内容正文:
Unit 8 Natural disasters
单词
disaster /dɪ'zɑːstə(r)/ n. 灾难;灾害
earthquake /'ɜːθkweɪk/ n. 地震
typhoon /taɪ'fuːn/ n. 台风
wildfire /'waɪldfaɪə(r)/ n. 野火
powerful /'paʊəfl/ adj. 力量大的
object /'ɒbdʒɪkt/ n. 物体;目标;宾语
/əb'dʒekt/ v. 反对
indoors /ˌɪn'dɔːz/ adv. 在室内
shut /ʃʌt/ v. 关闭;(使)关门
adj. 关闭;停业
lightning /'laɪtnɪŋ/ n. 闪电
authority /ɔː'θɒrəti/ n. 官方;权力
advise /əd'vaɪz/ v. 建议;劝告
throat /θrəʊt/ n. 喉咙;咽喉
lung /lʌŋ/ n. 肺
occur /ə'kɜː(r)/ v. 发生;出现
anytime /'enitaɪm/ adv. 在任何时候
survival /sə'vaɪvl/ n. 生存;幸存
secondary /'sekəndri/ adj. 次生的
landslide /'lændslaɪd/ n. 滑坡,崩塌
destruction/dɪ'strʌkʃn/ n. 破坏;毁灭
tsunami /tsu:'nɑːmi/ n. 海啸
coastal /'kəʊstl/ adj. 沿海的
damage /'dæmɪdʒ/ v. & n. 损害;毁坏
nuclear /'njuːkliə(r)/ adj. 原子能的;核能的
explosion /ɪk'spləʊʒn/ n. 爆炸
radioactivity /ˌreɪdiəʊæk'tɪvəti/ n. 放射线;放射性
highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 突出;强调
n. 最精彩的部分
chain /tʃeɪn/ n. 一连串(人或事);链子
per/pə(r)/ prep. 每;每一
amount /ə'maʊnt/ n. 数量;数额
overflow /ˌəʊvə'fləʊ/ v. & n. 漫出
destroy/dɪ'strɔɪ/ v. 破坏;消灭
troop /truːp/ n. 军队;士兵;连队
successfully /sək'sesfəli/ adv. 成功地
grassland /'grɑːslænd/ n. 草原;草地
badly /'bædli/ adv. 严重地;非常
real /'riːəl/ adj. 真实的;实在的
gate /geɪt/ n. 闸门;大门;大门口
aim /eɪm/ v. 力求达到;目的是;瞄准
n. 目的;目标;瞄准
短语
1.当涉及某事(或做某事)时
when it comes to (doing) sth.
2.靠边停车 pull over
3.大量的;充足的 plenty of
4. 密切注意 keep an eye out (for sb./sth.)
5. 使崩溃 bring down
6. 少于 less than
7.半小时 half an hour
8.解决;处理 deal with
9. 采取行动 take action
10. 变凉;冷却 cool down
11. 高达 reach up to
12.大量的 large amounts of
13.与……作斗争 fight against
句型
1.When it comes to earthquakes, what should people do to stay safe?说到地震,人们应该做什么来保持安全?(when it comes to…当涉及某事时)
2.If you are outside, get to an open area as fast as you can.如果你在室外,尽快前往开阔的地方。(as+形容词或副词原级+as sb. can/could 尽可能……)
3.If you are close to the sea, try to get as far away from the water as possible.如果你在海边,尽可能远离海水。(as+形容词或副词原级+as possible 尽可能……)
4. It is everyone's responsibility to take action to reduce disasters or secondary disasters.采取行动减少灾害或次生灾害是每个人的责任。(it is everyone's responsibility to do sth.做某事是每个人的责任)
语法
1.构词法
一、知识点清单
知识点1: They are very powerful and dangerous.它们威力很大,很危险。(教材P100)
powerful /'paʊəfl/ adj. 力量大的 由“power(n. 力量)+-ful(形容词后缀)”构成。
The winds are powerful enough to uproot trees. 大风非常猛烈,足以把树木连根拔起。
还可意为“有权势的;有影响力的”。
As a country powerful in math, China has many folk games full of math wisdom. 作为一个数学强国,中国有许多富有数学智慧的民间游戏。
知识点2: When it comes to earthquakes, what should people do to stay safe? 说到地震,人们应该做什么来保持安全?(教材P100)
when it comes to当涉及某事时讲此处的to是介词,后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
In China, when it comes to traditional clothing, hanfu and qipao are the most popular. 在中国,当提到传统服装时,汉服和旗袍是最受欢迎的。
She believes that no effort is too small when it comes to caring for the environment. 她认为在保护环境方面,任何努力都不算小。
知识点3:...we should stay calm and quickly find shelter to protect ourselves from falling objects. ...我们应该保持冷静,迅速找到避难所,以保护自己不被掉落的物体砸伤。(教材P100)
object /'ɒbdʒɪkt/ n. 物体;目标;宾语
/əb'dʒekt/ v. 反对
(1)[可数名词]物体,物品
Lifting 200 pounds may be a lot of work on the earth. But lifting that same object in space would be much easier. 在地球上,举起200磅的重量可能是一件很费力的事。但在太空中,举起同样的物体要容易得多。
(2)[可数名词]目标,目的 相当于goal或aim。
The object of the game is to improve children's maths skills. 这项游戏旨在提高儿童的数学技能。
(3)[可数名词]宾语
In the sentence“They built the bridge”, the word“bridge” is the object. 在句子“他们建造了这座桥”中,“桥”这一词是宾语。
(4)[不及物动词]反对,不赞成
常与介词to连用,to后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
Tom objected to leaving his daughter at home.汤姆反对把女儿留在家里。
知识点4:For typhoons, we should stay indoors, away from windows. 对于台风,我们应该待在室内,远离窗户。(教材P100)
indoors /ɪn'dɔːz/ adv. 在室内 反义词为outdoors“在户外”
go/stay indoors 进入/留在屋里
People who stay indoors a lot may not get enough sunlight. 经常待在室内的人可能无法获得足够的阳光。
Let's go indoors and have something to eat. 我们进屋吃点东西吧。
indoor[形容词]室内的,户内的 反义词为outdoor“户外的,室外的”
We do indoor activities in bad weather. 天气不好时,我们做室内活动。
away from 远离;离开 其后可接名词或代词,常与 keep、stay、live、get、be 等动词连用。
Millions of people visit Shennongjia to get away from the summer heat. 数百万人前往神农架避暑。
He's been away from home for many years. 他离家已经很多年了。
知识点5:We should shut all windows and doors.我们应该关闭所有门窗。 (教材P100)
shut /ʃʌt/ v. 关闭;(使)关门 过去式和过去分词均为shut,现在分词为shutting
adj. 关闭;停业
(1)[动词]关闭;(使)关门
We shut the shop for lunch at noon. 中午时分,我们关了店门吃午饭。(作及物动词)
The window won't shut. 这窗户关不上。(作不及物动词)
(2) [形容词]关闭;停业
同义词为closed
Unluckily, the bank is shut now. 不凑巧,银行现在不营业。
与shut相关的常见短语:
shut up 闭嘴
shut down 关闭;停业;倒闭
shut off 关闭;停止供应煤气(或水等)
知识点6:They can be started by humans or lightning. 它们可能是由人为因素或闪电引发。(教材P100)
lightning /'laɪtnɪŋ/ n. 闪电
[不可数名词]a flash of lightning 一道闪电
Suddenly there was a flash of lightning and a roll of thunder. 突然,一道闪电划过,随后传来隆隆的雷声。
The tree was struck by lightning. 这棵树被闪电击中。
知识点7If there is a wildfire nearby, we should follow what authorities advise and leave if necessary. 如果附近有野火,我们应该听从官方的建议,必要时撤离。 (教材P100)
authority /ɔː'θɒrəti/ n. 官方;权力
(1)[可数名词]官方 通常用其复数形式。
The authorities are taking measures to protect the environment. 官方正在采取措施保护环境。
(2)[不可数名词]权力;当权(地位)
She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. 她现在对曾经是她上司的人拥有管理权。
[可数名词]专家;学术权威;泰斗
authority on sth. 在某方面是专家
She's an authority on ancient history. 她是古代史领域的权威。
advise /əd'vaɪz/ v.建议;劝告
advise sb.(not) to do sth.建议某人(不要)做某事
advise doing sth.建议做某事
advise+that从句 建议……从句的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”
The dentist advises me to brush my teeth three times a day.牙医建议我一天刷三次牙。
I advised visiting our teacher this Saturday.我建议这周六去看望我们的老师。
The teacher advised that I (should) pay attention to my spelling. 老师建议我注意拼写。
知识点8: Earthquakes can occur anytime... 地震随时可能发生…… (教材P102 )
occur /ə'kɜː(r)/ v. 发生;出现 过去式和过去分词均为occurred,现在分词为occurring
[不及物动词]同义词为happen.
The explosion occurred at 5:30 a.m. 爆炸发生在清晨5点30分。
Something unexpected occurred yesterday. 昨天发生了一件出乎意料的事。
拓展occur to sb.被某人想到;出现在某人头脑中
It didn't occur to her to ask for help. 她没想到要寻求帮助。
anytime /'enitaɪm/ adv.在任何时候
WeChat makes communication much easier.We can stay in touch with each other anytime and anywhere. 微信让沟通变得更加便捷。我们随时随地都能保持联系。
They will arrive anytime between noon and 3 p.m.他们会在中午至下午3点期间到达。
知识点9: ①If you are outside, get to an open area as fast as you can. 如果你在室外,尽快前往开阔的地方。 (教材P102)
②If you are close to the sea, try to get as far away from the water as possible.如果你在海边,尽可能远离海水。 (教材P102 )
as... as sb. can/ could尽可能……
as…as possible尽可能⋯⋯
as... as sb. can/ could相当于as... as possible,两个as中间的形容词或副词要用原级。
You should be as careful as you can in making friends.在交友方面,你应该尽可能谨慎。
It is so hot, but the air conditioner doesn't work. Please repair it as quickly as possible.天气很热,但是空调坏了。请尽快把它修好。
close /kləʊs/ adj. 靠近的
(be) close to靠近……There is a desk close to the window、窗户旁边有一张集子。
close的其他用法:
词性
中文释义
音标
例句
中文翻译
形容词
亲密的;密切的
/kləʊs/
Boya and Zhong Ziqi became close friends.
伯牙和子期成了亲密的朋友。
副词
接近;靠近
/kləʊs/
They live close to the museum.
他们住在靠近博物馆的地方。
动词
关;关闭
/kləʊz/
It's windy now. Please close the door.
现在风很大,请关上门。
知识点10:If you are in a vehicle, pull over to a place far from trees or tall buildings and stay inside.如果你在车内,应将车停在远离树木或高楼的地方,并待在里面。(教材P102)
pull over 靠边停车 为“动词+副词”型短语,可单独使用,也可后接宾语。当宾语为人称代词时,人称代词应放在pull和over中间。
He pulled over to ask the way to the farm.他把车停靠在路边,询问去农场的路。
My car broke down on my way to the airport, so I had to pull it over.在我去机场的路上车坏了,所以我不得不把它停到路边。
与pull相关的其他常见短语:
pull through康复,痊愈
pull together齐心协力
pull down拆毁,摧毁
pull out脱离;退出
知识点11:When the earthquake is over, there is still plenty of danger. 地震结束后仍有很多危险。 (教材P102 )
plenty of大量的;充足的
用来修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,相当于a lot of或lots of."plenty of+名词“作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词的形式。
Plenty of teachers have come.许多老师已经来了。
There is plenty of water on the desk.桌子上有许多水。
知识点12:Keep an eye out for things that can fall on you.密切注意可能会掉落在你身上的东西。 (教材P102 )
keep an eye out for密切注意 相当于look out for.
Remember to keep an eye out for/ look out for thieves when you get on the bus.上公共汽车时记得提防小偷。
拓展 含有keep的其他常用短语:
keep an eye on照看;留神;留意
keep away from远离
keep in touch with...与……保持联系
keep up with跟上;与……并驾齐驱
keep sth. to oneself对……保守秘密
知识点13:Too many calls will bring down the phone system. 过多电话会使电话系统崩溃。(教材P102 )
bring down使崩溃
The heavy debt brought down the company.沉重的债务使这家公司陷入了崩溃。
拓展(1)bring down降低,减少
They tried to persuade us to bring down the price of the new products.他们试图说服我们降低新产品的价格。
(2)含有bring的其他常用短语:
bring back 使回忆起 The old photos brought back manyhappy memories.那些老照片唤起了很多幸福的回忆。
bring up 抚养;养育 He was brought up by his aunt.他是由姨妈抚养长大的。
知识点14:Staying calm can improve your chances of survival in an earthquake. 保持冷静可以提高你在地震中的生存概率。 (教材P102)
survival /sə'vaɪvl/ n. 生存;幸存
由“survive(v. 生存;幸存)去e﹢﹣ al”构成。
chance of survival存活率
I learned some practical survival skills from my volunteer experience. 我从志愿者经历中学到了一些实用的生存技能。
The operation was Kelly's only hope of survival.
那次手术是凯莉生存的唯一希望。
知识点15:On March 1 1,2011, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan caused great destruction.2011 年3 月 11 日,日本发生了有记录以来最大的地震,造成了严重破坏。(教材P104)
destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/ n. 破坏;毁灭
[不可数名词]the destruction of对……的破坏
The destruction caused by the hurricane left thousands of people homeless. 飓风造成的破坏使数千人无家可归。
The destruction of the world's rainforests is a serious problem. 世界雨林的破坏是一个严重的问题。
知识点16 :Tsunami waves hit the coastal area less than half an hour later. 不到半小时后,海啸巨浪侵袭了沿海地区。 (教材P104)
coastal /'kəʊstl/ adj. 沿海的
由“coast(n. 海岸)+-al(形容词后缀)”构成。
There used to be lots of oysters in coastal waters.沿海水域曾经有大量牡蛎。
The coastal path is a popular route for walkers.这条海滨小道是步行者们喜爱的路线。常感谢所有捐赠者。
less than少于 反义短语为 more than“多于”
no less than(强调数量)不少于,多达
It's bad for your health to sleep less than 8hours every night. 每晚睡眠时间不足8小时对你的健康不利。
The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the traditional Chinese festivals with a history of more than 2,000 years.端午节是中国传统节日之一,有着2 000多年的历史。
We'd better exercise no less than one hour a day.我们最好每天锻炼不少于一小时。
知识点17:These waves damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.这些海浪损害了福岛第一核电站。 (教材P104)
damage /'dæmɪdʒ/ v.& n.损害;毁坏讲(1)damage在此处作动词,既可指对物体的破坏,也可指对身体的损害。
The strong storm last night damaged several houses in the village.昨晚的暴风雨毁坏了村里的好几座房子。
Smoking seriously damages your health. 吸烟严重损害健康。
(2) damage还可作不可数名词。
The storm didn't do much damage.暴风雨并未造成严重损失。
知识点18:In the following days, explosions occurred at the plant.在随后的几天,核电站发生了爆炸。 (教材P104)
explosion /Ik'spləʊʒn/ n.爆炸
bomb/gas/nuclear explosion炸弹/气体/核爆炸
a big/huge explosion大爆炸
300 people were injured in the explosion.有300人在爆炸中受伤。
A huge explosion in the old factory scared the nearby residents.那家旧工厂发生的大爆炸惊吓到了附近的居民。
拓展explode[动词]爆炸;爆破
The fireworks explode brightly in the night sky during the Spring Festival, creating a beautiful scene.春节期间,烟花在夜空中绚烂绽放,形成一幅美丽的景象。
知识点19:The earthquake highlighted an important problem—disasters often cause a chain reaction, leading to more problems. 这次地震突出了一个重要问题——灾害往往会引起连锁反应,带来更多问题。(教材P104)
highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 突出;强调 n.最精彩的部分
(1)[动词]突出;强调
highlight the importance of...强调……的重要性highlight an important problem突出一个重要问题
World Health Day is used to highlight the importance of personal health. 世界卫生日旨在强调个人健康的重要性。
(2)[名词]最精彩的部分
That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip. 在威尼斯度过的那个周末无疑是我们这次旅行中最精彩的部分。
[动词]将(文本的某部分)用彩笔做标记;使醒目
I've highlighted the key points in yellow. 我用黄色标记出了要点。
chain /tʃeɪn/ n.一连串(人或事);链子
(1)[名词]一连串(人或事)
a chain of一连串的……
the food chain食物链
The police found a chain of clues that helped solve the murder case. 警方发现了一连串线索,帮助破获了这起谋杀案。
Smaller plastic pieces can also enter the food chain and end up in our bodies. 小一些的塑料碎片也可以进入食物链,最终进入我们的身体。
(2)[名词]链子
a bicycle chain自行车链条
Can you fix the bicycle chain for me? 你能给我修一下自行车链条吗?
知识点20:If people do not deal with them properly,this will lead to greater disasters. 如果人们处理不当,这将会导致更大的灾难。(教材P104)
deal with解决;处理
辨析deal with与do with
两者都可意为“处理”,区别如下:
短语
搭配
用法
例句
deal with
常与how连用
侧重处理方式、方法
I don't know how to deal with the problem.我不知道如何处理这个问题。
do with
常与what连用
侧重处理对象
I don't know what to do with the problem.我不知道如何处理这个问题。
二、语法点清单
构词法
(一)合成法
合成词由两个或两个以上的词合并而成,又称为复合词。常见的复合词有复合名词、复合形容词、复合代词等几种类型。
复合名词
1名词+名词
thunder+storm—thunderstorm雷雨 web+site—website网站 house+work—housework家务
2名词+动词
sun+rise—sunrise日出 sun+set—sunset日落
3形容词+名词
green+house—greenhouse温室 black+board—blackboard黑板
4动词+名词
play+ground—playground操场 type+writer—typewriter打字机
5副词+名词
out+side—outside外部 down+stairs—downstairs楼下
复合形容词
1形容词+名词
first+class—first-class一流的
2形容词+现在分词
good + looking--good-looking好看的
3形容词+名词-ed形式
warm+ hearted—warm-hearted热心肠的
4名词+形容词
home + sick—homesick想家的
5名词+现在分词
peace+ loving—peace-loving爱好和平的
6名词+过去分词
man + made—man-made人造的
7 副词+现在分词
hard + working—hard-working努力工作的
8副词+过去分词
well+ known—well-known著名的
复合代词
1代词宾格或物主代词+self (selves)
him+ self—himself他自己 my+ self-myself我自己 our+ selves—ourselves我们自己
2 some (any, no, every) + one (body, thing)
some + thing—something某物 some + body—somebody某人
(二)派生法
派生词是指在一个单词的前面或后面加一个词缀而形成的新词。
常见的前缀
前缀
含义及构成方法
例词
dis-
表示“不;非;相反;相对”,可构成动词、名词和形容词,改变单词原有正向含义,形成反义词。
appear(v. 出现)→disappear(v. 消失)advantage(n. 有利条件)→disadvantage(n. 不利条件)honest(adj. 诚实的)→dishonest(adj. 不诚实的)
im- / in-
表示“不;非;相反的”,主要用于构成形容词和副词,否定单词本义。
possible(adj. 可能的)→impossible(adj. 不可能的)correctly(adv. 正确地)→incorrectly(adv. 不正确地)
un-
表示“不;未;非”,适用范围广,可构成形容词、副词、名词和动词,是初中最常用否定前缀。
healthy(adj. 健康的)→unhealthy(adj. 不健康的)lock(v. 锁上)→unlock(v. 开锁)
en-
表示“使处于某种状态”,多用于名词、形容词前,构成及物动词。
courage(n. 勇气)→encourage(v. 鼓励)rich(adj. 丰富的)→enrich(v. 使丰富)
re-
表示“重新;再”,多用于动词、形容词前,可衍生出对应的名词、形容词和副词。
build(v. 建造)→rebuild(v. 重建)new (adj. 新的)→renew(v. 更新)→renewable(adj. 可更新的)
常见的后缀
词缀类型
后缀
构成方法
例词
形容词后缀
-able
加在部分动词、名词后构成形容词,部分单词去 e 再加
accept (v. 接受)→acceptable (可接受的)value (n. 价值)→valuable (有价值的)
-ful
加在名词后构成形容词
hope (n. 希望)→hopeful (满怀希望的)
-less
加在名词后构成形容词
home (n. 家)→homeless (无家可归的)
-ous
加在名词后构成形容词
danger (n. 危险)→dangerous (危险的)
-y
加在名词后构成形容词
wealth (n. 财富)→wealthy (富有的)
-ly
加在名词后构成形容词
friend (n. 朋友)→friendly (友好的)
-al
加在名词后构成形容词
coast (n. 海岸)→coastal (沿海的)
副词后缀
-ly
加在形容词后构成副词
quiet (安静的)→quietly (安静地)quick (迅速的)→quickly (迅速地)
名词后缀
-er
加在动词后表人 / 物
speak (v. 说话)→speaker (演讲者)
-or
加在动词后表人
act (v. 表演)→actor (演员)
-ist
加在动词后表职业,部分去 e 添加
type (v. 打字)→typist (打字员)
-ment
加在动词后表行为、状态
agree (v. 同意)→agreement (同意)
-ing
加在动词后表事物、动作
draw (v. 画)→drawing (图画)
-(t)ion
加在动词后表行为、结果
collect (v. 收集)→collection (收集)
-ness
加在形容词后表性质、状态
dark (黑暗的)→darkness (黑暗)weak (虚弱的)→weakness (虚弱)
三、写作清单
自然灾害
1. 话题分析
本单元以"自然灾害"为核心主题,谈论了地震、台风、洪水等自然灾害以及在灾害发生时保护自己的措施。
2. 写作内容
①自然灾害的类型、原因及影响;②在自然灾害中保护自身安全的措施;③呼吁大家珍爱生命,学习逃生知识。
3. 写作要点
①What happened?
②How to stay safe?
4. 写作思路提示
①发生了哪种自然灾害;
②如何正确自救;
③谈谈自己的心态。
5. 写作步骤详解
【第一步:审题立意】
确定文体:说明文,用一般现在时为主
明确要点:地震发生时,室内外应该和不应做的事,保持冷静的心态
确定人称:第一人称we/us为主,直接给出建议时,可以用第二人称you
注意事项:必须覆盖表格内的所有要点,词数不少于80词,不得出现真实姓名、学校等个人信息
【第二步:构思布局】
三段式结构:
开头段:引出话题,点明主旨
主体段:介绍地震发生时,在室内外应该做和不应该做的事
结尾段:提醒要冷静行动,呼应开头
【第三步:要点展开】
要点一:室内
Should do: hide under a desk/protect your head with hands/keep away from heavy furniture/crouch down low等
Shouldn’t do: run around wildly/push others/stand near glass doors等
要点二:室外
Should do: go to open spaces/keep away from power poles/protect your head等
Shouldn’t do: stay near billboards/go back into buildings/stay near glass structures等
要点三:心态
keep a cool head/don’t panic/keep your mind clear/try not to be afraid等
6. 通用表达
词汇
灾害类
earthquake 地震flood 洪水drought 干旱typhoon 台风rainstorm 暴风雨sandstorm 沙尘暴wildfire 野火
动作 / 影响
happen /take place 发生destroy 摧毁fall down 倒塌cause trouble 造成麻烦lose lives 失去生命lose homes 失去家园be hurt 受伤
自救
protect ourselves 保护自己keep calm 保持冷静hide safely 安全躲避run to open places 跑向空旷地带stay away from 远离
开头万能句
Natural disasters are very dangerous.自然灾害十分危险。
Many terrible disasters happen every year.每年都会发生许多可怕的自然灾害。
It is necessary for us to learn ways to keep safe.我们有必要学习安全自救方法。
中间描写灾害
A strong earthquake hit our city last week.上周一场强地震袭击了我们城市。
Many houses fell down and lots of people were hurt.许多房屋倒塌,很多人受伤。
The heavy rain caused a big flood.大雨引发了大洪水。
It brings great harm to people’s life.它给人们的生活带来巨大危害。
自救方法
We should keep calm first.我们首先应该保持冷静。
Stay away from tall buildings and trees.远离高楼和树木。
Hide under strong desks when indoors.在室内躲在坚固桌子下。
Don’t take lifts or jump down.不要乘坐电梯、不要跳楼。
Try our best to help each other.尽力互相帮助。
结尾升华
We should try our best to protect our environment.我们应该尽力保护环境。
Let’s learn more safety knowledge.让我们学习更多安全知识。
If we know more ways, we will be safer.懂得更多方法,我们就会更安全。
We hope there will be fewer disasters.我们希望自然灾害越来越少。
7. 范例作文
How to protect ourselves in an earthquake
Earthquakes are very terrible. It is very important for us to know some ways to protect ourselves from earthquakes.
If we are inside a building when an earthquake happens, we should stay away from windows and heavy furniture at once. We can hide under a strong table and protect our heads. We mustn’t jump from high buildings or take the lift, because it’s really dangerous. If we are outside, we should move to clear and open areas quickly and keep away from tall buildings. We shouldn’t stand under trees.
Besides, we should always keep calm in an earthquake. Keeping calm can help us make the right decisions to keep safe.
译文:
地震中如何自救
地震十分可怕,掌握一些地震自救方法对我们来说至关重要。
倘若地震发生时身处室内,要立刻远离窗户与笨重家具,躲到坚固的桌子下方护住头部。切勿从高楼跳下,也不能乘坐电梯,这些行为都极度危险。
如果身处室外,需迅速前往空旷开阔的地带,远离高楼建筑,不要在大树下停留。
除此之外,遭遇地震时一定要保持冷静,冷静的心态能帮助我们做出正确判断,保障自身安全。
8. 实战演练
屏南近来多雷暴天气,请你结合下图信息,以“How to Protect Yourself in a Heavy Thunderstorm”为题,介绍防护雷雨的安全小贴士。词数80左右。
indoors, window ride bikes tree mobile phones
注意事项:
1.必须包含所有提示信息,可适当发挥,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;
2.意思清楚,表达通顺,行文连贯,书写规范;
3.请勿在文中使用真实的姓名、校名和地名。
How to Protect Yourself in a Heavy Thunderstorm
There are many thunderstorms in Pingnan recently. The thunderstorms can be very dangerous. Luckily, we have some safety tips for you to follow.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Staying calm and following safety tips are the most important things during natural disasters.
【答案】例文
How to Protect Yourself in a Heavy Thunderstorm
There are many thunderstorms in Pingnan recently. The thunderstorms can be very dangerous. Luckily, we have some safety tips for you to follow.
First, we should stay indoors and close the windows tightly when a thunderstorm comes. Second, we shouldn’t ride bikes in a thunderstorm because it is dangerous. We should take a bus or taxi to keep safe. Third, we shouldn’t stay under a big tree. Lightning can easily strike the tree and hurt us badly. Finally, we mustn’t use mobile phones when we are outside in such bad weather. We should always respect nature and learn more safety knowledge and master useful skills to protect ourselves well.
Staying calm and following safety tips are the most important things during natural disasters.
【详解】写作步骤
[第一步:审题立意]
确定文体:本文是一篇看图作文,用一般现在时为主。
明确要点:根据图片提示,从雷暴天气中保护自己的四个安全小贴士(待在室内关窗、不骑车、不在树下避雨、不打手机)展开。
确定人称:第一人称(we)
注意事项:必须包含所有提示信息,可适当发挥,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;词数80左右;意思清楚,表达通顺,行文连贯,书写规范;请勿在文中使用真实的姓名、校名和地名。
[第二步:构思布局]
三段式结构:
开头段:总起句,说明屏南多有雷暴雨,指出雷暴雨对人们非常危险,进而引出问题——如何保护自己。
主体段:根据图片提示,从四个方面介绍安全小贴士。
结尾段:总结感受,升华主题。
[第三步:要点展开]
要点一:图片一提示(待在室内关窗)
实施方式:First, we should stay indoors and close the windows tightly when a thunderstorm comes./ First, it is wise for us to stay inside and close the windows tightly as a severe thunderstorm draws near./ First, we ought to stay indoors and keep the windows tightly closed when a heavy thunderstorm arrives.
要点二:图片二提示(不骑车)
实施方式:Second, we shouldn’t ride bikes in a thunderstorm because it is dangerous.We should take a bus or taxi to keep safe./ Second, we ought not to ride bikes in such terrible weather as it is extremely risky. We can choose public transport like buses or taxis to stay safe.
要点三:图片三提示(不在树下避雨)
实施方式:Third, we shouldn’t stay under a big tree. Lightning can easily strike the tree and hurt us badly./ Third, we ought not to shelter beneath tall trees, as lightning may strike them and do great harm to us./ Third, we ought not to shelter under tall trees, as lightning may strike them and do great harm to us.
要点四:图片四提示(不打手机)
实施方式:Finally, we mustn’t use mobile phones when we are outside in such bad weather./ Finally, we ought not to use mobile phones while staying outdoors in such severe weather./ Finally, we must keep from using mobile phones when we stay outdoors in such terrible stormy weather.
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Unit 8 Natural disasters
单词
_________ /dɪ'zɑːstə(r)/ n. 灾难;灾害
_________/'ɜːθkweɪk/ n. 地震
_________ /taɪ'fuːn/ n. 台风
_________/'waɪldfaɪə(r)/ n. 野火
_________/'paʊəfl/ adj. 力量大的
_________/'ɒbdʒɪkt/ n. 物体;目标;宾语
/əb'dʒekt/ v. 反对
_________/ˌɪn'dɔːz/ adv. 在室内
_________/ʃʌt/ v. 关闭;(使)关门
adj. 关闭;停业
_________/'laɪtnɪŋ/ n. 闪电
_________/ɔː'θɒrəti/ n. 官方;权力
_________/əd'vaɪz/ v. 建议;劝告
_________/θrəʊt/ n. 喉咙;咽喉
_________/lʌŋ/ n. 肺
_________/ə'kɜː(r)/ v. 发生;出现
_________/'enitaɪm/ adv. 在任何时候
_________/sə'vaɪvl/ n. 生存;幸存
_________/'sekəndri/ adj. 次生的
_________/'lændslaɪd/ n. 滑坡,崩塌
_________/dɪ'strʌkʃn/ n. 破坏;毁灭
_________/tsu:'nɑːmi/ n. 海啸
_________/'kəʊstl/ adj. 沿海的
_________/'dæmɪdʒ/ v. & n. 损害;毁坏
_________/'njuːkliə(r)/ adj. 原子能的;核能的
_________/ɪk'spləʊʒn/ n. 爆炸
_________/ˌreɪdiəʊæk'tɪvəti/ n. 放射线;放射性
_________/'haɪlaɪt/ v. 突出;强调
n. 最精彩的部分
_________/tʃeɪn/ n. 一连串(人或事);链子
_________/pə(r)/ prep. 每;每一
_________/ə'maʊnt/ n. 数量;数额
_________/ˌəʊvə'fləʊ/ v. & n. 漫出
_________/dɪ'strɔɪ/ v. 破坏;消灭
_________/truːp/ n. 军队;士兵;连队
_________/sək'sesfəli/ adv. 成功地
_________/'grɑːslænd/ n. 草原;草地
_________/'bædli/ adv. 严重地;非常
_________/'riːəl/ adj. 真实的;实在的
_________/geɪt/ n. 闸门;大门;大门口
_________/eɪm/ v. 力求达到;目的是;瞄准
n. 目的;目标;瞄准
短语
1.当涉及某事(或做某事)时
__________
2.靠边停车 __________
3.大量的;充足的 __________
4. 密切注意 __________
5. 使崩溃 __________
6. 少于 __________
7.半小时 __________
8.解决;处理 __________
9. 采取行动 __________
10. 变凉;冷却 __________
11. 高达 __________
12.大量的 __________
13.与……作斗争 __________
句型
1._______ _______ _______ _______ earthquakes, what should people do to stay safe?说到地震,人们应该做什么来保持安全?(when it comes to…当涉及某事时)
2.If you are outside, get to an open area _______ _______ _______ _______ _______.如果你在室外,尽快前往开阔的地方。(as+形容词或副词原级+as sb. can/could 尽可能……)
3.If you are close to the sea, try to get_______ _______ away from the water _______ _______.如果你在海边,尽可能远离海水。(as+形容词或副词原级+as possible 尽可能……)
4. _______ _______ everyone's _______ _______ _______ _______ to reduce disasters or secondary disasters.采取行动减少灾害或次生灾害是每个人的责任。(it is everyone's responsibility to do sth.做某事是每个人的责任)
语法
1.构词法
一、知识点清单
知识点1: They are very powerful and dangerous.它们威力很大,很危险。(教材P100)
powerful /'paʊəfl/ adj. 力量大的 由“power(n. 力量)+-ful(形容词后缀)”构成。
The winds are powerful enough to uproot trees. 大风非常猛烈,足以把树木连根拔起。
还可意为“有权势的;有影响力的”。
As a country powerful in math, China has many folk games full of math wisdom. 作为一个数学强国,中国有许多富有数学智慧的民间游戏。
知识点2: When it comes to earthquakes, what should people do to stay safe? 说到地震,人们应该做什么来保持安全?(教材P100)
when it comes to当涉及某事时讲此处的to是介词,后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
In China, when it comes to traditional clothing, hanfu and qipao are the most popular. 在中国,当提到传统服装时,汉服和旗袍是最受欢迎的。
She believes that no effort is too small when it comes to caring for the environment. 她认为在保护环境方面,任何努力都不算小。
知识点3:...we should stay calm and quickly find shelter to protect ourselves from falling objects. ...我们应该保持冷静,迅速找到避难所,以保护自己不被掉落的物体砸伤。(教材P100)
object /'ɒbdʒɪkt/ n. 物体;目标;宾语
/əb'dʒekt/ v. 反对
(1)[可数名词]物体,物品
Lifting 200 pounds may be a lot of work on the earth. But lifting that same object in space would be much easier. 在地球上,举起200磅的重量可能是一件很费力的事。但在太空中,举起同样的物体要容易得多。
(2)[可数名词]目标,目的 相当于goal或aim。
The object of the game is to improve children's maths skills. 这项游戏旨在提高儿童的数学技能。
(3)[可数名词]宾语
In the sentence“They built the bridge”, the word“bridge” is the object. 在句子“他们建造了这座桥”中,“桥”这一词是宾语。
(4)[不及物动词]反对,不赞成
常与介词to连用,to后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
Tom objected to leaving his daughter at home.汤姆反对把女儿留在家里。
知识点4:For typhoons, we should stay indoors, away from windows. 对于台风,我们应该待在室内,远离窗户。(教材P100)
indoors /ɪn'dɔːz/ adv. 在室内 反义词为outdoors“在户外”
go/stay indoors 进入/留在屋里
People who stay indoors a lot may not get enough sunlight. 经常待在室内的人可能无法获得足够的阳光。
Let's go indoors and have something to eat. 我们进屋吃点东西吧。
indoor[形容词]室内的,户内的 反义词为outdoor“户外的,室外的”
We do indoor activities in bad weather. 天气不好时,我们做室内活动。
away from 远离;离开 其后可接名词或代词,常与 keep、stay、live、get、be 等动词连用。
Millions of people visit Shennongjia to get away from the summer heat. 数百万人前往神农架避暑。
He's been away from home for many years. 他离家已经很多年了。
知识点5:We should shut all windows and doors.我们应该关闭所有门窗。 (教材P100)
shut /ʃʌt/ v. 关闭;(使)关门 过去式和过去分词均为shut,现在分词为shutting
adj. 关闭;停业
(1)[动词]关闭;(使)关门
We shut the shop for lunch at noon. 中午时分,我们关了店门吃午饭。(作及物动词)
The window won't shut. 这窗户关不上。(作不及物动词)
(2) [形容词]关闭;停业
同义词为closed
Unluckily, the bank is shut now. 不凑巧,银行现在不营业。
与shut相关的常见短语:
shut up 闭嘴
shut down 关闭;停业;倒闭
shut off 关闭;停止供应煤气(或水等)
知识点6:They can be started by humans or lightning. 它们可能是由人为因素或闪电引发。(教材P100)
lightning /'laɪtnɪŋ/ n. 闪电
[不可数名词]a flash of lightning 一道闪电
Suddenly there was a flash of lightning and a roll of thunder. 突然,一道闪电划过,随后传来隆隆的雷声。
The tree was struck by lightning. 这棵树被闪电击中。
知识点7If there is a wildfire nearby, we should follow what authorities advise and leave if necessary. 如果附近有野火,我们应该听从官方的建议,必要时撤离。 (教材P100)
authority /ɔː'θɒrəti/ n. 官方;权力
(1)[可数名词]官方 通常用其复数形式。
The authorities are taking measures to protect the environment. 官方正在采取措施保护环境。
(2)[不可数名词]权力;当权(地位)
She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. 她现在对曾经是她上司的人拥有管理权。
[可数名词]专家;学术权威;泰斗
authority on sth. 在某方面是专家
She's an authority on ancient history. 她是古代史领域的权威。
advise /əd'vaɪz/ v.建议;劝告
advise sb.(not) to do sth.建议某人(不要)做某事
advise doing sth.建议做某事
advise+that从句 建议……从句的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”
The dentist advises me to brush my teeth three times a day.牙医建议我一天刷三次牙。
I advised visiting our teacher this Saturday.我建议这周六去看望我们的老师。
The teacher advised that I (should) pay attention to my spelling. 老师建议我注意拼写。
知识点8: Earthquakes can occur anytime... 地震随时可能发生…… (教材P102 )
occur /ə'kɜː(r)/ v. 发生;出现 过去式和过去分词均为occurred,现在分词为occurring
[不及物动词]同义词为happen.
The explosion occurred at 5:30 a.m. 爆炸发生在清晨5点30分。
Something unexpected occurred yesterday. 昨天发生了一件出乎意料的事。
拓展occur to sb.被某人想到;出现在某人头脑中
It didn't occur to her to ask for help. 她没想到要寻求帮助。
anytime /'enitaɪm/ adv.在任何时候
WeChat makes communication much easier.We can stay in touch with each other anytime and anywhere. 微信让沟通变得更加便捷。我们随时随地都能保持联系。
They will arrive anytime between noon and 3 p.m.他们会在中午至下午3点期间到达。
知识点9: ①If you are outside, get to an open area as fast as you can. 如果你在室外,尽快前往开阔的地方。 (教材P102)
②If you are close to the sea, try to get as far away from the water as possible.如果你在海边,尽可能远离海水。 (教材P102 )
as... as sb. can/ could尽可能……
as…as possible尽可能⋯⋯
as... as sb. can/ could相当于as... as possible,两个as中间的形容词或副词要用原级。
You should be as careful as you can in making friends.在交友方面,你应该尽可能谨慎。
It is so hot, but the air conditioner doesn't work. Please repair it as quickly as possible.天气很热,但是空调坏了。请尽快把它修好。
close /kləʊs/ adj. 靠近的
(be) close to靠近……There is a desk close to the window、窗户旁边有一张集子。
close的其他用法:
词性
中文释义
音标
例句
中文翻译
形容词
亲密的;密切的
/kləʊs/
Boya and Zhong Ziqi became close friends.
伯牙和子期成了亲密的朋友。
副词
接近;靠近
/kləʊs/
They live close to the museum.
他们住在靠近博物馆的地方。
动词
关;关闭
/kləʊz/
It's windy now. Please close the door.
现在风很大,请关上门。
知识点10:If you are in a vehicle, pull over to a place far from trees or tall buildings and stay inside.如果你在车内,应将车停在远离树木或高楼的地方,并待在里面。(教材P102)
pull over 靠边停车 为“动词+副词”型短语,可单独使用,也可后接宾语。当宾语为人称代词时,人称代词应放在pull和over中间。
He pulled over to ask the way to the farm.他把车停靠在路边,询问去农场的路。
My car broke down on my way to the airport, so I had to pull it over.在我去机场的路上车坏了,所以我不得不把它停到路边。
与pull相关的其他常见短语:
pull through康复,痊愈
pull together齐心协力
pull down拆毁,摧毁
pull out脱离;退出
知识点11:When the earthquake is over, there is still plenty of danger. 地震结束后仍有很多危险。 (教材P102 )
plenty of大量的;充足的
用来修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,相当于a lot of或lots of."plenty of+名词“作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词的形式。
Plenty of teachers have come.许多老师已经来了。
There is plenty of water on the desk.桌子上有许多水。
知识点12:Keep an eye out for things that can fall on you.密切注意可能会掉落在你身上的东西。 (教材P102 )
keep an eye out for密切注意 相当于look out for.
Remember to keep an eye out for/ look out for thieves when you get on the bus.上公共汽车时记得提防小偷。
拓展 含有keep的其他常用短语:
keep an eye on照看;留神;留意
keep away from远离
keep in touch with...与……保持联系
keep up with跟上;与……并驾齐驱
keep sth. to oneself对……保守秘密
知识点13:Too many calls will bring down the phone system. 过多电话会使电话系统崩溃。(教材P102 )
bring down使崩溃
The heavy debt brought down the company.沉重的债务使这家公司陷入了崩溃。
拓展(1)bring down降低,减少
They tried to persuade us to bring down the price of the new products.他们试图说服我们降低新产品的价格。
(2)含有bring的其他常用短语:
bring back 使回忆起 The old photos brought back manyhappy memories.那些老照片唤起了很多幸福的回忆。
bring up 抚养;养育 He was brought up by his aunt.他是由姨妈抚养长大的。
知识点14:Staying calm can improve your chances of survival in an earthquake. 保持冷静可以提高你在地震中的生存概率。 (教材P102)
survival /sə'vaɪvl/ n. 生存;幸存
由“survive(v. 生存;幸存)去e﹢﹣ al”构成。
chance of survival存活率
I learned some practical survival skills from my volunteer experience. 我从志愿者经历中学到了一些实用的生存技能。
The operation was Kelly's only hope of survival.
那次手术是凯莉生存的唯一希望。
知识点15:On March 1 1,2011, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan caused great destruction.2011 年3 月 11 日,日本发生了有记录以来最大的地震,造成了严重破坏。(教材P104)
destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/ n. 破坏;毁灭
[不可数名词]the destruction of对……的破坏
The destruction caused by the hurricane left thousands of people homeless. 飓风造成的破坏使数千人无家可归。
The destruction of the world's rainforests is a serious problem. 世界雨林的破坏是一个严重的问题。
知识点16 :Tsunami waves hit the coastal area less than half an hour later. 不到半小时后,海啸巨浪侵袭了沿海地区。 (教材P104)
coastal /'kəʊstl/ adj. 沿海的
由“coast(n. 海岸)+-al(形容词后缀)”构成。
There used to be lots of oysters in coastal waters.沿海水域曾经有大量牡蛎。
The coastal path is a popular route for walkers.这条海滨小道是步行者们喜爱的路线。常感谢所有捐赠者。
less than少于 反义短语为 more than“多于”
no less than(强调数量)不少于,多达
It's bad for your health to sleep less than 8hours every night. 每晚睡眠时间不足8小时对你的健康不利。
The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the traditional Chinese festivals with a history of more than 2,000 years.端午节是中国传统节日之一,有着2 000多年的历史。
We'd better exercise no less than one hour a day.我们最好每天锻炼不少于一小时。
知识点17:These waves damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.这些海浪损害了福岛第一核电站。 (教材P104)
damage /'dæmɪdʒ/ v.& n.损害;毁坏讲(1)damage在此处作动词,既可指对物体的破坏,也可指对身体的损害。
The strong storm last night damaged several houses in the village.昨晚的暴风雨毁坏了村里的好几座房子。
Smoking seriously damages your health. 吸烟严重损害健康。
(2) damage还可作不可数名词。
The storm didn't do much damage.暴风雨并未造成严重损失。
知识点18:In the following days, explosions occurred at the plant.在随后的几天,核电站发生了爆炸。 (教材P104)
explosion /Ik'spləʊʒn/ n.爆炸
bomb/gas/nuclear explosion炸弹/气体/核爆炸
a big/huge explosion大爆炸
300 people were injured in the explosion.有300人在爆炸中受伤。
A huge explosion in the old factory scared the nearby residents.那家旧工厂发生的大爆炸惊吓到了附近的居民。
拓展explode[动词]爆炸;爆破
The fireworks explode brightly in the night sky during the Spring Festival, creating a beautiful scene.春节期间,烟花在夜空中绚烂绽放,形成一幅美丽的景象。
知识点19:The earthquake highlighted an important problem—disasters often cause a chain reaction, leading to more problems. 这次地震突出了一个重要问题——灾害往往会引起连锁反应,带来更多问题。(教材P104)
highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 突出;强调 n.最精彩的部分
(1)[动词]突出;强调
highlight the importance of...强调……的重要性highlight an important problem突出一个重要问题
World Health Day is used to highlight the importance of personal health. 世界卫生日旨在强调个人健康的重要性。
(2)[名词]最精彩的部分
That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip. 在威尼斯度过的那个周末无疑是我们这次旅行中最精彩的部分。
[动词]将(文本的某部分)用彩笔做标记;使醒目
I've highlighted the key points in yellow. 我用黄色标记出了要点。
chain /tʃeɪn/ n.一连串(人或事);链子
(1)[名词]一连串(人或事)
a chain of一连串的……
the food chain食物链
The police found a chain of clues that helped solve the murder case. 警方发现了一连串线索,帮助破获了这起谋杀案。
Smaller plastic pieces can also enter the food chain and end up in our bodies. 小一些的塑料碎片也可以进入食物链,最终进入我们的身体。
(2)[名词]链子
a bicycle chain自行车链条
Can you fix the bicycle chain for me? 你能给我修一下自行车链条吗?
知识点20:If people do not deal with them properly,this will lead to greater disasters. 如果人们处理不当,这将会导致更大的灾难。(教材P104)
deal with解决;处理
辨析deal with与do with
两者都可意为“处理”,区别如下:
短语
搭配
用法
例句
deal with
常与how连用
侧重处理方式、方法
I don't know how to deal with the problem.我不知道如何处理这个问题。
do with
常与what连用
侧重处理对象
I don't know what to do with the problem.我不知道如何处理这个问题。
二、语法点清单
构词法
(一)合成法
合成词由两个或两个以上的词合并而成,又称为复合词。常见的复合词有复合名词、复合形容词、复合代词等几种类型。
复合名词
1名词+名词
thunder+storm—thunderstorm雷雨 web+site—website网站 house+work—housework家务
2名词+动词
sun+rise—sunrise日出 sun+set—sunset日落
3形容词+名词
green+house—greenhouse温室 black+board—blackboard黑板
4动词+名词
play+ground—playground操场 type+writer—typewriter打字机
5副词+名词
out+side—outside外部 down+stairs—downstairs楼下
复合形容词
1形容词+名词
first+class—first-class一流的
2形容词+现在分词
good + looking--good-looking好看的
3形容词+名词-ed形式
warm+ hearted—warm-hearted热心肠的
4名词+形容词
home + sick—homesick想家的
5名词+现在分词
peace+ loving—peace-loving爱好和平的
6名词+过去分词
man + made—man-made人造的
7 副词+现在分词
hard + working—hard-working努力工作的
8副词+过去分词
well+ known—well-known著名的
复合代词
1代词宾格或物主代词+self (selves)
him+ self—himself他自己 my+ self-myself我自己 our+ selves—ourselves我们自己
2 some (any, no, every) + one (body, thing)
some + thing—something某物 some + body—somebody某人
(二)派生法
派生词是指在一个单词的前面或后面加一个词缀而形成的新词。
常见的前缀
前缀
含义及构成方法
例词
dis-
表示“不;非;相反;相对”,可构成动词、名词和形容词,改变单词原有正向含义,形成反义词。
appear(v. 出现)→disappear(v. 消失)advantage(n. 有利条件)→disadvantage(n. 不利条件)honest(adj. 诚实的)→dishonest(adj. 不诚实的)
im- / in-
表示“不;非;相反的”,主要用于构成形容词和副词,否定单词本义。
possible(adj. 可能的)→impossible(adj. 不可能的)correctly(adv. 正确地)→incorrectly(adv. 不正确地)
un-
表示“不;未;非”,适用范围广,可构成形容词、副词、名词和动词,是初中最常用否定前缀。
healthy(adj. 健康的)→unhealthy(adj. 不健康的)lock(v. 锁上)→unlock(v. 开锁)
en-
表示“使处于某种状态”,多用于名词、形容词前,构成及物动词。
courage(n. 勇气)→encourage(v. 鼓励)rich(adj. 丰富的)→enrich(v. 使丰富)
re-
表示“重新;再”,多用于动词、形容词前,可衍生出对应的名词、形容词和副词。
build(v. 建造)→rebuild(v. 重建)new (adj. 新的)→renew(v. 更新)→renewable(adj. 可更新的)
常见的后缀
词缀类型
后缀
构成方法
例词
形容词后缀
-able
加在部分动词、名词后构成形容词,部分单词去 e 再加
accept (v. 接受)→acceptable (可接受的)value (n. 价值)→valuable (有价值的)
-ful
加在名词后构成形容词
hope (n. 希望)→hopeful (满怀希望的)
-less
加在名词后构成形容词
home (n. 家)→homeless (无家可归的)
-ous
加在名词后构成形容词
danger (n. 危险)→dangerous (危险的)
-y
加在名词后构成形容词
wealth (n. 财富)→wealthy (富有的)
-ly
加在名词后构成形容词
friend (n. 朋友)→friendly (友好的)
-al
加在名词后构成形容词
coast (n. 海岸)→coastal (沿海的)
副词后缀
-ly
加在形容词后构成副词
quiet (安静的)→quietly (安静地)quick (迅速的)→quickly (迅速地)
名词后缀
-er
加在动词后表人 / 物
speak (v. 说话)→speaker (演讲者)
-or
加在动词后表人
act (v. 表演)→actor (演员)
-ist
加在动词后表职业,部分去 e 添加
type (v. 打字)→typist (打字员)
-ment
加在动词后表行为、状态
agree (v. 同意)→agreement (同意)
-ing
加在动词后表事物、动作
draw (v. 画)→drawing (图画)
-(t)ion
加在动词后表行为、结果
collect (v. 收集)→collection (收集)
-ness
加在形容词后表性质、状态
dark (黑暗的)→darkness (黑暗)weak (虚弱的)→weakness (虚弱)
三、写作清单
自然灾害
1. 话题分析
本单元以"自然灾害"为核心主题,谈论了地震、台风、洪水等自然灾害以及在灾害发生时保护自己的措施。
2. 写作内容
①自然灾害的类型、原因及影响;②在自然灾害中保护自身安全的措施;③呼吁大家珍爱生命,学习逃生知识。
3. 写作要点
①What happened?
②How to stay safe?
4. 写作思路提示
①发生了哪种自然灾害;
②如何正确自救;
③谈谈自己的心态。
5. 写作步骤详解
【第一步:审题立意】
确定文体:说明文,用一般现在时为主
明确要点:地震发生时,室内外应该和不应做的事,保持冷静的心态
确定人称:第一人称we/us为主,直接给出建议时,可以用第二人称you
注意事项:必须覆盖表格内的所有要点,词数不少于80词,不得出现真实姓名、学校等个人信息
【第二步:构思布局】
三段式结构:
开头段:引出话题,点明主旨
主体段:介绍地震发生时,在室内外应该做和不应该做的事
结尾段:提醒要冷静行动,呼应开头
【第三步:要点展开】
要点一:室内
Should do: hide under a desk/protect your head with hands/keep away from heavy furniture/crouch down low等
Shouldn’t do: run around wildly/push others/stand near glass doors等
要点二:室外
Should do: go to open spaces/keep away from power poles/protect your head等
Shouldn’t do: stay near billboards/go back into buildings/stay near glass structures等
要点三:心态
keep a cool head/don’t panic/keep your mind clear/try not to be afraid等
6. 通用表达
词汇
灾害类
earthquake 地震flood 洪水drought 干旱typhoon 台风rainstorm 暴风雨sandstorm 沙尘暴wildfire 野火
动作 / 影响
happen /take place 发生destroy 摧毁fall down 倒塌cause trouble 造成麻烦lose lives 失去生命lose homes 失去家园be hurt 受伤
自救
protect ourselves 保护自己keep calm 保持冷静hide safely 安全躲避run to open places 跑向空旷地带stay away from 远离
开头万能句
Natural disasters are very dangerous.自然灾害十分危险。
Many terrible disasters happen every year.每年都会发生许多可怕的自然灾害。
It is necessary for us to learn ways to keep safe.我们有必要学习安全自救方法。
中间描写灾害
A strong earthquake hit our city last week.上周一场强地震袭击了我们城市。
Many houses fell down and lots of people were hurt.许多房屋倒塌,很多人受伤。
The heavy rain caused a big flood.大雨引发了大洪水。
It brings great harm to people’s life.它给人们的生活带来巨大危害。
自救方法
We should keep calm first.我们首先应该保持冷静。
Stay away from tall buildings and trees.远离高楼和树木。
Hide under strong desks when indoors.在室内躲在坚固桌子下。
Don’t take lifts or jump down.不要乘坐电梯、不要跳楼。
Try our best to help each other.尽力互相帮助。
结尾升华
We should try our best to protect our environment.我们应该尽力保护环境。
Let’s learn more safety knowledge.让我们学习更多安全知识。
If we know more ways, we will be safer.懂得更多方法,我们就会更安全。
We hope there will be fewer disasters.我们希望自然灾害越来越少。
7. 范例作文
How to protect ourselves in an earthquake
Earthquakes are very terrible. It is very important for us to know some ways to protect ourselves from earthquakes.
If we are inside a building when an earthquake happens, we should stay away from windows and heavy furniture at once. We can hide under a strong table and protect our heads. We mustn’t jump from high buildings or take the lift, because it’s really dangerous. If we are outside, we should move to clear and open areas quickly and keep away from tall buildings. We shouldn’t stand under trees.
Besides, we should always keep calm in an earthquake. Keeping calm can help us make the right decisions to keep safe.
译文:
地震中如何自救
地震十分可怕,掌握一些地震自救方法对我们来说至关重要。
倘若地震发生时身处室内,要立刻远离窗户与笨重家具,躲到坚固的桌子下方护住头部。切勿从高楼跳下,也不能乘坐电梯,这些行为都极度危险。
如果身处室外,需迅速前往空旷开阔的地带,远离高楼建筑,不要在大树下停留。
除此之外,遭遇地震时一定要保持冷静,冷静的心态能帮助我们做出正确判断,保障自身安全。
8. 实战演练
屏南近来多雷暴天气,请你结合下图信息,以“How to Protect Yourself in a Heavy Thunderstorm”为题,介绍防护雷雨的安全小贴士。词数80左右。
indoors, window ride bikes tree mobile phones
注意事项:
1.必须包含所有提示信息,可适当发挥,开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;
2.意思清楚,表达通顺,行文连贯,书写规范;
3.请勿在文中使用真实的姓名、校名和地名。
How to Protect Yourself in a Heavy Thunderstorm
There are many thunderstorms in Pingnan recently. The thunderstorms can be very dangerous. Luckily, we have some safety tips for you to follow.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Staying calm and following safety tips are the most important things during natural disasters.
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