上海市2025-2026学年高二第二学期英语期末考试练习卷B

**基本信息** 试卷以光污染、数字排毒、AI医疗等时代性主题为载体，融合语言能力与跨学科思维，通过真实情境考查语法应用、信息整合及批判性思维，体现文化传承与社会责任感。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |语法词汇|20’|时态、非谓语、连词等语法点；环保、科技词汇|以“暗夜守护者”等文化主题短文设题，考查语法准确性与语境适配| |阅读理解|45’|环境科学（屋顶农场）、青少年创新（Ciara环保研究）、社会现象（快速配送代价）|通过多文本层次设问，从细节理解到推理判断，提升思维品质| |概要写作|10’|信息提炼与逻辑重组|以“梦的遗忘机制”科普文为素材，考查学术性概要能力| |翻译|15’|环保政策、线上教育等实用表达|结合“碳排放政策”“城乡教育差距”等社会热点，强化语言输出| |应用文写作|25’|实用技能选课建议|创设“家庭理财/急救课程选择”情境，培养问题解决与书面沟通能力|

上海市2025-2026学年高二第二学期英语期末考试练习卷B (本试卷满分115分 考试时间105分钟) I. Grammar and Vocabulary (20’) Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Silent Guardians of the Night Sky Light pollution is one of the most overlooked environmental challenges of our time. Unlike oil spills or smog, it doesn’t leave visible stains on landscapes, yet its effects are just ____1____ (disturb). For decades, astronomers have warned that the glow from urban areas ____2____ (threaten) to erase the stars from our night skies. However, a new movement is gaining ground, one that seeks not only to preserve darkness ____3____ to restore humanity’s connection to the cosmos. The movement’s champions are not scientists in observatories, but rather unexpected advocates: Native American tribes in the southwestern United States. For these communities, the night sky is not merely a scientific resource ____4____ a living library of ancestral stories. The Milky Way, ____5____ (know) to them as the “Backbone of the Night,” guides traditional ceremonies and agricultural practices. When artificial light drowns out these celestial narratives, something profound ____6____ (lose)—not just beauty, but cultural identity. Recently, several tribes have partnered with astrophysicists to create “Dark Sky Sanctuaries” on their lands. These protected zones require communities to replace old streetlights with shielded fixtures that direct light downward, ____7____ it is needed, rather than scattering it uselessly into the heavens. The results have been remarkable. In one sanctuary, star visibility increased by 60% within just six months, ____8____ (lead) to a boom in “astro-tourism.” Visitors from around the world now pay to sleep in traditional huts, ____9____ they can see constellations (星座) that have been invisible to most city dwellers for generations. ____10____ the economic benefits are clear, the tribes emphasize that their motivation is deeper than profit. “We’re not saving darkness to sell it,” one elder explained. “We’re saving it so our children can dream under the same stars as their ancestors.” Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. exposing B. temporary C. resist D. inevitably E. resistant F. casual G. launching H. revealing I. essentially J. wearable K. impact The Rise of Digital Detox Our relationship with technology has grown increasingly complicated. While smartphones offer unprecedented convenience, a growing body of research suggests that constant connectivity may be having a negative ____11____ on mental health. This has given rise to the “digital detox” movement—periods of time during which individuals deliberately disconnect from their devices. However, skeptics argue that these detoxes are often ____12____ fixes that fail to address deeper behavioral issues. Rather than ____13____ the phone entirely, some experts advocate for more mindful integration of technology into daily life. They point to the success of “notification diets,” where users carefully select which alerts they receive, thereby ____14____ only the most important information. Others have turned to ____15____ technology, such as smartwatches that track screen time and provide gentle reminders to take breaks. The most successful strategies, studies show, are those that acknowledge that the problem is not ____16____ technological but behavioral. After all, the same device that distracts us can also be programmed to help us focus. For those ____17____ to change, however, even the best-designed tools will fail. What is needed is a fundamental shift in how we view our devices: not as masters to be obeyed, but as tools to be controlled. This shift does not happen overnight, but with consistent effort, users can break the cycle of ____18____ scrolling that characterizes modern digital life. Some companies have begun ____19 internal campaigns encouraging employees to take “no-meeting” afternoons dedicated to deep work. These initiatives recognize that the goal is not to reject technology but to use it ____20~~, on our own terms. The future of productivity may depend less on what devices we own than on how we choose to use them. II. Reading Comprehension (45’) Section A (15’) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Urban rooftops are often overlooked spaces, covered in gravel and dotted with air conditioning units. However, a global movement is transforming these forgotten areas into productive green spaces. Rooftop farming, once a ____21____ hobby for environmental enthusiasts, is now being recognized as a serious solution to several urban problems. The benefits are surprisingly diverse. First, rooftop farms ____22____ the “urban heat island” effect, where cities trap heat and become significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The plants cool the air through evapotranspiration (蒸发蒸腾), potentially ____23~~local temperatures by several degrees. Second, these farms absorb rainwater that might otherwise ____24~~aging sewer systems, reducing the risk of flooding. Third, they provide ____25~~, organic produce to residents living in “food deserts”—neighborhoods without easy access to fresh fruits and vegetables. One pioneering project in Montreal, Canada, now produces over 40,000 pounds of vegetables annually on two hospital rooftops. The produce is used in patient meals and sold in the hospital’s cafeteria. “We were ____26~~by waste,” explains the project’s founder. “We realized we were shipping lettuce from 2,000 miles away while ignoring the perfect growing space right above our heads.” Despite these advantages, rooftop farming faces significant ____27~~. The initial installation costs can be ____28~~, as buildings must be assessed for structural integrity and reinforced if necessary. The waterproofing and drainage systems required are also expensive. Furthermore, not all roofs are suitable; older buildings may not ____29~~the additional weight of wet soil and plants. Nevertheless, the movement is gaining ____30~~. Several European cities now mandate green roofs on all new commercial buildings. In Paris, citizens can apply for permits to farm any flat rooftop in the city. The ____31~~are clear: urban farming reduces the carbon footprint associated with food transportation, creates local jobs, and ____32~~biodiversity in densely populated areas. Critics argue that rooftop farming will never produce enough food to feed a major city ____33~~. This is true, they admit, but it misses the point. These farms are not intended to replace rural agriculture but to ____34~~it. Even a small harvest can build community resilience and ____35~~residents about where their food comes from. The real value may be educational rather than agricultural. 21. A. common B. expensive C. niche D. dangerous 22. A. create B. combat C. measure D. ignore 23. A. raising B. lowering C. stabilizing D. recording 24. A. upgrade B. clean C. overwhelm D. bypass 25. A. frozen B. imported C. processed D. fresh 26. A. inspired B. terrified C. entertained D. confused 27. A. opportunities B. challenges C. regulations D. supporters 28. A. minimal B. predictable C. prohibitive D. negotiable 29. A. distribute B. require C. estimate D. support 30. A. age B. speed C. traction D. attention 31. A. risks B. advantages C. experiments D. obstacles 32. A. reduces B. threatens C. enhances D. monitors 33. A. merely B. equally C. entirely D. previously 34. A. replace B. complement C. dominate D. evaluate 35. A. educate B. warn C. question D. deceive Section B (22’) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The Teenager Who Changed How We See the Ocean When Ciara Judge was 15 years old, she wasn't thinking about winning science competitions. She was thinking about the dead fish floating in the river behind her school in Cork, Ireland. The river, once teeming with life, had become increasingly lifeless due to harmful algal blooms (藻华) — explosive growths of algae that consume oxygen and release toxins (毒素). Farmers’ fertilizers were washing into the water, feeding the algae and causing the blooms. Most adults would have shrugged, assuming the problem was too big for a teenager to solve. But Ciara had a different instinct. She gathered two friends, and together they spent months collecting water samples, tracking algae growth, and testing potential solutions in their makeshift school laboratory. What they discovered was remarkable: a common barley straw, when left to decompose in water, released a chemical that prevented algae from growing. The discovery wasn’t completely new—scientists had noted this effect in the 1990s—but no one had figured out how to make it practical. Ciara’s team did. They developed a simple, inexpensive filtration system that could be installed at drainage pipes, treating the water before it ever reached the river. Their project won the top prize at the 2014 Google Science Fair, beating out thousands of entries from around the world. Ciara, then 16, became the youngest person ever to give a TED Talk. Yet her motivation never shifted from the original problem. “The prize money helped,” she told an interviewer later, “but the real reward was seeing the fish come back.” Now 23, Ciara studies environmental engineering at university. She remains frustrated, however, by the gap between scientific discovery and real-world application. “We had a working prototype (原型) within months,” she says. “But getting it installed requires permits, funding, and political will. That’s the hard part.” Her story highlights an uncomfortable truth about environmental science: technical solutions often exist, but implementing them requires a different set of skills entirely. Meanwhile, the river behind her old school is clean again. Local officials finally installed a modified version of Ciara’s system last year. She wasn’t involved in the project—she was too busy with exams—but she received a photo from her former science teacher showing children fishing where nothing had lived for years. “That,” she says, “is what science should be about.” 36. What problem was Ciara Judge trying to solve? A. Pollution from local factories. B. The death of fish in a nearby river. C. Lack of science education in schools. D. High costs of water treatment systems. 37. What did Ciara and her team discover? A. Fertilizers are the main cause of algae growth. B. Barley straw can be used to prevent algal blooms. C. Algae can be turned into a source of clean energy. D. Decomposed plants release oxygen into the water. 38. According to the passage, what does Ciara consider the most difficult part of solving environmental problems? A. Finding a scientific solution. B. Winning science competitions. C. Getting the solution actually used. D. Raising money for research. 39. What can we infer from the last paragraph about Ciara? A. She regrets not being involved in the final installation. B. She believes personal recognition matters more than results. C. She finds satisfaction in the positive impact of her work. D. She thinks the system should have been installed earlier. (B) The Hidden Cost of Fast Delivery Every click of the “buy now” button sets into motion a complex global system. Within hours, your order is picked from a shelf, packed in a cardboard box, sealed with plastic tape, and loaded onto a truck. If you paid extra for express shipping, that truck might depart even if it is only partially full. This convenience, which consumers now expect as standard, carries an environmental price tag that few consider. The rise of e-commerce has transformed logistics (物流) completely. Warehouses have multiplied, delivery vans have flooded city streets, and cardboard production has skyrocketed. In the United States alone, the share of total miles driven by heavy trucks increased by 25% between 2010 and 2020, with e-commerce accounting for most of that growth. Each mile driven emits carbon dioxide, and each box manufactured requires trees, water, and energy. Yet the most troubling statistic involves returns. Online shoppers return an average of 30% of what they buy, compared to just 9% for physical stores. The reasons are obvious: you cannot try on clothes or feel fabric through a screen. When you return that sweater that didn’t fit, it rarely goes back onto a shelf. Instead, it joins a growing mountain of “returns logistics” – sorted, inspected, and often thrown away. Less than half of returned products are resold as new. The rest are donated, recycled (which itself consumes energy), or sent to landfills. Some companies are experimenting with solutions. One European startup charges customers a small fee for each return, then refunds the fee if the customer makes no returns for six months. Others are using artificial intelligence to predict which items are likely to be returned and adjusting their stocking accordingly. But the fundamental problem remains: fast delivery and easy returns have created habits that are hard to break. Consumers, too, bear responsibility. Choosing standard shipping rather than express delivery reduces emissions by allowing trucks to fill completely before departing. Keeping an item that fits “well enough” rather than returning it for a perfect fit reduces waste. And ordering fewer items overall—perhaps after reading reviews more carefully—is the simplest solution of all. Convenience, it turns out, is not free. 40. What does the author mean by “an environmental price tag” in paragraph 1? A. Express shipping costs more money than standard shipping. B. The convenience of fast delivery causes environmental damage. C. Consumers are unaware of the true cost of the products they buy. D. E-commerce companies are starting to charge environmental fees. 41. Why is the return rate for online shopping much higher than for physical stores? A. Online products are generally of lower quality. B. Consumers cannot physically examine products before buying. C. Online stores encourage customers to buy multiple sizes. D. Return shipping is usually free for online purchases. 42. What solution to the returns problem does the passage mention? A. Banning returns for certain categories of products. B. Charging customers a fee for each returned item. C. Requiring customers to donate unwanted items. D. Offering discounts to customers who never return products. (C) We have all experienced it: the feeling of being so absorbed in an activity that time seems to disappear. Hours pass like minutes, self-consciousness fades, and the task at hand feels almost effortless. Psychologists call this state “flow,” and for decades they have studied how to achieve it. The concept was pioneered by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who described flow as “being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.” Flow occurs when challenge meets skill. If a task is too easy, we become bored and distracted. If it is too difficult, we become anxious and frustrated. Flow exists in the narrow zone where the difficulty slightly exceeds our current ability, pushing us to focus entirely on improvement. This explains why video games are so engaging: they constantly adjust difficulty based on player performance, keeping players in that sweet spot. The same principle applies to sports, music, art, and even office work. The benefits of flow extend beyond enjoyment. Studies show that people who experience flow regularly report higher levels of life satisfaction, lower rates of depression, and greater creativity. In the workplace, flow has been linked to higher productivity and job satisfaction. Some companies have redesigned offices to minimize interruptions—closing break rooms, eliminating open floor plans—specifically to help employees achieve flow states. However, achieving flow has become more difficult in the modern world. Our devices are designed to interrupt us. Notifications pull our attention away every few minutes. Social media platforms profit from keeping us in a state of partial attention, ready to switch tasks at any moment. This fragmented attention makes flow nearly impossible. Every interruption resets the clock, requiring another ten to fifteen minutes of focused effort before flow can re-emerge. The solution is not to abandon technology entirely but to use it more intentionally. Turning off notifications, setting aside “deep work” blocks on calendars, and creating physical spaces dedicated to single tasks can all help. The most successful knowledge workers, studies find, check email only two or three times per day rather than constantly. They understand that flow is not a luxury but a necessity for doing their best work. Flow also requires something counterintuitive in a culture that celebrates multitasking: doing one thing at a time. The brain cannot truly multitask; it simply switches rapidly between tasks, losing time and mental energy with each switch. Protecting flow means protecting focus, and protecting focus means saying no to distractions, even seemingly productive ones. The greatest enemy of excellence, as the philosopher Harry Frankfurt once observed, is not failure but the merely adequate—and nothing produces adequacy like a distracted mind. 43. According to the passage, when does flow occur? A. When a task is easy and requires little effort. B. When a task is extremely difficult and frustrating. C. When challenge slightly exceeds current ability. D. When multiple tasks are performed simultaneously. 44. Why does the author mention video games in paragraph 2? A. To argue that video games are harmful to concentration. B. To provide an example of an activity designed to induce flow. C. To compare the difficulty of video games to office work. D. To suggest that only digital activities can create flow. 45. What has made achieving flow more difficult in modern times? A. Increased workplace productivity demands. B. Constant interruptions from digital devices. C. Lack of challenging tasks in most jobs. D. Reduced interest in creative activities. 46. What does the author suggest for achieving flow? A. Checking email more frequently to stay updated. B. Learning to multitask more efficiently. C. Creating uninterrupted time for single tasks. D. Using technology to track productivity. Section C (8’) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. However, this progress has not come without significant costs. B. The rise of social media has allowed misinformation to spread faster than ever before. C. But the very qualities that make it useful also make it potentially dangerous. D. Additionally, the technology has outperformed human doctors in diagnosing certain diseases. E. This requires a completely different approach to regulation than traditional medical devices. F. Patients, for their part, will need to become more educated about both the potential and the limits of these tools. AI in Medicine: Promise and Peril Artificial intelligence is transforming medicine at an astonishing pace. Algorithms can now detect cancerous tumors in medical images that human radiologists miss. Machine learning models predict patient deterioration hours before it would otherwise be noticed. And chatbots provide mental health support to millions who lack access to therapists. These advances promise to make healthcare more accurate, more accessible, and more affordable. ____47____ Consider the case of diagnostic algorithms. An AI system trained on thousands of X-rays can identify pneumonia with greater accuracy than the average radiologist. The system never gets tired, never rushes, and never overlooks a subtle shadow that might indicate early-stage cancer. ____48____ That same system can be fooled by deliberately altered images, performs poorly on patients from hospitals different from its training data, and cannot explain why it made a particular diagnosis. When a human doctor makes a mistake, she can be questioned, retrained, or sued. When an AI makes a mistake, who is responsible? Regulators are struggling to keep pace. Traditional medical devices—scalpels, pacemakers, MRI machines—do what they are designed to do, every time, in exactly the same way. AI systems, by contrast, learn from data and can change their behavior over time. ____49~~ The US Food and Drug Administration has approved hundreds of AI medical devices, but critics argue that the approval process was designed for static technologies and does not adequately address the risks of systems that evolve after deployment. ____50. They will need to know when to trust an algorithm’s recommendation and when to question it. Medical schools are beginning to teach these skills, but the curriculum has not yet caught up with the technology. The future of medicine will almost certainly involve humans and AI working together. Whether that partnership succeeds or fails depends on decisions being made right now. III. Summary Writing (10’) 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do We Forget Our Dreams? Every morning, millions of people wake up with the vague sense that they have just experienced something important—a dream—only to watch it slip away within seconds. Why does this happen? The answer lies in how memory functions during sleep. During the dreaming stage of sleep, known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the brain produces a chemical called norepinephrine at extremely low levels. Norepinephrine is essential for memory formation; it helps the brain tag experiences as “worth remembering.” With almost none of this chemical present, the brain simply does not record dreams as memories. From a neurological perspective, dreaming and forgetting happen simultaneously. What about those rare dreams we do remember? Typically, these occur when a person wakes up during or immediately after a dream. The act of waking restores norepinephrine production, giving the brain a brief window to record the dream content before it disappears. Similarly, dreams that are particularly emotional, strange, or repetitive may trigger enough brain activity to partially overcome the norepinephrine deficit. Some researchers have identified another factor: the content of dreams themselves. Dreams tend to be illogical, fragmented, and disconnected from our waking lives. The brain’s memory systems are designed to prioritize information that is coherent, relevant, and useful for future survival. A dream about flying through an office building while being chased by a talking cat simply does not meet these criteria. The brain, in its efficiency, discards it as noise. There is also an evolutionary explanation. For our ancestors, being fully rested and alert was more important than remembering whether they dreamed of hunting a deer or escaping a predator. Memory resources were limited and valuable; dedicating them to dream recall would have been a waste. Forgetting dreams, far from being a failure of the brain, may actually be a feature designed by natural selection. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation (15’) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这位科学家拒绝为他的研究结果道歉，因为他坚信数据不会说谎。(apologize) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 值得称赞的是，尽管面临着巨大的公众压力，市政府还是实施了这项旨在减少碳排放的新政策。(despite) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 直到这位登山者安全返回营地，救援队的队员才松了一口气，他们一直在焦虑地等待他的消息。(Not until...) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 线上教育使数以百万计的农村学生能够接触到优质的教育资源，这有望缩小城乡之间的差距。(expose) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing (25’) 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李华。你所在的学校计划在下学期开设一门“实用技能选修课”(Practical Skills Elective Course)，目前有两个备选方案： 课程名称 内容简介 家庭理财入门 (Introduction to Household Finance) 学习预算制定、储蓄方法、基础投资知识及防诈骗技巧 急救与安全基础 (First Aid and Safety Basics) 学习心肺复苏、伤口处理、火灾逃生及常见意外应对 学校正在征求学生意见。请你写一封信给校长，内容需包括： (1) 选择支持哪一个课程方案； (2) 说明你选择该课程的理由（至少两个）。 注意：信中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校信息。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案 I. Grammar and Vocabulary (20’) Section A (10’) 1. disturbing 2. threatens 3. but 4. but 5. known 6. is lost 7. where 8. leading 9. where 10. Though / Although / While Section B (10’) 11. K 12. B 13. C 14. H 15. J 16. I 17. E 18. F 19. G 20. D II. Reading Comprehension (45’) Section A (15’) 21. C 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. A Section B (22’) 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. C Section C (8’) 47. A 48. C 49. E 50. F III. Summary Writing (10’) (Sample answer—content may vary) We forget most dreams because the brain produces almost no norepinephrine during REM sleep, a chemical essential for memory formation. We remember dreams only when waking during them or when dreams are highly emotional or strange. Evolutionarily, forgetting dreams allowed ancestors to prioritize alertness over dream recall. IV. Translation (15’) 52. The scientist refused to apologize for his research findings because he firmly believed that data never lie. 53. To its credit, the city government implemented the new policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions despite facing enormous public pressure. 54. Not until the climber returned safely to the camp did the rescue team members breathe a sigh of relief, as they had been anxiously waiting for news from him. 55. Online education has exposed millions of rural students to high-quality educational resources, which is expected to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas. V. Guided Writing (25’) (Sample answer) Dear Principal, I am writing to share my opinion regarding the proposed Practical Skills Elective Course for next semester. Between the two options, I strongly support the introduction of “First Aid and Safety Basics.” My first reason is that first aid knowledge addresses immediate, life-threatening situations. A student who knows CPR or how to stop severe bleeding could save a classmate’s life before professional help arrives. These emergencies can happen anywhere—in the gym, the chemistry lab, or even the cafeteria. Second, unlike financial skills, which students can gradually learn from parents or online resources, first aid requires hands-on practice with expert guidance. A school course provides the ideal environment for this training with proper equipment and qualified instruction. While household finance is certainly valuable, safety comes first. I hope you will consider my suggestion. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $