精品解析：上海市曹杨第二中学2025-2026学年度第二学期高二年级期中考试英语试卷

上海市曹杨第二中学2025-2026学年高二下学期期中考试 英语试卷 考生注意： 1、答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2、本试卷共有81道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. ______ country wins the bid to host the 2030 World Expo will attract major international investment and diplomatic attention. A. Whichever B. No matter which C. Whatever D. No matter what 2. It remains unclear ______ impact artificial intelligence will have on the global job market over the next decade, though experts predict significant changes in traditional industries. A. that B. what C. how D. whether 3. ______ China’s carbon neutrality goals can be achieved by 2060 depends largely on breakthroughs in renewable energy technology and international cooperation. A. When B. What C. Why D. How 4. The research team has developed a backup AI system ______ the primary algorithm fails to process the massive climate data collected from satellites. A. so that B. in case C. now that D. as long as 5. The engineers constructed the offshore wind farm precisely ______ the environmental impact assessment recommended, minimizing disruption to marine ecosystems. A. because B. so that C. as D. unless 6. Following the successful landing of China’s lunar probe on the far side of the moon, scientists remain uncertain ______ the collected samples will reveal evidence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 7. The groundbreaking research report released by the World Health Organization confirms the alarming finding ______ microplastics, detected in human blood samples for the first time, may pose serious long-term health risks to multiple organ systems. A. which B. when C. how D. that 8. The International Space Station ______ be decommissioned by 2030, according to NASA’s official roadmap, with plans already in place for its controlled descent into the Pacific Ocean. A. is going to B. is about to C. is to D. will 9. The lead scientist glanced at her watch nervously and whispered to her colleague, “The experimental fusion reactor ______ reach ignition temperature. Everyone needs to evacuate the observation deck immediately.” A. is going to B. is about to C. is to D. will 10. News spread rapidly across social media ______ China’s homegrown large passenger aircraft C919 had successfully completed its first commercial international flight, marking a milestone in the country’s aviation industry. A. that B. whether C. if D. what Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits. How Schools and Teachers Can Get Better at Cultural Competence Cultural competence is described as “having an awareness of one's own cultural identity and views about difference, and the ability to learn and build on the varying cultural and community norms of students and their families.” The differences ___11___ make individuals unique are essential elements of a society. When educators fail to acknowledge their own biases and assumptions, the obstacle of a student's developmental process is inevitable. Having good intentions is not sufficient; the actions are ___12___ will be seen and felt by students. What one individual may view as innocent ___13___ have harmful effects. Schools need to feel the urgency and race to end exclusionary practices by improving cultural awareness. Identify Areas for Growth — Everyone has a past and upbringing that has shaped the way they view the world. Those experiences ___14___ are not negative, but when these experiences twist the way a person views others, an adjustment may be required. A few years ago, a teacher entered my office upset about the disposition of a student. As the student stood beside the upset teacher, I began to listen to the teacher explain the incident. What was explained was the reality that the teacher was upset with the student's disrespectful attitude. I asked for more details about the ___15___ (perceive) disrespectful nature of the attitude. The teacher described colloquialism, tone, and a lack of eye contact. At that moment I dismissed the student and explained that the student was not being disrespectful, but rather what the teacher was experiencing was the method of communication in which the student interacts with his community. Educators must have an inner dialogue to determine what experiences have shaped the teacher's views of students. Districts must create space to have a ___16___ (broad) discussion and be realistic about how teachers' individual bias affect the rights of students. The space for a macro conversation for the district is necessary and must be accompanied with ___17___ cultural awareness is reflected in individual buildings. Listen and Observe — What may seem as a simple task is rarely practiced. The beginning of understanding is listening. When one is constantly talking, there is no room ___18___ listening. As dean of school culture, I oversaw discipline at a predominantly black school. A white foreign student, frequently in trouble, complained but no one listened. Mediation revealed he felt unwelcomed and misunderstood. We failed him by not addressing his needs. Districts and educators fail at cultural awareness because listening ___19___ (not initiate). Listen to the parents, listen to the students, listen to your peers, listen to your staff. ____20____ what you hear confirms what you see, act. Far too often districts fail to see because they fail to listen. Section C Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. primitive B. solitary C. blissful D. loaned E. stretched F. heaped G. restorative H. submissive I. monument J. vertical K. scale 21. The negotiations ______ on for three exhausting days, with both parties refusing to compromise on key issues until a breakthrough finally came at twilight on the fourth day, when fatigue and desperation forced them to find common ground. 22. The courtroom sat in tense silence as the defense attorney presented the final piece of evidence — a timestamped security video that irrefutably placed the defendant miles away from the crime scene. In that instant, the ______ tipped decisively in favor of acquittal, and the prosecutor’s once-solid case began to crumble like a house of cards. 23. The archaeologist carefully examined the ______ tools unearthed from the cave, marveling at how these crude implements — chipped stones and sharpened bones — had enabled our ancestors to survive in a hostile world thousands of years before the dawn of civilization. 24. The national museum has ______ several priceless Renaissance paintings to the international exhibition, though the decision sparked heated debate among curators who worried about the risks of transporting such fragile masterpieces across continents. 25. After decades of collaborative research, the elderly professor chose to pursue a ______ path in his final years, retreating to a remote cabin where he could meditate on the philosophical implications of his discoveries without the constant interruptions of academic conferences and peer review committees. 26. The newlyweds spent a ______ week on the secluded island, where turquoise waters lapped against pristine beaches and the only sounds were the gentle rustling of palm fronds and the distant calls of tropical birds — a perfect escape from the relentless demands of their urban careers. 27. The regime demanded absolute loyalty from its citizens, expecting them to remain ______ to authority without question, but underground resistance movements began to emerge as people grew weary of surrendering their autonomy and critical thinking. 28. The towering skyscraper stands as a ______ to human ambition and engineering prowess, its gleaming facade reflecting the city’s transformation from a humble trading post into a global financial powerhouse over the span of just two generations. 29. The investigative journalist found her desk ______ with anonymous tips and leaked documents after her exposure on corporate corruption went viral, each envelope potentially containing the evidence needed to bring down an entire network of fraudulent executives. 30. The spa’s new wellness program promises a truly ______ experience, combining therapeutic hot springs, deep tissue massage, and guided meditation to help exhausted patients recover from burnout and rebuild their depleted energy reserves after months of chronic stress. Section D Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. successfully B. distinct C. established D. evaluated E. consumed F. complications G. navigation H. recreate I. purposely J. comprehend K. reflective The Lighthouse of Alexandria The Lighthouse of Alexandria is often referred to as “The Pharos of Alexandria”. For as long as historical buildings have been ____31____, the Lighthouse of Alexandria is considered to have been one of the top three tallest structures in the world. It is preceded by the two pyramids identified as “Khufu” and “Khafra”. During the years of 956, 1303, and 1323, the immense structure received damage as a result of earthquakes that occurred in the area. The citizens of the time used a mixture of fire and ____32____ mirror like material in order to provide the lighting needed by ships to discover the port. Claims indicate that the light was so immense that ships as far out to sea as 35 miles could see the ____33____ light coming from the mysterious lighthouse. There are also legends that the fire emitted from the port was so protective that ships that contained enemies would be ____34____ at sea so that they would not reach the shores where the lighthouse stood. In the year of 1183, a traveler by the name of Ibn Jubayr observed the Lighthouse of Alexandria and made the following observation: “Description of it falls short, the eyes fail to ____35____ it, and words are inadequate, so vast is the spectacle...” In the year of 1994, scuba divers that specialize in archaeology searched the water near where the magnificent structure stood. They were able to ____36____ discover many different pieces of block and other construction materials. It is a mystery as to why the structure finally collapsed into the Mediterranean Sea. It has been ____37____ that the fall likely occurred in the year of 1326. There are many theories about the final collapse, but many agree that the earthquakes of the area probably resulted in the ____38____. There are many other theories that indicate the structure may have been ____39____ destroyed due to rumors that there were great treasures buried underneath the structure. It is believed that a man identified as the “Caliph at Cairo” was told of a rumor from a neighboring port that extremely valuable treasures were under the building in order to eliminate the port as a ____40____ system into the area. While this is just a legend, could it have been what led to the fall of the Lighthouse of Alexandria? This remains to be one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the world. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Diamond-Water Paradox Have you ever purchased something and thought to yourself, “It’s crazy how much I’m paying for this!?” This might happen more ____41____ than you would like, based on the dozens of transactions you may make on a daily basis. Questioning some of your financial transactions may be best answered or explained through something known as the diamond-water paradox. Getting enough water to sustain life typically has a ____42____ price, while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price. Why does an economy put a much lower value on something vital to sustaining life compared to something that simply looks ____43____ and sparkles? This question is the diamond-water paradox, also known as the paradox of value, and it was first ____44____ by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s. In his works, Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples. ____45____, things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use. An example may be an old piece of art or 1920s baseball card. Other than looking at it, there isn’t much else we can do with the art or baseball card. So, why are things ____46____ this way? Understanding why the paradox exists can be ____47____ by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity. Scarcity can be simply defined as how readily ____48____ a product, skill, or service is. Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding? Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or gain someone gets from using or purchasing an additional unit of a particular good or service. People are ____49____ to pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility. So, let’s go back to water and diamonds. There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce), which means that, as consumers, we usually have a low ____50____ for water. In a typical situation, we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water. Diamonds, ____51____, are scarce. Because they are harder to find and get, our marginal utility (additional satisfaction), for adding a diamond to our collection is much higher than someone offering us one more drink of water. If one is dying of thirst, then this paradox might not ____52____, and the marginal utility from another drink of water would be much higher than the additional satisfaction of owning a diamond. Let’s look at an example. An Example Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense? From a practical and ____53____ standpoint, it certainly doesn’t. In order to ____54____ and enable our most basic form of transportation (walking), we need shoes to protect our feet. They are certainly more important and practical than an Xbox. The price ____55____ comes back to the satisfaction, or marginal utility, we get from purchasing a pair of shoes compared to an Xbox. If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive, you might pay more for those shoes, but until that happens, most of us will continue to pay more for our electronics! This paradox, indeed, reminds us that value is not determined by practical use alone, but by the interplay of scarcity and marginal utility. Adam Smith 亚当·斯密，英国经济学家，古典经济学之父，著有《国富论》。 Xbox 是由美国微软公司开发并于2001年发售的一款家用电视游戏机。 41. A. unconsciously B. frequently C. occasionally D. rarely 42. A. fixed B. high C. fair D. low 43. A. shiny B. dim C. rough D. smooth 44. A. neglected B. accepted C. presented D. rejected 45. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. In other words D. On the other hand 46. A. measured B. compared C. valued D. displayed 47. A. challenged B. facilitated C. replaced D. questioned 48. A. accessible B. available C. apparent D. convertible 49. A. prepared B. able C. reluctant D. willing 50. A. scarcity B. demand C. marginal utility D. expectation 51. A. however B. otherwise C. accordingly D. besides 52. A. hold B. settle C. matter D. vanish 53. A. emotional B. general C. fundamental D. survival 54. A. get around B. get over C. get together D. get across 55. A. tag B. difference C. cap D. list Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Once upon a time, in a village in La Mancha, there lived a lean, thin-faced old gentleman whose favorite pastime was to read books about knights in armor. He loved to read about their daring exploits, strange adventures, bold rescues of ladies in distress, and intense devotion to their ladies. In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject. He would lie awake at night, absorbed in every detail of these fantastic adventures. As time went on, the old gentleman crammed his head so full of these stories and lost so much sleep from reading through the night that he lost his wits completely. He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories. At last he fell into the strangest fancy that any madman has ever had: He resolved to become himself a knight errant, to travel through the world with horse and armor in search of adventures. First, he got out some rust-eaten armor that had belonged to his ancestors, then cleaned and repaired it as best as he could. Although the head-piece of the helmet was intact, unfortunately, the visor that would have protected the face was gone. Not to be discouraged by this deficiency, however, he fashioned another out of some pieces of stiff paper and strips of iron. In his eyes it was without a doubt the most splendid helmet ever fashioned. Next he considered what glorious, high-sounding name he might give his horse, who was to bear him on his quest. For though his horse was but a tired hack, practically skin and bones, to him it appeared as magnificent as Bucephalus, the horse of Alexander the Great. After four days of inventing and rejecting various names, he at last settled on Rocinante, which he thought sounded suitably grand. He then set about to choose a suitable name for himself. After eight days of hard consideration, he decided that he would be known as Don Quixote. Following the example of many knights he admired, he decided to proclaim his native land as well, and so he called himself Don Quixote de La Mancha. Now he needed to find a lady whom he might adore and serve, for a knight without a lady is like a body without a soul. It so happened that in a neighboring village there lived a nice-looking farm girl whom he had once admired from a distance. He decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary. Now, with all these preparations made, Don Quixote was eager to sally forth: A whole world awaited, full of injustices to be made right and great deeds to be performed. So, clad in his rusty armor, with his improvised helmet tied to his head, Don Quixote mounted Rocinante and started out through the back of the stable yard. But then he had a terrible thought: He had never yet been dubbed a knight! He took comfort, however, in his memory of the many books of chivalry he had read and determined that, like many of the heroes in those books, which he took for truth, he would simply have himself knighted by the first person that came along. So he rode on under a hot July sun, blissfully happy in his thoughts of how, in years to come, others would read of the brave exploits of Don Quixote de La Mancha and his faithful steed, Rocinante. 56. What is the main focus of the passage? A. The old gentleman’s transformation from a reader into a self-imagined knight. B. The harmful effects of excessive reading on one's mental health. C. The process of preparing equipment and choosing names for a knightly quest. D. The contrast between the old gentleman's fantasy and the reality of his situation. 57. According to the passage, why did the old gentleman sell his farmland? A. To finance his journey as a knight errant. B. To purchase more books about chivalry. C. To buy proper armor and weapons for his quest. D. To support his neglected family and estate. 58. What can be inferred about the old gentleman’s mental state from the passage? A. He is fully aware of the absurdity of his plan but pursues it for entertainment. B. He has completely lost touch with reality and believes in the world of his books. C. He is deliberately pretending to be mad to escape his mundane life. D. He is temporarily confused but will likely recover once his adventure begins. 59. The phrase “anything but ordinary” in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ______. A. completely common B. decidedly different C. quite exceptional D. somewhat typical (B) The sun sets on a field in southern England. When it rises again the following morning, that field has been transformed into an enormous work of art. A large section of the crop has been tamped into a pattern of circles, rings and other shapes. But who created it? Are crop circles the work of alien visitors? Are they a natural phenomenon, created by electrically charged currents of air? Or are they hoaxes? Believers and naysayers each have their own theories, but the truth remains elusive. UFOs and Aliens Possibly the most controversial theory is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets — sort of like alien calling cards. People who agree with this theory say that the circles are either the imprint left by landing spacecraft or messages brought from afar for us earthlings. Some eyewitnesses claim to have seen UFO-like lights and strange noises coming from crop circle sites. Winds Probably the most scientific theory says that crop circles are created by small currents of swirling winds. The spinning columns force a burst of air down to the ground, which flattens the crops. But the question remains — how can a few seconds worth of spinning air create such perfectly defined crop circles? Aircraft A few researchers have theorized that small airplanes or helicopters stir up downdrafts that push the crops down into patterns. Recreation attempts so far have not been able to produce the types of downdrafts necessary to make the perfectly round edges seen in most crop circles. Earth Energy Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy, which forms the circles. One possible form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact, scientists have measured strong magnetic fields inside crop circles, and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sensation in their body while in or near the circles. Humans The easiest explanation for crop circles is that they are man-made hoaxes, created either for fun or to stump the scientists. Colin Andrews, cereologist and author of the book, Circular Evidence, admits that about 80 percent of crop circles are probably man-made, but says that the other 20 percent are probably the work of some “higher force.” 60. According to the passage, which of the following theories is supported by measurable scientific evidence? A. Crop circles are created by alien spacecraft landings. B. Crop circles are formed by electromagnetic radiation from the earth. C. Crop circles are produced by downdrafts from aircraft. D. Crop circles are entirely the result of human hoaxes. 61. What can be inferred about the wind theory from the passage? A. It is widely accepted by most scientists. B. It has been proven through successful experiments. C. It is considered less scientific than the alien theory. D. It fails to fully explain the precision of crop circles. 62. Which of the following best describes Colin Andrews' attitude toward the origin of crop circles? A. He believes all crop circles are created by humans. B. He is skeptical about any non-human explanations. C. He acknowledges both human and possibly non-human causes. D. He is convinced that aliens are responsible for most crop circles. (C) One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 63. What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A. His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B. His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C. Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D. Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 64. According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A. AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B. Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C. Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D. AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 65. What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A. Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B. AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C. Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D. Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. 66. What does the passage suggest about the future of human-AI interaction? A. AI will soon be able to fully understand and respond to human emotions. B. People will eventually stop using polite language with AI devices. C. It will take considerable time for AI to truly grasp human social etiquette. (D) Land rights for the indigenous are still a problem, but is it time to turn our attention to language? According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. The Rosetta Project, a network of language experts and native speakers working to preserve “endangered tongues”, has suggested that one language is being lost to the world every three months, a trend set to continue as it calculates that 92 per cent of the world’s languages are spoken by fewer than ten people each. UNESCO, meanwhile, has previously suggested that a language is becoming extinct every two weeks, and that “approximately 600 languages have disappeared in the last century”. As well as the rate, there is also disagreement in official circles over what actually defines language loss, with no one providing definitive criteria for when one crosses the point of no return. David Crystal, a patron for the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, has suggested that language extinction be when “the last person who speaks it dies”. He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”. Providing estimates and causation theories are various key stakeholders stressing the importance of language diversity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues explains that “this threat is acutely felt by indigenous peoples”. This is due to the languages no longer being taught to emerging generations, being almost exclusively a possession of the elders. In Crystal’s words, this is an issue; those speaking a language “are a living monument to what the community once was”, a responsibility he feels the next generation should carry. While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don't always know what we lose with that language,” she says. Extinction isn’t always the end of the road for a language, however. The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400 CE. According to Claude Hagege, a noted French linguist who himself speaks some 50 languages, its revival as a spoken form used in everyday Jewish life occurred only because of the “strong will” of the Israeli Jews. It is now estimated that there are nine million Hebrew speakers worldwide. Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. In Wales, both English and Welsh were made official languages in 1993 under the Welsh Language Act, the goal being for both tongues to carry the same importance and be widely used across the country — extinction prohibited by legislation. The legal system, road signs and education all now contain English and Welsh versions sitting side by side. A new set of goals under the Welsh government's Cymraeg 2050 strategy include the aim to create one million Welsh speakers by 2050. UNESCO is hoping similar tactics will be just as successful on a much larger scale. 2019 has been designated the International Year of Indigenous Languages. This will involve stressing the importance of linguistic diversity, stating that it “matters for development, peace-building and reconciliation” The action plan for the year suggests the centrality of indigenous peoples in official decision-making, drawing on their anecdotal knowledge. There will also be an emphasis on the development of language-sharing technology. Preparation for the year has, in fact, already begun with the first official event having taken place last month. A three-day international seminar in Asunción, Paraguay was used to present the achievements of previous language policies and to detail how UNESCO was hoping to build on these results. Further, an International Decade on Indigenous Languages (covering 2020 to 2030) was also proposed to continue any targets unmet within the course of 2019. UNESCO stresses that avoiding indigenous language extinction will play “a vital role in the sustainable development of the communities that speak them.” 67. What is the primary concern regarding indigenous languages according to the passage? A. Indigenous people are demanding more land rights from their governments. B. Indigenous languages are disappearing at an alarming rate worldwide. C. There is disagreement over how to define language extinction accurately. D. UNESCO lacks sufficient funding to support language preservation projects. 68. According to David Crystal, what distinguishes current language extinction from historical patterns? A. Modern technology has accelerated the process of language death. B. Younger generations are more resistant to learning traditional languages. C. The scale of language extinction today is unprecedented in human history. D. Governments are now more actively involved in language preservation efforts. 69. What can be inferred about the role of English globalization in language extinction? A. English is deliberately designed to replace indigenous languages worldwide. B. English speakers intentionally ignore the cultural values embedded in other languages. C. The dominance of English in key domains inadvertently contributes to language loss. D. English is the only factor responsible for the extinction of indigenous languages. 70. The example of Hebrew revival is used to illustrate that ______. A. Language extinction can be reversed through collective determination and effort. B. All extinct languages can be revived if enough resources are invested. C. Religious languages have a better chance of survival than secular ones. D. Written records are more important than spoken traditions for language preservation. 71. What is the most appropriate title for this passage? A. The Globalization of English: Threat or Opportunity? B. UNESCO's 2019: A Year for Indigenous Languages C. Hebrew Revival: A Model for Language Preservation D. Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sima Qian: Chinese Historian and Scientist Sima Qian (145 BCE—86 BCE), astronomer, calendar expert, and the first great Chinese historian. He is most noted for his authorship of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), which is considered to be the most important history of China down to the end of the 2nd century. Life Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140—110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. ____72____ In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor's inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. At about the same time, Sima Qian began to undertake the unfulfilled ambition of his father to write a definitive history of the Chinese past, an ambition strengthened by his belief that under Wudi the Han had reached a peak of achievement that deserved to be recorded for the offspring. Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. ____73____ Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). But he remained bitterly conscious of the shame he had suffered and lived a retiring life, devoting himself to the completion of his great masterpiece. Structure and content of Shiji The Shiji is Sima Qian's great claim to fame. His main achievement was that he reduced to an orderly narrative the complex events of the past, recorded in often contradictory sources deriving from the many independent states, each of which employed its own chronology. He organized these facts not, as in previous histories, simply as a chronologically ordered record but according to a new five-part plan. The Basic Annals (Benji) gave a dated chronological outline centered on events at the court considered to have been the most influential power at the time. The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. ____74____ It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances. Neither is his subject matter exclusively court-centered and “political,” as were the later histories; it includes a far wider range of society, including businessmen and merchants, condottieri and bandits, actors and court favorites, good officials and bad. Influence ____75____ He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. Since Sima Qian’s time, his history has been acknowledged as the great historical masterpiece in Chinese, a standard against which all later histories would be measured and a model for large-scale historical composition, not only in China but in all East Asian countries influenced by the Chinese literary tradition. A. Its source material, too, was far more varied. B. His actions were deemed to be defaming the emperor, and celebrations ensued. C. Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. D. In conclusion, Sima Qian was a hero in China, and his actions are celebrated extensively every year. E. After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. F. Sima Qian was punished for “defaming the emperor,” a capital crime. III. Summary 76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. We all know what it feels like when we read a scientific paper. The findings seem solid; the conclusions are presented with confidence. And if you work in social science research, each year you see thousands of new studies published in respected journals. Despite this, researchers have been unable to reproduce a significant portion of these published results when they try to repeat the experiments. A massive seven-year project called SCORE recently examined 3,900 social-science papers and found troubling patterns. If someone publishes a study in a prestigious journal, we generally assume it can be trusted and built upon. We have a sense of the scientific literature as a reliable foundation. As a result, most of us would say that how research credibility works is fairly straightforward: peer-reviewed studies represent solid evidence that advances our understanding. But large-scale replication efforts reveal a different reality. However much a published paper feels like something authoritative, some scientists demand independent verification. Over the past decade, the SCORE team's investigations challenged our assumptions about research reliability. They showed us that reproducibility is limited; many papers lack sufficient detail for others to repeat the analysis accurately. They demonstrated that replication rates are concerning, with only about half of tested studies yielding consistent results when experiments were conducted from scratch. Findings don't always survive independent testing. There isn’t a single universal definition of “replicability,” in the sense that computational reproducibility differs from conceptual replication. Several researchers have taken it even further, suggesting that without transparent data sharing and detailed methodology, published conclusions should be treated as preliminary. Our shared understanding of scientific publication — the assumption that a peer-reviewed paper represents verified knowledge — may not apply to every study across all disciplines, but it does reflect the reality that science is an ongoing, self-correcting process. Many of us think of the published literature as a comprehensive archive that we can consult with full confidence. But replication scientists have shown that the research record is not like that at all. Numerous studies contain errors or incomplete information, and sometimes entire fields build on findings that later prove difficult to reproduce, despite others’ confidence in the original work. On occasion, even careful peer review fails to catch methodological flaws or missing data. Another mistake we make is to assume that conducting original research is completely separate from verifying it through replication. In fact, the two activities are deeply connected. We rely on similar principles of transparency and rigor to ensure both initial studies and replication attempts meet scientific standards. It is the commitment to open data and reproducible methods that enables us to distinguish robust findings from those that require further investigation. This discipline allows the scientific community to build cumulative knowledge and maintain public trust in research. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 77. 许多强迫症的囤积者对清理屋子持抵触态度，担心这会使日常生活沦为噩梦。(resistant) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 78. 这个社区服务俱乐部以组织各种志愿活动为特色，为其成员提供了权衡每个想法利弊的机会。(feature) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 79. 从她对传统做法的尊重及其对当地语言的娴熟掌握可判断，这位特邀发言人必定已在这一偏远地区生活多年，每日都在应对各种日常挑战。(judge) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 80. 尽管保护工作面临重重困难，为了子孙后代的利益，我们最好保护民族遗产并恢复传统，确保它们免受威胁，这样我们才能为人类打造共同的未来。(Despite, protective) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 81. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 81. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李华。你的英国笔友 Chris 对中国的名胜古迹和自然风光等具有鲜明中国特色的元素都很感兴趣，来信询问你印象最深刻的一个地方。请你给他回信，内容须包括： 1）说明这个地方为什么让你印象深刻； 2）简述这个地方的特色（自然景观、历史文化等）； 3）描述你在那里的一次具体经历过程中的真实内心感受。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市曹杨第二中学2025-2026学年高二下学期期中考试 英语试卷 考生注意： 1、答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2、本试卷共有81道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. ______ country wins the bid to host the 2030 World Expo will attract major international investment and diplomatic attention. A. Whichever B. No matter which C. Whatever D. No matter what 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：无论哪个国家赢得2030年世博会的主办权，都将吸引重大的国际投资和外交关注。分析句子结构可知，“______ country wins the bid to host the 2030 World Expo”是一个主语从句，作整个句子的主语。“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，故排除B项和D项；whichever表示“无论哪一个”，通常用于有一定范围的选择；whatever表示“无论什么”，没有范围限制，此处指在参与竞标的国家中无论哪一个国家，有范围限制，且在从句中修饰名词country，所以此处使用whichever。 2. It remains unclear ______ impact artificial intelligence will have on the global job market over the next decade, though experts predict significant changes in traditional industries. A. that B. what C. how D. whether 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：目前尚不清楚未来十年人工智能将对全球就业市场产生什么样的影响，不过专家预测传统行业将会发生重大变化。本句中It是形式主语，空格处引导的是主语从句，表示“不清楚会产生什么样的影响”，用连接词what引导从句，并在从句中修饰名词impact；how多用于修饰形容词或动词。 3. ______ China’s carbon neutrality goals can be achieved by 2060 depends largely on breakthroughs in renewable energy technology and international cooperation. A. When B. What C. Why D. How 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】句意：中国在2060年前如何实现碳中和目标，在很大程度上取决于可再生能源技术的突破和国际合作。句子的谓语动词是depends，空处引导的是一个主语从句。从句中主谓结构完整，且已有时间状语by 2060，故不需要填入What（作主语或宾语）或When（表时间）。根据后文“depends largely on breakthroughs...（很大程度上取决于……突破）”可知，此处表达的是实现目标的“方式或途径”，应用How（如何）引导主语从句 4. The research team has developed a backup AI system ______ the primary algorithm fails to process the massive climate data collected from satellites. A. so that B. in case C. now that D. as long as 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：研究团队开发了一个备用人工智能系统，以防主算法无法处理从卫星收集的大量气候数据。A. so that 以便，为了(引导目的状语从句)；B. in case 以防，万一(引导条件状语从句)；C. now that 既然，由于(引导原因状语从句)；D. as long as 只要(引导条件状语从句)。根据“backup AI system”可知，开发备用系统是为了预防主算法出问题的情况，用in case引导条件状语从句。 5. The engineers constructed the offshore wind farm precisely ______ the environmental impact assessment recommended, minimizing disruption to marine ecosystems. A. because B. so that C. as D. unless 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】句意： 工程师们严格按照环境影响评估所建议的那样建造了海上风电场，从而将对海洋生态系统的干扰降到了最低。 A. because因为（引导原因状语从句）； B. so that以便，为了（引导目的状语从句）； C. as按照，正如（引导方式状语从句）； D. unless除非（引导条件状语从句）。本句需要表达“按照环境评估建议的方式来建造”，precisely as...意为“严格按照……的方式”，as在此引导方式状语从句。 6. Following the successful landing of China’s lunar probe on the far side of the moon, scientists remain uncertain ______ the collected samples will reveal evidence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：随着中国月球探测器在月球背面成功着陆，科学家们仍然不确定收集到的样本是否会揭示永久阴影陨石坑中存在水冰的证据。空格处引导宾语从句。从句结构完整，不缺主干成分，结合主句中使用了形容词uncertain，表达了一种疑问和不确定性，因此需要使用表示“是否”的whether来引导从句。 7. The groundbreaking research report released by the World Health Organization confirms the alarming finding ______ microplastics, detected in human blood samples for the first time, may pose serious long-term health risks to multiple organ systems. A. which B. when C. how D. that 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】句意：世界卫生组织发布的这项突破性研究报告证实了一个令人担忧的发现，即首次在人类血液样本中检测到的微塑料，可能会对多个器官系统造成严重的长期健康风险。空格处引导的从句用于解释说明前面名词finding的具体内容，属于同位语从句，该从句结构完整，不缺少任何句子成分，且句意完整，因此需要使用只起连接作用、无实际意义的连词that来引导。 8. The International Space Station ______ be decommissioned by 2030, according to NASA’s official roadmap, with plans already in place for its controlled descent into the Pacific Ocean. A. is going to B. is about to C. is to D. will 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】句意：根据美国航空航天局的官方路线图，国际空间站按计划将于2030年前退役，其受控坠入太平洋的计划已经就绪。“be to do”结构常用于表示按计划、安排、官方规定或注定要发生的事情。题干中“according to NASA’s official roadmap”和“with plans already in place”明确表明这是官方的既定计划和安排，因此使用“is to”最为贴切和正式。 9. The lead scientist glanced at her watch nervously and whispered to her colleague, “The experimental fusion reactor ______ reach ignition temperature. Everyone needs to evacuate the observation deck immediately.” A. is going to B. is about to C. is to D. will 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：首席科学家紧张地看了一眼手表，向同事低声说道：“实验性聚变反应堆即将达到点火温度。每个人都需要立即撤离观察甲板。” be going to do...意为“将要做某事”，表示主观打算做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事；be about to do...意为“即将做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作马上就要发生；be to do...意为“将要做某事”，表示按计划、安排、义务等将要发生的事情；will do...意为“将要做某事”，表示将要发生的动作，为普通用法。根据句中的nervously和immediately可知，反应堆达到点火温度是马上就要发生的事情，情况非常紧急，应用be about to do...。 10. News spread rapidly across social media ______ China’s homegrown large passenger aircraft C919 had successfully completed its first commercial international flight, marking a milestone in the country’s aviation industry. A. that B. whether C. if D. what 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】句意：中国国产大型客机C919成功完成首次商业国际航班的消息在社交媒体上迅速传播，标志着该国航空业的一个里程碑。空处引导同位语从句，解释说明名词News的具体内容；从句中主谓宾结构完整，不缺少任何句子成分，且句意为陈述一个确定的事实，因此需要使用只起连接作用、无词义且不充当句子成分的连词that。 Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits. How Schools and Teachers Can Get Better at Cultural Competence Cultural competence is described as “having an awareness of one's own cultural identity and views about difference, and the ability to learn and build on the varying cultural and community norms of students and their families.” The differences ___11___ make individuals unique are essential elements of a society. When educators fail to acknowledge their own biases and assumptions, the obstacle of a student's developmental process is inevitable. Having good intentions is not sufficient; the actions are ___12___ will be seen and felt by students. What one individual may view as innocent ___13___ have harmful effects. Schools need to feel the urgency and race to end exclusionary practices by improving cultural awareness. Identify Areas for Growth — Everyone has a past and upbringing that has shaped the way they view the world. Those experiences ___14___ are not negative, but when these experiences twist the way a person views others, an adjustment may be required. A few years ago, a teacher entered my office upset about the disposition of a student. As the student stood beside the upset teacher, I began to listen to the teacher explain the incident. What was explained was the reality that the teacher was upset with the student's disrespectful attitude. I asked for more details about the ___15___ (perceive) disrespectful nature of the attitude. The teacher described colloquialism, tone, and a lack of eye contact. At that moment I dismissed the student and explained that the student was not being disrespectful, but rather what the teacher was experiencing was the method of communication in which the student interacts with his community. Educators must have an inner dialogue to determine what experiences have shaped the teacher's views of students. Districts must create space to have a ___16___ (broad) discussion and be realistic about how teachers' individual bias affect the rights of students. The space for a macro conversation for the district is necessary and must be accompanied with ___17___ cultural awareness is reflected in individual buildings. Listen and Observe — What may seem as a simple task is rarely practiced. The beginning of understanding is listening. When one is constantly talking, there is no room ___18___ listening. As dean of school culture, I oversaw discipline at a predominantly black school. A white foreign student, frequently in trouble, complained but no one listened. Mediation revealed he felt unwelcomed and misunderstood. We failed him by not addressing his needs. Districts and educators fail at cultural awareness because listening ___19___ (not initiate). Listen to the parents, listen to the students, listen to your peers, listen to your staff. ____20____ what you hear confirms what you see, act. Far too often districts fail to see because they fail to listen. 【答案】11. that##which 12. what 13. can##may 14. themselves 15. perceived 16. broader 17. how 18. for 19. is not initiated 20. When##If 【解析】 【导语】主要探讨学校与教师应当如何提升文化素养，剖析认知偏见带来的问题，并给出自我审视、倾听观察等可行改进方法。 【11题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：这些让个体变得独一无二的差异是一个社会必不可少的组成部分。此处引导定语从句，先行词为differences指代事物，从句缺少主语，所以用关系代词that或which。 【12题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：有良好的意图是不够的；行动才是学生将看到和感受到的东西。此处为表语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代事物，应用what引导。 【13题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：一个人眼中无伤大雅的举动，或许会产生不良影响。结合句意，此处表示“可能、能够”，情态动词can或may符合语境。 【14题详解】 考查代词。句意：那些经历本身并无坏处，但当经历扭曲了一个人看待他人的方式时，就需要做出调整。此处反身代词作同位语，指代experiences，所以用themselves。 【15题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：我要求进一步了解这种被认为无礼的态度相关细节。此处作定语修饰名词nature，perceive与逻辑主语nature之间为被动关系，用过去分词perceived。 【16题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：学区必须留出空间开展更为广泛的讨论，正视教师个人偏见对学生权益造成的影响。此处表示与以往相比进行“更广泛的”讨论，暗含对比含义，需用形容词比较级，broad的比较级为broader。 【17题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：学区层面的宏观交流必不可少，同时也要明确文化素养如何在各个校区落地体现。此处为介词with后的宾语从句，从句结构完整，表示方式，意为“如何”，应用连接副词how引导。 【18题详解】 考查介词。句意：当一个人不停诉说时，就没有倾听的余地。此处为固定搭配room for意为“……的空间”，所以此处为介词for。 【19题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：学区和教师文化素养不足，原因在于主动倾听的行为并未被践行。此处为谓语动词，陈述客观现状用一般现在时，主语listening与initiate之间为被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为is not initiated。 【20题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：当/如果你听闻的内容与所见情形相符时，再采取行动。此处引导时间或条件状语从句，表达“当……时”或“如果”的含义，所以用连词when或if，位于句首，首字母需大写。 Section C Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. primitive B. solitary C. blissful D. loaned E. stretched F. heaped G. restorative H. submissive I. monument J. vertical K. scale 21. The negotiations ______ on for three exhausting days, with both parties refusing to compromise on key issues until a breakthrough finally came at twilight on the fourth day, when fatigue and desperation forced them to find common ground. 22. The courtroom sat in tense silence as the defense attorney presented the final piece of evidence — a timestamped security video that irrefutably placed the defendant miles away from the crime scene. In that instant, the ______ tipped decisively in favor of acquittal, and the prosecutor’s once-solid case began to crumble like a house of cards. 23. The archaeologist carefully examined the ______ tools unearthed from the cave, marveling at how these crude implements — chipped stones and sharpened bones — had enabled our ancestors to survive in a hostile world thousands of years before the dawn of civilization. 24. The national museum has ______ several priceless Renaissance paintings to the international exhibition, though the decision sparked heated debate among curators who worried about the risks of transporting such fragile masterpieces across continents. 25. After decades of collaborative research, the elderly professor chose to pursue a ______ path in his final years, retreating to a remote cabin where he could meditate on the philosophical implications of his discoveries without the constant interruptions of academic conferences and peer review committees. 26. The newlyweds spent a ______ week on the secluded island, where turquoise waters lapped against pristine beaches and the only sounds were the gentle rustling of palm fronds and the distant calls of tropical birds — a perfect escape from the relentless demands of their urban careers. 27. The regime demanded absolute loyalty from its citizens, expecting them to remain ______ to authority without question, but underground resistance movements began to emerge as people grew weary of surrendering their autonomy and critical thinking. 28. The towering skyscraper stands as a ______ to human ambition and engineering prowess, its gleaming facade reflecting the city’s transformation from a humble trading post into a global financial powerhouse over the span of just two generations. 29. The investigative journalist found her desk ______ with anonymous tips and leaked documents after her exposure on corporate corruption went viral, each envelope potentially containing the evidence needed to bring down an entire network of fraudulent executives. 30. The spa’s new wellness program promises a truly ______ experience, combining therapeutic hot springs, deep tissue massage, and guided meditation to help exhausted patients recover from burnout and rebuild their depleted energy reserves after months of chronic stress. 【答案】21. E 22. K 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. H 28. I 29. F 30. G 【解析】 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：谈判持续了疲惫的三天，双方在关键问题上都拒绝妥协，直到第四天傍晚终于出现突破，疲惫与无奈迫使双方达成共识。结合“on for three exhausting days”可知，此处表达“延续推进”，选用动词stretch，依据后文时态，此处为一般过去时，所以谓语动词为stretched。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：法庭里气氛凝重，辩护律师呈上最后一份证据，这份带时间戳的监控视频确凿证明案发时被告远在别处，局势天平当即倾向无罪判决，检方原本牢靠的案情也随之崩塌。依据空前定冠词the，其后必须接名词；结合语境，此处指的是判定局势“分量”，所以此处为名词scale。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：考古学家仔细查看洞穴中出土的器具，这些打磨的石块与骨头做工简陋，却助力远古先民在恶劣环境中生存繁衍，这一景象让考古学家心生感慨。依据空后名词tools，需用形容词作定语修饰名词；结合“chipped stones and sharpened bones”可知，此处表示“原始的”，所以此处为形容词primitive。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：国家博物馆将数幅珍贵的文艺复兴画作外借参展，此举却引发馆内人员激烈争论，众人担忧珍贵藏品跨洲运输存在诸多风险。结合“several priceless Renaissance paintings”表达“出借”展品，所以此处为动词loan，依据has提示为现在完成时，所以谓语动词为loaned。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：数十年携手钻研过后，这位年长的教授晚年选择独自潜心研究，隐居僻静小屋，远离各类学术会议与评审事务，静心思索研究成果蕴含的哲理。依据空后名词path，需用形容词作定语修饰名词；结合“retreating to a remote cabin”可知，此处表示“独居的”，所以此处为形容词solitary。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：新婚夫妇在僻静的小岛上度过舒心美满的一周，碧蓝海水轻抚洁净沙滩，耳畔只有棕榈轻响与飞鸟啼鸣，远离都市工作压力，尽享悠闲时光。依据空后名词week，需用形容词作定语修饰名词；结合海岛安逸的环境描写可知，此处表示“幸福惬意的”，所以此处为形容词blissful。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：该政权要求民众绝对效忠，无条件服从统治管理，可民众渐渐不愿舍弃自主思想，地下反抗组织随之慢慢涌现。依据系动词remain后接形容词作表语；结合“absolute loyalty”可知，此处表示“顺从的”，所以此处为形容词submissive。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：这座摩天大楼是人类雄心与工程实力的象征，光洁的外立面映照出这座城市两代人之间，从简陋贸易据点蜕变为全球金融中心的变迁历程。依据空前不定冠词a，其后必须接名词；结合建筑象征意义可知，此处表示“丰碑”，所以此处为名词monument。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：这位调查记者曝光企业腐败的报道走红后，办公桌堆满匿名举报线索与外泄文件，每份信件都可能藏有足以扳倒整个高管诈骗团伙的证据。结合“with anonymous tips and leaked documents”表达“堆积”摆放，所以此处为动词heap，此处为被动结构，所以动词形式为heaped。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这家温泉会所全新康养项目可带来绝佳身心修复体验，融合疗养温泉、深层肌肉按摩与引导式冥想，帮助身心俱疲者摆脱倦怠状态，重拾长期压力下损耗的身心精力。依据空后名词experience，需用形容词作定语修饰名词；结合恢复身心状态可知，此处表示“疗养修复的”，所以此处为形容词restorative。 Section D Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. successfully B. distinct C. established D. evaluated E. consumed F. complications G. navigation H. recreate I. purposely J. comprehend K. reflective The Lighthouse of Alexandria The Lighthouse of Alexandria is often referred to as “The Pharos of Alexandria”. For as long as historical buildings have been ____31____, the Lighthouse of Alexandria is considered to have been one of the top three tallest structures in the world. It is preceded by the two pyramids identified as “Khufu” and “Khafra”. During the years of 956, 1303, and 1323, the immense structure received damage as a result of earthquakes that occurred in the area. The citizens of the time used a mixture of fire and ____32____ mirror like material in order to provide the lighting needed by ships to discover the port. Claims indicate that the light was so immense that ships as far out to sea as 35 miles could see the ____33____ light coming from the mysterious lighthouse. There are also legends that the fire emitted from the port was so protective that ships that contained enemies would be ____34____ at sea so that they would not reach the shores where the lighthouse stood. In the year of 1183, a traveler by the name of Ibn Jubayr observed the Lighthouse of Alexandria and made the following observation: “Description of it falls short, the eyes fail to ____35____ it, and words are inadequate, so vast is the spectacle...” In the year of 1994, scuba divers that specialize in archaeology searched the water near where the magnificent structure stood. They were able to ____36____ discover many different pieces of block and other construction materials. It is a mystery as to why the structure finally collapsed into the Mediterranean Sea. It has been ____37____ that the fall likely occurred in the year of 1326. There are many theories about the final collapse, but many agree that the earthquakes of the area probably resulted in the ____38____. There are many other theories that indicate the structure may have been ____39____ destroyed due to rumors that there were great treasures buried underneath the structure. It is believed that a man identified as the “Caliph at Cairo” was told of a rumor from a neighboring port that extremely valuable treasures were under the building in order to eliminate the port as a ____40____ system into the area. While this is just a legend, could it have been what led to the fall of the Lighthouse of Alexandria? This remains to be one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the world. 【答案】31. C 32. K 33. B 34. E 35. J 36. A 37. D 38. F 39. I 40. G 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了世界古代七大奇迹之一的亚历山大灯塔的历史、功能、毁坏原因及相关传说。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：自有历史建筑被建造以来，亚历山大灯塔就被认为是世界上最高的三大建筑之一。根据后文“the Lighthouse of Alexandria is considered to have been one of the top three tallest structures in the world.”可知，自有历史建筑被建造以来。空处在“have been”之后，构成现在完成时的被动语态，应用过去分词。established的过去分词为established，含义为“建立；建造”。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：当时的市民使用火和一种类似镜子的反光材料的混合物，以便为船只提供发现港口所需的照明。根据后文“mirror like materia”可知，利用一种类似镜子的反光材料。空处修饰名词“mirror like material”，应用形容词作定语。reflective为形容词，含义为“反光的；反射的”，与“mirror like”（像镜子一样的）语义呼应。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：有说法称，灯光如此强烈，以至于远至35英里外海上的船只都能看到这座神秘灯塔发出的清晰光线。根据前文“the light was so immense”可知，能看到这座神秘灯塔发出的清晰光线。空处修饰名词“light”，应用形容词作定语。distinct为形容词，含义为“清晰的；明显的”，用于描述远处可见的明亮光线。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：还有传说称，港口发出的火如此具有保护性，以至于载有敌人的船只会在海上被烧毁，以免它们到达灯塔所在的岸边。 根据前文“the fire emitted from the port was so protective”可知，载有敌人的船只会在海上被烧毁。空处与would be构成被动语态，应用过去分词，consume的过去分词为consumed，含义为“烧毁、消耗”。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：描述它显得苍白，眼睛无法理解它，言语亦显不足，景象如此宏伟……，根据后文“words are inadequate”可知，眼睛无法理解它。空处在不定式符号“to”之后，应用动词原形。comprehend为动词原形，含义为“理解、领会”，与”falls short”（显得不足）和“inadequate”（不充分）构成并列语义。 【36题详解】 考查副词。句意：他们成功地发现了许多不同的石块和其他建筑材料。根据后文“discover many different pieces of block and other construction materials.”可知，发现了许多不同的石块和其他建筑材料。空处修饰动词“discover”，应用副词。successfully为副词，含义为“成功地”，说明考古潜水员的探索取得了成果。 【37题详解】 考查动词。句意：据估计，倒塌很可能发生在1326年。根据后文“the fall likely”可知，这是在估计。空处在“has been”之后，构成现在完成时的被动语态，应用过去分词。evaluated的过去分词为evaluated，含义为“评估、估计”，常用于It has been evaluated that...（据估计……）的固定句型。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：关于其最终的衰落有诸多说法，但许多人认为，该地区频发的地震很可能引发了一系列复杂问题。空处在定冠词“the”之后，应用名词。complications为名词复数，含义为“并发症、复杂情况、引发的问题”，此处指地震造成的复杂后果最终导致灯塔倒塌。 【39题详解】 考查副词。句意：还有许多其他理论表明，该建筑可能是被故意摧毁的，因为有传言称建筑下埋藏着巨大的宝藏。 根据后文“there were great treasures buried underneath the structure.”可知，建筑可能是被故意摧毁的。空处修饰动词destroyed，应用副词，purposely为副词，含义为“故意地、蓄意地”。 【40题详解】 考查名词。人们认为，一位被称作 “开罗哈里发” 的男子听闻了来自邻近港口的一则传闻：该建筑下方藏有价值连城的宝藏，而散播此传闻的目的，是为了废除该港口作为进入这一地区的导航系统。 根据全篇可知，灯塔是港口导航系统的重要组成部分。空处位于不定冠词a之后，应用名词，navigation为名词，含义为“导航、航行”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Diamond-Water Paradox Have you ever purchased something and thought to yourself, “It’s crazy how much I’m paying for this!?” This might happen more ____41____ than you would like, based on the dozens of transactions you may make on a daily basis. Questioning some of your financial transactions may be best answered or explained through something known as the diamond-water paradox. Getting enough water to sustain life typically has a ____42____ price, while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price. Why does an economy put a much lower value on something vital to sustaining life compared to something that simply looks ____43____ and sparkles? This question is the diamond-water paradox, also known as the paradox of value, and it was first ____44____ by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s. In his works, Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples. ____45____, things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use. An example may be an old piece of art or 1920s baseball card. Other than looking at it, there isn’t much else we can do with the art or baseball card. So, why are things ____46____ this way? Understanding why the paradox exists can be ____47____ by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity. Scarcity can be simply defined as how readily ____48____ a product, skill, or service is. Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding? Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or gain someone gets from using or purchasing an additional unit of a particular good or service. People are ____49____ to pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility. So, let’s go back to water and diamonds. There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce), which means that, as consumers, we usually have a low ____50____ for water. In a typical situation, we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water. Diamonds, ____51____, are scarce. Because they are harder to find and get, our marginal utility (additional satisfaction), for adding a diamond to our collection is much higher than someone offering us one more drink of water. If one is dying of thirst, then this paradox might not ____52____, and the marginal utility from another drink of water would be much higher than the additional satisfaction of owning a diamond. Let’s look at an example. An Example Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense? From a practical and ____53____ standpoint, it certainly doesn’t. In order to ____54____ and enable our most basic form of transportation (walking), we need shoes to protect our feet. They are certainly more important and practical than an Xbox. The price ____55____ comes back to the satisfaction, or marginal utility, we get from purchasing a pair of shoes compared to an Xbox. If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive, you might pay more for those shoes, but until that happens, most of us will continue to pay more for our electronics! This paradox, indeed, reminds us that value is not determined by practical use alone, but by the interplay of scarcity and marginal utility. Adam Smith 亚当·斯密，英国经济学家，古典经济学之父，著有《国富论》。 Xbox 是由美国微软公司开发并于2001年发售的一款家用电视游戏机。 41. A. unconsciously B. frequently C. occasionally D. rarely 42. A. fixed B. high C. fair D. low 43. A. shiny B. dim C. rough D. smooth 44. A. neglected B. accepted C. presented D. rejected 45. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. In other words D. On the other hand 46. A. measured B. compared C. valued D. displayed 47. A. challenged B. facilitated C. replaced D. questioned 48. A. accessible B. available C. apparent D. convertible 49. A. prepared B. able C. reluctant D. willing 50. A. scarcity B. demand C. marginal utility D. expectation 51. A. however B. otherwise C. accordingly D. besides 52. A. hold B. settle C. matter D. vanish 53. A. emotional B. general C. fundamental D. survival 54. A. get around B. get over C. get together D. get across 55. A. tag B. difference C. cap D. list 【答案】41. B 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. D 46. C 47. B 48. B 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. A 53. D 54. A 55. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍钻石与水悖论，解释商品价值由稀缺性与边际效用共同决定的经济学原理。 【41题详解】 考查副词。句意：基于你每天可能进行的数十笔交易，这种情况发生的频率可能比你愿意承认的还要高。A. unconsciously无意识地；B. frequently频繁地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. rarely很少。根据后文“on a daily basis”可知，日常交易多，该情况经常发生。 【42题详解】 考查形容词。句意：获取维持生命所需的水通常价格低廉，而一件钻石珠宝价格高昂。A. fixed固定的；B. high高的；C. fair公平的；D. low低的。根据常识及后文“while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price”可知，水的价格低。 【43题详解】 考查形容词。句意：为什么对于维持生命至关重要的东西，其经济价值远低于仅仅看起来闪亮耀眼的东西？A. shiny闪亮的；B. dim昏暗的；C. rough粗糙的；D. smooth光滑的。根据后文“sparkles”可知，钻石是闪亮的。 【44题详解】 考查动词。句意：这个问题就是钻石—水悖论，又称价值悖论，最早由经济学家亚当·斯密在18世纪提出。A. neglected忽视；B. accepted接受；C. presented提出；D. rejected拒绝。根据后文“by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s.”可知，该悖论由亚当·斯密首次提出。 【45题详解】 考查连词短语。句意：另一方面，在市场上通常价值最高的东西几乎没有实际用途。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. In other words换句话说；D. On the other hand另一方面。根据前文“Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples.”实用物品交换价值低，后文“things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use.”可推知，贵重物品实用性低，为对比关系。 【46题详解】 考查动词。句意：那么，为什么事物是这样被定价的呢？A. measured测量；B. compared比较；C. valued估价、定价；D. displayed展示。根据前文“____, things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use.”以及全文讨论物品价值高低可知，此处指价值被如此评判。 【47题详解】 考查动词。句意：理解稀缺性和边际效用这两个经济学术语，有助于我们理解这一悖论存在的原因。A. challenged挑战；B. facilitated促进、有助于；C. replaced替代；D. questioned质疑。根据后文“by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity.”可知，理解专业术语可以帮助弄懂悖论。 【48题详解】 考查形容词。句意：稀缺性可以简单定义为一种产品、技能或服务的易得程度。A. accessible可进入的；B. available可获得的；C. apparent明显的；D. convertible可转换的。根据后文“Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding?”可知，指物品可获取的难易程度。 【49题详解】 考查形容词。句意：人们愿意为边际效用更高的商品支付更高的价格。A. prepared准备好的；B. able能够的；C. reluctant不情愿的；D. willing愿意的。根据后文“pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility”可知，人们愿意为更高的额外满足感付高价。 【50题详解】 考查名词。句意：世界大部分地区水资源充足（不稀缺），这意味着作为消费者，我们对水的边际效用通常较低。A. scarcity稀缺；B. demand需求；C. marginal utility边际效用；D. expectation期待。根据前文定义及后文“we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water”可知，此处指水的边际效用低。 【51题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，钻石是稀缺的。A. however然而；B. otherwise否则；C. accordingly因此；D. besides此外。前文“There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce)”说水不稀缺，此处说钻石稀缺，为转折关系。 【52题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果一个人渴得快要死去，这个悖论可能就不成立了。A. hold成立；B. settle解决；C. matter要紧；D. vanish消失。根据前文“If one is dying of thirst”可知，极端情况下悖论不成立，hold在此表示“（理论、观点）成立、有效”。 【53题详解】 考查形容词。句意：从实用和生存的角度来看，这当然不合理。A. emotional情感的；B. general普遍的；C. fundamental基本的；D. survival生存的。根据后文“ If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive”可知，指生存的角度。 【54题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：为了四处走动、实现我们最基本的出行方式（行走），我们需要鞋子保护双脚。A. get around四处走动；B. get over克服；C. get together聚会；D. get across使理解。根据后文“enable our most basic form of transportation (walking)”可知，鞋子方便人四处行走。 【55题详解】 考查名词。句意：价格差异归根结底来自购买鞋子和Xbox带给我们的满足感，即边际效用。A. tag标签；B. difference差异；C. cap上限；D. list清单。根据前文“Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense?”游戏机和鞋子价格不同可知，此处指价格差异。 Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Once upon a time, in a village in La Mancha, there lived a lean, thin-faced old gentleman whose favorite pastime was to read books about knights in armor. He loved to read about their daring exploits, strange adventures, bold rescues of ladies in distress, and intense devotion to their ladies. In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject. He would lie awake at night, absorbed in every detail of these fantastic adventures. As time went on, the old gentleman crammed his head so full of these stories and lost so much sleep from reading through the night that he lost his wits completely. He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories. At last he fell into the strangest fancy that any madman has ever had: He resolved to become himself a knight errant, to travel through the world with horse and armor in search of adventures. First, he got out some rust-eaten armor that had belonged to his ancestors, then cleaned and repaired it as best as he could. Although the head-piece of the helmet was intact, unfortunately, the visor that would have protected the face was gone. Not to be discouraged by this deficiency, however, he fashioned another out of some pieces of stiff paper and strips of iron. In his eyes it was without a doubt the most splendid helmet ever fashioned. Next he considered what glorious, high-sounding name he might give his horse, who was to bear him on his quest. For though his horse was but a tired hack, practically skin and bones, to him it appeared as magnificent as Bucephalus, the horse of Alexander the Great. After four days of inventing and rejecting various names, he at last settled on Rocinante, which he thought sounded suitably grand. He then set about to choose a suitable name for himself. After eight days of hard consideration, he decided that he would be known as Don Quixote. Following the example of many knights he admired, he decided to proclaim his native land as well, and so he called himself Don Quixote de La Mancha. Now he needed to find a lady whom he might adore and serve, for a knight without a lady is like a body without a soul. It so happened that in a neighboring village there lived a nice-looking farm girl whom he had once admired from a distance. He decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary. Now, with all these preparations made, Don Quixote was eager to sally forth: A whole world awaited, full of injustices to be made right and great deeds to be performed. So, clad in his rusty armor, with his improvised helmet tied to his head, Don Quixote mounted Rocinante and started out through the back of the stable yard. But then he had a terrible thought: He had never yet been dubbed a knight! He took comfort, however, in his memory of the many books of chivalry he had read and determined that, like many of the heroes in those books, which he took for truth, he would simply have himself knighted by the first person that came along. So he rode on under a hot July sun, blissfully happy in his thoughts of how, in years to come, others would read of the brave exploits of Don Quixote de La Mancha and his faithful steed, Rocinante. 56. What is the main focus of the passage? A. The old gentleman’s transformation from a reader into a self-imagined knight. B. The harmful effects of excessive reading on one's mental health. C. The process of preparing equipment and choosing names for a knightly quest. D. The contrast between the old gentleman's fantasy and the reality of his situation. 57. According to the passage, why did the old gentleman sell his farmland? A. To finance his journey as a knight errant. B. To purchase more books about chivalry. C. To buy proper armor and weapons for his quest. D. To support his neglected family and estate. 58. What can be inferred about the old gentleman’s mental state from the passage? A. He is fully aware of the absurdity of his plan but pursues it for entertainment. B. He has completely lost touch with reality and believes in the world of his books. C. He is deliberately pretending to be mad to escape his mundane life. D. He is temporarily confused but will likely recover once his adventure begins. 59. The phrase “anything but ordinary” in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ______. A. completely common B. decidedly different C. quite exceptional D. somewhat typical 【答案】56. A 57. B 58. B 59. C 【解析】 【导语】本文节选自《堂吉诃德》，主要讲述了拉曼查的一位老绅士沉迷于骑士小说，以至于变卖田产购书，废寝忘食地阅读后精神失常，幻想自己成为一名游侠骑士。文章详细描述了他为出征准备破旧盔甲、为瘦马取名、为自己冠名以及选定心上人等一系列荒诞又充满理想主义色彩的准备过程。 【56题详解】 主旨大意题。 通读全文，文章从老绅士沉迷阅读骑士小说开始，描述了他如何“lost his wits completely(完全丧失了理智)”，进而幻想自己成为骑士，并为此进行一系列准备（修盔甲、给马取名、给自己封号等）。整篇文章的核心聚焦于他从普通读者转变为自我想象中的骑士的过程。 【57题详解】 细节理解题。 根据第一段中的“In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject.(事实上，他如此沉迷于骑士主题，以至于忽视了所有其他兴趣，甚至卖掉了许多亩良田，以便买下他能弄到的所有关于这个主题的书。)”可知，他卖掉土地是为了购买关于骑士精神的书籍。 【58题详解】 推理判断题。 根据第二段中的“he lost his wits completely(他完全失去了理智)”以及第三段中的“He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories.(他开始相信，自己读过的所有关于魔法、挑战、伤痛与征战的奇幻浪漫故事，皆是真实过往。)”和“he fell into the strangest fancy(他陷入了最奇怪的幻想)”可知，他已经完全脱离现实，深信书中的世界是真实的。 【59题详解】 词句猜测题。 根据第七段中的“he decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary.(他决定她将成为他幻想中的女士，她应被称为杜尔西内娅·德尔·托博索，这个名字在他听来既悦耳又anything but ordinary。)”可知，他认为这个名字听起来悦耳动听，绝不普通。“anything but”意为“绝不、根本不”，“ordinary”意为“普通的”。因此“anything but ordinary”意为“绝不普通”，即“非常特别的、例外的”。C选项“quite exceptional（相当特别的）”与之意思最接近。 (B) The sun sets on a field in southern England. When it rises again the following morning, that field has been transformed into an enormous work of art. A large section of the crop has been tamped into a pattern of circles, rings and other shapes. But who created it? Are crop circles the work of alien visitors? Are they a natural phenomenon, created by electrically charged currents of air? Or are they hoaxes? Believers and naysayers each have their own theories, but the truth remains elusive. UFOs and Aliens Possibly the most controversial theory is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets — sort of like alien calling cards. People who agree with this theory say that the circles are either the imprint left by landing spacecraft or messages brought from afar for us earthlings. Some eyewitnesses claim to have seen UFO-like lights and strange noises coming from crop circle sites. Winds Probably the most scientific theory says that crop circles are created by small currents of swirling winds. The spinning columns force a burst of air down to the ground, which flattens the crops. But the question remains — how can a few seconds worth of spinning air create such perfectly defined crop circles? Aircraft A few researchers have theorized that small airplanes or helicopters stir up downdrafts that push the crops down into patterns. Recreation attempts so far have not been able to produce the types of downdrafts necessary to make the perfectly round edges seen in most crop circles. Earth Energy Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy, which forms the circles. One possible form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact, scientists have measured strong magnetic fields inside crop circles, and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sensation in their body while in or near the circles. Humans The easiest explanation for crop circles is that they are man-made hoaxes, created either for fun or to stump the scientists. Colin Andrews, cereologist and author of the book, Circular Evidence, admits that about 80 percent of crop circles are probably man-made, but says that the other 20 percent are probably the work of some “higher force.” 60. According to the passage, which of the following theories is supported by measurable scientific evidence? A. Crop circles are created by alien spacecraft landings. B. Crop circles are formed by electromagnetic radiation from the earth. C. Crop circles are produced by downdrafts from aircraft. D. Crop circles are entirely the result of human hoaxes. 61. What can be inferred about the wind theory from the passage? A. It is widely accepted by most scientists. B. It has been proven through successful experiments. C. It is considered less scientific than the alien theory. D. It fails to fully explain the precision of crop circles. 62. Which of the following best describes Colin Andrews' attitude toward the origin of crop circles? A. He believes all crop circles are created by humans. B. He is skeptical about any non-human explanations. C. He acknowledges both human and possibly non-human causes. D. He is convinced that aliens are responsible for most crop circles. 【答案】60. B 61. D 62. C 【解析】 【导语】主要介绍了多种关于麦田怪圈形成原因的理论，包括外星访客、风、飞机、地球能量以及人类恶作剧等。文中对每种理论进行了阐述，有的理论存在争议，有的缺乏足够证据支持，而地球能量理论中有科学家测量到麦田怪圈内存在强磁场这一可测量的科学证据。 【60题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Earth Energy”部分“Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy, which forms the circles. One possible form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact, scientists have measured strong magnetic fields inside crop circles, and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sensation in their body while in or near the circles.(一些研究人员认为，地球产生自身的能量，形成了这些圆圈。地球能量的一种可能形式是电磁辐射。事实上，科学家们已经测量到麦田怪圈内有强磁场，而且游客有时报告说，当他们在怪圈内或附近时，身体会有一种刺痛感)”可知，有可测量的科学证据支持麦田怪圈是由地球的电磁辐射形成的这一理论。 【61题详解】 推理判断题。根据“Winds”部分“But the question remains — how can a few seconds worth of spinning air create such perfectly defined crop circles?(但问题依然存在——几秒钟的旋转气流怎么能创造出如此形状完美的麦田怪圈呢？)”可知，风的理论无法充分解释麦田怪圈的精确性。 【62题详解】 推理判断题。根据“Humans”部分“Colin Andrews, cereologist and author of the book, Circular Evidence, admits that about 80 percent of crop circles are probably man - made, but says that the other 20 percent are probably the work of some “higher force.””(麦田怪圈研究专家、《圆形证据》一书的作者科林·安德鲁斯承认，大约80%的麦田怪圈可能是人为的，但他说另外20%可能是某种“更高力量”的杰作)”可知，科林·安德鲁斯承认麦田怪圈的成因既有人类因素，也可能有非人类因素。 (C) One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 63. What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A. His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B. His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C. Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D. Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 64. According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A. AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B. Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C. Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D. AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 65. What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A. Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B. AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C. Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D. Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. 66. What does the passage suggest about the future of human-AI interaction? A. AI will soon be able to fully understand and respond to human emotions. B. People will eventually stop using polite language with AI devices. C. It will take considerable time for AI to truly grasp human social etiquette. 【答案】63. B 64. B 65. C 66. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍的是随着语音人工智能的普及，父母在使用智能设备时的语言习惯对孩子的影响，以及围绕是否应该对人工智能使用礼貌用语展开的讨论。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. (当然，Echo并不介意你如何跟它说话。但对杰克来说，我肯定看起来像个暴君。通过模仿，他成了我的小独裁者。)”可知，作者意识到自己对AI发号施令的语气给儿子树立了坏榜样，这正是作者面临的主要困境。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“‘The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,’ says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, ‘Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.’ (‘‘请’这个问题非常重要。它是礼仪的基础之一，’美国最著名的礼仪仲裁者的玄孙女、艾米莉·波斯特研究所所长莉齐·波斯特说。‘孩子会模仿父母的行为，如果你希望你的孩子经常使用‘请’这个词，你自己也需要经常使用。’)”可知，支持对AI使用礼貌用语的人认为孩子通过观察父母来学习行为，因此父母树立礼貌的榜样很重要。 【65题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. ‘I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,’ he says. (作为一名父亲，埃齐奥尼担心他的儿子会过度将智能设备拟人化。‘我担心他会感到困惑，就像我们不想让孩子认为超人是真的，然后从什么东西上跳下来飞向天空一样，’他说。)”可知，奥伦·埃齐奥尼担心孩子可能会把AI与真人混淆，从而产生不切实际的期望。 【66题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. (对人类来说，礼仪是一种管理情感的社会算法。计算机将能更好地理解这一点——但这可能需要几十年的时间。)”可知， 这篇文章暗示AI要真正掌握人类社交礼仪还需要相当长的时间。 (D) Land rights for the indigenous are still a problem, but is it time to turn our attention to language? According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. The Rosetta Project, a network of language experts and native speakers working to preserve “endangered tongues”, has suggested that one language is being lost to the world every three months, a trend set to continue as it calculates that 92 per cent of the world’s languages are spoken by fewer than ten people each. UNESCO, meanwhile, has previously suggested that a language is becoming extinct every two weeks, and that “approximately 600 languages have disappeared in the last century”. As well as the rate, there is also disagreement in official circles over what actually defines language loss, with no one providing definitive criteria for when one crosses the point of no return. David Crystal, a patron for the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, has suggested that language extinction be when “the last person who speaks it dies”. He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”. Providing estimates and causation theories are various key stakeholders stressing the importance of language diversity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues explains that “this threat is acutely felt by indigenous peoples”. This is due to the languages no longer being taught to emerging generations, being almost exclusively a possession of the elders. In Crystal’s words, this is an issue; those speaking a language “are a living monument to what the community once was”, a responsibility he feels the next generation should carry. While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don't always know what we lose with that language,” she says. Extinction isn’t always the end of the road for a language, however. The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400 CE. According to Claude Hagege, a noted French linguist who himself speaks some 50 languages, its revival as a spoken form used in everyday Jewish life occurred only because of the “strong will” of the Israeli Jews. It is now estimated that there are nine million Hebrew speakers worldwide. Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. In Wales, both English and Welsh were made official languages in 1993 under the Welsh Language Act, the goal being for both tongues to carry the same importance and be widely used across the country — extinction prohibited by legislation. The legal system, road signs and education all now contain English and Welsh versions sitting side by side. A new set of goals under the Welsh government's Cymraeg 2050 strategy include the aim to create one million Welsh speakers by 2050. UNESCO is hoping similar tactics will be just as successful on a much larger scale. 2019 has been designated the International Year of Indigenous Languages. This will involve stressing the importance of linguistic diversity, stating that it “matters for development, peace-building and reconciliation” The action plan for the year suggests the centrality of indigenous peoples in official decision-making, drawing on their anecdotal knowledge. There will also be an emphasis on the development of language-sharing technology. Preparation for the year has, in fact, already begun with the first official event having taken place last month. A three-day international seminar in Asunción, Paraguay was used to present the achievements of previous language policies and to detail how UNESCO was hoping to build on these results. Further, an International Decade on Indigenous Languages (covering 2020 to 2030) was also proposed to continue any targets unmet within the course of 2019. UNESCO stresses that avoiding indigenous language extinction will play “a vital role in the sustainable development of the communities that speak them.” 67. What is the primary concern regarding indigenous languages according to the passage? A. Indigenous people are demanding more land rights from their governments. B. Indigenous languages are disappearing at an alarming rate worldwide. C. There is disagreement over how to define language extinction accurately. D. UNESCO lacks sufficient funding to support language preservation projects. 68. According to David Crystal, what distinguishes current language extinction from historical patterns? A. Modern technology has accelerated the process of language death. B. Younger generations are more resistant to learning traditional languages. C. The scale of language extinction today is unprecedented in human history. D. Governments are now more actively involved in language preservation efforts. 69. What can be inferred about the role of English globalization in language extinction? A. English is deliberately designed to replace indigenous languages worldwide. B. English speakers intentionally ignore the cultural values embedded in other languages. C. The dominance of English in key domains inadvertently contributes to language loss. D. English is the only factor responsible for the extinction of indigenous languages. 70. The example of Hebrew revival is used to illustrate that ______. A. Language extinction can be reversed through collective determination and effort. B. All extinct languages can be revived if enough resources are invested. C. Religious languages have a better chance of survival than secular ones. D. Written records are more important than spoken traditions for language preservation. 71. What is the most appropriate title for this passage? A. The Globalization of English: Threat or Opportunity? B. UNESCO's 2019: A Year for Indigenous Languages C. Hebrew Revival: A Model for Language Preservation D. Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts 【答案】67. B 68. C 69. C 70. A 71. D 【解析】 【导语】本文阐述全球土著语言快速消亡的严峻危机，分析失传背后多重成因，同时列举语言复兴案例与多国、国际组织采取的各类保护行动。 【67题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. (国际土著事务工作组表示，压制原住民对健康环境的诉求仍是一大问题。该人权组织认为，除土地利用外，还有亟待探讨的议题，也亟需各方多加交流。全球范围内土著语言不断消亡，愈发令人担忧。)”可知，文章首要关注的问题是土著语言正以惊人速度不断消失。 【68题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”.(他称单一语言消亡不足为奇，但如今我们正见证大规模的语言灭绝现象。)”可知，当下语言消亡的规模在人类历史上前所未有。 【69题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don’t always know what we lose with that language,” she says.(未能将语言代代传承是语言消亡的重要原因，而英语的全球化进程也起到了关键作用。据统计，目前全球近百个国家约有3.6亿英语母语者。英语广泛应用于政务、学术期刊及贸易谈判领域，进一步助推其传播。帕特里夏・瑞安长期在中东从事英语教学，多次发表备受关注的演讲，探讨英语带来的全球影响。她表示，英语虽是无可争议的世界通用语言，却无法尽数译出本土语言的观点与特有词汇，这点常被人们忽略。她说道：“一门语言消逝，我们往往说不清究竟失去了什么。”)”可知，英语在关键领域占据主导，无意间造成土著语言流失。 【70题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life.(以色列希伯来语先消亡、后复兴的历程表明，齐心协力之下，一门已然绝迹的语言能够重获生机。)”可知，该事例说明凭借集体决心与行动可以逆转语言消亡。 【71题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据第二段“The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern.(世界各地土著语言的消亡问题正日益受到关注。)”、第五段“While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. (虽说未能将语言传承给后代是其消亡的重要诱因，但英语全球化也对此影响颇深。)”以及第七段“Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. (罗塞塔项目等相关倡议人士呼吁，更多语言应取得官方地位，威尔士语便是一例。)”可知，文章围绕土著语言的消亡危机、成因及保护措施展开论述。所以D项“Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts(土著语言：危机、成因与保护)”符合文意。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sima Qian: Chinese Historian and Scientist Sima Qian (145 BCE—86 BCE), astronomer, calendar expert, and the first great Chinese historian. He is most noted for his authorship of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), which is considered to be the most important history of China down to the end of the 2nd century. Life Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140—110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. ____72____ In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor's inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. At about the same time, Sima Qian began to undertake the unfulfilled ambition of his father to write a definitive history of the Chinese past, an ambition strengthened by his belief that under Wudi the Han had reached a peak of achievement that deserved to be recorded for the offspring. Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. ____73____ Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). But he remained bitterly conscious of the shame he had suffered and lived a retiring life, devoting himself to the completion of his great masterpiece. Structure and content of Shiji The Shiji is Sima Qian's great claim to fame. His main achievement was that he reduced to an orderly narrative the complex events of the past, recorded in often contradictory sources deriving from the many independent states, each of which employed its own chronology. He organized these facts not, as in previous histories, simply as a chronologically ordered record but according to a new five-part plan. The Basic Annals (Benji) gave a dated chronological outline centered on events at the court considered to have been the most influential power at the time. The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. ____74____ It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances. Neither is his subject matter exclusively court-centered and “political,” as were the later histories; it includes a far wider range of society, including businessmen and merchants, condottieri and bandits, actors and court favorites, good officials and bad. Influence ____75____ He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. Since Sima Qian’s time, his history has been acknowledged as the great historical masterpiece in Chinese, a standard against which all later histories would be measured and a model for large-scale historical composition, not only in China but in all East Asian countries influenced by the Chinese literary tradition. A. Its source material, too, was far more varied. B. His actions were deemed to be defaming the emperor, and celebrations ensued. C. Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. D. In conclusion, Sima Qian was a hero in China, and his actions are celebrated extensively every year. E. After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. F. Sima Qian was punished for “defaming the emperor,” a capital crime. 【答案】72. E 73. F 74. A 75. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了中国伟大的历史学家和科学家司马迁的生平、成就及其著作《史记》的结构、内容和深远影响。 【72题详解】 由上文“Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140 — 110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. (司马迁是司马谈之子，司马谈于公元前140年至公元前110年期间担任汉朝的太史令。太史令一职兼具天文观测、历法修订以及记录国家大事和宫廷典礼的职责。)”以及下文“In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor’s inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. (公元前105年，他参与了全面修订中国历法的任务，这一修订是由汉武帝推动的，标志着汉朝”新纪元”的开始。)”可知，本空要说司马迁早年游历后进入朝廷任职的经历，E选项“After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. (司马迁在青年时期广泛游历之后，进入了朝廷任职。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“entered court service”与上文的“the Han court”相呼应，表示他继承了父亲的职位进入朝廷；且该选项中的“In 105 he was among those”与下文的历法改革工作形成时间上的顺承关系，表示他进入朝廷后参与历法修订。 【73题详解】 由上文“Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. (然而，在他的史书完成之前，司马迁因替一位获罪的将军辩护而深深触怒了皇帝。)”以及下文“Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). (后来汉武帝态度缓和，司马迁重新获得皇帝的宠信，升任中书令。)”可知，本空要说司马迁因触怒皇帝而遭受的惩罚，F选项“Sima Qian was punished for 'defaming the emperor,’ a capital crime. (司马迁因”诽谤皇帝”这一死罪而受到惩罚。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“punished”与上文的“deeply offended the emperor”形成因果关系，表示触怒皇帝的后果；且该选项中的“punished”与下文的“Wudi later relented”形成转折呼应，表示先惩罚后宽恕的过程。 【74题详解】 由上文“The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. (《史记》为后来的朝代史书提供了范本，但在许多方面与它们不同。它的时间跨度要长得多：后来中国历史学家中如此试图涵盖整个人类历史的尝试是罕见的。)”以及下文“It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances.”（它不仅涵盖了秦汉两朝的宫廷编年史，还包括各种更早的历史、各诸侯国宫廷编年史的部分内容，以及经典书籍和各学派哲学著作中的材料，甚至历史传奇故事。)”可知，本空要说《史记》在史料来源方面的广泛性，A选项“Its source material, too, was far more varied. (它的史料来源也更加多样化。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“Its source material”与上文的“Its time span”形成并列对比结构（时间跨度更长，史料来源也更广)”，表示《史记》与后世史书的第二个不同之处；且该选项中的“varied”与下文的“not only...but also...”列举的各种史料来源相呼应，表示史料来源的多样性。 【75题详解】 由下文“He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. (他对后世作家产生了强烈的影响，尤其是对早期叙事散文和小说作家。)”可知，本空要说司马迁作为散文大师的影响力，C选项“Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. (司马迁的重要性不仅在于他是一位历史学家，还在于他是一位文笔生动、灵活的中文散文大师。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“not only as a historian”总结上文对他史学成就的介绍，表示承上；该选项中的“master of racy, flexible Chinese prose”与下文的“exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction”相呼应，表示他在散文方面的影响力，引出下文。 III. Summary 76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. We all know what it feels like when we read a scientific paper. The findings seem solid; the conclusions are presented with confidence. And if you work in social science research, each year you see thousands of new studies published in respected journals. Despite this, researchers have been unable to reproduce a significant portion of these published results when they try to repeat the experiments. A massive seven-year project called SCORE recently examined 3,900 social-science papers and found troubling patterns. If someone publishes a study in a prestigious journal, we generally assume it can be trusted and built upon. We have a sense of the scientific literature as a reliable foundation. As a result, most of us would say that how research credibility works is fairly straightforward: peer-reviewed studies represent solid evidence that advances our understanding. But large-scale replication efforts reveal a different reality. However much a published paper feels like something authoritative, some scientists demand independent verification. Over the past decade, the SCORE team's investigations challenged our assumptions about research reliability. They showed us that reproducibility is limited; many papers lack sufficient detail for others to repeat the analysis accurately. They demonstrated that replication rates are concerning, with only about half of tested studies yielding consistent results when experiments were conducted from scratch. Findings don't always survive independent testing. There isn’t a single universal definition of “replicability,” in the sense that computational reproducibility differs from conceptual replication. Several researchers have taken it even further, suggesting that without transparent data sharing and detailed methodology, published conclusions should be treated as preliminary. Our shared understanding of scientific publication — the assumption that a peer-reviewed paper represents verified knowledge — may not apply to every study across all disciplines, but it does reflect the reality that science is an ongoing, self-correcting process. Many of us think of the published literature as a comprehensive archive that we can consult with full confidence. But replication scientists have shown that the research record is not like that at all. Numerous studies contain errors or incomplete information, and sometimes entire fields build on findings that later prove difficult to reproduce, despite others’ confidence in the original work. On occasion, even careful peer review fails to catch methodological flaws or missing data. Another mistake we make is to assume that conducting original research is completely separate from verifying it through replication. In fact, the two activities are deeply connected. We rely on similar principles of transparency and rigor to ensure both initial studies and replication attempts meet scientific standards. It is the commitment to open data and reproducible methods that enables us to distinguish robust findings from those that require further investigation. This discipline allows the scientific community to build cumulative knowledge and maintain public trust in research. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage discusses the replication crisis in social science research. Large-scale projects like SCORE found many published studies lack reproducibility, with low replication rates due to insufficient detail and transparency. It argues science is self-correcting, requiring open data and rigorous replication to build reliable knowledge. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍说，社会科学研究中存在严重的可复制性问题，大规模项目如SCORE发现很多已发表论文无法被重复验证。作者指出科学是一个不断自我修正的过程，需要透明的数据共享和严格的方法论，才能建立可靠的研究基础。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Researchers have been unable to reproduce a significant portion of these published results when they try to repeat the experiments. ② A massive seven-year project called SCORE recently examined 3,900 social-science papers and found troubling patterns. ③ They showed us that reproducibility is limited; many papers lack sufficient detail for others to repeat the analysis accurately. ④ Without transparent data sharing and detailed methodology, published conclusions should be treated as preliminary. ⑤ Science is an ongoing, self-correcting process. 2. 缜密构思 第①、②要点合并，概述现象与规模。 第③、④要点整合，说明问题原因及改进建议。 第⑤要点独立，强调科学的本质属性。 3. 遣词造句 Many social science studies fail to be reproduced despite being published in respected journals. Large-scale checks like SCORE reveal serious gaps in research transparency and detail. Open data and strict methodology are essential for building reliable scientific knowledge. 【点睛】【高分句型1】 Large-scale projects like SCORE found many published studies lack reproducibility, with low replication rates due to insufficient detail and transparency. (运用with + 名词 + 介词短语"的复合结构对原文第二、三段核心内容进行了高度概括，表达简洁而高级。) 【高分句型2】 It argues science is self-correcting, requiring open data and rigorous replication to build reliable knowledge. (运用现在分词短语作伴随状语对原文最后两段进行概括，其中“requiring...”结构使行文紧凑流畅，表达非常高级。) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 77. 许多强迫症的囤积者对清理屋子持抵触态度，担心这会使日常生活沦为噩梦。(resistant) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many compulsive hoarders are resistant to cleaning up their houses, fearing that it will turn their daily lives into a nightmare. 【解析】 【详解】表示“许多强迫症的囤积者”应用many compulsive hoarders；表示“对……有抵触态度”应用be resistant to，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，be动词用are；表示“清理屋子”应用clean up their houses，位于介词to后面，使用动名词作宾语；表示“担心”应用fear，此处为现在分词作伴随状语；表示“这会使日常生活沦为噩梦”应用that it will turn their daily lives into a nightmare，此处为that引导的宾语从句，从句不缺成分，且引导词没有含义，从句使用一般将来时，表示将要发生的事情。 78. 这个社区服务俱乐部以组织各种志愿活动为特色，为其成员提供了权衡每个想法利弊的机会。(feature) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The community service club features organizing various voluntary activities, offering its members the opportunity to weigh the pros and cons of each idea. 【解析】 【详解】“这个社区服务俱乐部”为主语，可译为the community service club；“以……为特色”为谓语，用feature；“组织各种志愿活动”作宾语，用organizing various voluntary activities，动名词作feature的宾语；“为……提供……”用offer sb. sth.，这里offer和主语club之间是主动关系，表伴随，用现在分词；“成员”用member；“……的机会”用the opportunity to do...，不定式作后置定语；“权衡每个想法利弊”用weigh the pros and cons of each idea。句子表述俱乐部的客观属性，用一般现在时，主语club是第三人称单数，故谓语用单数形式features。 79. 从她对传统做法的尊重及其对当地语言的娴熟掌握可判断，这位特邀发言人必定已在这一偏远地区生活多年，每日都在应对各种日常挑战。(judge) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Judging from her respect for traditional practices and her proficient command of the local language, the guest speaker must have lived in this remote area for many years, coping with various daily challenges every day. 【解析】 【详解】表示“从……来判断”应用固定搭配judging from，为独立结构，表示“她对传统做法的尊重”应为名词短语her respect for traditional practices；表示“她对当地语言的娴熟掌握”应为名词短语her proficient command of the local language；句子主干部分中，表示“这位特邀发言”应为名词短语the guest speaker作主语，表示“必定已经生活”应为must have lived，为情态动词 + have done，表示对过往事实的肯定推测；表示“在偏远地区”应为介词短语in this remote area；表示“长达多年”应为介词短语for many years；后接非谓语动词作伴随状语，表示“应对”应为动词短语cope with，和逻辑主语the guest speaker为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式；表示“各种日常挑战”应为名词短语various daily challenges every day。 80. 尽管保护工作面临重重困难，为了子孙后代的利益，我们最好保护民族遗产并恢复传统，确保它们免受威胁，这样我们才能为人类打造共同的未来。(Despite, protective) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Despite numerous difficulties facing the protective work, for the benefit of future generations, we had better protect national heritage and revive traditions to ensure they are free from threats, so that we can build a shared future for humanity. 【解析】 【详解】 “尽管”常见表达为despite，是介词，后接名词或名词短语，这里“重重困难”即numerous difficulties，facing the protective work是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰difficulties，表示“保护工作面临的”。“为了……的利益”表达为for the benefit of 。“最好做某事”表达为had better do sth， “保护”是protect，“民族遗产”为national heritage ，“恢复”表达为revive”，“传统”是traditions； “确保”表达为ensure，表示目的，使用动词不定式作目的状语，“免受……”表达为be free from； “这样我们才能为人类打造共同的未来”使用so that引导目的状语从句，表示“以便，为了”，“能”使用情态动词can，后接动词原形，“打造”表达为build，“共同的未来”是a shared future，“人类”表达为humanity。整句是陈述建议及目的，用一般现在时。 V. Guided Writing 81. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below. 81. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李华。你的英国笔友 Chris 对中国的名胜古迹和自然风光等具有鲜明中国特色的元素都很感兴趣，来信询问你印象最深刻的一个地方。请你给他回信，内容须包括： 1）说明这个地方为什么让你印象深刻； 2）简述这个地方的特色（自然景观、历史文化等）； 3）描述你在那里的一次具体经历过程中的真实内心感受。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Chris, I’m delighted to receive your letter. Among numerous places in China, the Great Wall impresses me most. The Great Wall is a remarkable symbol of China’s profound history and culture. Spanning across mountains and deserts, its grandeur is beyond description. It was built over thousands of years, embodying the wisdom and perseverance of ancient Chinese people. I still vividly remember the first time I climbed the Great Wall. As I ascended the steps, I was overwhelmed by its vastness and magnificence. Every brick seemed to tell stories of the past. Standing on the top, looking out at the endless expanse, I felt an indescribable sense of pride in our rich heritage. It was a moment when I truly understood the weight of history, and I was deeply moved by the human effort and determination that went into creating this wonder. I sincerely hope you can come and experience its charm someday. Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】要求以明启中学高二学生李华的身份，给对中国特色元素感兴趣的英国笔友Chris回信，介绍印象最深刻的地方，需涵盖印象深刻的原因、地方特色以及在该地一次具体经历的内心感受。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 众多的：numerous → a variety of 显著的：remarkable → outstanding 体现：embody → exemplify 广阔：vastness → immensity 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：The Great Wall is a remarkable symbol of China’s profound history and culture. 拓展句：The Great Wall, which is one of the most famous landmarks in the world, is a remarkable symbol of China’s profound history and culture. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Spanning across mountains and deserts, its grandeur is beyond description.（运用现在分词短语作状语） 【高分句型2】It was a moment when I truly understood the weight of history, and I was deeply moved by the human effort and determination that went into creating this wonder.（运用when和that引导的定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $