once he starts to paint, he will 4 (normal) have to complete the work at one go, leaving possibility of any change of wrong strokes. Many a Chinese painter 5 (be) at the same time a poet who often adds a poem by his own hand on the painting, which always carries the impression of his seal. The resulting piece of work is usually 6 integrated(整合) whole of four branches of Chinese art - poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal-cutting. Chinese paintings 7 (divide) into two major categories, freehand brushwork (Xie Yi) and detailed brushwork (Gong Bi). The former is characterized by simple and bold strokes representing the exaggerated(夸张的) likeness of the objects 8 the latter is done by fine brushwork and close attention to detail. Employing different techniques, the two schools try to achieve the same end, the creation of beauty. It’s difficult to tell how long the art of painting 9 (exist) in China. Pots from 5000-6000 years ago were painted in color with patterns of plants and animals, 10 reflected various aspects of the life of primitive people. These may be the beginnings of Chinese painting. 阅读理解一 Rumors (谣言): we've all heard some and we've all spread some. In more traditional times they shook entire families. Today, they travel differently because the way we share information has also changed. The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally. We don't enjoy being on the receiving end of one, since they usually don't have good intentions. They are somewhat veiled (掩饰的) messages. Normally rumors are oral messages: word of mouth. The paradox (自相矛盾) is that there is no evidence to support rumors, but the more people share it, the more they see it as true. To finish explaining rumors, we think that they follow certain very clear laws. Secrecy: The source is unknown. There is also a proven phenomenon that human beings usually forget the source of a message before they forget its content. Certainty: We hardly question rumors simply because of the mental effort involved. On the other hand, no one likes to doubt a person who convinces us that the information they spread is true. Change: It acts like a tree. New rumors branch out to fill in the gaps left by the first rumor. Another property (属性) of rumors is that they tend to become viral. Each receiver is at the same time a potential transmitter (传输者) of the information. The receiver often adds their own opinion. Their manner and tone of transmitting it also changes it. How can we end rumors? The answer is as simple as it is impossible: preventing people from communicating. A more realistic response is equally difficult, although less than the first one. It is that we should be critical of the information we receive. We should ask ourselves if the source is reliable. Ask (if possible) the person you heard it from whether they also trust the information. We should also think about if the rumor benefits someone, and if that someone started the rumor. One rumor to be especially cautious of is a rumor about groups relatively unable to defend themselves. That's why we say, "History is always told by the winners." The first payment the defeated must make is to accept the victor's version of the story. 1.What can we learn about rumors? A.We have all heard some and believed them. B.We're happy to be the receiving end of them. C.They may have negative influence on society. D.They often hide good intentions in the messages. 2.How are rumours like a tree? A. Rumours keep changing, just as trees change their colour. B. Rumours are deeply rooted in reality, like tree roots in the earth. C. New rumours have gaps, like the space between tree branches. D. New rumours grow out of the original, like branches out of a trunk. 3.What does the underlined word ‘viral’ in Para 4 probably mean? A.Something easily spread. B.Something acceptable. C.Something easily defended. D.Something beneficial. 4.Which of the following may the author agree with? A. It is easy to prevent people from spreading rumors. B. People are often active in judging the rumors critically. C. We should think about the hidden message of the rumors. D. Stories told by the victors are usually better worth trusting. 阅读二 Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and  infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.  They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital  aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks  and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway  safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut  and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of  railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend  approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending  maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail  infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing  higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for  rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new  concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 29.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones. C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure. 30.What function is expected of the rail drones? A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically. C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation. 31.Which is the most suitable title for the text? A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 完型填空 For long, a question disturbed a little boy. He couldn’t understand why his next-desk-pal (同伴) could rank 1st whenever he wanted to, while he himself ___21___ to. At home, he asked his Mom, “Mom, am I more ___22___ than others? I feel I study as hard as him, but why do I ___23___ lay behind?” Staring at him, she went ___24___, not knowing how to explain. She felt an impulse (冲动) to say, “You are too ___25___. You are not really as hard-working as others...” but she stopped ___26___ she knew her son was suffering from the pains of ___27___ grades and rankings. She thought it cruel to add any additional burden to her son and was trying to find out a ___28___ answer. Time went by quickly, the son finished primary school. Despite studying harder and better, he was still unable to ___29___ his pal. To show her pride of him, Mom decided to take him to the sea. During the trip, she managed to give out an answer. Now, the son no longer ____30____ his rankings, because, with the 1st ranking, he was ____31____ to Harvard University. Back home in winter vacation, he was invited to give a speech to the students and parents in his high school. In the speech, he mentioned a(n) ____32____ experience in his childhood. “When my mother and I were lying on the beach, she pointed to the front and said, ‘Do you see the seabirds flying for food over there? When the ____33____ come near, little birds can escape quickly ____34____ “clumsy” seagulls would take more time to complete the process (过程). However, have you noticed birds that ____35____ fly across the endless ocean are none other than “clumsy” (笨拙的) seagulls?’” 21. A. refused B. decided C. failed D. afforded 22. A. troublesome B. stupid C. naughty D. careless 23. A. always B. never C. hardly D. even 24. A. wrong B. worried C. crazy D. wordless 25. A. young B. lazy C. clever D. energetic 26. A. although B. before C. because D. unless 27. A. worrying B. surprising C. doubting D. unsatisfying 28. A. natural B. harmonious C. perfect D. ordinary 29. A. get through B. come across C. compare with D. keep up with 30. A. cares about B. doubts about C. wonders about D. worries about 31. A. invited B. admitted C. welcomed D. dismissed 32. A. private B. valuable C. interesting D. unexpected 33. A. wave B. food C. wind D. time 34. A. and B. since C. until D. while 35. A. suddenly B. immediately C. finally D. gradually 七选五 Are you nervous when sitting in the exam hall? Do worrying thoughts keep you awake at night? You may have experienced at least one of these situations. ____16____There are many ways to help reduce this uncomfortable feeling. Here are three simple techniques that could make a difference. •____17____ Do you jump out of bed the moment the alarm rings every morning? Or do you check your phone the moment your eyes are open? Perhaps the next time you get up in the morning, you can try this. Slowly get up and sit at your bed for a few minutes. ____18____ You can shut your eyes if you feel that helps. The important thing is not to let any hurried thoughts fill your mind. Just be present, with no thoughts of the past or future. In these few quiet minutes to yourself, you will feel refreshed. •Eat mindfully Meals today seem to be in the company of more than just knives and forks. In many cases, we have our headphones right next to the served food, and our eyes are busy with the world within them. Such actions can result in a stomachache and overworked brain. ____19____ Slow down and let your eyes focus on the different colors, and allow your tongue to taste different flavors. Chew the food well, and feel the sensations. This is called mindful eating. It helps you to be aware of the food you put in your mouth. •Get moving Do you often lock yourself in your room, finishing up your school work or playing video games? ____20____ Playing sports or simply cycling helps reduce the body’s stress and lift your mood. It has long been studied by scientists that even five minutes of exercise can have anti-anxiety effects. These are three simple ways to feel less anxious and stressed. You would need to maintain these practices, of course. However, when you see the improvements in your mental well-being, it’s worth the efforts. Give them a try. Your mind will thank you for it. A. Sit at your bed B. Live in the present C. Let the body and mind feel the peace. D. Instead, take mealtime as a time to enjoy your food. E. Then it is time to get out of the chair and have some fun. F. This, in turn, has the effect of bringing your body into a state of deep relaxation. G. It is a sign that anxiety is growing in your body, and your brain is asking for help! 应用文 假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Lisa给你发来一封邮件，说进入高中后父母对她的学习期望值太高，为此她感到压力很大。请你给她回复一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 表示理解并给予安慰；2.提出建议；3.表达美好祝愿。 注意：1.词数100左右（开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数）； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Lisa, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Best wishes, Li Hua 第2页 | 共4页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 必修一 定语从句(U3&U4语法复习)+阅读组合训练 【学习目标】 1、复习定语从句的用法； 2、阅读组合训练，提升阅读理解力。 【学习过程】 定语从句复习 定语从句：在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。换句话说，定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose ,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。 限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。 非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开 关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所做成分 who 指人 主语、表语或宾语 whom 指人 宾语，特别注意作介词的宾语 whose 指人或指物 定语 that 指人、指物或事情 主语、表语或宾语 as 指人或指主句内容 主语、表语或宾语 which 指物或事情、指主句内容 主语、表语或宾语 关系副词的用法 关系副词 先行词 在从句中所做成分 when 表示时间的名词 状语，“在……时候”，相当于“介词＋which” where 表示地点的名词：抽象地点和具体地点 状语，“(在)……地方”，相当于“介词＋which” why reason 状语，“为什么”，相当于“for which” 【重点知识一】关系代词的用法 1.只能用关系代词that的情况 ①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词时； ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时； ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时； ④先行词既指人又指物时； ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时； ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时。 2.只能用which, who, whom的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人； ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人； ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时常常用who。 3.as与which, that的用法区别 (1)such…as(引导定语从句)，such…that(引导结果状语从句) “so/such…that….”引导的是结果状语从句，从句的成分是完整的，也就是说that只起连接作用。 “such… as…”引导的是定语从句，从句的成分是不完整的，也就是说as代替先行词在从句中充当成分。比如下列三句表达的是同一个意思： This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. (定语从句) This is so heavy a stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句) This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句) (2)the same…as与……一样 如果强调是“同一个，就是那一个”意思的话，就要用“the same...that” She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.她穿着昨天穿的那件衣服。 (3)关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别： as意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。 “There is no such thing as a free lunch,” as the old saying goes 单句语法填空 1.They’ll never be friends again after all _______ has passed between them.【答案】that 2.The students were all ears to every word _______ the professor said.【答案】that或省略that不填 3.The first place ______ they visited in London is Big Ben.【答案】that 4.She wrote a composition, in _______ she described the people and places _______ she paid a visit to last week. 【答案】which, that 5.As is known to us all, you’re the only person _______ can do it.【答案】that 6.He is the very man _______ I came across in the train yesterday.【答案】that 7.The air quality in the city,  is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. as 8.Children, in my opinion, _______ creative ability is unbelievably rich, _______ is seldom noticed by us, should be trained in that area.【答案】whose, which 9.Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _______, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 【答案】who 10.In my opinion, one’s individual income does not wholly reflect the extent to ________ one’s self-value and social value are realized. 【答案】which 11.Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _______ you received gifts?【答案】whom 12.Only those, as Albert Einstein once said in one of his famous books, _______ attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible.【答案】who 13.We want to buy such computers _______ were used in your office yesterday.【答案】as 14.Have you bought the same book________ I referred to yesterday?【答案】as 15.The result is not the same _______ they had expected, _______ was rather disappointing.【答案】as, which 【解析】第一空the same...as...与……一样；第二空非限制性定语从句缺主语，修饰限制the result，故用关系代词which。句意：那个结果跟他们所期望的不一样，这是相当令人失望的。 16.A lot of language learning, _______ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.【答案】as 17._______ is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations or ongoing supervision.【答案】As 18.Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.【答案】which 【重点知识二】关系副词的用法 1.where引导的定语从句：关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city等)。 抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity, atmosphere等) 如果定语从句用来修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where 引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion, circumstance, state,degree, extent, stage, level, period,aspect等。例如 The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 【注意】如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如： Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 2.when引导的定语从句：关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。但是有些名词不是一眼就能看出是表示时间的，要经过认真分析才能确定。 I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情 3. why引导的定语从句：对比下列三种句型： ①The reason why(定语从句)...is that(表语从句)为什么……的原因是…… ②That’s why(表语从句)那就是……为什么……的原因 ③It is because(表语从句)那是因为…… Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ 单句语法填空 1.Senior family members, especially parents, should create an atmosphere ________ children can be encouraged to pour out their heart happily.【答案】where 2.I often have the case _______ I can’t recognize my friend’s voice on the phone.【答案】where 3.The couple in the next room are always quarreling these days, and I’ve come to the situation _______ I can’t stand it any longer.【答案】where 4.—How are things going, Mr. White? —Well, they have set out to deal with the present situation _______ deserves their immediate attention. 【答案】which 5.I’ve come to the point _______ I can’t stand her arguing any longer.【答案】where 6.The Olympic Games function as a stage _______ all participants show their talents and spirits in various competitions.【答案】where 7.Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.【答案】where 8.She applied for a position in the sales department ______ one considers to be of value and importance. 【答案】which 9.Remember that there is still one point _______ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.【答案】which 10.There was no occasion _______ this bottle of champagne could be used.【答案】when 11.She’ll never forget her stay there _______ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 【答案】when 12.We live in the age of distraction, ______ we can be disturbed by all kinds of useless and false information.【答案】when 13.Between the two parts of the concert there was an interval, _____ audience can go and buy some snacks. 【答案】when 14.The reason _______ he was late was _______ he had to send his grandma to a hospital. 【答案】why, that 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 1.“介词＋关系代词”结构 定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。关系代词通常是which和whom，which指物，whom指人。 ①The school (that/which) Lucy is studying in is very famous. →The school in which Lucy is studying is very famous.露西就读的这所学校很有名。 ②Do you know the actor (whom/that) the reporter is talking with? →Do you know the actor with whom the reporter is talking?你认识记者正在与之交谈的那个男演员吗？ 【注意】 若定语从句中的短语是固定搭配，拆开便失去了原来的意义，则介词通常不能前置到关系代词之前。如look for，look after，take care of等。 This is the painting which/that he's looking for. 这就是他正在找的那幅画。(从句中的look for为固定短语，不能拆开) 2.介词的确定方法 介词选择的三原则：一先二动三意义。 一先：根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定 二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定 三意义：根据从句所表达的意义来确定 ①In this room，we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of fruits.在这个房间里，我们看到一张上面放着各种各样的水果的大桌子。(which代指a big table，介词根据on the table 来确定) ②This is the man from whom I learned about the news./This is the man whom I learned about the news from. 我就是从这个人那儿听到那个消息的。(whom代指the man，介词根据learn...from来确定) 【拓展】 (1)表“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时，常用 ... of which/whom引导定语从句。 (2)介词可后移，此时关系代词可省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。 (3)有些含有介词的固定动词短语一般不能将介词分开放在关系代词前，如listen to, look for, care for, hear from, hear of, take care of等 (4)“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助 填上适当介词 ①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. ②Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered. ③Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. ④This is a picture of Lei Feng from whom we've learned a lot. ⑤To tell you the truth，the singer for whom you are waiting won't come tonight. ⑥As we all know,the age at which children can go to school is seven. ⑦These are the visitors to whom the man was too rude. ⑧He built a telescope through which he could study the sky in his free time 用关系代词、副词或“介词＋关系代词”填空 1.Is this the factory where/in which he worked ten years ago? 2.He did not tell us the reason why/for which he was late again. 3.This is the college where/in which I am studying. 4.He is the man with/about whom we are talking. 5.I can't forget the days when/in which I lived with you. 6.Can you tell me the day when/on which Chang'e-4 was sent into space? 7.China is the only country where/in which wild pandas can be found. 8.I'll never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood. 9.I will never forget the days that/which I spent in Beijing University. 10.This is the train on/in which we went to Shanghai. 11.He may win the competition, ________ case he is likely to get into the national team.【答案】in which 用适当的关系词完成短文 There was a time　1　I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason　2　my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,　3　I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately,my guide,　4　teacher was Yu Minhong,communicated with me face to face,from　5　I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me,and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities　6　we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,　7　encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English,into　8　I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep,I recall the passages,through　9　I can memorize a large number of new words.　10　our English teacher says,“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance,you will master English sooner or later.”  【答案】1.when 2.why 3.where 4.whose 5.which 6.that/which 7.who 8.which 9.which 10.As 语法填空 Chinese art is an important part of the country’s cultural heritage. It 1 (distinguish) itself from Western painting in that it is drawn on Xuanpaper (or silk) with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink. 2 (attain ) ability in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of Xuan paper and Chinese ink besides 3 (repeat) exercises. Before painting, the painter must have an outline in his mind and draw according to his imagination and experience. Once he starts to paint, he will 4 (normal) have to complete the work at one go, leaving possibility of any change of wrong strokes. Many a Chinese painter 5 (be) at the same time a poet who often adds a poem by his own hand on the painting, which always carries the impression of his seal. The resulting piece of work is usually 6 integrated(整合) whole of four branches of Chinese art - poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal-cutting. Chinese paintings 7 (divide) into two major categories, freehand brushwork (Xie Yi) and detailed brushwork (Gong Bi). The former is characterized by simple and bold strokes representing the exaggerated(夸张的) likeness of the objects 8 the latter is done by fine brushwork and close attention to detail. Employing different techniques, the two schools try to achieve the same end, the creation of beauty. It’s difficult to tell how long the art of painting 9 (exist) in China. Pots from 5000-6000 years ago were painted in color with patterns of plants and animals, 10 reflected various aspects of the life of primitive people. These may be the beginnings of Chinese painting. 1. distinguishes 2. To attain 3. repeated 4. normally 5. is 6. an 7. are divided 8. while 9. has existed 10. which 阅读理解一 Rumors (谣言): we've all heard some and we've all spread some. In more traditional times they shook entire families. Today, they travel differently because the way we share information has also changed. The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally. We don't enjoy being on the receiving end of one, since they usually don't have good intentions. They are somewhat veiled (掩饰的) messages. Normally rumors are oral messages: word of mouth. The paradox (自相矛盾) is that there is no evidence to support rumors, but the more people share it, the more they see it as true. To finish explaining rumors, we think that they follow certain very clear laws. Secrecy: The source is unknown. There is also a proven phenomenon that human beings usually forget the source of a message before they forget its content. Certainty: We hardly question rumors simply because of the mental effort involved. On the other hand, no one likes to doubt a person who convinces us that the information they spread is true. Change: It acts like a tree. New rumors branch out to fill in the gaps left by the first rumor. Another property (属性) of rumors is that they tend to become viral. Each receiver is at the same time a potential transmitter (传输者) of the information. The receiver often adds their own opinion. Their manner and tone of transmitting it also changes it. How can we end rumors? The answer is as simple as it is impossible: preventing people from communicating. A more realistic response is equally difficult, although less than the first one. It is that we should be critical of the information we receive. We should ask ourselves if the source is reliable. Ask (if possible) the person you heard it from whether they also trust the information. We should also think about if the rumor benefits someone, and if that someone started the rumor. One rumor to be especially cautious of is a rumor about groups relatively unable to defend themselves. That's why we say, "History is always told by the winners." The first payment the defeated must make is to accept the victor's version of the story. 1.What can we learn about rumors? A.We have all heard some and believed them. B.We're happy to be the receiving end of them. C.They may have negative influence on society. D.They often hide good intentions in the messages. 2.How are rumours like a tree? A.Rumours keep changing, just as trees change their colour. B.Rumours are deeply rooted in reality, like tree roots in the earth. C.New rumours have gaps, like the space between tree branches. D.New rumours grow out of the original, like branches out of a trunk. 3.What does the underlined word ‘viral’ in Para 4 probably mean? A.Something easily spread. B.Something acceptable. C.Something easily defended. D.Something beneficial. 4.Which of the following may the author agree with? A. It is easy to prevent people from spreading rumors. B. People are often active in judging the rumors critically. C. We should think about the hidden message of the rumors. D. Stories told by the victors are usually better worth trusting. CDAC 阅读二 Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and  infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.  They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital  aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks  and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway  safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut  and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of  railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend  approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending  maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail  infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing  higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for  rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new  concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 29.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones. C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure. 30.What function is expected of the rail drones? A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically. C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation. 31.Which is the most suitable title for the text? A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. A 31. D 完型填空 For long, a question disturbed a little boy. He couldn’t understand why his next-desk-pal (同伴) could rank 1st whenever he wanted to, while he himself ___21___ to. At home, he asked his Mom, “Mom, am I more ___22___ than others? I feel I study as hard as him, but why do I ___23___ lay behind?” Staring at him, she went ___24___, not knowing how to explain. She felt an impulse (冲动) to say, “You are too ___25___. You are not really as hard-working as others...” but she stopped ___26___ she knew her son was suffering from the pains of ___27___ grades and rankings. She thought it cruel to add any additional burden to her son and was trying to find out a ___28___ answer. Time went by quickly, the son finished primary school. Despite studying harder and better, he was still unable to ___29___ his pal. To show her pride of him, Mom decided to take him to the sea. During the trip, she managed to give out an answer. Now, the son no longer ____30____ his rankings, because, with the 1st ranking, he was ____31____ to Harvard University. Back home in winter vacation, he was invited to give a speech to the students and parents in his high school. In the speech, he mentioned a(n) ____32____ experience in his childhood. “When my mother and I were lying on the beach, she pointed to the front and said, ‘Do you see the seabirds flying for food over there? When the ____33____ come near, little birds can escape quickly ____34____ “clumsy” seagulls would take more time to complete the process (过程). However, have you noticed birds that ____35____ fly across the endless ocean are none other than “clumsy” (笨拙的) seagulls?’” 21. A. refused B. decided C. failed D. afforded 22. A. troublesome B. stupid C. naughty D. careless 23. A. always B. never C. hardly D. even 24. A. wrong B. worried C. crazy D. wordless 25. A. young B. lazy C. clever D. energetic 26. A. although B. before C. because D. unless 27. A. worrying B. surprising C. doubting D. unsatisfying 28. A. natural B. harmonious C. perfect D. ordinary 29. A. get through B. come across C. compare with D. keep up with 30. A. cares about B. doubts about C. wonders about D. worries about 31. A. invited B. admitted C. welcomed D. dismissed 32. A. private B. valuable C. interesting D. unexpected 33. A. wave B. food C. wind D. time 34. A. and B. since C. until D. while 35. A. suddenly B. immediately C. finally D. gradually 【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C 七选五 Are you nervous when sitting in the exam hall? Do worrying thoughts keep you awake at night? You may have experienced at least one of these situations. ____16____There are many ways to help reduce this uncomfortable feeling. Here are three simple techniques that could make a difference. •____17____ Do you jump out of bed the moment the alarm rings every morning? Or do you check your phone the moment your eyes are open? Perhaps the next time you get up in the morning, you can try this. Slowly get up and sit at your bed for a few minutes. ____18____ You can shut your eyes if you feel that helps. The important thing is not to let any hurried thoughts fill your mind. Just be present, with no thoughts of the past or future. In these few quiet minutes to yourself, you will feel refreshed. •Eat mindfully Meals today seem to be in the company of more than just knives and forks. In many cases, we have our headphones right next to the served food, and our eyes are busy with the world within them. Such actions can result in a stomachache and overworked brain. ____19____ Slow down and let your eyes focus on the different colors, and allow your tongue to taste different flavors. Chew the food well, and feel the sensations. This is called mindful eating. It helps you to be aware of the food you put in your mouth. •Get moving Do you often lock yourself in your room, finishing up your school work or playing video games? ____20____ Playing sports or simply cycling helps reduce the body’s stress and lift your mood. It has long been studied by scientists that even five minutes of exercise can have anti-anxiety effects. These are three simple ways to feel less anxious and stressed. You would need to maintain these practices, of course. However, when you see the improvements in your mental well-being, it’s worth the efforts. Give them a try. Your mind will thank you for it. A. Sit at your bed B. Live in the present C. Let the body and mind feel the peace. D. Instead, take mealtime as a time to enjoy your food. E. Then it is time to get out of the chair and have some fun. F. This, in turn, has the effect of bringing your body into a state of deep relaxation. G. It is a sign that anxiety is growing in your body, and your brain is asking for help! 【答案】16. G 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. E 应用文 假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Lisa给你发来一封邮件，说进入高中后父母对她的学习期望值太高，为此她感到压力很大。请你给她回复一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 表示理解并给予安慰；2.提出建议；3.表达美好祝愿。 注意：1.词数120左右（开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数）； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Lisa, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Best wishes, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Lisa, I am sorry to hear that you are going through a hard time at the moment. The truth is that a number of students are under stress when entering senior high school, so there is no need for you to feel anxious. Here I’d like to offer you some useful suggestions. First of all, try to put yourself into your parents’ shoes, then you will understand why they expect so much of you-maybe they wish you to have a bright future. Second, you could try communicating your feelings to your parents in a friendly way, which will help you reduce your stress. Last but not least, be confident about yourself, and everything will come out all right in the end. I sincerely hope my suggestions will be of some help to you and you can free yourself from your stress soon and improve your relationship with your parents. Looking forward to your early reply. Best wishes, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给感到压力很大的英国笔友Lisa写封邮件，内容包括：1. 表示理解并给予安慰；2.提出建议；3.表达美好祝愿。 【详解】1.词汇积累 困难的：hard→difficult 压力：stress→pressure 建议：suggestion→advice 真诚地：sincerely→genuinely 2句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Here I’d like to offer you some useful suggestions. 拓展句：Here I’d like to offer you some suggestions that are useful. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The truth is that a number of students are under stress when entering senior high school, so there is no need for you to feel anxious. (运用了that引导的表语从句) [高分句型2] Second, you could try communicating your feelings to your parents in a friendly way, which will help you reduce your stress. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句 第2页 | 共4页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $