2026年中考语法模块9&10&11-动词时态&语态&主谓一致

该初中英语讲义聚焦中考核心语法，系统覆盖动词时态（7种）、主谓一致、被动语态三大模块，通过表格对比时态/语态结构、规则归纳（如三单变化、短暂性动词转换）构建知识网络。设计“考点梳理-方法指导-真题训练”教学流程，结合2024-2026模考题实例，帮助学生突破时态辨析、被动结构转换等难点。 亮点在于“三维整合”复习策略，如现在完成时与一般过去时对比表、has gone to/been to/been in辨析口诀，培养学生思维品质。设置分层练习（基础填空-真题应用），配合即时反馈，提升语言能力。教师可依托资料精准把控复习节奏，助力学生高效掌握考点，提升应考能力。

中考模块9-动词时态 一、动词时态 be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化： 一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be.. We/You/They were I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. 注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)； 疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。 其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表： 现在时态 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 谓语动词构成 动词用原形(单三加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) am is +动词-ing are will + 动词原形 am is +going to+动词原形 are have/has+过去分词 过去 时态 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 谓语动词构成 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) was/were+动词-ing would + 动词原形 was/were+going to+动词原形 had +过去分词 二、动词语态 英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表： 现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时 谓语动词构 成 am is +p.p. are am is +being+p.p. are will + be+p.p. am is +going to+ be + p.p. are have(has) +been+p.p. 过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时 谓语动词构 成 was/were+p.p. was/were+being+p.p. would +be+p.p. was/were+going to+be+p.p. had +been+p.p. [注] p.p.表示过去分词。 一、一般现在时 1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2. 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如： The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 3. 时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays, 4. 基本结构： 主语+谓语动词（若主语第三人称单数，动词改为第三人称单数形式）+其他 Mary is a student. We speak Chinese. 5.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他；此时态的谓语动词若为其他动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 主语+am/is/are +not +其他.（be动词） 主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词） Mary isn’t a student. We don’t speak Chinese. My father doesn’t enjoy himself in the club. 6.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 Am/Is/Are+主语+其他？（be动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Is Mary a student? ---Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. Do/Does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋do/does. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋don’t/doesn’t. Do you speak Chinese? ---Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 7.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ What(When,Where,How...)+am/is/are+主语+其他？（be动词） What(When,Where,How...)+do/does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） How does your father go to work? Who is your favorite football player? 常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which 、when 、where 、how 、why等。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。 疑问代词: what(什么)who(谁)which(哪个，在一定范围内选择)whose(谁的)whom(谁) 疑问副词: when(询问时间)where(询问地点)why(询问原因)how(询问怎么样) 疑问形容词: what(which，whose)+名词 what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ... How many多少（数量）How much多少钱（价格），多少(对不可名提问) How long多长 How often多少次 How big多大 How heavy多重（重量） How far多远（路程）How soon多久之后How old多大（年龄） 如What time does he get up every morning﹖ What class are you in﹖ 动词的三单形式变化规则： 1.一般情况下，直接加-s 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es 4. have要变has 2、 一般过去时 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time. 3.基本结构：主语+动词/be的过去时（was, were）+ 其他 I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 我昨天6:30起床。 My father was very busy last week. 我父亲上周很忙。 She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。 4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他 主语+didn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词） Old Henry wasn’t happy last Friday.上星期五老亨利不高兴。 I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。 The girl didn’t play computer games yesterday afternoon.这个女孩昨天下午没玩电子游戏。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 Was/Were+主语+其他？（be动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was／were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t／weren’t. Did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋did. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋didn’t. --- Was your weekend OK? 你的周末过得还行吧？ --- Yes, it was.／No, it wasn’t. 是的，还行。／不，不行。 --- Did you go to the beach? 你们去海滩了吗？ --- Yes, we did.／No, we didn’t. 是的，我们去了。／不，我们没有。 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句（顺序）？ What(When,Where,How...)+was/were+主语+其他？（be动词） What(When,Where,How...)+did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） --- What did Li Lei do last weekend? 李雷上周末干什么了？ --- He visited his grandparents. 他去看了他的祖父母。 --- Where were you yesterday? 你昨天在哪儿？ --- I was at home. 我在家里。 过去式的构成 be动词和实义动词过去式的构成： ⑴ 动词be 的过去式有两种形式：was和were（am,is-was are-were） ⑵ 规则动词过去式的构成： ①一般在动词末尾加---ed。【举例】walk→walked play→played ②以不发音e结尾的动词末尾只加---d。【举例】love→loved decide→decided ③结尾是“辅音字母＋y ”的动词。先将y 变为i，再加---ed。 【举例】study→studied carry→carried ④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写该辅音字母，再加---ed。 【举例】stop→stopped plan→planned 3、 一般将来时 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构： 主语+will/shall +动词原形+其他 主语+am/is/are +going to +动词原形+其他 (1).I shall/will go to Beijing next month.(I will=I'll)下个月我将要去北京. (2).You will come to see me tomorrow.(you will=you'll)明天你将要来看我. (3).She will read English tomorrow morning.(She will=She'll)明天早上她将要读英语. 4.否定形式： 主语+will/shall not +动词原形+其他 主语+am/is/are not going to +动词原形+其他 I am not going to play basketball tomorrow. 明天我不将踢足球。 She is not/isn't going to visit Shanghai next year. 明年她不参观上海。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 Am/Is/Are +主语+going to+动词原形+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Is it going to rain?--Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋will. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋will not (won’t). --Shall we play volleyball next class?下一节课我们将打排球吗? --Yes,you will.是的,你们将. 6.特殊疑问句: (1).What(Where,How...)+be(am,is,are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其他? (A)--What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你将要做什么? -I'm going to the park? 我将要去动物园. (B).--Where are you going to swim? 你将要去哪儿游泳? --I'm going to swim in the river. (2). What(When,Where,How...)+will+主语+动词原形+其他? (A).---What will you do next week？ 下个星期你将要做什么? ---I will do my homework。 我将要做作业. (B).--How will she come here tomorrow? 明天她将要怎么来这儿? --She will come here by bus。 她将要乘公共汽车来这儿。 补充说明: 1.有些词如:go(去),come(来),leave(离开),start(开始)用现在进行时表示将来时. (1)She is coming here tomorrow.她明天将要来这儿. (2).When are you leaving here?你什么时间将要离开这儿? 2."主语+be(am,is,are) going to+动词原形+其他" 表示一个事先考虑好的意图,相当于文中的"打算,计划,准备" (1).I am going to spend my holiday in Beijing.我打算在北京度假. (2).Where are you going to spend your holiday?你将要到哪儿度假? 表示将来的其它形式 Be to do sth表示拟定或计划中要发生的动作或按之则必须做的事情。 Be about to do sth常when从句连用，表示将要做某事时，在这时……。 Be on the way to do sth 表示即将发生的动作。 4、 现在进行时 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, Look! Listen!. 3.基本结构： 主语+be(am, is, are) +动词ing +其他 They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子。 He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。 Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。 4.否定形式： 主语+be(am, is, are) +not +动词ing+其他 I'm not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情。 She is not dancing，but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞，而是在锻炼。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 Am/Is/Are+主语+动词ing+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Are you leaving already? 你这么早就要走了吗? Is it raining now? ---Yes，it is./No，it isn't. 现在下雨吗? ------是的，在下雨。/不，不下了。 Are they helping the old lady? ---Yes，they are./No，they aren't. 他们在帮助这位老妇人吗? ------是的。/不，没帮助她。 6. 特殊疑问句句型： What(When,Where,How...)+ am/is/are + 主语 + 动词ing...? Who are you waiting for? ---I'm not waiting for anybody.你在等谁? ------我没在等谁。 What are you doing? ---I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么? ------我在系鞋带。 What time are you coming back? ---I'm not sure what time I'm coming back. 你打算什么时候回来? ------我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来。 What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? ---He can't decide what to do. 你兄弟明天打算做什么? ------他还没定要做什么。 现在进行时的结构：be+动词ing. 一般直接加，见e去e加。重读辅元辅，双写尾字母。 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study-studying, work-working. 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write-writing, 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get-getting, begin-beginning. 口诀：停止游泳， ___________ _____________ 开始跑步和跳绳， ___________ _____________ ___________ 到达商店购物， ___________ _____________ 忘记坐下切蛋糕。 __________ _____________ ___________ 5、 过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：.at+具体时刻+过去时间(at five last Saturday); .at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday); 过去时间段(from nine to ten last evening,(a year) ago); .at that time/momen; when &while引导的过去时间状语从句等。 3.基本结构： 主语+was/were +doing +其他 He was cooking supper this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭 The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具。 When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。 He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.他住在这里时老向我借钱。 4. 否定形式： 主语+was/were + not +动词ing+其他 I was not watching TV at eight last night. He was not having breakfast at seven this morning. 5. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写） Was/Were +主语 +动词ing+其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was/were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t/weren’t. --Were you watching TV at eight last night? --Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. --Was he having breakfast at seven this morning? --Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ 疑问词+was/were+主语+动词ing+其它？ ---What were you doing yesterday morning? ---I was reading newspapers. Who was singing at this time yesterday?--Mary. 6、 现在完成时 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, up to now, since+时间点,for+时间段, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构： 主语+have/has +done（动词过去分词）+其他 I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。 The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生巨大变化。 4. 否定形式： 主语+have/has + not +done（动词过去分词）+其他 I have not finished all of my work (so far). Guo zijun hasn’t been to America. 5. 一般疑问句：have或has提前。 Have/Has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语+have/has. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t). --Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？ --Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. 6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ What(Where,How...)+have/has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他? What have they just done? 他们刚刚做了什么？--They have learned music. How many times have you been to Disneyland ?---Three times. 现在完成时的构成 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1) 、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ” work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 二、用法： 用法一：表示过去（已经、曾经或从未）发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 标志词：①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before, ⑦once/twice...+ times I have cleaned my room.我已打扫了房间。（房间现在是干净的，不需要打扫） They have left. 他们已经离开了。（也就是说现在他们人不在这里） I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。 I have been there twice.我来这里两次了。 a）already 往往用于肯定句,用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气; yet用于否定句疑问句。 He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。 Has he already left here? 他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气） My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。 Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？ b）never 是否定词,表示“从来没有”,而ever 表示“曾经” We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。 Have you ever been to Canada? 你们曾经去过加拿大吗？ c）just用于句中, 表示“刚刚” I’ve just had breakfast. 我刚吃完早饭。 What have they just done? 他们刚刚做了什么？ d）before用于句末, 表示“以前” I’ve seen it before. 我以前见过它。 练习：用never,ever,already,before, just或yet填空。 1. I have __________seen him before, so I have no idea about him. 2. Jack has __________finished his homework. 3. --Have you _________seen the film? --No, I have ________seen it. 4. ---Has the bus left _______? ---Yes, it has ________ left. 5. Would you like to go to the zoo with me? Yes, but I have been there______. ★ has gone to, has been to, has been in 的区别： 1. have/has gone to 去了某地（还在某地没回来） ---Where is your father? 你爸爸在哪里？ ---He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。 2. have/has been to 曾经去过（已回,已不在去过的地方） +次数（once/twice/ 数字+times） My father has been to Shanghai 3 times. 我爸爸去过上海3次。 画线提问：________________ has your father been to Shanghai? 3. have/has been in 待了多久（去了,现在仍在所待的地方）+ for + 时间段/ + since + 时间点 My father has been in Shanghai for two months/ since two months ago. 我爸已经在上海待了两个月了。 画线提问：_______________has your father been in Shanghai? ▲注意：注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in, 这四个地点副词是：here ,there ,home ,abroad 练习：用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空。 1. _____ you ever _____ Disneyland? 2. How many times _____ you _____ Disneyland ? 3. I _____ Nanjing since two years ago 4. Mr. Li _____ Hong Kong. And he'll come back in two days. 5. ---How long _____ you _____ Disneyland ? ---For three days. I __________ the theme park last Sunday. 6. My father __________ Hong Kong two weeks ago. 7. My father __________ Hong Kong in 2005. 8. My father __________ Hong Kong since 2005. 9. My father __________ Hong Kong twice. 10. My father __________ Hong Kong and he hasn't come back yet. 11. ---Where's Lucy? ---She has__________ to a restaurant for lunch. 12. Have you __________ to this park before. 13. I have__________ there only once this year. 14. She has __________ to the shop to buy a notebook. 15. You're late, Lao Wang has __________ to Guangzhou. 用法二：表示过去已经开始, 并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 标志词：⑦up to now, ⑧so far, ⑨for +时间段 ⑩since+时间点 I have learned English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。 She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时。 a) for +一段时间 Eg. I have been here for 5 weeks. 我在这里5周了。 He’s studied English for 3 years. 他学习英语3年了。 b) since +(表示过去某一时间的)时间点/单词/词组/ 从句(一般过去时) Eg. I have been here since 2000. 我自从2000年开始在这里。 I have been here since 5 years ago. 我自从5年前就在这里。 I have been here since I graduated in 2000. 我自从2000年毕业就在这里。 注：1) 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when. Eg. I have lived here for 10 years. 画线提问： ________ _______ have you lived here? 注2): 短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用, 当然也不能用于how long引导的问句中 Eg.(误)I have left there for 5 years. (正)I have been away there for 5 years. ★为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词。 become →be, begin→ have, borrow → keep, buy → have, go out → be out come (go, arrive, get) →be in die→ be dead, finish→be over, join→ be in...（be a member of...） leave→ be away ( from...), open→ be open close→ be closed 练习： 选用 for和 since填空: 1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time. 2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago. 3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes. 4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China. 5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years. 6. It’s five years _______ we met last time. 三、与一般过去时的用法比较 1现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情,但现在完成时注意的不是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系（如现在的结果,影响,一直延续到现在等）,不与表示过去的时间连用; 而一般过去时,则只讲述发生在过去的动作和事情与现在没有关系,常与表示过去的时间连用。 eg：He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。 第一句用现在完成时时态,想表达意为：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典,现在他还有这本字典” 。 第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实,至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强调说明。 2．常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语: yesterday(昨天), the day before yesterday(前天), just now(刚才), 时间+ ago, last +时间 等; eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago. We finished our task last week. 7、 过去完成时 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before+过去时间点, by the end of last year (term, month…), by the time+过去时间点 等。 3.基本结构： 主语+had + done（过去分词）+其他 As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。 By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底我们复习了四本书。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. 4. 否定形式： 主语+had + not + done（过去分词）+其他 They hadn’t already had breakfast when I met them. They hadn’t arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 Had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋hadn’t. --Had he finished his homework when you saw him yesterday evening? --Yes, he had./ No, he hadn’t. 6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What(When,Where,How...)+had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他? --What had Jane done by the time he was seven? --He had learned all the words of book I. 2、 过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by,before,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如： 1）by +过去的时间点。 如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 2）by the end of / by the time + 过去的时间点。 如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能） Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 3）before + 过去的时间点。 如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. Before she came to China, Grace had taught English for about five years. 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在 1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在"过去的过去"） When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词"; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 - I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 - Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去"） 四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去"; 而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 中考模块10-主谓一致 一、语法一致 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。 2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如： Both he and I are right. Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom. The poet and writer has come. 3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 4、主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。 Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived. 5、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。 Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone. 6、有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如： Where are my shoes? I can’t find them. Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them. Here are some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks is on the bed. 二、意义一致 1、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。 如：Twenty years is not a long time. Ten dollars is too dear. 2.集合名词 ★常作复数的集合名词：如 “people（人们）”“police（警察）”“cattle（牛群）” 等，谓语动词要用复数形式。 如：The police are searching for the missing child.警察们正在搜寻失踪的孩子。 Cattle are grazing in the field.牛群在田野里吃草。 ★常作不可数名词的集合名词：如 “equipment（设备）”“furniture（家具）”“luggage（行李）” 等，谓语动词用单数。 如：The equipment in our laboratory is very advanced.我们实验室的设备非常先进。 This furniture is made of high - quality wood.这件家具是用高品质木材制作的。 ★既可作单数又可作复数的集合名词：常见的有 “family（家庭；家人）”“team（团队；队员）”“class（班级；同学们）” 等。 当把集合体视为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数； 当强调集合体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。 如：My family is a big one.我的家庭是个大家庭。 My family are all music lovers.我的家人都是音乐爱好者。 1、 不定代词 由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： All of the work has been finished. All of the people have gone. 2、 疑问代词 ★主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数 ★主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。例如： Who is your brother? Who are League members? 3、 “分数或百分数+of+名词” 作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。 ★名词是复数，谓语动词用复数； ★名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。 如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women. Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 4、 half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词 作主语时 ★如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数; ★如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。 如： I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult. Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick. 三、就近原则与就远原则 就近原则 由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but, there be等连接的并列成分作主语时，其谓语通常要与靠近的主语保持一致。如： He or I am in the wrong, 他或是我错了。 Neither you nor he is tired. 你和他都没累。 Not you but I am to blame. 不该怪你而该怪我。 Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。 Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。 就远原则 当用作主语的成分后面跟有由with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, including, as much as, no less than等引出的短语时，谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致（即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称“就远原则”）。如： Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。 A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。 Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。 My father, no less than I, is a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。 中考模块11-动词被动语态 一、被动语态的概念 英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。 如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。 主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。 如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。 2、 被动语态的基本结构： 助动词be + done+（by+宾语） 其中by意为“被...；由...”，表动作的执行者。 如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。 be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。 如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式） English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式） Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. 【注意】 1. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done +（by+宾语） 如：The work can be done. 这项工作很容易做。 Other planets may be visited in the future. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。 2. 主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式，在变被动句时，要加上to。 使役动词make/ have/ let sb do sth 感官动词see/ hear/ feel/ notice sb do sth 3. 主动表被动的动词 ★need：例如，“The flower needs watering.”（这花需要浇水。） ★want：例如，“The flower wants watering.”（这花需要浇水。） ★require：例如，“The roof needs repairing.”（这屋顶需要修理。） ★deserve：例如，“This movie deserves watching.”（这部电影值得一看。） ★be worth：例如，“This book is worth reading.”（这本书值得一读。） 4.没有被动语态的动词 ★不及物动词：本身不接宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如：appear, disappear, take place, happen, die, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep。 ★系动词：表示状态或特征，而非动作，因此通常没有被动语态。例如：be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn ★表示静态的及物动词：这些动词虽然可以接宾语，但在表达某种静态关系时，一般不用于被动语态。例如：fit, suit, hold（容纳）, suffer, last（持续） ★自动词：这些动词表达的是主语自身的动作，不需要借助宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如： sell, wash, run out, give out, turn out（证实）。 如：They heard a girl sing in the next room.→ A girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them). 一、一般现在时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +done (动词过去分词) +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg .English is studied (by us ) every day. Workers are needed very much here. This English song is not often sung by us. 否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg. English is not studied (by us ) every day. 一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are. eg.-- Is English studied (by us ) every day.? --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. 特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ am / is / are +主语+done+ 其他? eg. When is English studied (by us )? 二、一般过去式的被动语态 肯定句：主语 + was / were + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg.This bridge was built in October last year.这座桥是去年十月份建的。 These cakes were made by my mother last night.这些蛋糕是我妈昨晚做的。 The girl said she was often beaten by her brother.女孩说她经常被她兄弟打。 否定句：主语+wasn’t / weren’t + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg. This bridge wasn’t built in October last year. 一般疑问句：Was / Were +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t. eg.--Was your office cleaned yesterday afternoon? —Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. --Were your rooms painted again last week?--Yes, they were./No,they weren’t. 特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ was / were +主语+done+ 其他? eg. --When was your brother sent to work in Beijing? 你兄弟是什么时候被派到北京去工作的？ --Last year. / He was sent to work in Beijing last year. 去年。/ 他是去年被派到北京工作的。 --Where was the party held last Sunday? 上周日聚会在哪儿举行的？ --At home. / It was held at home. 在家里。/ 在家里举行的。 三、一般将来时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+shall / will + be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他. 如： We shall be punished if we break the rule.如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。 The new film will be shown next Thursday.这部新电影将在下周四上映。 否定句：主语+shall / will + not + be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（可缩写成shan’t或won’t） The meeting won’t be held tomorrow.明天不再举行会议。 The exhibition won’t be put off till next week.展览会将不会推迟到下周。 一般疑问句：Shall / Will +主语+ be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（回答用yes或no）如： 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋shall / will. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋shan’t / won’t . Won’t water be turned into ice, it it is belwo freezing?如果气温在冰点下，水难道不会成冰吗？ ---Will the work be finished at once? ---Yes, it will. ---这项工作会立刻被完成吗？ ---是的，立刻就完成。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + shall / will + 主语+ be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.如： When will these books be published?这些书将在什么时候被出版？ Whom will this book be written by?谁来写这本书？ 其他结构构成：be going to be done Some old buildings are going to be put down. 一些旧的楼房将被推倒。 The problem isn’t going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 这个问题将不在明天的会议上被讨论。 ---Are these trees going to be cut down？---Yes，they are. ---这些树将被砍倒吗？---是的，将被砍倒 四、现在进行时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+be（am, is, are）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. My new house is being decorated. 我的新房子正在装修。 Money is being collected for the Hope Project. 正在为希望工程募捐。 Another bridge is being built over the Changjiang River. 长江上正在修建另一座大桥。 否定句：主语＋be（am, is, are）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The engineer is not being treated fairly. 目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇。 一般疑问式：Be（Am, Is, Are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am /is / are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am /is / are not. Is the life of pandas being studied by the scientists? 科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗？ 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（am, is, are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ Where is the new science lab being built? 新的科技馆正在哪里建造？ 五、过去进行时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+be（was / were）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The room was being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning. A story was being told by Peter's mother to Peter. Peter was being told a story by his mother. He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。 否定句：主语＋be（was / were）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The room wasn’t being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning. 一般疑问式：Be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t. Was the room being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When was the room being cleaned by him? 六、现在完成时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+have/has＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The new schools have been set up. 新学校都已经建成了。 The experiment has been done successfully. 这个实验做得很成功。 The books have been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书被老师借走了。 Tom’s novel has been published. 汤姆的小说出版了。 否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The new schools have not been set up. 新学校还没有建成。 The experiment has not been done successfully. 这个实验还没有成功。 The books have not been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书还没有被老师借走了。 Tom’s novel has not been published. 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。 一般疑问式：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋have/has. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has. Have the new schools been set up? 新学校都已经建成了。 Has the experiment been done successfully? 这个实验做得很成功。 Have the books been borrowed by the teacher? 那些书被老师借走了。 Has Tom’s novel been published? 汤姆的小说出版了。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When have the new schools been set up? 七、过去完成时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+had＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The new schools had been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前已经建成了。 否定句：主语＋had＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。 一般疑问式：Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋had not. The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When the new schools had been set up before you left？新学校在你离开之前什么时候建成的？ 中考模块9-11习题-动词时态&语态 【2026长郡双语二模】For high school, more challenges and hopes will ___32___ (bring) to you. The subjects will be deeper, and the books will be thicker, but I know you can discover new interests there. 【2026华益二模】Dragon boat racing is a popular sport during the Dragon Boat Festival. Teams of people row dragon-shaped boats in rivers or lakes. The racing ____30____ (see) as a symbol of teamwork and perseverance (毅力). 【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour ____52____ (organize) last month by the local officials, inviting walkers ____53____ (see) willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens. 【2026华益二模】In the past few years, modern sports like basketball, football and tennis ____32____ (become) very popular in China. 【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】From the early days of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse to the more recent additions like Moana and Raya, Disney ____27____ (create) many characters over the past few years. 【2025青竹湖二模】They symbolize wealth and good luck. The design of the pingfeng 50. _______ (carry) people’s beautiful wishes. 【2025立信二模】At that point, the teacher 52. _______ (step) out from behind his desk and looked Les straight in the eye. “Don’t ever say that again,” he told him seriously. “Someone else’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.” 【2025附中植基二模】The iron 49. (heat) by the craftsmen at a very high temperature until it becomes liquid. 【2025一中九下期中】Samples(样本) 46. _______ (take) from 38 devices and other things like toilet seats. Then 47. _______ (get) the result, the scientists counted the bacteria colonies(细菌菌落) — groups of bacteria that grow together. 【2025附中博才期中】The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important festivals in China. It ____26____ (celebrate) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar (农历) month. 【2025一中一模】When he was looking around, he suddenly found that the seat next to him 28____________ (take) by a little snake. 【2025立信九下月考】It 53. _______ (say) that PestiSCAND might soon help people choose healthier food. 【2025雅礼九下月考】“There were cans and bottles always thrown around the road,” he says. In Michigan, they can 49________ (collect) and sold for money. 【2024师大博才九上期末】It presents a situation for children aged 10—12. In the situation, they ____47____ (ask) to look after a friend’s dog just before a fire event begins. 【2025附中九下期中】The Zhuazhou ceremony (仪式) usually ____27____ (take) place before lunchtime on the baby’s first birthday. 【2025长郡一模】In order to build your confidence, you can firstly start by choosing a subject that 30____________ (interest) you the most. 【2025一中一模】He 27____________ (stop) to look around, but saw nobody. 【2025立信九下月考】It 51. _______(change) many people’s life since it came out. 【2025雅礼九下月考】Since then, Mateo’s recycling effort 52________ (make) a great difference and helped at least 50 local youth groups. 【2024师大博才九上期末】Children thought it especially important and meaningful, because 91% of ____51____ (they) didn’t have knowledge of fires at the beginning, and 67% said that they ____52____ (be) too young to make safety decisions in a fire. 【2024中雅九下月考1】Recently, the skirt 28_________ (get) more attention. “For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers. 【2024雅礼九上期末】Ten years ago, I started to study luck. I wanted to know why some people were always in the right place at the right time, while others always experienced ill luck. Plenty of people 46________________ (invite) for my research. 【2024南雅九下入学考】The panda’s home must 50. _______ (clean) every morning. 【2024附中博才九下一模】And his other novels, such as The True Story of Ah Q and Kong Yiji, ____33____ (read) by Chinese young people in that period. 【2024华益九下月考1】In the past, the store ____29____ (regard) as a resting point for rock climbers through their climbs. 【2024南雅九下月考1】It ___34___ (say) that a haircut during the first lunar month may make mother’s brothers unlucky, so people avoid ___35___ (cut) their hair before the Dragon Head Raising Day at the beginning of a new year. 【2024长郡九上期末】If each adult gave away all the clothes not worn in the past year to charity shops, 4.9 billion kilograms of CO2 emissions (二氧化碳排放) could ____48____ (save). 【2024北雅九下入学】Besides, he ___34___ (encourage) by many of his customers and fans who praise his skills so far. 【2024长郡九上期末】It is reported that 360,000 tons of the textiles (纺织品) thrown away in the UK every year ____46____ (be) clothes. 【2024北雅九下入学】So far, he ___27___ (create) more than 40 miniatures for people from around the country, reproducing the old houses that carry their memories. 【2024雅礼九下月考1】In an old building in Peking University, a yellow light shone into the old and dark house of the night. The famous translator Xu Yuanchong ___46___ (sit) behind the window and stared at the computer screen. $ 中考模块9-动词时态 一、动词时态 be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化： 一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be.. We/You/They were I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. 注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)； 疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。 其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表： 现在时态 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 谓语动词构成 动词用原形(单三加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) am is +动词-ing are will + 动词原形 am is +going to+动词原形 are have/has+过去分词 过去 时态 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 谓语动词构成 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) was/were+动词-ing would + 动词原形 was/were+going to+动词原形 had +过去分词 二、动词语态 英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表： 现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时 谓语动词构 成 am is +p.p. are am is +being+p.p. are will + be+p.p. am is +going to+ be + p.p. are have(has) +been+p.p. 过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时 谓语动词构 成 was/were+p.p. was/were+being+p.p. would +be+p.p. was/were+going to+be+p.p. had +been+p.p. [注] p.p.表示过去分词。 一、一般现在时 1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2. 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如： The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 3. 时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays, 4. 基本结构： 主语+谓语动词（若主语第三人称单数，动词改为第三人称单数形式）+其他 Mary is a student. We speak Chinese. 5.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他；此时态的谓语动词若为其他动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 主语+am/is/are +not +其他.（be动词） 主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词） Mary isn’t a student. We don’t speak Chinese. My father doesn’t enjoy himself in the club. 6.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 Am/Is/Are+主语+其他？（be动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Is Mary a student? ---Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. Do/Does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋do/does. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋don’t/doesn’t. Do you speak Chinese? ---Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 7.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ What(When,Where,How...)+am/is/are+主语+其他？（be动词） What(When,Where,How...)+do/does+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） How does your father go to work? Who is your favorite football player? 常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which 、when 、where 、how 、why等。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。 疑问代词: what(什么)who(谁)which(哪个，在一定范围内选择)whose(谁的)whom(谁) 疑问副词: when(询问时间)where(询问地点)why(询问原因)how(询问怎么样) 疑问形容词: what(which，whose)+名词 what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ... How many多少（数量）How much多少钱（价格），多少(对不可名提问) How long多长 How often多少次 How big多大 How heavy多重（重量） How far多远（路程）How soon多久之后How old多大（年龄） 如What time does he get up every morning﹖ What class are you in﹖ 动词的三单形式变化规则： 1.一般情况下，直接加-s 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es 4. have要变has 2、 一般过去时 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time. 3.基本结构：主语+动词/be的过去时（was, were）+ 其他 I got up at 6:30 yesterday. 我昨天6:30起床。 My father was very busy last week. 我父亲上周很忙。 She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。 4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他 主语+didn’t+动词原形+其他.（其他动词） Old Henry wasn’t happy last Friday.上星期五老亨利不高兴。 I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。 The girl didn’t play computer games yesterday afternoon.这个女孩昨天下午没玩电子游戏。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 Was/Were+主语+其他？（be动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was／were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t／weren’t. Did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋did. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋didn’t. --- Was your weekend OK? 你的周末过得还行吧？ --- Yes, it was.／No, it wasn’t. 是的，还行。／不，不行。 --- Did you go to the beach? 你们去海滩了吗？ --- Yes, we did.／No, we didn’t. 是的，我们去了。／不，我们没有。 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句（顺序）？ What(When,Where,How...)+was/were+主语+其他？（be动词） What(When,Where,How...)+did+主语+动词原形（还原动词）+其他？（其他动词） --- What did Li Lei do last weekend? 李雷上周末干什么了？ --- He visited his grandparents. 他去看了他的祖父母。 --- Where were you yesterday? 你昨天在哪儿？ --- I was at home. 我在家里。 过去式的构成 be动词和实义动词过去式的构成： ⑴ 动词be 的过去式有两种形式：was和were（am,is-was are-were） ⑵ 规则动词过去式的构成： ①一般在动词末尾加---ed。【举例】walk→walked play→played ②以不发音e结尾的动词末尾只加---d。【举例】love→loved decide→decided ③结尾是“辅音字母＋y ”的动词。先将y 变为i，再加---ed。 【举例】study→studied carry→carried ④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写该辅音字母，再加---ed。 【举例】stop→stopped plan→planned 3、 一般将来时 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构： 主语+will/shall +动词原形+其他 主语+am/is/are +going to +动词原形+其他 (1).I shall/will go to Beijing next month.(I will=I'll)下个月我将要去北京. (2).You will come to see me tomorrow.(you will=you'll)明天你将要来看我. (3).She will read English tomorrow morning.(She will=She'll)明天早上她将要读英语. 4.否定形式： 主语+will/shall not +动词原形+其他 主语+am/is/are not going to +动词原形+其他 I am not going to play basketball tomorrow. 明天我不将踢足球。 She is not/isn't going to visit Shanghai next year. 明年她不参观上海。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 Am/Is/Are +主语+going to+动词原形+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Is it going to rain?--Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. Will/Shall+主语+动词原形+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋will. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋will not (won’t). --Shall we play volleyball next class?下一节课我们将打排球吗? --Yes,you will.是的,你们将. 6.特殊疑问句: (1).What(Where,How...)+be(am,is,are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其他? (A)--What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你将要做什么? -I'm going to the park? 我将要去动物园. (B).--Where are you going to swim? 你将要去哪儿游泳? --I'm going to swim in the river. (2). What(When,Where,How...)+will+主语+动词原形+其他? (A).---What will you do next week？ 下个星期你将要做什么? ---I will do my homework。 我将要做作业. (B).--How will she come here tomorrow? 明天她将要怎么来这儿? --She will come here by bus。 她将要乘公共汽车来这儿。 补充说明: 1.有些词如:go(去),come(来),leave(离开),start(开始)用现在进行时表示将来时. (1)She is coming here tomorrow.她明天将要来这儿. (2).When are you leaving here?你什么时间将要离开这儿? 2."主语+be(am,is,are) going to+动词原形+其他" 表示一个事先考虑好的意图,相当于文中的"打算,计划,准备" (1).I am going to spend my holiday in Beijing.我打算在北京度假. (2).Where are you going to spend your holiday?你将要到哪儿度假? 表示将来的其它形式 Be to do sth表示拟定或计划中要发生的动作或按之则必须做的事情。 Be about to do sth常when从句连用，表示将要做某事时，在这时……。 Be on the way to do sth 表示即将发生的动作。 4、 现在进行时 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, Look! Listen!. 3.基本结构： 主语+be(am, is, are) +动词ing +其他 They are cleaning the house.他们在打扫屋子。 He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。 Mother is waiting for me.母亲在等我。 4.否定形式： 主语+be(am, is, are) +not +动词ing+其他 I'm not doing anything right now.我现在没做什么事情。 She is not dancing，but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞，而是在锻炼。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 Am/Is/Are+主语+动词ing+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are not. Are you leaving already? 你这么早就要走了吗? Is it raining now? ---Yes，it is./No，it isn't. 现在下雨吗? ------是的，在下雨。/不，不下了。 Are they helping the old lady? ---Yes，they are./No，they aren't. 他们在帮助这位老妇人吗? ------是的。/不，没帮助她。 6. 特殊疑问句句型： What(When,Where,How...)+ am/is/are + 主语 + 动词ing...? Who are you waiting for? ---I'm not waiting for anybody.你在等谁? ------我没在等谁。 What are you doing? ---I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么? ------我在系鞋带。 What time are you coming back? ---I'm not sure what time I'm coming back. 你打算什么时候回来? ------我不能肯定我将在什么时候回来。 What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? ---He can't decide what to do. 你兄弟明天打算做什么? ------他还没定要做什么。 现在进行时的结构：be+动词ing. 一般直接加，见e去e加。重读辅元辅，双写尾字母。 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study-studying, work-working. 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write-writing, 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get-getting, begin-beginning. 口诀：停止游泳， ___________ _____________ 开始跑步和跳绳， ___________ _____________ ___________ 到达商店购物， ___________ _____________ 忘记坐下切蛋糕。 __________ _____________ ___________ 5、 过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：.at+具体时刻+过去时间(at five last Saturday); .at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday); 过去时间段(from nine to ten last evening,(a year) ago); .at that time/momen; when &while引导的过去时间状语从句等。 3.基本结构： 主语+was/were +doing +其他 He was cooking supper this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭 The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具。 When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。 He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.他住在这里时老向我借钱。 4. 否定形式： 主语+was/were + not +动词ing+其他 I was not watching TV at eight last night. He was not having breakfast at seven this morning. 5. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写） Was/Were +主语 +动词ing+其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was/were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t/weren’t. --Were you watching TV at eight last night? --Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. --Was he having breakfast at seven this morning? --Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. 6. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ 疑问词+was/were+主语+动词ing+其它？ ---What were you doing yesterday morning? ---I was reading newspapers. Who was singing at this time yesterday?--Mary. 6、 现在完成时 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, up to now, since+时间点,for+时间段, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构： 主语+have/has +done（动词过去分词）+其他 I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。 The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生巨大变化。 4. 否定形式： 主语+have/has + not +done（动词过去分词）+其他 I have not finished all of my work (so far). Guo zijun hasn’t been to America. 5. 一般疑问句：have或has提前。 Have/Has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语+have/has. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t). --Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？ --Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. 6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？ What(Where,How...)+have/has +主语+done（动词过去分词）+其他? What have they just done? 他们刚刚做了什么？--They have learned music. How many times have you been to Disneyland ?---Three times. 现在完成时的构成 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1) 、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ” work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 二、用法： 用法一：表示过去（已经、曾经或从未）发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 标志词：①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before, ⑦once/twice...+ times I have cleaned my room.我已打扫了房间。（房间现在是干净的，不需要打扫） They have left. 他们已经离开了。（也就是说现在他们人不在这里） I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。 I have been there twice.我来这里两次了。 a）already 往往用于肯定句,用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气; yet用于否定句疑问句。 He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。 Has he already left here? 他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气） My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。 Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信了吗？ b）never 是否定词,表示“从来没有”,而ever 表示“曾经” We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。 Have you ever been to Canada? 你们曾经去过加拿大吗？ c）just用于句中, 表示“刚刚” I’ve just had breakfast. 我刚吃完早饭。 What have they just done? 他们刚刚做了什么？ d）before用于句末, 表示“以前” I’ve seen it before. 我以前见过它。 练习：用never,ever,already,before, just或yet填空。 1. I have __________seen him before, so I have no idea about him. 2. Jack has __________finished his homework. 3. --Have you _________seen the film? --No, I have ________seen it. 4. ---Has the bus left _______? ---Yes, it has ________ left. 5. Would you like to go to the zoo with me? Yes, but I have been there______. ★ has gone to, has been to, has been in 的区别： 1. have/has gone to 去了某地（还在某地没回来） ---Where is your father? 你爸爸在哪里？ ---He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。 2. have/has been to 曾经去过（已回,已不在去过的地方） +次数（once/twice/ 数字+times） My father has been to Shanghai 3 times. 我爸爸去过上海3次。 画线提问：________________ has your father been to Shanghai? 3. have/has been in 待了多久（去了,现在仍在所待的地方）+ for + 时间段/ + since + 时间点 My father has been in Shanghai for two months/ since two months ago. 我爸已经在上海待了两个月了。 画线提问：_______________has your father been in Shanghai? ▲注意：注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in, 这四个地点副词是：here ,there ,home ,abroad 练习：用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空。 1. _____ you ever _____ Disneyland? 2. How many times _____ you _____ Disneyland ? 3. I _____ Nanjing since two years ago 4. Mr. Li _____ Hong Kong. And he'll come back in two days. 5. ---How long _____ you _____ Disneyland ? ---For three days. I __________ the theme park last Sunday. 6. My father __________ Hong Kong two weeks ago. 7. My father __________ Hong Kong in 2005. 8. My father __________ Hong Kong since 2005. 9. My father __________ Hong Kong twice. 10. My father __________ Hong Kong and he hasn't come back yet. 11. ---Where's Lucy? ---She has__________ to a restaurant for lunch. 12. Have you __________ to this park before. 13. I have__________ there only once this year. 14. She has __________ to the shop to buy a notebook. 15. You're late, Lao Wang has __________ to Guangzhou. 用法二：表示过去已经开始, 并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 标志词：⑦up to now, ⑧so far, ⑨for +时间段 ⑩since+时间点 I have learned English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。 She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时。 a) for +一段时间 Eg. I have been here for 5 weeks. 我在这里5周了。 He’s studied English for 3 years. 他学习英语3年了。 b) since +(表示过去某一时间的)时间点/单词/词组/ 从句(一般过去时) Eg. I have been here since 2000. 我自从2000年开始在这里。 I have been here since 5 years ago. 我自从5年前就在这里。 I have been here since I graduated in 2000. 我自从2000年毕业就在这里。 注：1) 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when. Eg. I have lived here for 10 years. 画线提问： ________ _______ have you lived here? 注2): 短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用, 当然也不能用于how long引导的问句中 Eg.(误)I have left there for 5 years. (正)I have been away there for 5 years. ★为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词。 become →be, begin→ have, borrow → keep, buy → have, go out → be out come (go, arrive, get) →be in die→ be dead, finish→be over, join→ be in...（be a member of...） leave→ be away ( from...), open→ be open close→ be closed 练习： 选用 for和 since填空: 1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time. 2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago. 3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes. 4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China. 5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years. 6. It’s five years _______ we met last time. 三、与一般过去时的用法比较 1现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情,但现在完成时注意的不是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系（如现在的结果,影响,一直延续到现在等）,不与表示过去的时间连用; 而一般过去时,则只讲述发生在过去的动作和事情与现在没有关系,常与表示过去的时间连用。 eg：He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。 第一句用现在完成时时态,想表达意为：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典,现在他还有这本字典” 。 第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实,至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强调说明。 2．常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语: yesterday(昨天), the day before yesterday(前天), just now(刚才), 时间+ ago, last +时间 等; eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago. We finished our task last week. 7、 过去完成时 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before+过去时间点, by the end of last year (term, month…), by the time+过去时间点 等。 3.基本结构： 主语+had + done（过去分词）+其他 As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。 By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底我们复习了四本书。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. 4. 否定形式： 主语+had + not + done（过去分词）+其他 They hadn’t already had breakfast when I met them. They hadn’t arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 Had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他? 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋hadn’t. --Had he finished his homework when you saw him yesterday evening? --Yes, he had./ No, he hadn’t. 6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What(When,Where,How...)+had+主语+ done（过去分词）+其他? --What had Jane done by the time he was seven? --He had learned all the words of book I. 2、 过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by,before,until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如： 1）by +过去的时间点。 如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 2）by the end of / by the time + 过去的时间点。 如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能） Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 3）before + 过去的时间点。 如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. Before she came to China, Grace had taught English for about five years. 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在 1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在"过去的过去"） When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词"; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 - I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 - Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） - John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 - Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去"） 四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去"; 而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 中考模块10-主谓一致 一、语法一致 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。 2、由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如： Both he and I are right. Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom. The poet and writer has come. 3、由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 4、主语和谓语之间插入了分词短语，谓语要与主语保持一致。 Mr Smith , followed by his wife and three children , has just arrived. 5、由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。 Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone. 6、有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如： Where are my shoes? I can’t find them. Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them. Here are some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks is on the bed. 二、意义一致 1、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。 如：Twenty years is not a long time. Ten dollars is too dear. 2.集合名词 ★常作复数的集合名词：如 “people（人们）”“police（警察）”“cattle（牛群）” 等，谓语动词要用复数形式。 如：The police are searching for the missing child.警察们正在搜寻失踪的孩子。 Cattle are grazing in the field.牛群在田野里吃草。 ★常作不可数名词的集合名词：如 “equipment（设备）”“furniture（家具）”“luggage（行李）” 等，谓语动词用单数。 如：The equipment in our laboratory is very advanced.我们实验室的设备非常先进。 This furniture is made of high - quality wood.这件家具是用高品质木材制作的。 ★既可作单数又可作复数的集合名词：常见的有 “family（家庭；家人）”“team（团队；队员）”“class（班级；同学们）” 等。 当把集合体视为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数； 当强调集合体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。 如：My family is a big one.我的家庭是个大家庭。 My family are all music lovers.我的家人都是音乐爱好者。 1、 不定代词 由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： All of the work has been finished. All of the people have gone. 2、 疑问代词 ★主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数 ★主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。例如： Who is your brother? Who are League members? 3、 “分数或百分数+of+名词” 作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。 ★名词是复数，谓语动词用复数； ★名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。 如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women. Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 4、 half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词 作主语时 ★如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数; ★如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。 如： I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult. Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick. 三、就近原则与就远原则 就近原则 由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but, there be等连接的并列成分作主语时，其谓语通常要与靠近的主语保持一致。如： He or I am in the wrong, 他或是我错了。 Neither you nor he is tired. 你和他都没累。 Not you but I am to blame. 不该怪你而该怪我。 Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。 Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。 就远原则 当用作主语的成分后面跟有由with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, including, as much as, no less than等引出的短语时，谓语动词习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致（即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称“就远原则”）。如： Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。 A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。 Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。 My father, no less than I, is a base-ball fan. 我的父亲不亚于我也是个棒球迷。 中考模块11-动词被动语态 一、被动语态的概念 英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。 如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。 主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。 如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。 2、 被动语态的基本结构： 助动词be + done+（by+宾语） 其中by意为“被...；由...”，表动作的执行者。 如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。 be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。 如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式） English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式） Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. 【注意】 1. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done +（by+宾语） 如：The work can be done. 这项工作很容易做。 Other planets may be visited in the future. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。 2. 主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式，在变被动句时，要加上to。 使役动词make/ have/ let sb do sth 感官动词see/ hear/ feel/ notice sb do sth 3. 主动表被动的动词 ★need：例如，“The flower needs watering.”（这花需要浇水。） ★want：例如，“The flower wants watering.”（这花需要浇水。） ★require：例如，“The roof needs repairing.”（这屋顶需要修理。） ★deserve：例如，“This movie deserves watching.”（这部电影值得一看。） ★be worth：例如，“This book is worth reading.”（这本书值得一读。） 4.没有被动语态的动词 ★不及物动词：本身不接宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如：appear, disappear, take place, happen, die, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep。 ★系动词：表示状态或特征，而非动作，因此通常没有被动语态。例如：be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn ★表示静态的及物动词：这些动词虽然可以接宾语，但在表达某种静态关系时，一般不用于被动语态。例如：fit, suit, hold（容纳）, suffer, last（持续） ★自动词：这些动词表达的是主语自身的动作，不需要借助宾语，因此没有被动语态。例如： sell, wash, run out, give out, turn out（证实）。 如：They heard a girl sing in the next room.→ A girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them). 一、一般现在时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +done (动词过去分词) +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg .English is studied (by us ) every day. Workers are needed very much here. This English song is not often sung by us. 否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg. English is not studied (by us ) every day. 一般疑问句：Am / Is / Are +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am/is/are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am/is/are. eg.-- Is English studied (by us ) every day.? --Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. 特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ am / is / are +主语+done+ 其他? eg. When is English studied (by us )? 二、一般过去式的被动语态 肯定句：主语 + was / were + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg.This bridge was built in October last year.这座桥是去年十月份建的。 These cakes were made by my mother last night.这些蛋糕是我妈昨晚做的。 The girl said she was often beaten by her brother.女孩说她经常被她兄弟打。 否定句：主语+wasn’t / weren’t + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 eg. This bridge wasn’t built in October last year. 一般疑问句：Was / Were +主语 + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t. eg.--Was your office cleaned yesterday afternoon? —Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. --Were your rooms painted again last week?--Yes, they were./No,they weren’t. 特殊疑问句：What/Where/When...+ was / were +主语+done+ 其他? eg. --When was your brother sent to work in Beijing? 你兄弟是什么时候被派到北京去工作的？ --Last year. / He was sent to work in Beijing last year. 去年。/ 他是去年被派到北京工作的。 --Where was the party held last Sunday? 上周日聚会在哪儿举行的？ --At home. / It was held at home. 在家里。/ 在家里举行的。 三、一般将来时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+shall / will + be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他. 如： We shall be punished if we break the rule.如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。 The new film will be shown next Thursday.这部新电影将在下周四上映。 否定句：主语+shall / will + not + be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（可缩写成shan’t或won’t） The meeting won’t be held tomorrow.明天不再举行会议。 The exhibition won’t be put off till next week.展览会将不会推迟到下周。 一般疑问句：Shall / Will +主语+ be + done +(by+人代宾格 )+其他.（回答用yes或no）如： 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋shall / will. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋shan’t / won’t . Won’t water be turned into ice, it it is belwo freezing?如果气温在冰点下，水难道不会成冰吗？ ---Will the work be finished at once? ---Yes, it will. ---这项工作会立刻被完成吗？ ---是的，立刻就完成。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + shall / will + 主语+ be + done+(by+人代宾格 )+其他.如： When will these books be published?这些书将在什么时候被出版？ Whom will this book be written by?谁来写这本书？ 其他结构构成：be going to be done Some old buildings are going to be put down. 一些旧的楼房将被推倒。 The problem isn’t going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 这个问题将不在明天的会议上被讨论。 ---Are these trees going to be cut down？---Yes，they are. ---这些树将被砍倒吗？---是的，将被砍倒 四、现在进行时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+be（am, is, are）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. My new house is being decorated. 我的新房子正在装修。 Money is being collected for the Hope Project. 正在为希望工程募捐。 Another bridge is being built over the Changjiang River. 长江上正在修建另一座大桥。 否定句：主语＋be（am, is, are）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The engineer is not being treated fairly. 目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇。 一般疑问式：Be（Am, Is, Are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋am /is / are. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋am /is / are not. Is the life of pandas being studied by the scientists? 科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗？ 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（am, is, are）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ Where is the new science lab being built? 新的科技馆正在哪里建造？ 五、过去进行时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+be（was / were）+ being＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The room was being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning. A story was being told by Peter's mother to Peter. Peter was being told a story by his mother. He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。 否定句：主语＋be（was / were）＋not＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The room wasn’t being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning. 一般疑问式：Be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋was / were. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋wasn’t / weren’t. Was the room being cleaned by him at nine yesterday morning? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be（was / were）＋主语＋being＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When was the room being cleaned by him? 六、现在完成时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+have/has＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The new schools have been set up. 新学校都已经建成了。 The experiment has been done successfully. 这个实验做得很成功。 The books have been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书被老师借走了。 Tom’s novel has been published. 汤姆的小说出版了。 否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The new schools have not been set up. 新学校还没有建成。 The experiment has not been done successfully. 这个实验还没有成功。 The books have not been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书还没有被老师借走了。 Tom’s novel has not been published. 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。 一般疑问式：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋have/has. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋have/has. Have the new schools been set up? 新学校都已经建成了。 Has the experiment been done successfully? 这个实验做得很成功。 Have the books been borrowed by the teacher? 那些书被老师借走了。 Has Tom’s novel been published? 汤姆的小说出版了。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Have/Has＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When have the new schools been set up? 七、过去完成时的被动语态 肯定句：主语+had＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)+其他. The new schools had been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前已经建成了。 否定句：主语＋had＋not＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他 The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。 一般疑问式：Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ 肯定回答为：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答为：No, 主语＋had not. The new schools had not been set up before you left. 新学校在你离开之前还没有建成。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Had＋主语＋been＋done + (by+人代宾格)＋其他？ When the new schools had been set up before you left？新学校在你离开之前什么时候建成的？ 中考模块9-11习题-动词时态&语态 【2026长郡双语二模】For high school, more challenges and hopes will ___32___ (bring) to you. The subjects will be deeper, and the books will be thicker, but I know you can discover new interests there. be brought 【2026华益二模】Dragon boat racing is a popular sport during the Dragon Boat Festival. Teams of people row dragon-shaped boats in rivers or lakes. The racing ____30____ (see) as a symbol of teamwork and perseverance (毅力). is seen 【2026明德九下期中】In a city, a green-themed tour ____52____ (organize) last month by the local officials, inviting walkers ____53____ (see) willow trees (柳树) at gardens, enjoy springtime green rice balls, and walk through tea gardens. was organized to see 【2026华益二模】In the past few years, modern sports like basketball, football and tennis ____32____ (become) very popular in China. have become 【2025长郡梅溪湖二模】From the early days of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse to the more recent additions like Moana and Raya, Disney ____27____ (create) many characters over the past few years. has created 【2025青竹湖二模】They symbolize wealth and good luck. The design of the pingfeng 50. _______ (carry) people’s beautiful wishes. carries 【2025立信二模】At that point, the teacher 52. _______ (step) out from behind his desk and looked Les straight in the eye. “Don’t ever say that again,” he told him seriously. “Someone else’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.” stepped 【2025附中植基二模】The iron 49. (heat) by the craftsmen at a very high temperature until it becomes liquid. is heated 【2025一中九下期中】Samples(样本) 46. _______ (take) from 38 devices and other things like toilet seats. Then 47. _______ (get) the result, the scientists counted the bacteria colonies(细菌菌落) — groups of bacteria that grow together. were taken to get 【2025附中博才期中】The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important festivals in China. It ____26____ (celebrate) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar (农历) month. is celebrated 【2025一中一模】When he was looking around, he suddenly found that the seat next to him 28____________ (take) by a little snake. was taken 【2025立信九下月考】It 53. _______ (say) that PestiSCAND might soon help people choose healthier food. is said 【2025雅礼九下月考】“There were cans and bottles always thrown around the road,” he says. In Michigan, they can 49________ (collect) and sold for money. be collected 【2024师大博才九上期末】It presents a situation for children aged 10—12. In the situation, they ____47____ (ask) to look after a friend’s dog just before a fire event begins. are asked 【2025附中九下期中】The Zhuazhou ceremony (仪式) usually ____27____ (take) place before lunchtime on the baby’s first birthday. takes 【2025长郡一模】In order to build your confidence, you can firstly start by choosing a subject that 30____________ (interest) you the most. interests 【2025一中一模】He 27____________ (stop) to look around, but saw nobody. stopped 【2025立信九下月考】It 51. _______(change) many people’s life since it came out. has changed 【2025雅礼九下月考】Since then, Mateo’s recycling effort 52________ (make) a great difference and helped at least 50 local youth groups. has made 【2024师大博才九上期末】Children thought it especially important and meaningful, because 91% of ____51____ (they) didn’t have knowledge of fires at the beginning, and 67% said that they ____52____ (be) too young to make safety decisions in a fire. them were 【2024中雅九下月考1】Recently, the skirt 28_________ (get) more attention. “For us, ___29___ (wear) the skirt is not just for fashion,” said Mao, one of the hanfu lovers. has got wearing 【2024雅礼九上期末】Ten years ago, I started to study luck. I wanted to know why some people were always in the right place at the right time, while others always experienced ill luck. Plenty of people 46________________ (invite) for my research. were invited 【2024南雅九下入学考】The panda’s home must 50. _______ (clean) every morning. be cleaned 【2024附中博才九下一模】And his other novels, such as The True Story of Ah Q and Kong Yiji, ____33____ (read) by Chinese young people in that period. were read 【2024华益九下月考1】In the past, the store ____29____ (regard) as a resting point for rock climbers through their climbs. was regarded 【2024南雅九下月考1】It ___34___ (say) that a haircut during the first lunar month may make mother’s brothers unlucky, so people avoid ___35___ (cut) their hair before the Dragon Head Raising Day at the beginning of a new year. is said cutting 【2024长郡九上期末】If each adult gave away all the clothes not worn in the past year to charity shops, 4.9 billion kilograms of CO2 emissions (二氧化碳排放) could ____48____ (save). be saved 【2024北雅九下入学】Besides, he ___34___ (encourage) by many of his customers and fans who praise his skills so far. has been encouraged 【2024长郡九上期末】It is reported that 360,000 tons of the textiles (纺织品) thrown away in the UK every year ____46____ (be) clothes. are 【2024北雅九下入学】So far, he ___27___ (create) more than 40 miniatures for people from around the country, reproducing the old houses that carry their memories. has created 【2024雅礼九下月考1】In an old building in Peking University, a yellow light shone into the old and dark house of the night. The famous translator Xu Yuanchong ___46___ (sit) behind the window and stared at the computer screen. sat 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $